Micro Lenses made with Photolithography. Huygens Optics 2020-02-06 | I'm quite excited to show you the focal properties of my microscopically small lenses that I made using photolithography. These lenses are actually Fresnel zone plates which use diffraction as the method for focussing the light. They were made using the DIY maskless wafer stepper.The lenses have more than one focal plane, and you can easily observe the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order focal planes when they are used in combination with monochromatic light sources.I used a static image from a video on meta surfaces. Please check out this video if you want to know more about this subject: youtube.com/watch?v=ETx_fjM5pmsIt is now possible to contribute financially to the Huygens Optics Youtube channel. Please refer to the "About"-page of the channel for details.
Using a Photomultiplier to Detect Single Photons Huygens Optics 2024-09-11 | Photomultiplier (PMT) principle, operation and measurements explained.00:00 Intro and overview00:30 The photoelectric effect 02:11 Detecting single photons03:33 How a PMT detects a photon10:35 How to operate a PMT17:00 Measurements with a photomultiplier24:59 Conclusions The video contains 2 short clips taken from other Youtube channels:@reps and @ElectroBOOM
Knowing the one-way speed of light Huygens Optics 2024-06-29 | So you think you have a brilliant idea about how to measure the one-way speed of light, only to discover that it contains a very trivial oversight. Luckily this initial failure was the start of a few new insights on the relationship between one-and two-way speed of light. Well, at least new to me... What do you think: is there a way that the one-way speed of light is not identical to the two-way speed of light? Content:0:00 Introduction0:30 Origin of the two-way speed of light definition1:40 The Fizeau speed of light experiment3:27 Trying to measure the one way speed of light (and fail)12:07 Speed of light from the wave perspective18:24 Problems related to opposing anisotropy in vacuum21:23 Violation conservation laws (abstract) 22:23 But... when spatial anisotropy changes with time... The video contains 2 short clips of the following videos:@Veritasium: youtube.com/watch?v=pTn6Ewhb27k&t=626s@AlphaPhoenix: youtube.com/watch?v=YMO9uUsjXaIThumbnail in light of Yoda's Light Sabre from Star WarsFor the simulations, I used a Python script supplied by @DiffractionLimited End music: Floating - EarlybirdsSpecial thanks to Physbuzz for interesting views and discussions. If you enjoy coding waves, check out this page: mathandcode.com/2024/04/21/waveequationint.html
Meta lenses explained Huygens Optics 2024-05-13 | How a meta lens refracts light.Wave simulations done with the Python script supplied by @DiffractionLimitedSome images from the following websites and articles were used in this short:phys.org/news/2018-10-revolutionary-ultra-thin-meta-lens-enables-full-color.htmleprints.gla.ac.uk/190045/1/190045.pdf
Gravitational Index of Refraction Huygens Optics 2024-03-31 | Contents0:00 Introduction0:20 Gravitational lensing2:35 Gravitational potential7:37 Refraction simulations8:37 Gravitational index of refraction12:11 Simulating gravitational lensing using a refractive index13:45 Spatial refractive index vs General RelativityErratum: 1) The gravitational constant has a missing minus sign in the exponent. The value should be 6.7x10^-11 N.M^2.kg^-2.The idea of a Gravitational Index of Refraction is not new. Here is a reference to a recent article by D.H.W Reffer (date unknown but after 2018): vixra.org/pdf/1903.0407v2.pdfLinks to other nice videos on Refractive index:3Blue1Brown: youtube.com/watch?v=KTzGBJPuJwMTerra Physica: youtube.com/watch?v=JZ-90z8nzoI&t=267sLooking Glass Universe: youtube.com/watch?v=uo3ds0FVpXsWave simulations were made using the python scrip provided by @DiffractionLimited YouTube channel.Link to the code download: github.com/0x23/WaveSimulator2DAnimation of the dancing quarks at the end of the video by "Arts at MIT".Royalty free music used:Cat Circus - Doug MaxwellAlways Remember to Never Forget - The Whole OtherYoga style - Chris HaugenThanks very much for making this!End tune: Floating - Early BirdsIn the video, the simulations were sometimes paused to relieve the YouTube compression algorithm and the viewers' eyes a bit.Did I forget anything? Let me know and I'll set it straight.
Gradient Index Lens Explained Huygens Optics 2024-03-12 | This is short is about how a Gradient Index Lens (or GRIN lens) works compared to how a normal confocal lens with curved glass interfaces operates.The diffraction inside the lens is probably due to the fact that the refractive index gradient is not exactly correct. The total gradient is approximated from 5 linear gradients instead of 1 smooth circular gradient. This is probably the reason for the observed interference pattern observed.The simulations were made using the code supplied by @DiffractionLimited Music: Nebular Focus by Dan Henig#optics #light #physics
Exploring White Light Interferometry! (WLI / CSI) Huygens Optics 2024-03-03 | Creating 3D-maps of reflective surfaces using White Light Interferometry (WLI, also known as Coherence Scanning interferometry).Content:0:00 Intro1:43 Building a White Light Interferometer 4:39 About spatial coherence7:11 Observing interference in white light10:37 Broad-band radiation interference explained in detail21:11 WLI Microscope Zygo Newview 100 explored23:16 Measurement examples25:44 Michelson and Mireau objectives26:56 Concave spherical mirror surface (measurement)27:44 Granite surface structure (measurement)28:47 Etched glass surface (measurement)29:32 Turned stainless vacuum part surface roughness (measurement)The simulations starting from 5:12 have been made using the python script produced by @DiffractionLimited. This code can be downloaded from github.com/0x23/WaveSimulator2D
Wave frequencies passing a grating Huygens Optics 2024-01-31 | This video shows a simulation of a transmissive grating on a glass plate that sends different wave frequencies in different angular directions. In the second part it show how it also does this if the incoming wave is a linear sum of 3 different frequencies. Thereby it performs a Fourier transform on the incoming wave signal (time domain) to intensity in an angular direction (a spectrum in the frequency domain)It was reuploaded because the original version contained an annoying error in the frequency indices.The Python code used for the wave simulation can be found on the @DiffractionLimited channel
About Laser Speckle Huygens Optics 2024-01-27 | The video shows a simulation of a phenomenon called "speckle". It's best known as the granular interference pattern observed if we shine a coherent light of a laser at a diffuser. You can also observe it from a medium that contains small scattering particles. The simulation shows that it is caused by small phase differences that are introduced in the light by non-uniformity of a mediumThe green laser speckle image is taken from Wikipedia (copyrights Steve Jurvetson) and shown here under the Creative Commons license 2.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)Simulations made using the Python code suplied by @DiffractionLimited #physics #light
Coherence in star light Huygens Optics 2024-01-18 | This short discusses (very briefly) the difference between temporal and spatial incoherence. It also contains a wave animation of a telescope mirror that concentrates a field on a sensor.Of those of you who want to know more about coherence I made these videos:Temporal coherence: youtube.com/watch?v=dtcq5b0R65wSpatial coherence: youtube.com/watch?v=nba4ztLBEh0Presented here are 2D-animations of a field, which means that the intensity of the focused light at the sensor increases with the diameter of the mirror. In a 3D scenario however, the intensity increases with the square of the diameter of the mirror, leading to a much larger difference between the incoming and focused radiation intensity.Simulations were created using the python code supplied by @DiffractionLimited The simulation image file can be downloaded from: huygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/telescope_incoherent_light.pngMilky Way picture by Philippe Donn#short #light #physics #optics
Interferometer Interference Huygens Optics 2024-01-16 | This short video shows how the intensity distribution changes in a wave interferometer, when one of the mirrors is moved by 1/4 of a wavelength. A shift by 1/4 wavelength in the mirror position introduces a phase shift of 1/2 lambda (180 degrees phase shift) and introduces "destructive interference" in one of the wave return paths). You can see that destructive interference is actually about rerouting the intensity to somewhere else: in this case, the waves return in the direction of the wave source itself (located above the beam splitter), create a standing wave pattern between the incoming and outgoing waves. This wave simulation was made using the code supplied by @DiffractionLimitedThe image file for the simulation can be downloaded here: huygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/interferometer.png#short #light #physics #optics
Incoherent Wave Emitter Huygens Optics 2024-01-10 | This simulation shows a spatially- and temporally incoherent wave emitter that consists of around 100 individual wave sources. The sources are continuous but all have a slightly different emission wavelength. This results is the emission field and intensity distributions shown in the video.The simulation was made using a python script supplied by @DiffractionLimited The image files for the simulation can be downloaded here: huygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/non_coherent_emitter.png #physics #light #short
Directional coherent wave source Huygens Optics 2024-01-09 | This short shows a directional wave source that is made by spacing omnidirectional wave emitters in a very specific configuration. The animations were created using the wave simulation code made by @DiffractionLimitedAs for the question at the end of the video about being able to spot how destructive interference comes about: this is basically impossible to see in the animation. So the answer to the question is NO. However, there are few ways that you can look at how the phenomenon comes about:1) When moving away in the horizontal direction of a row of emitters, for every point there is an equal amount of emitters that has a particular phase, compared to the emitters that have a phase 180 degrees shifted. So, when adding up these 2 contributions for all the emitters together in a row, this results in a wave amplitude that is almost zero in this direction.2) An alternative way to look at this is the following: because of the spatial separation of exactly 1 lambda in the vertical direction, a standing wave arises in the array that has almost equal field strength in the horizontal direction within the array. And because the sources are moving in phase with the standing wave, they cannot transfer energy into the surrounding field in the horizontal direction. This also explains why a low intensity in the horizontal direction exists.Both views are in my opinion valid, but I think the second one is a bit more intuitive.Simulation code supplied by @DiffractionLimited The image files for the simulation can be downloaded here: huygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/coherent_source_detail.pnghuygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/coherent_emitter_vertical_100.png#light #physics #optics #short
Imaging at ASML Huygens Optics 2023-12-21 | A visit to ASML with a deep dive into diffraction and imaging:0:00 Intro3:14 How big big are chip patterns nowadays?5:00 Arriving at ASML Veldhoven5:50 Interview Sander Blok part 17:40 About diffraction and image formation9:36 Fraunhofer (far field) interference / diffraction explained11:15 Diffraction on photolithography masks15:11 About critical dimension17:27 Example of computational photolithography 19:23 Interview Sander Blok part 221:46 EUV is difficult...by the way, the frequency of the tin droplets apparently is 50.000 not 15.000 per second. Animations were made using a Phyton script for Nvidia cuda, which was supplied to me by youtube.com/@DiffractionLimitedThe script with instructions to install it can be downloaded from github:github.com/0x23/WaveSimulator2DThird party images / video:Sleepy guy: youtube.com/watch?v=bBqLCrIwHbASource mask optimization:opg.optica.org/directpdfaccess/837c889c-5b88-4dcb-8bfbdda02863dd9a_441841/oe-28-22-33371.pdfIf you cannot access the article, search for the title in google: " Source mask optimization using the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy" Royalty free music used: Road Trip - SlynkSharp Edges - half.coolFloating - Early BirdsAll imagery inside the ASML manufacturing facilities is stock video material shown Courtesy of ASML and IBM.ASML YouTube Channel: youtube.com/@ASMLcompanyWant to work at ASML?: asml.com/en/careers/find-your-jobInto viewing wave simulations? Nils Berglund has a ton of them: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAZp3rbgWLo3VO2rqVKyL1T6DUmnDAaENDid I forget anyone? Please let me know and we will work it out.
Ray/Wave Racing Championships 2023 #light #physics Huygens Optics 2023-12-04 | This wave / lens simulation was made using the Python wave simulation script provided by @DiffractionLimited. The link to the source code on github can be found in the description of this particular video: youtube.com/watch?v=N5a06o3ghzU
How a Lens creates an Image. Huygens Optics 2023-11-24 | Contents:0:00 Introducing "rays"2:14 Light is a wave4:00 Nils reached one thousand!4:43 Effect of Numerical Aperture6:46 About "Critical Dimension"7:40 Effect of NA illustrated using a microscope10:44 Diffraction in the Double Slit Experiment12:30 Diffraction in the Circular Slits (Fresnel Zone Plates)14:40 Effect of central obstruction on focus 15:05 Using diffraction to create an Image18:59 Comparison to the Fourier Series Approximation19:44 Image Creation and JPEG compression20:59 Effect of wavelength on definition21:35 ExtroductionA list of links to subjects mentioned in the video:Nils Berglund's Channel: youtube.com/c/nilsberglundLink to the full "NA" video by Nils: youtube.com/watch?v=RbojFORps98Making Fresnel Zone plates: youtube.com/watch?v=uf3Y0-6NbjQBuilding a Maskless Wafer Stepper: youtube.com/watch?v=_w0Z2Y5vaAQ&t=343sSome images were taken from JW Middelink Systematische Natuurkunde Deel B.This book series is absolutely awesome. They made me enjoy my high school physics classes and that is why I held on to them for 40 years.The video contains a short audio clip that is inspired on "another one bites the dust" by Queen. I did not use the original drums and bass but, Freddy himself did contribute in his own special way. I consider this fair use but if you are the copyright owner, please contact me in case you consider this a copyright breach. Today on the date of video publication it is 32 years ago exactly that Freddy Mercury died of Aids. Apparently, the lady in the compression images is named Lena. If I had known the history behind the image and why it became so famous, I would probably not have used it:https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/it-s-time-to-retire-lena-from-computer-scienceA correction about the name of ASML: currently, this is the actual name of the company, so without any reference to the origin of the abbreviation. Advanced Semiconductor Materials Lithography was the name of the joint venture of ASM (founded by Arthur del Prado) and Philips Electronics, intended for the development of photolithography machines. Did I forget to mention you? Please contact me and I will sort it out.
Optical Interferometry Part 2: Measuring Optics with a Zygo GPI LC Huygens Optics 2023-10-02 | This is the second video on optical interferometry, which is dedicated to measuring the wavefront shapes of a mirror, 2 lens assemblies and 3 microscope objectives.Contents:00:00 Intro02:04 Video camera upgrade04:23 DFT-fringe software 06:57 Transmission Sphere reference calibration12:29 Shape of a Zerodur Perkin Elmer wafer stepper mirror 14:55 Wavefront deformation of a Canon FD f/1.2 camera lens (1980)18:10 Wavefront test of a modern Canon EF 24-105mm f/4 zoom lens 19:19 Microscope objective testing22:44 Nikon Plan Fluor 10x / 0.3023:17 Leica Fluotar 20x / 0.5025:23 Nikon Plan APO 20x / 0.75 Link to Optical Interferometry Part 1: youtube.com/watch?v=l32_QbcdUiw&t=614sLink to the video on measuring MTF: youtube.com/watch?v=1AzQ4y_qwrMDFTfringe forum page: groups.io/g/Interferometry/topicsDFT fringe download: github.com/githubdoe/DFTFringe/releasesDale Eason on YouTube: youtube.com/@UCPj57WFSSLpVqPir7Im-kiw lens config Canon F1.2 By Jake Low - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0 (modified) commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75904563Laser diffraction pattern By Wisky - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15113998Do you need to be referenced but I forgot to do that? Let me know and I will set it straight.
The double beam experiment Huygens Optics 2023-08-13 | A bit of optics fun and a little riddle: two coherent light beams of equal intensity and opposite phase meet up. They interfere destructively in the center, thereby creating a continuous plane of zero EM field (and so of zero intensity). The question is: how can the energy in either beam cross and area of zero intensity? Leave a comment if you want to show off your intellect ;-). The experiment in the last 20 seconds of the video shows the cross section of 2 laser beams that meet up and part again. For the experiment I used a single coherent source (HeNe-laser), because that is the only way this experiment could work. It requires a fairly high degree of coherence. Basically it's just a 50% beam splitter and an adjustable mirror under 45 degrees, that create 2 beams of equal intensity, initially spaced 4mm apart, 1mm in diameter and are under an angle of 0.1 degrees with respect to each other. I moved the camera sensor over a distance of 6 meters and recorded 40 images around the area where the beams were crossing paths. BTW: officially, I think there is no such thing as the "double beam experiment", I just made that name up...
Optical Interferometry Part 1: Introduction & ZYGO GPI layout Huygens Optics 2023-08-04 | The video discusses the principles of optical interferometry using glass interfaces and a ZYGO GPI LC interferometer from the 1990s.0:00 intro2:13 What can you do with interferometry?3:06 Optical wave fronts explained12:41 Inside the ZYGO GPI LC interferometer20:45 Example of visual fringe evaluationThe clip featuring a wave at 3:12 min was taken from this FailArmy video:youtube.com/watch?v=r-V_r0UTs0g For much more fails, visit their channel: youtube.com/@failarmy
Coherence part 3: This is not a wave. Huygens Optics 2023-05-26 | Trying to find analogies between the wave energy confined in a string and matter interacting with light.0:00 Intro6:38 Experiments with waves in a string15:40 Analogies with electron behaving as waves22:50 Changing the standing wave mode in a string using phase manipulation26:49 A hypothetical model for demonstrating quantized wave behavior in a string32:26 Elastic-Inertial PoetryFor this video I used a a few short clips from the following videos and websites:Spinning ball (from Mike Shake):youtube.com/watch?v=mNBEyjE72w8Charged ball (from Plasma Channel)youtube.com/watch?v=nxagMrTVonQRefracted wave: (by Ulflund)commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73784342If you like the painting then visit the Rene Magritte website:renemagritte.org/the-treachery-of-images.jspWave animation at 32:25 by Nils Berglund: youtube.com/@NilsBerglundDid I forget anybody? let me know an I will set it straight.
Light & Coherence part 2: Spatial Coherence (and the Double Slit Experiment) Huygens Optics 2023-02-27 | Second video about Light and Coherence. Contents:0:00 Intro0:38 Real life demo of spatial coherence (Lorentz pond)2:14 Numerical wave simulations (Nils Berglund)5:05 Area of Coherence explained8:07 Calculating the Area of Coherence of the Sun9:10 Spatial coherence and the double slit experiment10:41 About the use of metaphors in science12:45 Double slit demo without & with spatial coherence15:43 Spatial coherence of light from far away stars18:13 Quantization and semantics20:39 Credits The video contains simulations made by Nils Berglund: here is the link to the original full video showing you both the wave patterns as well as the energy distribution on an eLog scale: youtube.com/watch?v=8TBi9eafNIILink to Nils' channel: youtube.com/@NilsBerglund/videosThe video contains several static images taken from various videos about single electron interference. These were incorporated assuming they fall under "fair use":Dr. quantum: youtube.com/watch?v=Q1YqgPAtzhoProf. Dave: youtube.com/watch?v=uva6gBEpfDYEugene Khutoryansky: youtube.com/watch?v=iVpXrbZ4bnUThe Elegant Multiverse: youtube.com/watch?v=cZ0iYNmII88Did I forget anyone? Please let me know and I will set it straight.Link to the original Hitachi electron double slit experiment video (using an electron biprism): youtube.com/watch?v=ZJ-0PBRuthcEnd music: Floating; The Early Birds. © JJM Vleggaar, 1999
Light & Coherence part 1: Temporal Coherence Huygens Optics 2023-02-07 | This is the first episode about coherence and how this wave phenomenon can cause waves to behave like localized entities.Unfortunately the quantum (or corpuscular) description of light leads to a lot of confusion. The goal of this video is to describe "quantized" behavior of light purely from wave principles. Contents:0:00 Intro1:04 Historical perspective2:58 Quantization and the photoelectric effect6:42 Light is just waves7:24 Coherence explained 12:54 Temporal coherence as a sum of EM-fields16:47 Coherence length vs. spectral band width20:25 experiments on the coherence length of lightLink to the referenced Physics Explained video:youtube.com/watch?v=FRP4AqZR3UUA sharp viewer noted that there is an error in the formula on the sheet at 27:25 : The product of delta time and delta energy in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is not equal to (h*4*pi) but h/(4*pi), so a much smaller value. This also makes the value of delta frequency times delta time 1/(4*pi) not 4*pi Unfortunately I did not double check the values. Thanks for pointing this out Steve. In this video short clips of other YouTube channels were used for illustration. Because of their short length and purpose, they are to be considered to be "fair use". @TheActionLab @TechIngredients @ArvinAsh @pbsspacetime youtube.com/c/veritasium @upandatom @ProfessorDaveExplains youtube.com/user/lookingglassuniverseDid I forget anyone? Please let me know and I'll set things straight.End music: Floating; The Early Birds. © JJM Vleggaar, 1999
Mirror Lenses Part 2: Testing the Modulation Transfer Function. Huygens Optics 2022-11-25 | This is my second video on camera mirror lenses. In this part, I discuss lens construction and explain a method to measure the MTF (Modulation Transfer Function), using a few simple tools.Contents:00:00 Intro01:23 The inside of a Soligor mirror lens02:51 Using second surface reflectors06:06 problem located08:25 Measuring sharpness quantitatively09:30 Introducing MTF-mapper10:08 MTF explained12:30 MTF-mapper software explained15:25 Comparing lens resolutions18:38 How to make optics sexy (NOT)Link to part 1: youtu.be/x2BiM7BGQMUDownload URL for MTF-mapper:sourceforge.net/projects/mtfmapperMany thanks to Frans van den Bergh for building this great software tool. Thanks also to Sergey Kotikov (Сергей Котиков), for pointing out the software to me.The music video was produced by Dr. Liam Fullersheit, who performed the rap, did the arrangements, mixing, and most of the choreography. Whether our CCO actually succeeded in making optics "sexy" and attractive is still the subject of fierce debate within the Huygens Optics organization.The video clip was made as a tribute to 70s and 80s funk and heavily inspired by the music of Rufus and CK. If you are into this kind of music, please check out their Topic Page: youtube.com/channel/UCV-ePMa7s-AqUtVYysArFug. In case you need to be mention here as a copyright owner, then please contact me.Because of multiple requests, I posted the Lyrics of the song below. There were a few concerns about the ambiguity of some of the frases. Dr. Liam reassured me that there was no reason to worry, since it is basically just a song of praise about his favorite camera lens."It's 2022 and it's high timeto shine some lights on optics My name is Liam, I'm funk opticianI scan the room with my laser visionYou don't need a high power lens to seeI'll have my MTF on MTVWe'll grind all through the night my dear,until every surface is a perfect sphereI can feel your fringes when we interfereSo let's transfer modulation right hereThe spread function pointing your direction Is on an optical axis made for satisfactionNo spectacles needed for you see,we're a perfect match, chromaticallyAnd dilation is what will occur,when I focus on your apertureSo if you image me, the way I image youthere are infinite conjugate things to doShine your lights on meI can make you see..anythingI can make you see..anything you want babyOh baby, you're so sharp"
Camera Mirror Lenses Part 1: Visual and Interferometric Testing Huygens Optics 2022-10-27 | In this video I will discuss the visual and interferometric tests of camera mirror telephoto lenses. Contents:0:00 intro1:16 Vivitar f=800mm F:8 mirror lens4:58 Sigma f=600mm F:8 mirror telephoto7:34 Soligor f=500mm F:8 mirror lens8:26 Explaining interferometry in auto-collimation12:09 Actual interferometry measurement setup14:58 About Strehl Ratio17:15 Strehl ratio and aberrations of Vivitar 800mm mirror lens18:18 Comparison with results of Sigma 600mm mirror lens20:17 ExtroEXTERNAL SOURCE LINKS:DFTfringe software download:github.com/githubdoe/DFTFringe/releasesDale Eason DFTfringe group: groups.io/g/Interferometry/topic/test_with_dftfringe/28806172Other videos on DFTfringe software:youtube.com/watch?v=LU8PQGzEpQsyoutube.com/watch?v=TqLjru6oKM4youtube.com/channel/UCPj57WFSSLpVqPir7Im-kiw/videosyoutu.be/WIl6FlUCHQgUser experiences with the Vivitar 800mm mirror telephoto lens:bhphotovideo.com/c/product/885034-REG/Vivitar_v_800mr_800mm_Mirror_Lens_for.html/reviewsamazon.com/Vivitar-800mm-Mirror-Lens-V-800MR/dp/B008G7ZPKE#customerreviews Syntax-Brillian Bankrupcy and Sakar aquirement:seekingalpha.com/article/66607-will-syntax-brillian-survivecnet.com/tech/tech-industry/sakar-acquires-vivitar-brand-and-iphttps://www.optyczne.pl/1093-nowo%C5%9B%C4%87-Vivitar_na_sprzeda%C5%BC.htmlsakar.comOriginal Vivitar 800mm Solid Catadioptric:photo.net/forums/topic/509542-vivitar-series-1-600mm-f8-solid-catadioptric-telephoto-lensdpreview.com/news/3295932675/canon-patents-400mm-f5-6-catadioptric-mirror-lensVivitar rebranding: mikeeckman.com/2016/12/vivitar-35es-1978Star field Foto (by Felix Mittermeier)pexels.com/photo/galaxy-space-957010 Bokeh bird in garden photo (by kenetik): http://forum.mflenses.com/vivitar-series-1-600mm-f8-solid-cat-and-a-bird-in-the-garden-t69033.htmlTommy Cooper photo: https://panorama.nl/artikel/174764/komiek-tommy-cooper-stierf-35-jaar-geleden-in-het-harnasEnd music: "Floating" performed by the Early Birds (recorded in Eindhoven in 2000).Did I forget to mention you above and are you a copyright owner? let me know and I will set it straight by linking to your original content in these credits.
Not a photon in sight! [#shorts] Huygens Optics 2022-10-11 | #shorts, my first one (and maybe my last!)The video video illustrates how the Electromagnetic field inside a laser beam can locally be made virtually zero creating destructive interference. This is achieved by just placing a pinhole of the right size inside the beam. The size of the pinhole for this experiment is around 25 microns.
Bathroom Quantum Fields and Vacuum Energy Huygens Optics 2022-09-21 | Building a bathroom got me all philosophical. Video contents:0:00 Intro on Bathroom energy1:51 About energy conservation3:38 Wave character of particles/matter5:06 Concept and value of vacuum energy11:08 When theory takes a silly turn12:25 About probability in QM16:09 What is a measurement?19:27 How to get away from vacuum energy20:13 Wave behavior in classical systems21:23 ConclusionThis video does not contain serious science experiments and is purely based on hearsay and guesswork.References to external sources of video material (in order of appearance):Specialist in action: youtube.com/watch?v=Jgw4qj9ayecSun effect: youtube.com/watch?v=l3QQQu7QLoMRail gun kinetic energy: youtube.com/watch?v=O2QqOvFMG_ABubble rings: youtube.com/watch?v=pXsHmMMDFnAQuantum particle simulations by Nils Berglund:His YouTube channel: youtube.com/c/NilsBerglundThe referenced video: youtube.com/watch?v=2TGZ2zM4nDkIn the final part of the video, I used some video material previously featured in a video about oil droplets with quantum-like behavior on the Veritasium channel.The video in question: youtube.com/watch?v=WIyTZDHuarQI guess the video content was copied from this video 2012 of MITMathLabs: youtube.com/watch?v=nmC0ygr08tE I think they might very well be the original content owner. The main website of this research can be found here: http://dualwalkers.comThe original footage filmed by Raquel NunoSome of the best videos on theoretical physics can be found on the channel "Physics Explained". These videos give more info on the background of how particles and vacuum energy arise from quantum fields in a mathematical context: youtube.com/watch?v=8loIYt4QKqQyoutube.com/watch?v=QPAxzr6ihu8End music: "Floating" performed by the Early Birds (recorded in Eindhoven in 2000). Did I forget to mention you above and are you a copyright owner? let me know and I will set it straight by linking to your original content in these credits.
Making a monolithic telescope Part 3: Figuring & Testing Huygens Optics 2022-06-10 | Use the following links if you want to skip to the next chapter of the video:00:00 General intro01:54 Required level of precision07:12 Measuring surface shapes with interferometry10:46 Fringe evaluation with DFTfringe 12:12 Optical Pitch polishing 17:19 Making molds using 3D printing18:18 Results with variable surface tools21:06 Primary mirror22:20 Point Diffraction Interferometry (PDI)26:48 Visual performance29:58 NO MORE NAPS (featuring Dr. Fullersheit)Links mentioned in the video:Website with the best and most detailed information on telescope optics:telescope-optics.net/. This is the direct link to the page about the different criteria and how they relate to aberrations: telescope-optics.net/effects1.htmThe 3D-printer used was manufactured by 3Bfab. More information on their products can be found on their website: 3bfab.com (not sponsored content - they did neither ask nor pay me to show their product)DFTfringe software is programmed by Dale Eason. This is the link to his YouTube channel: youtube.com/channel/UCPj57WFSSLpVqPir7Im-kiwThe software can be downloaded from:github.com/githubdoe/DFTFringe/releasesThis is the link to the interferometry group on DFTfringe that Dale runs:groups.io/g/InterferometryThe Point Diffraction Interferometer can be purchased for about 50 Euros from Michael Koch at http://www.astro-electronic.de/ (not sponsored content)Other videos in this series:Part 0: Tiny telescope concept video (featuring Rik): youtu.be/HxwhCmO90UQPart 1: Optical Design and Aspherics; youtu.be/awOvnubFE8MPart 2: Machining Glass; youtu.be/A0bysBIj0FASpecial thanks to Dr. Liam Fullersheit for his guest appearance. (;-).
Making a Monolithic Telescope Part 2: Machining Glass Huygens Optics 2022-04-18 | The second video in the series about manufacturing a small solid telescope. Time to make my hands dirty while doing artisanal stuff. CONTENTS:0:00 Intro0:46 The monolithic version of the Cassegrain2:23 About baffles and stray light3:18 Drilling the glass core6:00 Radius milling the glass surfaces9:35 Calculating the Best Fit Sphere in Excel13:52 Drilling baffles14:23 Using spherometers15:44 This Beat is Spherotronic16:31 Rough / fine grinding18:05 Optical Pitch polishing 20:43 What's next?22:05 Looking through the uncorrected device23:34 Thank you!Previous video in this series about the theory of aspherics and optical design:youtube.com/watch?v=awOvnubFE8MVideo on the concept of the monolithic telescope featuring inventor Rik ter Horst: youtube.com/watch?v=HxwhCmO90UQVideo about radius grinding and the Loh CNC: youtube.com/watch?v=ahrMrOq_lzcMore about the properties of optical pitch: youtube.com/watch?v=eZx-dUtl5PwYou can support Huygens Optics on Patreon: patreon.com/huygens_opticsDownload URL for zip-file containing the example MS Excel sheet for doing BFS calculations: huygensoptics.com/assets/M2_best_fit_sphere_calculation.zipWindows program for calculating milling angle and evaluating spherometer readings: huygensoptics.com/assets/mirror_calculator_V01.zipDownload and use at your own risk. Your virus scanner will probably evaluate this download carefully and scream murder and fire because it is a rarely occurring executable.I used a few short clips from the following Youtube videos, assuming it is covered under "fair use" by placing references to the channels, and links to the corresponding videos in the description. At 15:44, I made an 18 seconds remix of Technotronic's hit "Pump up the Jam". Please enjoy the original hit song by these Belgian techno pioneers: youtube.com/watch?v=9EcjWd-O4jIAt 23:21: Shot take from Edmund Optics video "How an Aspheric Lens is Made": youtube.com/watch?v=CVDT3u1La6wDid I forget to mention you here? Let me know and I will set things straight.
Making a Monolithic Telescope Part 1: Optical Design and Aspherics. Huygens Optics 2022-03-26 | Video Contents:00:00 General Intro00:56 Spherical is easy01:32 Aspherical is hard01:59 Ideal lens vs. spherical surface lens03:17 The concept of the light ray04:47 A little optics quizz06:21 Optimum spot size using iterative numercal analysis 07:56 Use of optical design software (Zemax)09:45 Theory of aspherics10:54 Conical aspherics12:02 Polynomial aspherics and even aspheres14:24 Numerical optimization in aspherics15:30 Effect of introducing an aspherical surface16:55 Optical design of monolithinc telescopes18:23 Material choice and CTE20:52 Classical Cassegrain configuration22:10 Schmidt Cassegrain configurationIf you want to support the production of these videos, you can now become a Patron of the channel. You can find more information on : patreon.com/huygens_opticsReference to my original video on tiny monolithic telescopes:youtube.com/watch?v=HxwhCmO90UQLInk to my video on conics: youtube.com/watch?v=WIl6FlUCHQgFor the record, I do not have any commercial ties to any of the companies or individuals that are linked below.Zemax page for requesting a trial license of Optic Studio:zemax.com/pages/try-opticstudio-for-freeIf you want to know more about the workflow in Zemax, the great tutorial videos by Scott Sparroldof OpticsRealm are a good start:youtube.com/user/opticsrealm/videosYoutube video discussing the optical design of the James Webb telescope:youtube.com/watch?v=OE3ZowuvAJY The Thorlabs page with aspheric lenses and the formula: thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=3835I used a few short clips from the following Youtube videos, assuming this use is covered under the fair use policy by placing references to the channels and links to the corresponding videos in the description. Clip from Yuri Petrunins "polishing 210mm lens": youtube.com/watch?v=ipwnK45_Kf4Clip from Edmund Optics "How an Aspheric Lens is Made": youtube.com/watch?v=CVDT3u1La6wClip from Learn n hv fun "Refraction of Light Through a Glass Slab[...]: youtube.com/watch?v=el8AUeZaljwDid I forget to mention you here? Let me know and I will set things straight.
Telescope Resolution vs. Aperture and Wavelength Huygens Optics 2022-01-10 | Discussion about of the fundamental limitations imposed by aperture and wavelength on the maximum sharpness of a telescope. By discussing the energy mechanisms behind diffraction, I try to explain why this relationship exists. In the last part I discuss the implications for the recently launched James Webb telescope. Contents:0:00 Intro 2:43 Short experiment with aperture4:47 About angular resolution 7:44 Resolution comparison of 3 different telescopes10:13 Diffraction phenomena explained using energy as a basis14:08 Experiment showing edge diffraction in real aperture17:14 The James Web resolution explained using aperture and wavelengthMore about the background of the microscope experiment shown here is explained in this video: youtube.com/watch?v=TshYfYIxR9EElectromagnetic theory taken from Fundamental University Physics, Part 2: Electromagnetism by Marcelo Alonso and Edward J. FinnMore information on the application of small telescopes can be found on the oresat.org website: http://oresat.org Aberrator 3.0 is a software program written by Cor Berrevoets to simulate star-images in different telescopes. It can be downloaded from aberrator.astronomy.netWhere indicated, images from the NASA.gov website and Wikipedia.org were used. Link to the EON space labs pagina on LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/eonspacelabs Image of Cubesat: satcatalog.com/component/6u-cubesat-platform-1117Huygens-Fresnel principle: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens%E2%80%93Fresnel_principleDo you like what I do and want to support it? I'v recently started a patreon page: patreon.com/huygens_opticsREMARK: Huygens Optics has NO commercial ties with any of the products or companies featuring in this video. Everything shown is meant exclusively for educational purposes. Short third party clips are sometimes used, assuming fair use policy and always with a reference to the original source in the description. Did I forget you? Please let me know and I will set it straight
Why is this Space Telescope so Tiny? Huygens Optics 2021-10-15 | If you want to take a look through a similar telescope, follow this link:youtube.com/watch?v=2lf6uuU51Z8&t=1608sOptical Engineer Rik ter Horst shows us how he makes very small telescopes (at home) which are intended for use in micro-satellites. Contents:0:00 Intro1:06 About telescopes and focal length3:35 The Cassegrain telescope4:38 The Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope5:18 The monolithic telescope concept6:30 Rik ter Horst Interview10:25 Riks' polishing setup13:51 About manufacturing aspherics16:50 Advantages of solid telescopes17:49 Dreaming about a VLTTORESAT PROJECT CORRECTION. I was notified that the name of the university behind the OreSat project is erroneous: It is the "Portland State University" (https://www.pdx.edu/), not University of Portland. Sorry about that! Direct link to the Oresat project: oresat.orgRik published details about the 1993 version of this type of telescope on cloudynights.com in 2013. cloudynights.com/topic/406276-a-solid-30-mm-f10-schmidt-cassegrain (archived article)2:34 The image shows the second telescope of Galileo, not the first telescope of Lipperhey.The video contains images of external sources. Please visit their websites for more information:- Star party image was taken from: nps.gov/cebe/planyourvisit/star-party.htm- More amazing astro-photos made by Dick van Tatenhoven can be found at: https://www.sterrenwachtalmere.nl/donateurs/dick- NOVA-Astron website: https://www.astron.nl/about/organisation/nova/- Yerkes telescope photo from: space.com/26858-yerkes-observatory.html- Source of image at 0:41 is http://www.bxoptic.com/production-workshop- Image of the Schmidt plate and Cassegrain telescope taken from their respective Wikipedia pages: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescopeen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_corrector_plateDo you like what I do and want to support it? I'v recently started a patreon page: patreon.com/huygens_opticsDid I forget a reference? Objections? Please let me know and I will set it straight and add a link.
Making OLED Displays Huygens Optics 2021-09-02 | Skip to 10:40 if you just want to see how they were made. Contents:0:00 Intro1:29 First OLED: Tang and van Slyke2:56 Polymer LEDs4:25 Principle of the AlQ3 OLED10:40 Let's make some OLEDs!11:00 3D-printer photolithography 13:30 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)15:52 Device operation16:57 Black spot formation/degradation18:50 Hermetic encapsulationAll technical details described in this video can currently be found in the public domain.Video on the inventors of the OLED: "Pioneers of OLED: The Ching Wan Tang and Steven Van Slyke Story" youtube.com/watch?v=dbt8cGQPcpgThe original paper by Tang and van Slyke can be downloaded for $35 from:aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.98799.I did not do this, so I hope my memory served me well...Other sources used (fair use policy assumed):Photo flexible OLED-display: pi-scale.euPhoto plasma display: "History of the Plasma Display Panel" by Larry F Weber,Photo Atari Lynx: boards.dingoonity.org/retro-gaming/atari-lynx-lcd-mod-by-mcwillPhoto PVD: tekniker.es/en/pvdDid I forget anyone / objections? Please let me know and I'll set it straight.ITO substrates can be bought from many different suppliers on Ebay.com, with widely varying prices. I bought mine (5 pieces) from seller "yaolihong2013" (no affiliation) because the same shop also sells Ytterbium.The AlQ3 and TPD were both bought from TCI-chemicals (no affiliation).The 3D-printer used for the photoresist exposures was a Phrozen Sonic Mini 4K. Avoid the new update (1.9) of the Chitubox-software supplied with this printer because it does not work properly. Version 1.8 or earlier does works correctly.Photoresist used : AZ 4533 supplied by Microchemicals (no affiliation)Do you like what I do and want to support it? I'v recently started a patreon page: patreon.com/huygens_optics
How big is a visible photon? Huygens Optics 2021-07-05 | This video is actually not about photon size but about coherence length. In this video I discuss the behavior of electromagnetic radiation, especially the aspect of interference. The experiment shows that there is no such thing as individual photons in EM radiation. The photon only exists as an energy exchange between radiation and matter.0:00 General Intro0:47 What do others say?1:21 About wavelength and size2:10 Interference in light3:08 Electromagnetic waves and detection5:25 Things that make you go Hmmm...7:36 New experiment and setup10:23 Calculation of single photon level (boring)11:59 Result of the new experiment12:41 Discussion of the result16:29 About "shot noise"17:16 EM field strength and probability of detection19:18 So how big is it then?20:02 Deleted sceneAt 3:08 the Electric and Magnetic field components have been swapped accidentally.Thanks to David Nadlinger, I was able to put my finger on what was experimentally wrong with the original experiment . The scientific explanation is actually very mathematical and way more complex: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_coherence. And although scientifically not very accurate, I tried to present a more intuitive description, based more on the classical description of EM waves rather than trying to explain the second order coherence function.More about shot noise: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_noiseThe "deleted scene" contains a 4 second clip of the movie "Crash Pad" (For preview see: youtube.com/watch?v=Pm0vmm8k0ks) It also contains a short audio clip of "New York City" by the Trammps (youtube.com/watch?v=XGmIDuraqNQ). I would also like to thank Vicky Pollard for explaining Quantization in more detail. These clips constitute copyrighted material, the use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. The material serves as an educational and entertaining resource and only small portions of the original work are being used. This should constitute a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material (referenced and provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright law). If you wish to use any copyrighted material from this video for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain expressed permission from the copyright owner.17 U.S. Code § 107Do you like what I do and want to support it? I'v recently started a patreon page: patreon.com/huygens_optics
DIY Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) using Thermal Evaporation Huygens Optics 2021-05-20 | This video discusses the building process of a system for doing Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD). 0:00 Intro1:09 Thin film technology1:56 Principle of PVD3:22 Limitations of thermal evaporation4:48 Thermal source construction5:50 Required vacuum conditions7:25 System layout and construction9:25 Turbo screw up10:25 Technical aspects12:02 Plasma cleaning14:02 Quick evaporation testsApart from some technical aspects of the machine, I also discuss the background of thermal evaporation as a technique to do PVD. The system will be used in the future to make small optical devices using photolithography.
Etching small patterns in Glass Huygens Optics 2021-02-23 | Contents:0:00 Intro1:00 On the risks of Hydrofluoric Acid4:56 Buffered Oxide Etch (BOE)6:06 Glass protection with Photoresist7:17 Glass protection with Chromium9:12 Laser Induced Etching (LIE, LIDE) 12:20 Smallest Tesla valves in the World. No, Universe! (As far as I can tell).This video contains an overview of some glass etching experiments I did with Buffered Oxide Etch (HF / NH4F). Just for the record: the video is not meant as an encouragement to start experimenting with concentrated HF yourself. If the info in this video did not scare you off, please study the following webpage before proceeding. (Warning: page contains unpleasant graphics):emsworld.com/article/173379/hydrofluoric-acid-what-you-need-knowThe video contains some images and clips taken from third party webpages and other Youtube channels. Please visit these to refer to the original content by clicking the links below. Did I forget anything? please let me know and I will set it straight.functions of calcium in cells:cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(07)01531-0function of Calcium in the nerve system:basicmedicalkey.com/introduction-to-central-nervous-system-pharmacologyImages of Crystal structures:http://www.quartzpage.de/britannica.com/topic/glass-properties-composition-and-industrial-production-234890/Glass-formationThe delivery guy was taken from :freepik.comI deliberately did not discuss the way Tesla valves work, but these videos do (or demo its principle, short clips were used):NightHawkInLight: youtube.com/watch?v=tcV1EYSUQMEThe Thought Emporium: youtube.com/watch?v=eNBg_1GPuH0The Action Lab: youtube.com/watch?v=sxvIQMnKhIgKasper Keizer: youtube.com/watch?v=G8YseaN3MrEIntegza: youtube.com/watch?v=ct0tljBtjG0In the video I made referrals to Lightfab and LPKF / Vitrion. I do not have any commercial ties with these companies. If the part on "laser induced etching" got you interested in their products, please visit their respective websites:https://lightfab.de/lpkf.com/en/industries-technologies/thin-glass-precision-processing-lidevitrion.com/en/lide-technologya small clip of the following lightfab video was used:youtube.com/watch?v=wwWxDzA7OGUFor an overview of AZ-photoresists you can refer to the following page:microchemicals.com/products/photoresists.htmlThe article below contains some good information on surface roughness introduced by etchingosapublishing.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-27-8-10705&id=408193
Making Optical Logic Gates using Interference Huygens Optics 2021-01-16 | In this video I look into the idea of using optical interference to construct different kinds of logic gates, both from a conceptual- as well as from the practical perspective.Contents0:00 Intro2:15 Logic gate operation3:36 Optical logic gates4:45 Concept of a diffractive logic gate7:52 Practical aspects (photolithography and etching)8:46 Wave front observation method9:20 Results 13:51 Possible applicationsWebpage with detailed and complete information on logic gates: http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/CAL/digital-logic/gatesfunc/index.htmlThe diffractive patterns were made by using a home-brewed windows Zone plate app and then modifying them further with photoshop. The Zone Plate app can be downloaded from:http://www.huygensoptics.com/assets/zp_writer.zipFor Windows 10 and for personal use only. Virus scanners and Windows will nag about it being a rare / unknown file and make installation sometimes difficult. Sorry about that. Install this app at your own risk.An overview article on various known optical logic gates can be found in this paper:hindawi.com/journals/aot/2014/275083However it does not contain any mention of the configuration described in this video The video contains references to detail videos on the following subjects:Photolithography: youtu.be/Lf-ev2Fop_k Chromium photomask etching: youtu.be/foMT8gLYxBYOther diffractive optics (photon sieves): youtu.be/TshYfYIxR9EMicroscope viewing method: youtu.be/TshYfYIxR9E
Analog TV Equipment: R&S SFM test transmitter and CCVS video generator. Huygens Optics 2020-12-16 | This video is a bit different from my previous videos and not related to optics. I made it purely out of interest for older (analog) equipment and technology. The video discusses the principles behind analog TV transmission technology, such as color encoding in composite video signals and RF transmission and modulation methods. For my demo I used a small TV set found in the street, a Rohde and Schwarz SFM test transmitter + CCVS video generator, and a Signalhound USB spectral analyzer. Outline:0:00 Wacko Christmas Intro2:10 Equipment intro: CCVS generator + TV Test Transmitter4:20 CRT screen viewed in slow motion6:13 Monochrome composit video signal8:26 Color composite video signal12:36 Example of signal discussed14:00 RGB-color conversion matrix15:10 Rohde & Schwarz SFM TV Test Transmitter 17:29 Closer look at the transmission signal21:15 The intermediate frequency explained24:30 ExtroThe following short clips were included in this video (under the fair use policy).Please check out the full videos to support creators, using the links belowSister Sledge - He's the Greatest Dancer (1979)youtube.com/watch?v=U-GcL1Cd5b4Little Match Girl (2018)youtube.com/watch?v=dEDXQFXd4xY First analog color TV (Archives New Zealand)flickr.com/photos/archivesnz/29219153103Original 1956 RCA Film: Vintage Television Electronics & Vacuum Tube Production,, TV technologyyoutube.com/watch?v=vEPS1uYRCdEDid I forget a reference? Please let me know and I will set it straight.Joshua Reich gives a nice detailed hands-on demonstration of composite video in this video: youtube.com/watch?v=nApAw_-wka8@Technology Connection Youtube channel has made several excellent videos about analog TV technology. It discusses the subject more detailed and also from a different perspective (USA).youtube.com/playlist?list=PLv0jwu7G_DFUGEfwEl0uWduXGcRbT7RanGavin of the Slomo Guys shows some REAL high-speed footage of a color TV screenHow a TV Works in Slow Motion - The Slow Mo Guysyoutube.com/watch?v=3BJU2drrtCMIf you want to know more about the entry level Signalhound SA44B spectrum analyzer I used: signalhound.com/products/usb-sa44bWikipedia contains pages on almost every specific subject discussed in this video. If you need more info then just search for the subject in Wikipedia. However, unfortunately most of the articles dive deep into the matter, which can be quite frustrating if you are not an expert. -----
The Real Double Slit Experiment. Huygens Optics 2020-10-05 | This video was edited 30-12-2022. I removed everything but the experimental parts of the original video. The reason for this is that I was no longer behind the way I explained the experiments, especially the quantum aspects. In the video I show you how you can use a microscope to visualize the EM- wave propagation after light has passed the slits.WARNING: do not attempt to repeat this experiment without using a camera! Looking at laser beams under a microscope with your bare eyes instead of a camera can kill your eyesight instantly and leave you blind for the rest of you life.
Building a Small Cleanroom for Photolithography. Huygens Optics 2020-09-17 | This video describes the design- and build process of a small cleanroom space for my workshop. In addition to facilitating working more cleanly, it also allows for working with dangerous substances, such as strong fuming acids, and can be used for processing photoresists. It's build from approx. 5m2 of trespa plate material and uses a HEPA filter and a fan to achieve a steady supply of clean air.0:00 Introduction0:47 Cleanroom classifications2:10 Design considerations4:33 Construction7:10 Lighting conditions inside the cupboard7:57 Air flow control9:24 Conclusion
Fourier Optics used for Optical Pattern Recognition Huygens Optics 2020-07-25 | Optical Fourier transformations were performed using small lithographic patterns of different characters. A DLP projector can be used as a Fourier filter to do simple pattern recognition.Video contents:0:00 General introduction 1:44 Fourier explained (simple)3:45 Digging a bit deeper (sorry, could not resist)5:55 Fourier on images9:27 Fourier transforms using optics12:05 Setup and results14:15 Fourier filteringThe 2D Fourier transformation images were calculated using freeware developed by Kobe University. You dan download this tool from:http://cas.eedept.kobe-u.ac.jp/WelcomeES1/OpenSoft/FFT2D/index_en.htmlConversions of 2D images to 3D were done using Gwyddion. This very advanced piece of software is can be downloaded for free from:http://gwyddion.net/download.phpTo illustrate 2D Fourier transform on an actual image, a small part of an M.C. Escher drawing was used. While editing the material for this video I found out that the Applied Science channel made a somewhat similar video on "Optical Fourier" already in 2012: youtube.com/watch?v=wcRB3TWIAXE . Luckily the angle is somewhat different.This video gives a different (and deeper) perspective on the math behind Fourier transformations;youtube.com/watch?v=7mkn47hqqkcIf you want to go all the way, read the wiki page on Fourier. If you dare.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform
Light Waves Visualized using Photon Sieves. Huygens Optics 2020-06-29 | The video shows how the optical wave front of a laser beam can be shaped by means of DIY photon sieves. It also shows how the quality and sharpness of the focal point in a diffraction pattern can be influenced by the number of diffractive apertures in the photon sieve surface. Contents:00:00 General intro00:43 Photon sieves explained04:21 Manufacturing of photon sieves06:27 Photon sieve diffraction series 10:05 Time-resolved visualizations explainedMany thanks to Michal Miler for bringing the photon sieve to my attention.Reference to the article on achromatic photon sieves by Chiongxi Zhou:researchgate.net/publication/24192201_Experimental_study_of_a_multiwavelength_photon_sieve_designed_by_random-area-divided_approach More on the maskless wafer stepper project (link to playlist) : youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaLGh7vzNIRRuvbxZKHOUaeosIO4hpcswIf you are interested in maskless wafer steppers or how to build one yourself, make sure you check out this great video by Sam Zeloof as well: youtube.com/watch?v=Nxz_ENnmgtIThe royalty free slo mo clip of the water wave at the end of the video could be displayed thanks to the video published on the Jim Quiter channel: youtube.com/watch?v=gS_tU6chC4A
Making a Mirror with a Variable Surface Shape Huygens Optics 2020-06-14 | Some concepts in this video have been pictured in a somewhat simplified manner to make it more accessible to a less specialized audience.Contents:00:00 General intro00:56 Conic constant explained 10:00 Explanation of the manufacturing process12:25 Testing the mirror 15:32 interferometric evaluation using DFTfringeAdditional info on clips/subjects featured in this video (in the order of appearance):The fire clips were taken from the news site regio14.nl: youtube.com/watch?v=Xwjank7ZM_0The short clip of (Ralph) grinding a telescope mirror is taken from: youtube.com/watch?v=QbJIFQ-o4NwThe "mirror test" for animals actually has little to do with optics: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_test#Animals_that_have_passedIf you want a more detailed story on conics: telescope-optics.net/conics_and_aberrations.htm. Telescope-optics.net is a great source for theory on optics.Clip of making the ellipse using a rope demonstrating constant path length is taken from the following video: youtube.com/watch?v=0maahsJQOJEAstroforum link to 610mm flex mirror by forum user Firstlight (in Dutch): https://www.astroforum.nl/forum/instrumenten/zelfbouw-atm/1398665-61cm-flex-mijlpaaltjeDocument with a description of how to making a "Ceravolo" type interferometer yourslf: http://www.ceravolo.com/Interferometry.pdfLinks to DFTfringe software: interferometry groups: groups.io/g/Interferometry. In this community Dale Eason answers all the questions on technical subjects about the software.Download the latest version of DFTfringe here: github.com/githubdoe/DFTFringe/releasesDFTfringe walk through, displaying most of the basic functionality:youtube.com/watch?v=LU8PQGzEpQsWith the interferometric tests I considered astigmatism in the mirror and only left the following zernike coefficients unticked:Piston X-tilt, Ytilt, Defocus, Xcoma, Ycoma.
Making Tiny Fresnel Lenses during a Pandemic Huygens Optics 2020-04-05 | This video shows several types of micro-lenses that I made using a DIY maskless wafer stepper. The tiny lenses can for example be used for building a Shack-Hartmann wavefront detector.Explanation of the Shack-Hartmann principle can be found on Wikipedia:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shack%E2%80%93Hartmann_wavefront_sensorThis is the download link for Windows installer for the Zone Plate app:http://www.huygensoptics.com/assets/zp_writer.zipYouTube does not like to redirect to this link. the file is (last part of the URL): /assets/zp_writer.zipFor Windows 10 and for personal use only. Virus scanners and Windows will nag about it being a rare / unknown file and make installation sometimes difficult. Sorry about that. Install this app at your own risk.Link to the maskless wafer stepper playlist:youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaLGh7vzNIRRuvbxZKHOUaeosIO4hpcswApplied science video on photolithography:youtube.com/watch?v=YAPt_DcWAvwReference for article on zone plate design:https://laser.physics.sunysb.edu/_pradyoth/Intel/Creating_dark_lines_in_space.pdfWikipedia also explains this very clearly, but I just found this article first.Links to some commercially available Shack-Hartmann detectors:thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=5287https://www.optocraft.de/products-shslab/@ 0.34m: four happy seconds with Deodato, listen to the full song at:youtube.com/watch?v=l79248iHjwI
Maskless Wafer Stepper Part 3: Electronics and Software. Huygens Optics 2020-02-10 | This is the third (and final) video on the DIY maskless wafer stepper project. It discusses the electronics and software. 0:00 General intro0:49 Wafer stepper system overview1:48 Dynomotion KFlop controller card 2:42 Wafer stepper control electronics 6:32 Digital wafer stepper software I tried to build it from very cheap components, most of which I bought second hand on Ebay. I also used an Arduino Due and a KFLOP CNC card from Dynomotion to control the movements and used Microsoft Visual Studio for programming the code.If you are new to the project you might want to check out the previous two video's first:First video (optics)youtube.com/watch?v=_w0Z2Y5vaAQSecond video (mechanics) youtube.com/watch?v=MdRwiI6VLmkI also published the first results of making small Fresnell lenses with this machine:youtube.com/watch?v=SpKx8jPb3H8This video shortly features one of the art pieces of the dutch graphic artist Maurits Cornelis Escher. I'm only using this picture to demonstrate the principle o image stitching as it is used in my software and not for any commercial applications. If you are interested, please visit the Escher foundation and take a look at his fascinating work:mcescher.com/nl/stichting
Maskless Wafer Stepper Part 2: Mechanics Huygens Optics 2020-01-25 | This video is the 2nd of 3 video's on the design and build process of a small maskless wafer stepper. It discusses the mechanical aspects of the machine, in particular the challenges that I face to achieve the requirements. 0:00 General intro1:18 First devices (Fresnel zone plates)3:28 Mechanical system (wafer stage / focusser)7:49 Position and lead screw linearity10:09 Determining straightness and perpendicularity (squareness)11:45 Z-axis positioning using a piezo actuatorI also show some crude footage of the first optically active devices. Sorry about the image quality, I will get back with more detailed images in future videos. The idea is to make micro optics with this machine.More theory on the fresnel lens / zone plate can be found on : http://zoneplate.lbl.gov/theoryChoreography at 6:03 minutes by Fermat CNC machining:youtube.com/watch?v=5FmaAkXqVTIThe end of this video contains a short clip from the rock-mockumentary "Spinal Tap" at 13:41. If you want to know why it is important to have controllers going all the way up to 11 in your equipment, please see the original video clip: youtube.com/watch?v=4xgx4k83zzc
Maskless Wafer Stepper Part1: Optics Huygens Optics 2020-01-04 | I've been planning to make a maskless wafer stepper for a long time. In the last few months, I finally found the time! This video is the first of 3 video's on the design- and build process. It discusses the optical aspects of the machine. 0:00 General intro0:38 About Wafer steppers in general1:12 Meta surfaces and flat optics2:00 Principle and advantages of a maskless wafer stepper4:36 Projection optics6:47 Global layout of the machine 8:50 System overviewI hope to make micro optics with this machine in the near future. By the way, not the standard meta surfaces, because the resolution will be too limited for that, but meta surfaces that combine both refractive and diffractive functionality. Currently I'm still in the building process of the machine and the software.I have taken the liberty of using a few short clips in my video. Please give the makers credit by visiting the original video's or websites if you are want to know more: ASML video on EUV-wafer steppers:youtube.com/watch?v=jH6Urfqt_d4Great video by science magazine with entry level info on meta surfacesyoutube.com/watch?v=ETx_fjM5pmsIf you want to go a little deeper:youtube.com/watch?v=RBGwJE0ww7syoutube.com/watch?v=3qeE5A8HIWYyoutube.com/watch?v=AM4yO0mjR4gBy the way, the Nikon objective was bought at https://www.ebay.nl/usr/avr-sales. They gave me a very good price and exceptional service, so make sure to check them out for used tech stuff.
How to make Very Flat Optical Surfaces on Glass Huygens Optics 2019-12-16 | The video shows (hands on) how a nanometer level flat optical surface can be made. It first discusses the principle of the continuous pitch polisher, also known as the planetary polisher or optical lap master. 00:00 Intro of flat surface creation / polishing00:37 Optical flatness specs compared to general machining results01:04 Angular machine / continuous pitch polisher explained07:24 Simplified version of the continuous pitch polisher10:15 CNC polishing machine construction explained11:16 Example of polishing 3 objects flat on a plateIn addition, I discuss my personal method to make flat optics which is a modified / simplified version of the continuous pitch polisher.This video contains short clips of other videos showing similar continuous pitch polishers in action. Clips at 1:16min and 5:16 min were displayed by courtesy of Sydor Optics: sydor.com Check out their company video at: youtube.com/watch?v=N3RbCq8Kg5U&Clip at 1:20 taken from Gijs Loning's video (OpPad) on his visit to the Zeiss Factory:youtube.com/watch?v=9YhsTEOjxtU (very nice and informative video, Dutch spoken)
Metal Detector Discrimination Explained (with a Garret AT Pro) Huygens Optics 2019-11-12 | In this video I discuss the principle of a VLF- type induction balanced metal detector (Garrett AT pro), in particular how the discrimination between different metals works. I do this by looking at the emitted and received signals of a test coil, so not by opening up the detector. 00:00 General Intro00:34 Need for discrimination / ID in metal detection03:19 Test setup 03:55 Principle of double D coil explained08:29 ID and phase shift for different metals (para- and diamagnetism)It turns out that the detector measures the phase delay between the emission and reception coil. The reception coil shows this delay because of changes in the inductance which are introduced by the conductivity and intrinsic magnetic properties of metal objects in the vicinity.
Next Level Spirit Level (for billiard / pool table) Huygens Optics 2019-10-14 | Leveling a billiard table to an exact horizontal orientation requires a very accurate "spirit level" device (also called "bubble level"). In this video I show the complete process, from requirements and design, to prototype manufacturing of the bubble level from 2 borosilicate glass disks. If you need more details on how to make a spherical surface, you might want to check out this previous video: youtube.com/watch?v=-E058yElkFMThe two video's referred to below show the optical contact bonding process in detail, so make sure you check them out. It is quite impressive to see 2 surfaces melt together spontaneously by just atomic forces at the surface: youtube.com/watch?v=se3K_MWR488youtube.com/watch?v=xZTdurPlhXEThe link below refers to a Sydor video on their Optipro Glassmaster 520 angular machine:youtube.com/watch?v=oT2_55QNWUs"Fabrication Methods for Precision Optics" by Hank H. Karow contains detailed information on how to build and operate an angular machine, for those of you interested in building one.
Optical Lens Centering using a LOH LZ-80. Huygens Optics 2019-10-08 | This video discussed the theoretical- and practical aspects of lens centering. The video features a lens triplet from the telescope corrector . Unfortunately it turned out that -after my Loh LZ-80 centering machine was brought back to operational status- the lenses were already correctly centered. The cause for their poor performance was actually in the construction of the optical tube holding the triplet. So in the end, centering of the lenses turned out to be unnescessary.
