Intro to Fourier Optics and the 4F correlator Applied Science 2012-11-12 | It seems strange that a single piece of glass can compute the Fourier transform of an image, but it is true (sort of). I explore an optical arrangement known as a 4F correlator, and note the practical considerations that are rarely discussed in existing sources.http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/fourier
Micronics SLS nylon 3D printer makes electronic circuits Applied Science 2024-06-13 | A new desktop SLS nylon 3D printer can make printed electronic circuits with the addition of a powdered catalyst and electroless copper plating bath. The printer is available here: kickstarter.com/projects/micronics3d/micron-a-desktop-sls-3d-printerApplied Science video on SLA printed circuits: youtube.com/watch?v=Z228xymQYhoFavorite copper plating bath recipe:Heat 250ml deionized water to 60*C in a 300ml beaker, stirring at 350 RPMAdd 2.5g CuSO4*5H2O, wait until dissolvedAdd 4.6g EDTA disodium dihydrate, wait until dissolvedAdd 0.84ml of 1% Triton-X 100 solution in waterDissolve 5.8g NaOH in 30ml DI water, stir until clear, then add to bathAdd 4ml Formaldehyde (37% HCHO)Lower stirring to 100 RPM and begin filtration with 0.5 micron syringe filter and peristaltic pump. No intentional oxygenation or bubbling. Filter return is below surface for minimal splashing.I experimented a little with PEG and 2 2' Bipyridine, but didn't find them impactful enough to discuss in this video.LED rectenna designs:josepheoff.github.io/posts/1-hatbandhttps://www.nrl.navy.mil/STEM/LEctenna-Challenge/Electroless copper references:nmfrc.org/pdf/p0295g.pdfCopper chromite catalyst:sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/209317Possibly available here: kremer-pigmente.com/en/shop/pigments/pigments-of-modern-age/spinel-similar-pigments/47420-spinel-black-no-42.html It's been backordered for a month, so I wasn't able to test it.Open Sauce 2024:opensauce.comSupport Applied Science on Patreon:patreon.com/AppliedScience
Photosynthesis photography: Making images with living plant leaves Applied Science 2023-08-27 | How to make photographs using plant leaves: the technique, examples, f/0.5 camera lens construction, and tips & tricks that I learned along the way.Inspiration for this project came from a 1970's video made by The Royal Institution: youtube.com/watch?v=l2JTiAASdywStarch formation refs: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/329993ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/50820500/GPRG/2022PulicationsandSummaries/2022_Photosynthetic%20responses%20of%20greenhouse%20ornamentals%20to%20interaction%20of%20irradiance%20CO2%20and%20temperature.pdfVideo describing inkjet printed photomasks: youtu.be/bR9EN3kUlfg?si=k9RU6EwM5-pKx2tr&t=643A different technique to make leaf prints: alternativephotography.com/chlorophyll-printsVideo from Alpha Phoenix on making photos with cyanotype: youtube.com/watch?v=ewQQX3fxQKk&t=85sRay optics simulator: https://phydemo.app/ray-optics/Giant tweezers: amazon.com/Stainless-Tweezers-Anti-slip-Aquascape-Maintenance/dp/B07LDLWJMMAnhydrous ethanol: extractohol.net/1gal-200-proof-pure-food-grade-ethyl-alcoholHanging basket geranium plant: lowes.com/pd/2-Gallon-Multicolor-Geranium-in-Hanging-Basket-L5450/1000151713Methanol toxicity: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_toxicity https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.002 Skin absorption in a quantity high enough to be a problem is rare, according to this.Support Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Measuring the amount of lead (Pb) consumed when drinking from lead crystal glassware. Is it safe? Applied Science 2023-07-06 | I show a "DIY" chemical color-based method to determine the amount of lead in water, and then use the method to measure the amount of lead extracted from various types of lead crystal glassware. Skip to 27:05 to see the detailed resultsCode, analysis, raw data, more references: github.com/benkrasnow/LeadCrystalSupercon 2022 talk: youtube.com/watch?v=26olExLUX-0Average daily lead consumption: 50ug in early 1980s, about 2/3 of this came from food and water openlibrary.org/works/OL18340799W/Food_contamination_from_environmental_sources?edition=unset0000unse_z0t6The FDA established a maximum daily intake for Pb called the Interim Reference Level (IRL). The IRL for children and adults is 3 μg/day and 12.5 μg/day, respectively. In 2022, FDA tightened its Interim Reference Levels (IRLs) for lead to 2.2 µg/day for children and 8.8 µg/day for females of childbearing age—a drop of 27% from the original IRLs it established in 2018.(2011) The estimated average daily dietary exposure of the Frenchpopulation to lead was 18 μg for adults aged 15 years or more https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/Home/Chemical/3511ChatGPT on cloudy lead acetate solutionschat.openai.com/share/b24593ea-e467-4c41-ac79-55a4c0546a63Support the production of future videos on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Multi-layer reactive foil: no fuel, no oxygen, tons of heat Applied Science 2023-05-28 | This unusual sheet metal is made of hundreds of nano scale layers of aluminum and nickel. A spark initiates a self-propagating reaction that creates NiAl compound, and lots of heat! This material is used to solder items so fast that the base material doesn't have time to draw heat away from the joint. The technical data sheet indicates that this process is fluxless, and I suspect trying to include flux would cause rapid gas expansion that would blow the solder joint apart. I'm not sure how the solder wets the surface without flux.https://sci-hub.se/10.1063/1.1629390en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_aluminideindium.com/products/nanofoil/#documents patreon.com/AppliedScience
Temperature-sensing RFID tag in magnetic stir bar Applied Science 2023-04-10 | I describe an old project in which a few friends and I designed an RFID tag that fits into a magnetic stir bar and measures temperature wirelessly. We decided to open-source the project, and you can see the PCB design and tag firmware at the github repo below. I don't think I have the firmware for the base station, unfortunately.ti.com/product/TMS37157digikey.com/en/products/detail/texas-instruments/EZ430-TMS37157/2183733github.com/benkrasnow/Temperature_sensing_stirbarpatreon.com/AppliedScience
Identify chemicals with radio frequencies - Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (MRI without magnets) Applied Science 2023-01-23 | How to build and test an NQR spectrometer, which is similar to MRI, but uses no magnets. NQR frequencies are unique among all tested compounds, so detecting a resonance indicates a near certainty that a specific chemical is present.Tektronix 2-series oscilloscope: tek.com/en/products/oscilloscopes/2-series-mso Video capture was done via VNC clientZeeman effect shifting optical spectral lines: youtu.be/JV4Fk3VNZqs?t=74Atomic clock calibration using Zeeman effect: youtube.com/watch?v=xTy1kY_wtsYW2AEW's RF tutorial on quarter wave transmission lines: youtube.com/watch?v=A1BAq0KxIdcWater deflected by electric field: youtu.be/NjLJ77IuBdM?t=468Litz wire only helpful between 50KHz and 1.5MHz - youtu.be/FUCRB9UdfUg?t=2010Support Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScienceQ/AWhy use vacuum variable capacitors? The parallel LC circuit develops well over 1000 volts during transmit, and they are much easier to finely adjust over a large range.I've spent quite a few hours making this work since late last year. I failed to detect a signal from urea, which burned dozens of hours. Switching to NaNO2 suddenly produced a huge signal.NQR calculations spreadsheet - docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pkWlgvEXlANemZt3DR1J5g59S7hsejbvs995Y4FRsl0/edit?usp=sharingNQR references (many!) : docs.google.com/document/d/1XoNUhFceH38nSjAFZoxglNiZlUzn6QMxa6CYTyAM92c/edit?usp=sharing
How to make precise sheet metal parts (photochemical machining) Applied Science 2022-11-04 | How to make etched metal parts.-All of the highest quality parts that I made went to the customer, but edge quality and photoresist adhesion is still a problem.-The photomask dark areas can be expanded, and then the part etched for a longer amount of time to make the edges more perpendicular to the surface. I forgot to mention this clever way to improve the etch aspect ratio called "etch factor" http://www.chemcut.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Chemcut_Thoughts_on_Undercut.pdf-Dry film photoresist amazon.com/30cm%C3%975m-Portable-Photosensitive-Production-Photoresist/dp/B07MMVPY1Z-Photoresist processing datasheet dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/amer/us/en/products/ei-transformation/documents/DEC-Riston_GeneralProcessingGuide.pdf-Special ink and transparencies (films) for photomasks: filmdirectonline.com-Flip pins shop.evilmadscientist.com/productsmenu/853-405nm lights: amazon.com/gp/customer-reviews/R2BR1XN80FQT9R-Epson printer with tank for custom ink: epson.com/For-Work/Printers/Inkjet/EcoTank-ET-M1170-Wireless-Monochrome-Supertank-Printer/p/C11CH44201-Strange Parts did a great video on metal business cards: youtube.com/watch?v=83GDV0xsTTs-mymetalbusinesscard.com/product/stainless-steel-business-cards 100 cards for $250 could be the cheapest way to get custom mechanical parts: youtube.com/watch?v=bkZkaT_P0CkSupport Applied Science on Patreon patreon.com/AppliedScience
High speed X-ray video: jumping beans, wind-up toys and more! Applied Science 2022-09-12 | High-speed X-ray video captured with a Dectris photon-counting detector. I show how the process works and how this detector is different than normal camera detectors. dectris.commedia.dectris.com/Technical_Specification_PILATUS_100K-S_V1_8.pdfMexican jumping beans: amazingbeans.comGeiger counter: mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counterX-ray timelapse video: youtube.com/watch?v=j-FHbHoiwNkImageJ image format converter: imagej.nih.gov/ij (the NIH's SSL cert expired?)Flipping through images fast enough as if playing video: irfanview.comVideo editing software: blackmagicdesign.com/products/davinciresolve/editThe sequence of tiff files directly from the sensor contain a lot of temporal flicker -- probably because the X-ray tube itself has time-varying output. This isn't so bad at 60Hz, but quite a problem at 300Hz. I used Resolve's "color stabilizer" to maintain constant levels throughout a clip, and was impressed how well this removed the flicker.Support Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Drawing on a plasma display with a laser pointer Applied Science 2022-05-31 | An orange plasma display will retain an image caused by incident near-UV light. This is an interesting visual combination of photoelectric, hot carrier injection, plasma, and charge trapping effects.Correction: The orange display is running at 700Hz, 130V in the video. Also, the laser emits no 365nm light. I measured some as low as 380, but the tail isn't as long as I implied! Thanks Matthew King for pointing this out in the comments.I realize that I may have conflated the issues of one-resistor-per-pixel and the display's ability to maintain an image throughout row scanning. They are separate problems that are both addressed by designing the panel to work on AC. Each pixel can maintain its state (on or off) by being supplied constantly with a lower "sustaining" voltage, and can be set or cleared by giving it a momentary higher or lower amplitude. The sustaining voltage allows the pixel to be emitting light or not, and its state remains because of its own impedance until updated on the next scan. In color plasma displays, separate electrodes are used for sustaining and addressing pixels, and the discharge may be sustained between coplanar electrodes instead of plane-to-plane, as in this display.It's also a possibility that the dielectric and MgO layer only exists on one electrode (the metal), and the ITO is bare. I don't know.On this display, if all rows are electrically connected together, and all columns are connected together, and AC is applied to rows and columns, this effect does not work -- no light is emitted at all! At least some of the electrodes (ie every other column) must be left floating to emit any light, and to show this memory effect. So, driving AC plasma panels requires more waveform tricks that I do not fully understand.Photo of the TFT LCD with funny attribution: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dell_axim_LCD_under_microscope.jpgApplied Science video with rotating, flashing neon light:youtube.com/watch?v=h8VJft5Xq5gPrior art patents: patents.google.com/patent/US7283301B2/enpatents.google.com/patent/US20060132716A1/enPhysics coffee mug in opening shot: atomstoastronauts.com/collections/mugsRefs:https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.08.001https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01132https://sci-hub.se/10.1109/TPS.2003.810178https://sci-hub.se/10.1109/TED.2003.813452nature.com/articles/ncomms7785https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/S0026-2714(97)00179-0patents.google.com/patent/KR19980085547A/enslideserve.com/urian/i-structure-of-ac-plasma-display-panel-schematic-of-pdp-drive-systempatents.google.com/patent/US7589697B1/enSupport Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Silver nanoprisms grown into structural colors by high power LEDs Applied Science 2022-04-10 | How to chemically synthesize silver nanoparticles, then grow them into triangular nanoprisms with light from a variety of LEDs. Each color LED creates a different size nanoprism, which has its own characteristic color.CMDITR video: youtube.com/watch?v=agD5jfXua-oMultispectral LED driver on Github: github.com/benkrasnow/MultiSpectLEDChemicals sourced from Amazon/eBayLR-1 spectrometer: aseq-instruments.com/LR1.htmlMicropipette set: amazon.com/gp/product/B06XJY82N3 amazon.com/gp/product/B01KO7MCCC20ml glass vials with PTFE lined cap (do not use metal-lined): Environmental Express APC1675P Already gone from AmazonpH pen (this cost more than I remember, but it works really well, and has lasted many years. Cheaper pH pens are often pretty bad) amazon.com/gp/product/B01ESYG6B0Comparison of CD, DVD, Blu-ray discs with electron microscope:twitter.com/BenKrasnow/status/615327472909840385Great way to find related papers:connectedpapers.comResearch sources:youtube.com/watch?v=agD5jfXua-ohttps://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200604637https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/nature01937https://sci-hub.se/10.1126/science.1066541https://sci-hub.se/10.1002/smll.200801480https://sci-hub.se/10.1039/b302943copg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-20-28-29923&id=247745rsc.org/suppdata/nr/c4/c4nr06901c/c4nr06901c1.pdfhttps://sci-hub.se/10.1039/C4NR06901Chttps://sci-hub.se/10.1155/2018/1781389cytodiagnostics.com/pages/silver-nanoparticles-handling-and-storageSupport Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Olestra (zero calorie cooking oil) - chemical synthesis and taste test Applied Science 2022-01-10 | I synthesized olestra from biodiesel, sugar, and soap with a sodium metal catalyst. I also describe some of the history of olestra's development.Procedure that I used (Example 1) patents.google.com/patent/US3963699A/enOther resources:patents.google.com/patent/US20060047109A1/enpatents.google.com/patent/US4611055A/enhttps://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1021/ed068p476Biodiesel: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee439/node/684https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/biodiesel-production-techniques.htmlyoutube.com/watch?v=3anau83Qxt4Epogee fat substitute:epogee.com/the-technologyhealthsmartfoods.com/products/sweet-nothings-low-fat-chocolate-covered-caramelPotassium oleate soap synthesis:lipidlibrary.aocs.org/documents/LipidsLibrary/Book%20II_ch03.pdfStudies on gastro distress and calorie compensation:https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00050.xhttps://sci-hub.se/10.1006/rtph.1997.1164https://sci-hub.se/10.1001/jama.279.2.150Anal leakage MadTV: youtube.com/watch?v=Tx9LSEjgQxYSupport Applied Science on Patreon:patreon.com/AppliedScience
X-ray timelapse of fluid movement in plants, stop-motion animation, sensor teardown/repair Applied Science 2021-11-22 | I repaired a large digital x-ray detector and used it to record timelapse and stop-motion animations of plants, a clock, and a camera lens.Applied Science X-ray backscatter imaging system: youtube.com/watch?v=H7ldYhzKAp4Applied Science CT scanner: youtube.com/watch?v=hF3V-GHiJ78Geiger counter: mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counterLinistepper motor driver: http://www.massmind.org/techref/io/stepper/linistep/lini_use.htmPotassium iodide: amazon.com/dp/B01JKJWXBKGE Rhythm user guide: bakerhughesds.com/sites/g/files/cozyhq596/files/2018-07/rhythm_rt_manual_english_rev_e.pdfOctave (open source MATLAB alternative): gnu.org/software/octave/indexMouse movement recorder software: sourceforge.net/projects/mousecontrollerOctave and Arduino code used in this video: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vM6KSc_EhrKc8J92Yn_-PE-lZhL3gkhA?usp=sharingThank you for your support on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScienceThank you, Amir, for the X-ray sensor and software!
Underwater laser cutting and silver sintering to make ceramic circuit boards Applied Science 2021-09-26 | Thermal stress cracking can be completely avoided by CO2 laser cutting thin alumina sheets underwater. I also show how to formulate and apply silver paste, then sinter in a kiln to produce double-sided ceramic printed circuit boards with conductive vias.60W CW CO2 laser at 80% power. 10mm/sec. Standard lens focal length (50mm). 2mm water above ceramic. 180 passes to cut through 0.75mm thick alumina. Silver paste: 97% silver powder, 3% glass powder by mass. Particle size 1 micron or less. Add poly vinyl alcohol mold release until desired consistency reached.Paste applied with 4 mil thick vinyl stencil. Dried in air 10 minutes, then rapidly brought up to 900*C, held for 10 minutes, then rapidly brought back down to room temperature. Total cycle about 45 minutes.I measured electrical conductivity of the finished traces from my process with vinyl stencils: 4 milliohms per square at 10 micron final thickness. This is pretty close to the Dupont published spec ( less than 2 milliohm/sq at 16 micron thick)Underwater CO2 laser cutting reference: https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/J.JEURCERAMSOC.2011.06.01560W laser cutter: ebay.com/itm/294386493292Ceramic sheets at McMaster: mcmaster.com/alumina/nonporous-alumina-ceramic-sheets-and-barsCeramic PCB prototypes: ceramic-pcb.com/product/alumina-pcb-al2o3-pcb-prototypes-onlineQuickfire kiln: kruegerpottery.com/products/par_quikfire6Raspberry Pi picoReflow oven controller: apollo.open-resource.org/mission:resources:picoreflowSilver powder: ebay.com/itm/122525930519Glass glaze: amazon.com/dp/B0044SCR6OMacor: mcmaster.com/materials/material~glass-mica-ceramicDupont silver paste: dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/amer/us/en/transportation-industrial/public/documents/en/LF131.pdfBinders for ceramic powder: digitalfire.com/article/binders+for+ceramic+bodiesPVA mold release: tapplastics.com/product/fiberglass/mold_releases/tap_pva_mold_release_liquid/67Very complete study of laser machining of ceramics: research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54520291/FULL_TEXT.PDFApplied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Atomic Layer Deposition of copper - If you like sputtering, youll love this! Applied Science 2021-08-01 | An explanation and demo of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of copper metal on glass. Precursors are copper(I) chloride and hydrogen, processed in a hot-wall tube quartz tube furnace.10 torr operating pressure500 sccm argon sweep/purge gas constantly flowing75 sccm CuCl argon pulse gas (17 seconds including flow controller lag)100 sccm H pulse gas (14 seconds including flow controller lag)7 second purge time between pulses100mm quartz tube furnace diameter 415*C deposition temperature350*C CuCl evaporation temperatureSubstrates are mostly borosilicate glass cleaned with RCA cleanThe "good" samples shown in the video are about 750 cycles (about 9 hoursMain ref:https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/cvde.19970030107Also helpful:https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5087759https://sci-hub.se/10.1149/2.0261501jsshttps://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(92)90191-KAlicat flow controller manuals (hard to find via website navigation):documents.alicat.com/manuals/DOC-MANUAL-MC.pdfdocuments.alicat.com/manuals/old/Gas_Flow_Controller_Manual_rev7.pdfdocuments.alicat.com/Alicat-Serial-Primer.pdfRCA clean: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_cleanCuCl synthesis: http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/lab_manuals/c1901exp35.htmlSupport Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
The best projects from 10 years of Applied Science Applied Science 2021-05-08 | It's been a very fun 10 years, and there's more to come! Ask your questions in the comments (as always).Liquid oxygen BBQ - youtube.com/watch?v=1bjvj5FjUPEFondant cake making - youtube.com/watch?v=_IhibizyrtUScanning Electron Microscope - youtube.com/watch?v=VdjYVF4a6iUTranscranial magnetic Stimulation - youtube.com/watch?v=B_olmdAQx5sSupercritical CO2 chamber - youtube.com/watch?v=-gCTKteN5Y4LED in a contact lens - youtube.com/watch?v=qHECpEhJdB8Pop Rocks candy - youtube.com/watch?v=qsSwvmNEr0QX-Ray backscatter - youtube.com/watch?v=H7ldYhzKAp4X-Ray CT - youtube.com/watch?v=hF3V-GHiJ78Cookie Perfection Machine - youtube.com/watch?v=8YEdHjGMehoLCD - youtube.com/watch?v=_zoeeR3geTA and youtube.com/watch?v=d4QFNWBSZYgVinyl LP in electron microscope - youtube.com/watch?v=GuCdsyCWmt8Silicon etching rugate optical filters - youtube.com/watch?v=iwj78pR46zMpatreon.com/AppliedScience
Measuring human digestive efficiency vs. a flame Applied Science 2021-02-23 | "200 Calories" on a nutrition label doesn't describe the total flammable caloric content. I explore the differences between digestible and flammable calories using a homemade calorimeter with glass windows.Pressure sensor:digikey.com/en/products/detail/te-connectivity-measurement-specialties/M5842-000005-10KPG/7592854Schedule 160 pipe on McMaster:mcmaster.com/7733K25932 ga nichrome wire:amazon.com/gp/product/B07DL4DSWDPower supply (used for ignition wire):amazon.com/gp/product/B07SS77N7KKeithley 6.5 digit multimeter:tek.com/tektronix-and-keithley-digital-multimeter/dmm6500Tek MSO 4 series oscilloscope:tek.com/oscilloscope/4-series-mso-mixed-signal-oscilloscopeSoylent:soylent.comHmm, I perhaps mis-remembered that 20% stat from Sally Le Page's video: youtube.com/watch?v=92F_yocEchA There may have been another source that indicated the 20% number. This will probably show up in my future video on macronutrients.Support Applied Science on Patreon:patreon.com/AppliedScience
Prototyping with Applied Science: Design and build a bite sensor Applied Science 2021-01-18 | Join me in brainstorming and building a bite force sensor that allows paraplegic musicians to smoothly control an expression pedal. This video will include construction tips and tricks, methods, material selection, and a little design philosophy.Tiny linear potentiometer used in final design: digikey.com/en/products/detail/bourns-inc/3046L-1-103/3781580Spring-loaded linear potentiometer: digikey.com/en/products/detail/tt-electronics-bi/404R10KL1-0/2408603Sil-Poxy for bonding silicone rubber to itself and other materials: smooth-on.com/product-line/sil-poxySorta Clear 40 - Platinum-cure silicone molding: smooth-on.com/products/sorta-clear-40Light-cure 3311 adhesive: mcmaster.com/1700A253 (expensive, but this tube will last a long time)Blue lasers on eBay "5mW" *wink* ebay.com/itm/3-Packs-900Mile-Strong-Laser-Pointer-Pen-Green-Blue-Red-Light-Visible-Beam-Lazer/174479770737Braided shield, highly flexible, 4-conductor cable: digikey.com/en/products/detail/tensility-international-corp/30-00218/5270175Fabric reinforced silicone sheet: mcmaster.com/8612K51Mechanical CAD on github: github.com/benkrasnow/BiteSensorSupport Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Etching silicon wafers to make colorful Rugate optical filters (porous silicon) Applied Science 2020-11-16 | Passing an electrical current through a silicon wafer in a special acid etchant will create a porous layer with a variable index of refraction. I describe how this process works, and how the Fourier transform relates filter design to electrical etch waveform and resulting spectral response.Notes: 1. The Rugate filters look especially good in polarized light because the reflection from the silicon wafer is reduced, but the reflection from the filter remains strong. I noticed this while holding the wafer in front of my computer monitor. Later, when showing it to friends, the color intensity was poor. Their monitor must have been horizontally polarized, so holding the wafer low, and tilting it upward didn't work! Some monitors are horizontally polarized, and some are vertical.2. The magnet used to hold down the PTFE cup to the wafer may have a very slight impact on the etch process. The dramatic shift in filter performance at the periphery is due to O-ring restricting the conductive etchant to a sharp edge, creating an electrical field concentration.Outstanding visual Fourier series tutorial:http://www.jezzamon.com/fourier/index.htmlLR-1 spectrometer: http://www.aseq-instruments.com/LR1.htmlp-type wafers on eBay. (You have to hunt around and check the photos for info on the label attached to the box of wafers. Be sure to get wafers less than 0.01 ohm-cm) eg ebay.com/itm/25-silicon-wafer-P-type-150mm-100-sumco/263441166009 n-type wafers are photosensitive during the etch process.Online graphing calculator page from this video: desmos.com/calculator/hiju8zdqfzOriginal Desmos page that I used: desmos.com/calculator/qpnz9celzfCode for Keithley 2450 control and processing.org waveform generation:github.com/benkrasnow/Porous_Silicon_OpticsFourier transform to understand optical coatings:http://www.willeyoptical.com/pdfs/92_180.pdfPorous silicon refs:rp-photonics.com/rugate_filters.htmlintechopen.com/books/porosity-process-technologies-and-applications/porous-siliconhttps://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2011.03.143https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2010.495446https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71381-6_2https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.44.005415https://sci-hub.se/10.1364/OE.16.015531https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19940061214https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2906337Silicon wafer identification flats:https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/elmat_en/kap_5/illustr/i5_2_4.htmlApplied Science on Patreon:patreon.com/AppliedScience
Shooting an electron beam through air Applied Science 2020-09-21 | A special 100nm thick window allows 25 KeV electrons to pass from a vacuum tube to the atmosphere where they hit a fluorescent screen -- a CRT in air!Shielded GoPro goes through a powerful electron beam: youtube.com/watch?v=yPMpAR9w-L0More powerful amateur electron beam in air: fusor.net/board/viewtopic.php?t=7828Deep technical resource on dielectric charging via electron bombardment: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a172204.pdfTons of information on industrial e-beam processing: http://iiaglobal.com/uploads/documents/Industrial_Radiation_eBeam_Xray.pdfKF25 to glass tube quick adapter: idealvac.com/SWIFT-SEAL-KF-to-Compression-Port-Adapter/pp/P103772100nm silicon nitride windows: tedpella.com/grids_html/silicon-nitride-x-ray-windows.htmMore windows: http://www.temwindows.com/category_s/22.htmTritium light sources (eBay removed most): usa.banggood.com/search/tritium.htmlE-beam crosslinking: ebeamservices.com/polymer-crosslinking/services/plastic-partsKF25 cross $18 on Amazon: amazon.com/gp/product/B07CKS3H99Lightbulb sockets: amazon.com/gp/product/B07SSYN83YHysol 1C: amazon.com/Loctite-HL1373425-1373425-Hysol-1C/dp/B000B631G8Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Ultrasonic soldering bonds glass, titanium, stainless steel, ceramics, tungsten, nichrome... Applied Science 2020-09-09 | Technical details and how to build an ultrasonic soldering iron. This technique can bond difficult-to-solder metals such as titanium as well as glass and ceramics.Cerasolzer technical info: http://cerasolzer.com/cerasolzer/basic_info_gb.htmlS-bond technical info: s-bond.com/solutions-and-service/ultrasonic-soldering/ultrasonic-solder-materialsOverview of active soldering process: https://sci-hub.tw/10.5772/intechopen.82382Another good overview: intechopen.com/books/recent-progress-in-soldering-materials/recent-advances-in-solderability-of-ceramic-and-metallic-materials-with-application-of-active-solderDiscussion of Sn - La solders: hindawi.com/journals/amse/2015/269167Sn - Ti phase diagram: https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-010-9663-2This patent has the key list of ingredients (not just broad ranges) listed at paragraph 45: patents.google.com/patent/US20160204303A1/enpatreon.com/AppliedScience
Demo and teardown of an X-ray fluorescence gun (measures chemical composition) Applied Science 2020-08-31 | I show how an X-ray fluorescence gun works, do a teardown and failure analysis, and discuss a new kind of XRF tech now "available" on eBay.The XRF data can be transferred from the gun to a PC, and analyzed with http://pymca.sourceforge.net I did this for several materials, but ran out of time in this video to show the software usage, which is quite involved.Good overall description of XRF: phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/08%3A_Atomic_Structure/8.06%3A_Atomic_Spectra_and_X-raysElectron shell shielding described via roller derby ?! courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/electron-shieldingXRF supplies: amptek.comMightyOhm geiger counter: mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counterThe two XRF guns in this video were generously donated by one of my viewers. Thank you!The Tribogenics tape-peel XRF gun on eBay: ebay.com/itm/New-Watson-XRF-Handheld-Metal-Alloy-Analyzer/123646159115Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Giant glass diffusion pump and cathode ray tube demo Applied Science 2020-07-19 | This vacuum diffusion pump is made entirely of glass so we can see how it works. I also show a CRT built from a glass lab flask.The pump was bought on Amazon! amazon.com/Vacuum-Diffusion-L-2210-Three-stage-Four-stage/dp/B07MJ2RQ44Diffusion pump instructions translation: twitter.com/BenKrasnow/status/1170188966642896896I used DC-704 silicone diffusion pump oil: duniway.com/catalog/diffusion-pumps/diffusion-pump-oilThe tabletop burner and fuel are commonly found at Asian supermarkets.Phosphor paint: coastairbrush.com/products.asp?cat=386Water chiller: ebay.com/itm/S-A-CW-5200-Industry-Water-Chiller-110V-60Hz-for-Laser-Cutting-2-Years-Warranty/122389384736Support Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Holograms on chocolate Applied Science 2020-05-25 | DIY process to copy commercial holograms onto chocolate! Completely edible -- no dyes or inks used.Tech Ingredients' video: youtube.com/watch?v=SoTi0tM4yQ8Samy Kamkar's diffractive chocolate: twitter.com/samykamkar/status/1259173832620830722Hologram stickers: ebay.com/itm/100-Huge-1-9-16-Round-Adhesive-Hologram-Sticker-Labels/331178956157Silver mirror process: https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1941.11869396 Add a pinch of sodium lauryl sulfate to the stannous chloride primer solution to help the solution get into contact with the plastic surface.youtube.com/watch?v=y-4qqcCxD6gMorphotonix: npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/06/14/321816570/holographic-chocolates-look-as-beautiful-as-they-taste http://www.morphotonix.com/productsCaswell nickel electroplating kit: caswellplating.com/electroplating-anodizing/nickel-plating-kits/nickel-electroplating-kit-1-5-gal.html (Price was already pretty high years ago, and has gone up a lot since; and the kit has fewer components than it used to. But it does work well.)Holography Marketplace book -- lots of very practical information for making your own holograms, and good source of suppliers (though many are out-of-business now): amazon.com/Holography-MarketPlace-6th-Franz-Ross/dp/0894960997Very good source for mold making supplies: shop.smooth-on.comCountermeasures against hologram copying. Holograms are often used as a security seal, so making copies as shown in the video could be a problem without countermeasures: http://www.nli-ltd.com/publications/countermeasures.phpI was planning to talk more about different types of holograms in technical detail, but I think I will save it for a future, dedicated video on making original holograms.patreon.com/AppliedScience
Hypercentric optics: A camera lens that can see behind objects Applied Science 2020-04-29 | Telecentric and hypercentric optics are very different from our eyes or normal camera lenses. They have "negative" perspective or no perspective, respectively, leading to very unusual images. In this video I show how to use a common fresnel lens in the creation of your own telecentric optical system.Fresnel lens, 300mm dia. 200mm FL is sold out... amazon.com/gp/product/B071ZQL9YZ$5 projection lens on eBay: ebay.com/itm/Delta-108-Projection-Lens-from-U-S-Precision-Lens-inc/264605738684Good practical discussion of telecentric optics: https://www.lockhaven.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/labman3/telecen.htmhttps://www.mii.cz/art?id=626&lang=409&style=4Idea to use macro tubes for telecentric conversion of normal lenses came from here: http://www.4photos.de/camera-diy/Telecentric-Lens.htmlIn-depth info on telecentric lenses: schneiderkreuznach.com/application/files/9715/0781/8897/optical-measurement.pdfCommercial hypercentric and telecentric lens maker: lw4u.comPaper on making telecentric lenses with fresnel front elements: https://sci-hub.tw/10.1117/12.455256patreon.com/AppliedScience
Alpha radiation makes sparks, detects smoke, and eliminates static cling Applied Science 2020-04-06 | Interesting applications of a strong polonium-210 alpha radiation source. The half life is only 140 days, so the Staticmaster brushes must be replaced every year or so.Great technical article on ionization smoke detectors: circuitcellar.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/CC2011110601.pdfStaticmaster refill: amazon.com/Static-Master-4331991414-Static-Master-Refill/dp/B0000ALKDHIonization chamber: aliexpress.com/item/32838644316.htmlCarl Willis' video on spark gap detectors. (check out his whole channel) youtube.com/watch?v=-8GlzUjYazsPolonium poisoning: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenkohttps://sci-hub.tw/10.1088/1361-6498/aa58a7Mightyohm geiger counter: mightyohm.com/blog/products/geiger-counterApplied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Antique 4x5 camera creates 20 micron photolithography masks: Super tiny tax form Applied Science 2020-03-25 | I use an antique 4x5 view camera to create high resolution photomasks in my home shop.Source of film and developing chemicals: https://www.freestylephoto.biz/531345-Arista-Ortho-Litho-Film-3.0-3.9x4.9-50-Sheets-For-4x5-Film-HoldersPossible source of poster-sized printouts: blueprintsprinting.com/pricingGold on microscope slide: https://sci-hub.tw/10.1109/MEMSYS.2013.6474404Commerical microelectrode arrays: multichannelsystems.com/products/microelectrode-arraysVacuum film holder: web.archive.org/web/20111016132122/http://cloudynights.com/documents/large.pdfTest patterns: http://www.bealecorner.org/red/test-patternsThought emporium: youtube.com/user/TheChemlifeHuygens Optics: youtube.com/user/huygensopticsSam Zeloof: youtube.com/user/szeloofSupport Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Electron microscope animation: Carbon nanotubes pulled into thread Applied Science 2020-02-22 | First-ever animation of carbon nanotubes self-aligning into a thread, captured by an electron microscope (as far as I know).Electron microscope animation of phonograph needle: youtube.com/watch?v=GuCdsyCWmt8Toothbrush: youtube.com/watch?v=cwN983PnJoAActive integrated circuit in homebuilt electron microscope: youtube.com/watch?v=eoRVEw5gL8cElectron microscope image capture system: youtube.com/watch?v=ruuxn2u3yaopatreon.com/AppliedScience
Details in the process of making blacker than vantablack coatings (part 1?) Applied Science 2020-01-21 | Recreating MIT's "blacker than vantablack" in a home shop (almost).MIT press release: http://news.mit.edu/2019/blackest-black-material-cnt-0913MIT nanotube-on-aluminum paper: https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b08290NIST nanotube darkness comparison: aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5009190Shaper handheld CNC router: shapertools.comAlmost-as-large quartz tube (I used 76mm OD) : ebay.com/itm/Fused-quartz-glass-tubing-OD-50mm-x-ID-46mm-x-L-1-240mm-48-Free-Shipping/113713893883Insulating firebrick for tube furnace: ebay.com/itm/Insulating-FireBrick-Thermal-Ceramics-K-26-3-10-pk/131698699891Black velvet on Amazon: amazon.com/gp/product/B07BGZ82XHLR-1 spectrometer: http://www.aseq-instruments.com/LR1.htmlApplied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Make vacuum pre-loaded spherical air bearings without special tools Applied Science 2019-12-23 | A new technique to make graphite air bearings without precision tooling. I show how to make spherical, cylindrical, and flat bearings that are also vacuum pre-loaded, meaning the bearing is captive.David Preiss' excellent video: youtube.com/watch?v=vuzoEe_ykmM10mm thick graphite sheet: amazon.com/Graphite-Smooth-Polished-Surface-200MMx100MMx10MM/dp/B07S2RDQ6P2" ball bearing: amazon.com/Inch-Chrome-Steel-Bearing-Ball/dp/B0074VCP8SSmall 10-32 hose barb fitting: mcmaster.com/5047k11Linear bearing shaft: mcmaster.com/6061k35Fusion360 CAD files: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1fj6zJ9GlZ07WB6jVrltPNsvqsU06qTAP?usp=sharing12x18 granite surface plate: amazon.com/gp/product/B01LWBEEH8Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
DIY mass spectrometer measures potassium in dietary salt substitute Applied Science 2019-11-30 | How to build and operate a simple mass spectrometer. Please ask questions in the comments, as always. (I had to re-upload this video to fix the ending --I'm very sorry if your early comments were lost!)Scientific American article: scientificamerican.com/article/the-amateur-scientist-1970-07 $7.99 is a good value for the entire back issue in plain PDF format, and an example of a publisher being reasonable. I'm happy to support this.Original Dewdney paper: https://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1969211en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_potassiumen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energyen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_ionizationen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroradiuspatreon.com/AppliedScience
How a film camera superimposes the date onto photos Applied Science 2019-10-12 | Teardown of a "date back" or "data back" camera and description of how it works: A micro LCD projector with incandescent light bulb!patreon.com/AppliedScience
Cryogenic treatment of drill bits: tested 2X lifetime and microstructure analysis Applied Science 2019-09-04 | I bought some HSS stub drills, and treated half of them with liquid nitrogen, which improved their wear resistance dramatically. I also look at the change in microstructure with an electron microscope.Performance of cryogenically treated M35 HSS drills - http://sci-hub.ru/10.1007/s00170-011-3616-8Performance of cryogenically treated HSS tools - http://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.017Effects of Cryogenic Treatment on the StrengthProperties - http://sci-hub.ru/10.1088/1757-899X/229/1/012014LN2 generator video: youtube.com/watch?v=7PWESWqhD8sHeat treatment of steel video: youtube.com/watch?v=ulfCxDsVTWoSource of drill bits: mcmaster.com/catalog/125/2508Temperature logger (discontinued, unfortunately): adafruit.com/product/30813M fine polishing pads: amazon.com/Tri-M-Ite-Polishing-Abrasive-Assorted-Sheets/dp/B07CP9CCH4Delorean patent on cryogenic torsion bar: patents.google.com/patent/US4378658Steel grain structure inspection, and overall great channel for material analysis: youtube.com/watch?v=UuHofNW40YwSteel grain structure video: youtube.com/watch?v=0SIr2sBHxA4Applied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
UV laser creates disappearing ink in normal printer paper Applied Science 2019-08-05 | Ordinary printer paper is darkened by a high power UV laser, and then the affected area disappears in four minutes! This is caused by fluorescent brightening agents that are added to printer paper, which are temporarily overloaded by the intense UV light. It seems that oxygen plays a role in this, as hydrogen peroxide applied to the marks cause them to disappear instantly, and prevent them from being formed again by the laser. Performing the experiment in argon appears to slow the disappearing ink effect.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(E)-Stilbenehttp://abchemitrans.com/dokumenty/Brochure_OPTICAL_BRIGHTENERS.pdftandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2014.934302?mobileUi=0&journalCode=tfac20patents.google.com/patent/US20140339462A1patreon.com/AppliedScience
Bouncy sulfur hexafluoride gas in tennis balls? Applied Science 2019-07-04 | Testing myths about gas inside tennis balls.Note: I should have added that all of the gases tested would have the same bounce height in a perfect no-loss system. The reason that SF6 bounces higher is because it heats less during compression, lowering the amount of possible thermal loss. Argon heats more during compression, and can lose more energy because of thermal transfer from the gas into the cylinder walls, where it is not restored upon decompression. Things are more complex in a tennis ball, though: Most of the losses are in the rubber shell, and not in the thermal dissipation of the fill gas. It's hard to estimate, but I'd say that the highest fill pressure, with a high-gamma gas would prove to be the most bouncy since it would cause the rubber shell to deform the least. The amount of compression in a tennis ball is very low, and any effect due to the gamma of the gas will be extremely small. Fill pressure will have a dramatically bigger effect.Google drive link : drive.google.com/open?id=10gktbl7YQve5IKNAak1L0wIS_g_4BVEW Nike Air: news.nike.com/news/nike-air-max-sustainabilityEPA SF6 use: epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-02/documents/conf00_smythe_paper.pdf100 kg load cell: amazon.com/gp/product/B077YHNNCPInstrumentation amplifier: ebay.com/itm/INA114-Instrumentation-Amplifier-Module-1000-Times-Gain-Adjustable-Single-Supply/272973857983SF6 on eBay: ebay.com/itm/Sulfur-Hexafluoride-SF6-18-lb-Tank-New-full-cylinder-Insulating-Gas-SALE/283464688564Tennis ball patent: patents.google.com/patent/US4358111SF6 data sheet: npeinc.com/manuals/General%20Electric/GEBK-IBvendor/ALLIED%20CHEMICAL.PDFSF6 worldwide usage: ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/3_5_SF6_Electrical_Equipment_Other_Uses.pdfGeneral adiabatic resources:http://rogercortesi.com/ideas/public/gasspring.html arxiv.org/pdf/1708.01282.pdfhttp://isjos.org/JoP/vol1/Papers/JoPv1i1-2Tennis.pdfhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/souspe3.htmlpatreon.com/AppliedScience
How corrosion inhibitors protect metal: synthesis in the lab and testing Applied Science 2019-06-15 | Laboratory synthesis and systematic testing of a corrosion inhibitor commonly found in engine oils. This inhibitor is the reaction product of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and oleic acid.Source of recipe: patents.google.com/patent/US4193882Water fogger: amazon.com/gp/product/B00TN5EUUESource of DMTD: amazon.com/TCI-America-Bismuthiol-B0593-25G-95-0/dp/B0727V9DQYOleic Acid: amazon.com/gp/product/B01BLUTRO2patreon.com/AppliedScience
Build an electroluminescent glass panel display an Apollo DSKY Applied Science 2019-05-16 | How to build a replica DSKY unit using an electroluminescent driver circuit and screen-printed conductive ink.Source code, PCB files, screen print graphics, etc:github.com/benkrasnow/DSKY_EL_replicaOther folks in the community have been working on authentic DSKY replicas, notably, Fran Blanche: hackaday.com/2017/05/29/re-creating-the-apollo-dskys-display youtu.be/hiqibWP2WNA?t=647 patreon.com/AppliedScience
Drill through anything (conductive) with Electrical Discharge Machining Applied Science 2019-03-12 | I show how to build an EDM drilling machine, describe how it works, and where to buy parts.Source for the arc generator: baxedm.comBaxEDM YouTube channel: youtube.com/channel/UCy4kgsAYxcraee8w5SfqXPA/videosI used the Kflop, Kanalog, and Kstep from dynomotion.comOpenBuilds CNC machine: openbuildspartstore.com/openbuilds-sphinx-55-20-x-20EDM hollow drill rods: ebay.com/itm/EDM-WIRE-MACHINE-DRILL-0-60mm-1-CERAMIC-GUIDE-30-SINGLE-HOLE-BRASS-TUBES-EDM/161395647605EDM drill head: aliexpress.com/item/EDM-Rotated-Head-for-Small-Hole-EDM-Drilling-Machine/32353532977.htmlEDM drill head seals: aliexpress.com/item/Rubber-Seal-for-EDM-Small-Hole-Drilling-Machines/789294397.htmlAirless paint sprayer: amazon.com/gp/product/B004Z2090UWater filter: amazon.com/gp/product/B01CFOFZ08Cartridges are cheap, similar to this: amazon.com/dp/B01FKNK69Gpatreon.com/AppliedScience
Electro-osmosis: pumping water with electricity and no magnets Applied Science 2019-02-20 | An electro-osmotic pump is an unusual and interesting way to pump fluids and also measure their flow rate with only an electric field (no magnets). Refs (in order of relevance)https://sci-hub.tw/10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00320-3http://micromachine.stanford.edu/~dlaser/research_pages/electrokinetics_and_eof.htmlhttps://www3.nd.edu/~changlab/documents/Youcef.pdfncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2756694https://psec.uchicago.edu/library/photocathodes/SiO2_OH_model.pdfpatreon.com/AppliedScience
Testing UV absorption eyewear and sunscreen with a deuterium light source Applied Science 2019-02-10 | I use a deuterium light source to determine the absorption effectiveness of UV safety glasses and sunscreen, as well as common transparent materials.Another interesting application of sunscreen, UV, and visual indicators:youtube.com/watch?v=h8VJft5Xq5gReferences for CIE erythema action spectrum:en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_indexhttp://sci-hub.tw/10.1039/C1PP05271Cpubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/pp/c1pp05271c/unauth#!divAbstracten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lampen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrum#Radiation_from_moleculeshttp://www.aseq-instruments.comebay.com/itm/Fused-quartz-glass-plate-50mm-x-50mm-x-1mm-2-pieces-Free-Shipping/123634196683amazon.com/gp/product/B001RKFZPCpatreon.com/AppliedScience
High-resolution screen printing demystified Applied Science 2019-01-22 | A complete guide to making high-resolution screen prints with minimal tools.Notes: When applying film emulsion to the screen, the matte surface should face the screen. The glossy surface is the plastic backing, which is removed later, just before exposure.The resolution test shown in the video actually indicates line width, not pitch. So, the 1mm sample has 1mm lines and 1mm spaces. Thus, the pitch is actually 2mm.The Nazdar paint instructions say there is a 30 minute "induction" period that is needed for the catalyst to start working. Nope. Just weigh out the paint and catalyst, mix, and immediately apply to the screen. Print the needed items quickly, and clean it off the screen as soon as possible. Use disposable mixing cups / tools. It is *messy*!If your emulsion is not sticking to the screen, even with very long exposure times, it probably isn't dry. The green film may seem fairly dry after a few hours, but adhesion during the wash out process will be poor until it is really completely dry, then exposed.Shopping list:Pre-stretched screen: mclogan.com/shop/aluminum-12x17-p-1173-c-293_297_379_3.htmlSqueegee: mclogan.com/shop/squeegees-per-inch-durometer-p-5-c-293_297_1_4.htmlEpoxy paint: mclogan.com/shop/nazdar-ade-series-epoxy-screen-ink-p-1145.htmlPaint cleaner: mclogan.com/shop/mclogan-graphic-press-wash-p-156.htmlEmulsion remover: mclogan.com/shop/mclogan-emulsion-remover-concentrate-p-149-c-187_42_44.htmlDegreaser: atlasscreensupply.com/store/p/163-ICC-858-Stain-Remover/Degreaser-Quart.aspxFilm emulsion: atlasscreensupply.com/store/p/772-DuraCap-11-x-14.aspxVellum paper: amazon.com/Office-Depot-Premium-Translucent-Vellum/dp/B014SBHGMQConsider using 365nm LEDs instead of fluorescent tubes for exposure.patreon.com/AppliedScience
Behind the scenes at Applied Science: Why video? Camera gear. Shop tour. Applied Science 2019-01-01 | Ask questions in the comments, and I'll answer as many as I can.I show my video production process, answer questions about why I make videos, discuss camera gear, and do a quick shop tour.Steve Ramsey on 10 years of YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=uAJ01VAmAKQSmarter Every Day does a great job at capturing the excitement of discovery: youtube.com/watch?v=AnaASTBn_K4patreon.com/AppliedScience
Laser diode self-mixing: Range-finding and sub-micron vibration measurement Applied Science 2018-12-10 | A plain laser diode can easily measure sub-micron vibrations from centimeters away by self-mixing interferometry! I also show how this technique can be used for range-finding.http://sci-hub.tw/http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1464-4258/4/6/371/pdfjameco.com/Jameco/Products/ProdDS/2120428.pdfspiedigitallibrary.org/journals/optical-engineering/volume-57/issue-05/051506/Overview-of-self-mixing-interferometer-applications-to-mechanical-engineering/10.1117/1.OE.57.5.051506.full?SSO=1Nerd Thunder! Check them out!Dean Segovis: youtube.com/user/HackaweekTVJeri Ellsworth: youtube.com/user/jeriellsworthBecky Stern: youtube.com/user/bekathwiaBen Krasnow: youtube.com/user/bkraz333John Schuch: youtube.com/user/HackersBenchTVDarren Landrum: youtube.com/user/dmlandrumJoe Grand: youtube.com/user/kingpinempireMark VandeWettering: youtube.com/user/brainwagonAlan Wolke: youtube.com/user/w2aewpatreon.com/AppliedScience
Electroluminescent paint and multi-channel control circuit Applied Science 2018-11-21 | This electroluminescent paint can make almost any smooth surface glow, even flexible objects. I show how to use it, and demo a custom multi-channel driver circuit that I designed.hackaday.io/project/162240-multi-channel-electroluminescent-drivergithub.com/benkrasnow/EL_driver_multilumilor.comcoastairbrush.com/categories.asp?cat=386en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEDOT:PSShttp://www.testequipmentdepot.com/metcal/fluid-dispensing-systems/dispensers-controllers/dispensers/0-100-psi-economical-digital-dispenser-dx250.htmamazon.com/KSGER-Soldering-Electronic-Elements-200V-260V/dp/B07F5J5WXMamazon.com/Heat-Scientific-Ceramic-Resistive-OD30T1-2/dp/B074Z62BDKmcmaster.com/6699a8digikey.com/product-detail/en/3m-tc/1-2-6-1183/3M9895-ND/2649440patreon.com/AppliedScience
MEMs oscillator sensitivity to helium (helium kills iPhones) Applied Science 2018-11-19 | I tested the 32KHz MEMs oscillator used in some phones, and discovered that just a 2% helium environment will cause the oscillator to fail. I also do a teardown of the MEMs device, and inspect it under the electron microscope.iFixit blog post: ifixit.org/blog/11986/iphones-are-allergic-to-helium and vid: youtube.com/watch?v=D0YLW6v5hrAOriginal thread about MRI facility and iPhone failure on Reddit: reddit.com/r/sysadmin/comments/9mk2o7/mri_disabled_every_ios_device_in_facilityMEMs silicon encapsulation: http://micromachine.stanford.edu/~bongsang/pdf/Candler_2005_Transducers05_Hydrogen_diffusion_encapsulated.pdf sitime.com/api/gated/AN20001-MEMS-First-and-EpiSeal-Processes.pdf https://sci-hub.tw/10.1109/TADVP.2003.818062I added images and raw data here: drive.google.com/drive/folders/1l3mJ4UTs8aY70scH7vDaf0M8pLeP2kqI?usp=sharingApplied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Dry water and Burning ice: all about gas hydrates Applied Science 2018-10-09 | Two unusual materials with unusual names. I show how to make "dry" water and propane gas hydrate, which looks like ice and is flammable.Dry waterhttp://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1024928/FULLTEXT02.pdfPropane clathratehttps://sci-hub.tw/10.1021/jp3035049Propane hydrate formationhttps://sci-hub.tw/10.1021/ie0207764Methane storage in hydrateshttps://sci-hub.tw/10.1021/ja8048173Propane hydrate:https://ps.uci.edu/scholar/sites/default/files/making_a_propane_clathrate_hydrate_1.pdfnetl.doe.gov/research/oil-and-gas/project-summaries/completed-env/fwp-feab112Propane vapor pressure:engineeringtoolbox.com/docs/documents/1020/propane_C3H8_vapour_pressure.pdfFumed hydrophobic silica on eBay:ebay.com/itm/Hydrophobic-Fumed-Silica-Powder-2-Qt-64-oz-volume/123100048097patreon.com/AppliedScience
Make plastic printed circuits with a standard laser cutter Applied Science 2018-09-03 | I developed a new chemical process to make double-sided PCBs with a laser cutter, and some common chemicals. This is intended to be used on SLA 3D-printed parts, but may work on many materials.Refs:http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/29/28004.pdfhttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.527.5817&rep=rep1&type=pdfhttp://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/195088/3/chapter%202.pdfhttps://sci-hub.tw/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(03)00424-5https://library.nrao.edu/public/memos/chem/CHEM_5.pdfcore.ac.uk/download/pdf/48645791.pdfSupport Applied Science: patreon.com/AppliedScience
Vintage electrical tech - Weston Sensitrol Relay Applied Science 2018-08-19 | This vintage electrical meter is incredibly sensitive, and latches relay contacts with just 18 nanowatts!Link to old Weston advertisement from 1950's: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7efe/c1a814298b121ecf67947183d3630db7f3b0.pdfpatreon.com/AppliedScience
Engineering magnetics practical introduction to BH curve Applied Science 2018-08-13 | A practical introduction to understanding magnetic devices such as transformers and motors. This video covers BH curves, reluctance, permeability, DC and AC magnetic circuits, and some applications.CORRECTION: at 13:48, I say that permeability can be negative. This is not true. All permeabilities are positive. Diamagnetic materials have permeabilities that are lower than empty space (eg .95 relative permeability). There is another quantity which is called susceptibility, which describes the ratio between flux carried by a material, and the flux carried by the space which the material occupies. This quantity can be negative.Please put questions in the comments, and I'll do my best to answer them!I apologize that I didn't mention inductance. This video focuses only on the magnetic side of things. Inductance is how the electrical circuit interacts with the magnetics.patreon.com/AppliedScience
Candle flame is repelled by magnets (and Zeeman follow-up) Applied Science 2018-07-16 | Why is a candle flame repelled by magnets? It turns out to be a combination of diamagnetic soot particles and hot gas.Dr. Faraday on the diamagnetic condition: books.google.com/books?id=Shc8boMnrBoC&pg=RA3-PA406&lpg=RA3-PA406#v=onepage&q&f=falseOn Flame and Gases: books.google.com/books?id=D8NAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187#v=onepage&q&f=falseI should have mentioned in the video that the exhaust from a flame will be oxygen-poor, thus also making it more diamagnetic than normal air. Air is a mixture of nitrogen (diamagnetic) and oxygen (paramagnetic). Removing the oxygen will make the resulting gas more diamagnetic.patreon.com/AppliedScience
Zeeman Effect - Control light with magnetic fields Applied Science 2018-06-25 | I demo the Zeeman effect with a sodium flame and 1 tesla electromagnet!Inspiration on xoFunkox's channel: youtube.com/watch?v=iyBjPiRlxzgFollow-up video: youtube.com/watch?v=JV4Fk3VNZqsZeeman effect Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeman_effect18W low-pressure sodium lamp on Amazon: amazon.com/Philips-234047-18-watt-SOX-E18-Pressure/dp/B004NIRVXOMicrowave oven transformer. The price has been going up on these. I seem to remember paying just $10 or $20 each. Finding junked microwave ovens is fairly easy too. ebay.com/itm/Microwave-Oven-High-Voltage-Transformer-GAL-700U-1-w15/273263153173?hash=item3f9fc0d015:g:JXUAAOSwC~1bFzPkMagnetic field meter: amazon.com/gp/product/B074KVK7WD/ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o02_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=150A power supply (DC stick welder, not this exact model, but very similar) northerntool.com/shop/tools/product_200680691_200680691?cm_mmc=Google-pla&utm_source=Google_PLA&utm_medium=Welding%20%3E%20Arc%20%2B%20Stick%20Welding&utm_campaign=Klutch&utm_content=55728&cm_mmc=Google-pla&utm_source=google_PLA&utm_campaign=&mkwid=sVlyaIJ6C&pcrid=39155627516&devicetype=c&gclid=CjwKCAjwgr3ZBRAAEiwAGVssnap1_WInlowjEuN5nqZ78ooT_yMVbyM3wCFCSW6Cvs5ySiXZucsw1BoCtnQQAvD_BwEFaraday effect on Applied Science: youtube.com/watch?v=XhU-nNiAgtI&t=46sApplied Science on Patreon: patreon.com/AppliedScience
