Huygens Optics
DIY Photolithography using 1980s Carl Zeiss S-Planar Lens (405nm)
updated
00:00 Intro and overview
00:30 The photoelectric effect
02:11 Detecting single photons
03:33 How a PMT detects a photon
10:35 How to operate a PMT
17:00 Measurements with a photomultiplier
24:59 Conclusions
The video contains 2 short clips taken from other Youtube channels:
@reps and @ElectroBOOM
What do you think: is there a way that the one-way speed of light is not identical to the two-way speed of light?
Content:
0:00 Introduction
0:30 Origin of the two-way speed of light definition
1:40 The Fizeau speed of light experiment
3:27 Trying to measure the one way speed of light (and fail)
12:07 Speed of light from the wave perspective
18:24 Problems related to opposing anisotropy in vacuum
21:23 Violation conservation laws (abstract)
22:23 But... when spatial anisotropy changes with time...
The video contains 2 short clips of the following videos:
@Veritasium: youtube.com/watch?v=pTn6Ewhb27k&t=626s
@AlphaPhoenix: youtube.com/watch?v=YMO9uUsjXaI
Thumbnail in light of Yoda's Light Sabre from Star Wars
For the simulations, I used a Python script supplied by @DiffractionLimited
End music: Floating - Earlybirds
Special thanks to Physbuzz for interesting views and discussions. If you enjoy coding waves, check out this page: mathandcode.com/2024/04/21/waveequationint.html
Wave simulations done with the Python script supplied by @DiffractionLimited
Some images from the following websites and articles were used in this short:
phys.org/news/2018-10-revolutionary-ultra-thin-meta-lens-enables-full-color.html
eprints.gla.ac.uk/190045/1/190045.pdf
0:00 Introduction
0:20 Gravitational lensing
2:35 Gravitational potential
7:37 Refraction simulations
8:37 Gravitational index of refraction
12:11 Simulating gravitational lensing using a refractive index
13:45 Spatial refractive index vs General Relativity
Erratum:
1) The gravitational constant has a missing minus sign in the exponent. The value should be 6.7x10^-11 N.M^2.kg^-2.
The idea of a Gravitational Index of Refraction is not new. Here is a reference to a recent article by D.H.W Reffer (date unknown but after 2018):
vixra.org/pdf/1903.0407v2.pdf
Links to other nice videos on Refractive index:
3Blue1Brown: youtube.com/watch?v=KTzGBJPuJwM
Terra Physica: youtube.com/watch?v=JZ-90z8nzoI&t=267s
Looking Glass Universe: youtube.com/watch?v=uo3ds0FVpXs
Wave simulations were made using the python scrip provided by @DiffractionLimited YouTube channel.
Link to the code download: github.com/0x23/WaveSimulator2D
Animation of the dancing quarks at the end of the video by "Arts at MIT".
Royalty free music used:
Cat Circus - Doug Maxwell
Always Remember to Never Forget - The Whole Other
Yoga style - Chris Haugen
Thanks very much for making this!
End tune: Floating - Early Birds
In the video, the simulations were sometimes paused to relieve the YouTube compression algorithm and the viewers' eyes a bit.
Did I forget anything? Let me know and I'll set it straight.
The diffraction inside the lens is probably due to the fact that the refractive index gradient is not exactly correct. The total gradient is approximated from 5 linear gradients instead of 1 smooth circular gradient. This is probably the reason for the observed interference pattern observed.
The simulations were made using the code supplied by @DiffractionLimited
Music: Nebular Focus by Dan Henig
#optics #light #physics
Content:
0:00 Intro
1:43 Building a White Light Interferometer
4:39 About spatial coherence
7:11 Observing interference in white light
10:37 Broad-band radiation interference explained in detail
21:11 WLI Microscope Zygo Newview 100 explored
23:16 Measurement examples
25:44 Michelson and Mireau objectives
26:56 Concave spherical mirror surface (measurement)
27:44 Granite surface structure (measurement)
28:47 Etched glass surface (measurement)
29:32 Turned stainless vacuum part surface roughness (measurement)
The simulations starting from 5:12 have been made using the python script produced by @DiffractionLimited. This code can be downloaded from github.com/0x23/WaveSimulator2D
It was reuploaded because the original version contained an annoying error in the frequency indices.
The Python code used for the wave simulation can be found on the @DiffractionLimited channel
The simulation shows that it is caused by small phase differences that are introduced in the light by non-uniformity of a medium
The green laser speckle image is taken from Wikipedia (copyrights Steve Jurvetson) and shown here under the Creative Commons license 2.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)
Simulations made using the Python code suplied by @DiffractionLimited
#physics #light
Of those of you who want to know more about coherence I made these videos:
Temporal coherence: youtube.com/watch?v=dtcq5b0R65w
Spatial coherence: youtube.com/watch?v=nba4ztLBEh0
Presented here are 2D-animations of a field, which means that the intensity of the focused light at the sensor increases with the diameter of the mirror. In a 3D scenario however, the intensity increases with the square of the diameter of the mirror, leading to a much larger difference between the incoming and focused radiation intensity.
Simulations were created using the python code supplied by @DiffractionLimited
The simulation image file can be downloaded from:
huygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/telescope_incoherent_light.png
Milky Way picture by Philippe Donn
#short #light #physics #optics
You can see that destructive interference is actually about rerouting the intensity to somewhere else: in this case, the waves return in the direction of the wave source itself (located above the beam splitter), create a standing wave pattern between the incoming and outgoing waves.
This wave simulation was made using the code supplied by @DiffractionLimited
The image file for the simulation can be downloaded here:
huygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/interferometer.png
#short #light #physics #optics
The simulation was made using a python script supplied by @DiffractionLimited
The image files for the simulation can be downloaded here:
huygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/non_coherent_emitter.png
#physics #light #short
As for the question at the end of the video about being able to spot how destructive interference comes about: this is basically impossible to see in the animation. So the answer to the question is NO.
However, there are few ways that you can look at how the phenomenon comes about:
1) When moving away in the horizontal direction of a row of emitters, for every point there is an equal amount of emitters that has a particular phase, compared to the emitters that have a phase 180 degrees shifted. So, when adding up these 2 contributions for all the emitters together in a row, this results in a wave amplitude that is almost zero in this direction.
2) An alternative way to look at this is the following: because of the spatial separation of exactly 1 lambda in the vertical direction, a standing wave arises in the array that has almost equal field strength in the horizontal direction within the array. And because the sources are moving in phase with the standing wave, they cannot transfer energy into the surrounding field in the horizontal direction. This also explains why a low intensity in the horizontal direction exists.
Both views are in my opinion valid, but I think the second one is a bit more intuitive.
Simulation code supplied by @DiffractionLimited
The image files for the simulation can be downloaded here:
huygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/coherent_source_detail.png
huygensoptics.com/2D_wave_sims/coherent_emitter_vertical_100.png
#light #physics #optics #short
0:00 Intro
3:14 How big big are chip patterns nowadays?
5:00 Arriving at ASML Veldhoven
5:50 Interview Sander Blok part 1
7:40 About diffraction and image formation
9:36 Fraunhofer (far field) interference / diffraction explained
11:15 Diffraction on photolithography masks
15:11 About critical dimension
17:27 Example of computational photolithography
19:23 Interview Sander Blok part 2
21:46 EUV is difficult...
by the way, the frequency of the tin droplets apparently is 50.000 not 15.000 per second.
Animations were made using a Phyton script for Nvidia cuda, which was supplied to me by youtube.com/@DiffractionLimited
The script with instructions to install it can be downloaded from github:
github.com/0x23/WaveSimulator2D
Third party images / video:
Sleepy guy: youtube.com/watch?v=bBqLCrIwHbA
Source mask optimization:
opg.optica.org/directpdfaccess/837c889c-5b88-4dcb-8bfbdda02863dd9a_441841/oe-28-22-33371.pdf
If you cannot access the article, search for the title in google: " Source mask optimization using the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy"
Royalty free music used:
Road Trip - Slynk
Sharp Edges - half.cool
Floating - Early Birds
All imagery inside the ASML manufacturing facilities is stock video material shown Courtesy of ASML and IBM.
ASML YouTube Channel: youtube.com/@ASMLcompany
Want to work at ASML?: asml.com/en/careers/find-your-job
Into viewing wave simulations? Nils Berglund has a ton of them:
youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAZp3rbgWLo3VO2rqVKyL1T6DUmnDAaEN
Did I forget anyone? Please let me know and we will work it out.
The link to the source code on github can be found in the description of this particular video:
youtube.com/watch?v=N5a06o3ghzU
0:00 Introducing "rays"
2:14 Light is a wave
4:00 Nils reached one thousand!
4:43 Effect of Numerical Aperture
6:46 About "Critical Dimension"
7:40 Effect of NA illustrated using a microscope
10:44 Diffraction in the Double Slit Experiment
12:30 Diffraction in the Circular Slits (Fresnel Zone Plates)
14:40 Effect of central obstruction on focus
15:05 Using diffraction to create an Image
18:59 Comparison to the Fourier Series Approximation
19:44 Image Creation and JPEG compression
20:59 Effect of wavelength on definition
21:35 Extroduction
A list of links to subjects mentioned in the video:
Nils Berglund's Channel: youtube.com/c/nilsberglund
Link to the full "NA" video by Nils: youtube.com/watch?v=RbojFORps98
Making Fresnel Zone plates: youtube.com/watch?v=uf3Y0-6NbjQ
Building a Maskless Wafer Stepper: youtube.com/watch?v=_w0Z2Y5vaAQ&t=343s
Some images were taken from JW Middelink Systematische Natuurkunde Deel B.
This book series is absolutely awesome. They made me enjoy my high school physics classes and that is why I held on to them for 40 years.
The video contains a short audio clip that is inspired on "another one bites the dust" by Queen. I did not use the original drums and bass but, Freddy himself did contribute in his own special way. I consider this fair use but if you are the copyright owner, please contact me in case you consider this a copyright breach. Today on the date of video publication it is 32 years ago exactly that Freddy Mercury died of Aids.
Apparently, the lady in the compression images is named Lena. If I had known the history behind the image and why it became so famous, I would probably not have used it:
https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/it-s-time-to-retire-lena-from-computer-science
A correction about the name of ASML: currently, this is the actual name of the company, so without any reference to the origin of the abbreviation. Advanced Semiconductor Materials Lithography was the name of the joint venture of ASM (founded by Arthur del Prado) and Philips Electronics, intended for the development of photolithography machines.
Did I forget to mention you? Please contact me and I will sort it out.
Contents:
00:00 Intro
02:04 Video camera upgrade
04:23 DFT-fringe software
06:57 Transmission Sphere reference calibration
12:29 Shape of a Zerodur Perkin Elmer wafer stepper mirror
14:55 Wavefront deformation of a Canon FD f/1.2 camera lens (1980)
18:10 Wavefront test of a modern Canon EF 24-105mm f/4 zoom lens
19:19 Microscope objective testing
22:44 Nikon Plan Fluor 10x / 0.30
23:17 Leica Fluotar 20x / 0.50
25:23 Nikon Plan APO 20x / 0.75
Link to Optical Interferometry Part 1:
youtube.com/watch?v=l32_QbcdUiw&t=614s
Link to the video on measuring MTF:
youtube.com/watch?v=1AzQ4y_qwrM
DFTfringe forum page:
groups.io/g/Interferometry/topics
DFT fringe download:
github.com/githubdoe/DFTFringe/releases
Dale Eason on YouTube:
youtube.com/@UCPj57WFSSLpVqPir7Im-kiw
lens config Canon F1.2 By Jake Low - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0 (modified) commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75904563
Laser diffraction pattern By Wisky - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15113998
Do you need to be referenced but I forgot to do that? Let me know and I will set it straight.
The experiment in the last 20 seconds of the video shows the cross section of 2 laser beams that meet up and part again. For the experiment I used a single coherent source (HeNe-laser), because that is the only way this experiment could work. It requires a fairly high degree of coherence. Basically it's just a 50% beam splitter and an adjustable mirror under 45 degrees, that create 2 beams of equal intensity, initially spaced 4mm apart, 1mm in diameter and are under an angle of 0.1 degrees with respect to each other. I moved the camera sensor over a distance of 6 meters and recorded 40 images around the area where the beams were crossing paths.
BTW: officially, I think there is no such thing as the "double beam experiment", I just made that name up...
0:00 intro
2:13 What can you do with interferometry?
3:06 Optical wave fronts explained
12:41 Inside the ZYGO GPI LC interferometer
20:45 Example of visual fringe evaluation
The clip featuring a wave at 3:12 min was taken from this FailArmy video:
youtube.com/watch?v=r-V_r0UTs0g
For much more fails, visit their channel: youtube.com/@failarmy
0:00 Intro
6:38 Experiments with waves in a string
15:40 Analogies with electron behaving as waves
22:50 Changing the standing wave mode in a string using phase manipulation
26:49 A hypothetical model for demonstrating quantized wave behavior in a string
32:26 Elastic-Inertial Poetry
For this video I used a a few short clips from the following videos and websites:
Spinning ball (from Mike Shake):
youtube.com/watch?v=mNBEyjE72w8
Charged ball (from Plasma Channel)
youtube.com/watch?v=nxagMrTVonQ
Refracted wave: (by Ulflund)
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73784342
If you like the painting then visit the Rene Magritte website:
renemagritte.org/the-treachery-of-images.jsp
Wave animation at 32:25 by Nils Berglund: youtube.com/@NilsBerglund
Did I forget anybody? let me know an I will set it straight.
0:00 Intro
0:38 Real life demo of spatial coherence (Lorentz pond)
2:14 Numerical wave simulations (Nils Berglund)
5:05 Area of Coherence explained
8:07 Calculating the Area of Coherence of the Sun
9:10 Spatial coherence and the double slit experiment
10:41 About the use of metaphors in science
12:45 Double slit demo without & with spatial coherence
15:43 Spatial coherence of light from far away stars
18:13 Quantization and semantics
20:39 Credits
The video contains simulations made by Nils Berglund: here is the link to the original full video showing you both the wave patterns as well as the energy distribution on an eLog scale: youtube.com/watch?v=8TBi9eafNII
Link to Nils' channel: youtube.com/@NilsBerglund/videos
The video contains several static images taken from various videos about single electron interference. These were incorporated assuming they fall under "fair use":
Dr. quantum: youtube.com/watch?v=Q1YqgPAtzho
Prof. Dave: youtube.com/watch?v=uva6gBEpfDY
Eugene Khutoryansky: youtube.com/watch?v=iVpXrbZ4bnU
The Elegant Multiverse: youtube.com/watch?v=cZ0iYNmII88
Did I forget anyone? Please let me know and I will set it straight.
Link to the original Hitachi electron double slit experiment video (using an electron biprism):
youtube.com/watch?v=ZJ-0PBRuthc
End music: Floating; The Early Birds. © JJM Vleggaar, 1999
Unfortunately the quantum (or corpuscular) description of light leads to a lot of confusion. The goal of this video is to describe "quantized" behavior of light purely from wave principles.
Contents:
0:00 Intro
1:04 Historical perspective
2:58 Quantization and the photoelectric effect
6:42 Light is just waves
7:24 Coherence explained
12:54 Temporal coherence as a sum of EM-fields
16:47 Coherence length vs. spectral band width
20:25 experiments on the coherence length of light
Link to the referenced Physics Explained video:
youtube.com/watch?v=FRP4AqZR3UU
A sharp viewer noted that there is an error in the formula on the sheet at 27:25 : The product of delta time and delta energy in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is not equal to (h*4*pi) but h/(4*pi), so a much smaller value. This also makes the value of delta frequency times delta time 1/(4*pi) not 4*pi Unfortunately I did not double check the values. Thanks for pointing this out Steve.
In this video short clips of other YouTube channels were used for illustration. Because of their short length and purpose, they are to be considered to be "fair use".
@TheActionLab
@TechIngredients
@ArvinAsh
@pbsspacetime
youtube.com/c/veritasium
@upandatom
@ProfessorDaveExplains
youtube.com/user/lookingglassuniverse
Did I forget anyone? Please let me know and I'll set things straight.
End music: Floating; The Early Birds. © JJM Vleggaar, 1999
Contents:
00:00 Intro
01:23 The inside of a Soligor mirror lens
02:51 Using second surface reflectors
06:06 problem located
08:25 Measuring sharpness quantitatively
09:30 Introducing MTF-mapper
10:08 MTF explained
12:30 MTF-mapper software explained
15:25 Comparing lens resolutions
18:38 How to make optics sexy (NOT)
Link to part 1: youtu.be/x2BiM7BGQMU
Download URL for MTF-mapper:
sourceforge.net/projects/mtfmapper
Many thanks to Frans van den Bergh for building this great software tool. Thanks also to Sergey Kotikov (Сергей Котиков), for pointing out the software to me.
The music video was produced by Dr. Liam Fullersheit, who performed the rap, did the arrangements, mixing, and most of the choreography. Whether our CCO actually succeeded in making optics "sexy" and attractive is still the subject of fierce debate within the Huygens Optics organization.
The video clip was made as a tribute to 70s and 80s funk and heavily inspired by the music of Rufus and CK. If you are into this kind of music, please check out their Topic Page: youtube.com/channel/UCV-ePMa7s-AqUtVYysArFug.
In case you need to be mention here as a copyright owner, then please contact me.
Because of multiple requests, I posted the Lyrics of the song below. There were a few concerns about the ambiguity of some of the frases. Dr. Liam reassured me that there was no reason to worry, since it is basically just a song of praise about his favorite camera lens.
"It's 2022 and it's high time
to shine some lights on optics
My name is Liam, I'm funk optician
I scan the room with my laser vision
You don't need a high power lens to see
I'll have my MTF on MTV
We'll grind all through the night my dear,
until every surface is a perfect sphere
I can feel your fringes when we interfere
So let's transfer modulation right here
The spread function pointing your direction
Is on an optical axis made for satisfaction
No spectacles needed for you see,
we're a perfect match, chromatically
And dilation is what will occur,
when I focus on your aperture
So if you image me, the way I image you
there are infinite conjugate things to do
Shine your lights on me
I can make you see..anything
I can make you see..anything you want baby
Oh baby, you're so sharp"
0:00 intro
1:16 Vivitar f=800mm F:8 mirror lens
4:58 Sigma f=600mm F:8 mirror telephoto
7:34 Soligor f=500mm F:8 mirror lens
8:26 Explaining interferometry in auto-collimation
12:09 Actual interferometry measurement setup
14:58 About Strehl Ratio
17:15 Strehl ratio and aberrations of Vivitar 800mm mirror lens
18:18 Comparison with results of Sigma 600mm mirror lens
20:17 Extro
EXTERNAL SOURCE LINKS:
DFTfringe software download:
github.com/githubdoe/DFTFringe/releases
Dale Eason DFTfringe group: groups.io/g/Interferometry/topic/test_with_dftfringe/28806172
Other videos on DFTfringe software:
youtube.com/watch?v=LU8PQGzEpQs
youtube.com/watch?v=TqLjru6oKM4
youtube.com/channel/UCPj57WFSSLpVqPir7Im-kiw/videos
youtu.be/WIl6FlUCHQg
User experiences with the Vivitar 800mm mirror telephoto lens:
bhphotovideo.com/c/product/885034-REG/Vivitar_v_800mr_800mm_Mirror_Lens_for.html/reviews
amazon.com/Vivitar-800mm-Mirror-Lens-V-800MR/dp/B008G7ZPKE#customerreviews
Syntax-Brillian Bankrupcy and Sakar aquirement:
seekingalpha.com/article/66607-will-syntax-brillian-survive
cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/sakar-acquires-vivitar-brand-and-ip
https://www.optyczne.pl/1093-nowo%C5%9B%C4%87-Vivitar_na_sprzeda%C5%BC.html
sakar.com
Original Vivitar 800mm Solid Catadioptric:
photo.net/forums/topic/509542-vivitar-series-1-600mm-f8-solid-catadioptric-telephoto-lens
dpreview.com/news/3295932675/canon-patents-400mm-f5-6-catadioptric-mirror-lens
Vivitar rebranding:
mikeeckman.com/2016/12/vivitar-35es-1978
Star field Foto (by Felix Mittermeier)
pexels.com/photo/galaxy-space-957010
Bokeh bird in garden photo (by kenetik):
http://forum.mflenses.com/vivitar-series-1-600mm-f8-solid-cat-and-a-bird-in-the-garden-t69033.html
Tommy Cooper photo: https://panorama.nl/artikel/174764/komiek-tommy-cooper-stierf-35-jaar-geleden-in-het-harnas
End music: "Floating" performed by the Early Birds (recorded in Eindhoven in 2000).
Did I forget to mention you above and are you a copyright owner? let me know and I will set it straight by linking to your original content in these credits.
The video video illustrates how the Electromagnetic field inside a laser beam can locally be made virtually zero creating destructive interference. This is achieved by just placing a pinhole of the right size inside the beam. The size of the pinhole for this experiment is around 25 microns.
0:00 Intro on Bathroom energy
1:51 About energy conservation
3:38 Wave character of particles/matter
5:06 Concept and value of vacuum energy
11:08 When theory takes a silly turn
12:25 About probability in QM
16:09 What is a measurement?
19:27 How to get away from vacuum energy
20:13 Wave behavior in classical systems
21:23 Conclusion
This video does not contain serious science experiments and is purely based on hearsay and guesswork.
References to external sources of video material (in order of appearance):
Specialist in action: youtube.com/watch?v=Jgw4qj9ayec
Sun effect: youtube.com/watch?v=l3QQQu7QLoM
Rail gun kinetic energy: youtube.com/watch?v=O2QqOvFMG_A
Bubble rings: youtube.com/watch?v=pXsHmMMDFnA
Quantum particle simulations by Nils Berglund:
His YouTube channel: youtube.com/c/NilsBerglund
The referenced video: youtube.com/watch?v=2TGZ2zM4nDk
In the final part of the video, I used some video material previously featured in a video about oil droplets with quantum-like behavior on the Veritasium channel.
The video in question: youtube.com/watch?v=WIyTZDHuarQ
I guess the video content was copied from this video 2012 of MITMathLabs: youtube.com/watch?v=nmC0ygr08tE I think they might very well be the original content owner. The main website of this research can be found here: http://dualwalkers.com
The original footage filmed by Raquel Nuno
Some of the best videos on theoretical physics can be found on the channel "Physics Explained". These videos give more info on the background of how particles and vacuum energy arise from quantum fields in a mathematical context:
youtube.com/watch?v=8loIYt4QKqQ
youtube.com/watch?v=QPAxzr6ihu8
End music: "Floating" performed by the Early Birds (recorded in Eindhoven in 2000).
Did I forget to mention you above and are you a copyright owner? let me know and I will set it straight by linking to your original content in these credits.
00:00 General intro
01:54 Required level of precision
07:12 Measuring surface shapes with interferometry
10:46 Fringe evaluation with DFTfringe
12:12 Optical Pitch polishing
17:19 Making molds using 3D printing
18:18 Results with variable surface tools
21:06 Primary mirror
22:20 Point Diffraction Interferometry (PDI)
26:48 Visual performance
29:58 NO MORE NAPS (featuring Dr. Fullersheit)
Links mentioned in the video:
Website with the best and most detailed information on telescope optics:
telescope-optics.net/. This is the direct link to the page about the different criteria and how they relate to aberrations: telescope-optics.net/effects1.htm
The 3D-printer used was manufactured by 3Bfab. More information on their products can be found on their website: 3bfab.com (not sponsored content - they did neither ask nor pay me to show their product)
DFTfringe software is programmed by Dale Eason. This is the link to his YouTube channel: youtube.com/channel/UCPj57WFSSLpVqPir7Im-kiw
The software can be downloaded from:
github.com/githubdoe/DFTFringe/releases
This is the link to the interferometry group on DFTfringe that Dale runs:
groups.io/g/Interferometry
The Point Diffraction Interferometer can be purchased for about 50 Euros from Michael Koch at http://www.astro-electronic.de/
(not sponsored content)
Other videos in this series:
Part 0: Tiny telescope concept video (featuring Rik): youtu.be/HxwhCmO90UQ
Part 1: Optical Design and Aspherics; youtu.be/awOvnubFE8M
Part 2: Machining Glass; youtu.be/A0bysBIj0FA
Special thanks to Dr. Liam Fullersheit for his guest appearance. (;-).
CONTENTS:
0:00 Intro
0:46 The monolithic version of the Cassegrain
2:23 About baffles and stray light
3:18 Drilling the glass core
6:00 Radius milling the glass surfaces
9:35 Calculating the Best Fit Sphere in Excel
13:52 Drilling baffles
14:23 Using spherometers
15:44 This Beat is Spherotronic
16:31 Rough / fine grinding
18:05 Optical Pitch polishing
20:43 What's next?
22:05 Looking through the uncorrected device
23:34 Thank you!
Previous video in this series about the theory of aspherics and optical design:youtube.com/watch?v=awOvnubFE8M
Video on the concept of the monolithic telescope featuring inventor Rik ter Horst: youtube.com/watch?v=HxwhCmO90UQ
Video about radius grinding and the Loh CNC: youtube.com/watch?v=ahrMrOq_lzc
More about the properties of optical pitch: youtube.com/watch?v=eZx-dUtl5Pw
You can support Huygens Optics on Patreon: patreon.com/huygens_optics
Download URL for zip-file containing the example MS Excel sheet for doing BFS calculations: huygensoptics.com/assets/M2_best_fit_sphere_calculation.zip
Windows program for calculating milling angle and evaluating spherometer readings: huygensoptics.com/assets/mirror_calculator_V01.zip
Download and use at your own risk. Your virus scanner will probably evaluate this download carefully and scream murder and fire because it is a rarely occurring executable.
I used a few short clips from the following Youtube videos, assuming it is covered under "fair use" by placing references to the channels, and links to the corresponding videos in the description.
At 15:44, I made an 18 seconds remix of Technotronic's hit "Pump up the Jam". Please enjoy the original hit song by these Belgian techno pioneers: youtube.com/watch?v=9EcjWd-O4jI
At 23:21: Shot take from Edmund Optics video "How an Aspheric Lens is Made": youtube.com/watch?v=CVDT3u1La6w
Did I forget to mention you here? Let me know and I will set things straight.
00:00 General Intro
00:56 Spherical is easy
01:32 Aspherical is hard
01:59 Ideal lens vs. spherical surface lens
03:17 The concept of the light ray
04:47 A little optics quizz
06:21 Optimum spot size using iterative numercal analysis
07:56 Use of optical design software (Zemax)
09:45 Theory of aspherics
10:54 Conical aspherics
12:02 Polynomial aspherics and even aspheres
14:24 Numerical optimization in aspherics
15:30 Effect of introducing an aspherical surface
16:55 Optical design of monolithinc telescopes
18:23 Material choice and CTE
20:52 Classical Cassegrain configuration
22:10 Schmidt Cassegrain configuration
If you want to support the production of these videos, you can now become a Patron of the channel. You can find more information on : patreon.com/huygens_optics
Reference to my original video on tiny monolithic telescopes:
youtube.com/watch?v=HxwhCmO90UQ
LInk to my video on conics: youtube.com/watch?v=WIl6FlUCHQg
For the record, I do not have any commercial ties to any of the companies or individuals that are linked below.
Zemax page for requesting a trial license of Optic Studio:
zemax.com/pages/try-opticstudio-for-free
If you want to know more about the workflow in Zemax, the great tutorial videos by Scott Sparrold
of OpticsRealm are a good start:
youtube.com/user/opticsrealm/videos
Youtube video discussing the optical design of the James Webb telescope:
youtube.com/watch?v=OE3ZowuvAJY
The Thorlabs page with aspheric lenses and the formula:
thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=3835
I used a few short clips from the following Youtube videos, assuming this use is covered under the fair use policy by placing references to the channels and links to the corresponding videos in the description.
Clip from Yuri Petrunins "polishing 210mm lens": youtube.com/watch?v=ipwnK45_Kf4
Clip from Edmund Optics "How an Aspheric Lens is Made": youtube.com/watch?v=CVDT3u1La6w
Clip from Learn n hv fun "Refraction of Light Through a Glass Slab[...]: youtube.com/watch?v=el8AUeZaljw
Did I forget to mention you here? Let me know and I will set things straight.
0:00 Intro
2:43 Short experiment with aperture
4:47 About angular resolution
7:44 Resolution comparison of 3 different telescopes
10:13 Diffraction phenomena explained using energy as a basis
14:08 Experiment showing edge diffraction in real aperture
17:14 The James Web resolution explained using aperture and wavelength
More about the background of the microscope experiment shown here is explained in this video: youtube.com/watch?v=TshYfYIxR9E
Electromagnetic theory taken from Fundamental University Physics, Part 2: Electromagnetism by Marcelo Alonso and Edward J. Finn
More information on the application of small telescopes can be found on the oresat.org website: http://oresat.org
Aberrator 3.0 is a software program written by Cor Berrevoets to simulate star-images in different telescopes. It can be downloaded from aberrator.astronomy.net
Where indicated, images from the NASA.gov website and Wikipedia.org were used.
Link to the EON space labs pagina on LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/eonspacelabs
Image of Cubesat: satcatalog.com/component/6u-cubesat-platform-1117
Huygens-Fresnel principle: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huygens%E2%80%93Fresnel_principle
Do you like what I do and want to support it? I'v recently started a patreon page: patreon.com/huygens_optics
REMARK: Huygens Optics has NO commercial ties with any of the products or companies featuring in this video. Everything shown is meant exclusively for educational purposes. Short third party clips are sometimes used, assuming fair use policy and always with a reference to the original source in the description. Did I forget you? Please let me know and I will set it straight
youtube.com/watch?v=2lf6uuU51Z8&t=1608s
Optical Engineer Rik ter Horst shows us how he makes very small telescopes (at home) which are intended for use in micro-satellites.
Contents:
0:00 Intro
1:06 About telescopes and focal length
3:35 The Cassegrain telescope
4:38 The Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope
5:18 The monolithic telescope concept
6:30 Rik ter Horst Interview
10:25 Riks' polishing setup
13:51 About manufacturing aspherics
16:50 Advantages of solid telescopes
17:49 Dreaming about a VLTT
ORESAT PROJECT CORRECTION. I was notified that the name of the university behind the OreSat project is erroneous: It is the "Portland State University" (https://www.pdx.edu/), not University of Portland. Sorry about that! Direct link to the Oresat project: oresat.org
Rik published details about the 1993 version of this type of telescope on cloudynights.com in 2013. cloudynights.com/topic/406276-a-solid-30-mm-f10-schmidt-cassegrain (archived article)
2:34 The image shows the second telescope of Galileo, not the first telescope of Lipperhey.
The video contains images of external sources. Please visit their websites for more information:
- Star party image was taken from: nps.gov/cebe/planyourvisit/star-party.htm
- More amazing astro-photos made by Dick van Tatenhoven can be found at: https://www.sterrenwachtalmere.nl/donateurs/dick
- NOVA-Astron website: https://www.astron.nl/about/organisation/nova/
- Yerkes telescope photo from: space.com/26858-yerkes-observatory.html
- Source of image at 0:41 is http://www.bxoptic.com/production-workshop
- Image of the Schmidt plate and Cassegrain telescope taken from their respective Wikipedia pages:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_corrector_plate
Do you like what I do and want to support it? I'v recently started a patreon page: patreon.com/huygens_optics
Did I forget a reference? Objections? Please let me know and I will set it straight and add a link.
Contents:
0:00 Intro
1:29 First OLED: Tang and van Slyke
2:56 Polymer LEDs
4:25 Principle of the AlQ3 OLED
10:40 Let's make some OLEDs!
11:00 3D-printer photolithography
13:30 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
15:52 Device operation
16:57 Black spot formation/degradation
18:50 Hermetic encapsulation
All technical details described in this video can currently be found in the public domain.
Video on the inventors of the OLED:
"Pioneers of OLED: The Ching Wan Tang and Steven Van Slyke Story"
youtube.com/watch?v=dbt8cGQPcpg
The original paper by Tang and van Slyke can be downloaded for $35 from:
aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.98799.
I did not do this, so I hope my memory served me well...
Other sources used (fair use policy assumed):
Photo flexible OLED-display: pi-scale.eu
Photo plasma display: "History of the Plasma Display Panel" by Larry F Weber,
Photo Atari Lynx: boards.dingoonity.org/retro-gaming/atari-lynx-lcd-mod-by-mcwill
Photo PVD: tekniker.es/en/pvd
Did I forget anyone / objections? Please let me know and I'll set it straight.
ITO substrates can be bought from many different suppliers on Ebay.com, with widely varying prices. I bought mine (5 pieces) from seller "yaolihong2013" (no affiliation) because the same shop also sells Ytterbium.
The AlQ3 and TPD were both bought from TCI-chemicals (no affiliation).
The 3D-printer used for the photoresist exposures was a Phrozen Sonic Mini 4K. Avoid the new update (1.9) of the Chitubox-software supplied with this printer because it does not work properly. Version 1.8 or earlier does works correctly.
Photoresist used : AZ 4533 supplied by Microchemicals (no affiliation)
Do you like what I do and want to support it? I'v recently started a patreon page: patreon.com/huygens_optics
0:00 General Intro
0:47 What do others say?
1:21 About wavelength and size
2:10 Interference in light
3:08 Electromagnetic waves and detection
5:25 Things that make you go Hmmm...
7:36 New experiment and setup
10:23 Calculation of single photon level (boring)
11:59 Result of the new experiment
12:41 Discussion of the result
16:29 About "shot noise"
17:16 EM field strength and probability of detection
19:18 So how big is it then?
20:02 Deleted scene
At 3:08 the Electric and Magnetic field components have been swapped accidentally.
Thanks to David Nadlinger, I was able to put my finger on what was experimentally wrong with the original experiment . The scientific explanation is actually very mathematical and way more complex: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_coherence. And although scientifically not very accurate, I tried to present a more intuitive description, based more on the classical description of EM waves rather than trying to explain the second order coherence function.
More about shot noise: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_noise
The "deleted scene" contains a 4 second clip of the movie "Crash Pad" (For preview see: youtube.com/watch?v=Pm0vmm8k0ks) It also contains a short audio clip of "New York City" by the Trammps (youtube.com/watch?v=XGmIDuraqNQ). I would also like to thank Vicky Pollard for explaining Quantization in more detail. These clips constitute copyrighted material, the use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. The material serves as an educational and entertaining resource and only small portions of the original work are being used. This should constitute a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material (referenced and provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright law).
If you wish to use any copyrighted material from this video for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain expressed permission from the copyright owner.17 U.S. Code § 107
Do you like what I do and want to support it? I'v recently started a patreon page: patreon.com/huygens_optics
0:00 Intro
1:09 Thin film technology
1:56 Principle of PVD
3:22 Limitations of thermal evaporation
4:48 Thermal source construction
5:50 Required vacuum conditions
7:25 System layout and construction
9:25 Turbo screw up
10:25 Technical aspects
12:02 Plasma cleaning
14:02 Quick evaporation tests
Apart from some technical aspects of the machine, I also discuss the background of thermal evaporation as a technique to do PVD. The system will be used in the future to make small optical devices using photolithography.
0:00 Intro
1:00 On the risks of Hydrofluoric Acid
4:56 Buffered Oxide Etch (BOE)
6:06 Glass protection with Photoresist
7:17 Glass protection with Chromium
9:12 Laser Induced Etching (LIE, LIDE)
12:20 Smallest Tesla valves in the World. No, Universe! (As far as I can tell).
This video contains an overview of some glass etching experiments I did with Buffered Oxide Etch (HF / NH4F). Just for the record: the video is not meant as an encouragement to start experimenting with concentrated HF yourself. If the info in this video did not scare you off, please study the following webpage before proceeding. (Warning: page contains unpleasant graphics):
emsworld.com/article/173379/hydrofluoric-acid-what-you-need-know
The video contains some images and clips taken from third party webpages and other Youtube channels. Please visit these to refer to the original content by clicking the links below. Did I forget anything? please let me know and I will set it straight.
functions of calcium in cells:
cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(07)01531-0
function of Calcium in the nerve system:
basicmedicalkey.com/introduction-to-central-nervous-system-pharmacology
Images of Crystal structures:
http://www.quartzpage.de/
britannica.com/topic/glass-properties-composition-and-industrial-production-234890/Glass-formation
The delivery guy was taken from :
freepik.com
I deliberately did not discuss the way Tesla valves work, but these videos do (or demo its principle, short clips were used):
NightHawkInLight: youtube.com/watch?v=tcV1EYSUQME
The Thought Emporium: youtube.com/watch?v=eNBg_1GPuH0
The Action Lab: youtube.com/watch?v=sxvIQMnKhIg
Kasper Keizer: youtube.com/watch?v=G8YseaN3MrE
Integza: youtube.com/watch?v=ct0tljBtjG0
In the video I made referrals to Lightfab and LPKF / Vitrion. I do not have any commercial ties with these companies. If the part on "laser induced etching" got you interested in their products, please visit their respective websites:
https://lightfab.de/
lpkf.com/en/industries-technologies/thin-glass-precision-processing-lide
vitrion.com/en/lide-technology
a small clip of the following lightfab video was used:
youtube.com/watch?v=wwWxDzA7OGU
For an overview of AZ-photoresists you can refer to the following page:
microchemicals.com/products/photoresists.html
The article below contains some good information on surface roughness introduced by etching
osapublishing.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-27-8-10705&id=408193
Contents
0:00 Intro
2:15 Logic gate operation
3:36 Optical logic gates
4:45 Concept of a diffractive logic gate
7:52 Practical aspects (photolithography and etching)
8:46 Wave front observation method
9:20 Results
13:51 Possible applications
Webpage with detailed and complete information on logic gates:
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/CAL/digital-logic/gatesfunc/index.html
The diffractive patterns were made by using a home-brewed windows Zone plate app and then modifying them further with photoshop. The Zone Plate app can be downloaded from:
http://www.huygensoptics.com/assets/zp_writer.zip
For Windows 10 and for personal use only. Virus scanners and Windows will nag about it being a rare / unknown file and make installation sometimes difficult. Sorry about that. Install this app at your own risk.
An overview article on various known optical logic gates can be found in this paper:
hindawi.com/journals/aot/2014/275083
However it does not contain any mention of the configuration described in this video
The video contains references to detail videos on the following subjects:
Photolithography: youtu.be/Lf-ev2Fop_k
Chromium photomask etching: youtu.be/foMT8gLYxBY
Other diffractive optics (photon sieves): youtu.be/TshYfYIxR9E
Microscope viewing method: youtu.be/TshYfYIxR9E
Outline:
0:00 Wacko Christmas Intro
2:10 Equipment intro: CCVS generator + TV Test Transmitter
4:20 CRT screen viewed in slow motion
6:13 Monochrome composit video signal
8:26 Color composite video signal
12:36 Example of signal discussed
14:00 RGB-color conversion matrix
15:10 Rohde & Schwarz SFM TV Test Transmitter
17:29 Closer look at the transmission signal
21:15 The intermediate frequency explained
24:30 Extro
The following short clips were included in this video (under the fair use policy).
Please check out the full videos to support creators, using the links below
Sister Sledge - He's the Greatest Dancer (1979)
youtube.com/watch?v=U-GcL1Cd5b4
Little Match Girl (2018)
youtube.com/watch?v=dEDXQFXd4xY
First analog color TV (Archives New Zealand)
flickr.com/photos/archivesnz/29219153103
Original 1956 RCA Film: Vintage Television Electronics & Vacuum Tube Production,, TV technology
youtube.com/watch?v=vEPS1uYRCdE
Did I forget a reference? Please let me know and I will set it straight.
Joshua Reich gives a nice detailed hands-on demonstration of composite video in this video: youtube.com/watch?v=nApAw_-wka8
@Technology Connection Youtube channel has made several excellent videos about analog TV technology. It discusses the subject more detailed and also from a different perspective (USA).
youtube.com/playlist?list=PLv0jwu7G_DFUGEfwEl0uWduXGcRbT7Ran
Gavin of the Slomo Guys shows some REAL high-speed footage of a color TV screen
How a TV Works in Slow Motion - The Slow Mo Guys
youtube.com/watch?v=3BJU2drrtCM
If you want to know more about the entry level Signalhound SA44B spectrum analyzer I used:
signalhound.com/products/usb-sa44b
Wikipedia contains pages on almost every specific subject discussed in this video. If you need more info then just search for the subject in Wikipedia. However, unfortunately most of the articles dive deep into the matter, which can be quite frustrating if you are not an expert.
-----
In the video I show you how you can use a microscope to visualize the EM- wave propagation after light has passed the slits.
WARNING: do not attempt to repeat this experiment without using a camera! Looking at laser beams under a microscope with your bare eyes instead of a camera can kill your eyesight instantly and leave you blind for the rest of you life.
0:00 Introduction
0:47 Cleanroom classifications
2:10 Design considerations
4:33 Construction
7:10 Lighting conditions inside the cupboard
7:57 Air flow control
9:24 Conclusion
Video contents:
0:00 General introduction
1:44 Fourier explained (simple)
3:45 Digging a bit deeper (sorry, could not resist)
5:55 Fourier on images
9:27 Fourier transforms using optics
12:05 Setup and results
14:15 Fourier filtering
The 2D Fourier transformation images were calculated using freeware developed by Kobe University. You dan download this tool from:
http://cas.eedept.kobe-u.ac.jp/WelcomeES1/OpenSoft/FFT2D/index_en.html
Conversions of 2D images to 3D were done using Gwyddion. This very advanced piece of software is can be downloaded for free from:
http://gwyddion.net/download.php
To illustrate 2D Fourier transform on an actual image, a small part of an M.C. Escher drawing was used.
While editing the material for this video I found out that the Applied Science channel made a somewhat similar video on "Optical Fourier" already in 2012: youtube.com/watch?v=wcRB3TWIAXE . Luckily the angle is somewhat different.
This video gives a different (and deeper) perspective on the math behind Fourier transformations;
youtube.com/watch?v=7mkn47hqqkc
If you want to go all the way, read the wiki page on Fourier. If you dare.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform
Contents:
00:00 General intro
00:43 Photon sieves explained
04:21 Manufacturing of photon sieves
06:27 Photon sieve diffraction series
10:05 Time-resolved visualizations explained
Many thanks to Michal Miler for bringing the photon sieve to my attention.
Reference to the article on achromatic photon sieves by Chiongxi Zhou:researchgate.net/publication/24192201_Experimental_study_of_a_multiwavelength_photon_sieve_designed_by_random-area-divided_approach
More on the maskless wafer stepper project (link to playlist) : youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaLGh7vzNIRRuvbxZKHOUaeosIO4hpcsw
If you are interested in maskless wafer steppers or how to build one yourself, make sure you check out this great video by Sam Zeloof as well: youtube.com/watch?v=Nxz_ENnmgtI
The royalty free slo mo clip of the water wave at the end of the video could be displayed thanks to the video published on the Jim Quiter channel: youtube.com/watch?v=gS_tU6chC4A
Contents:
00:00 General intro
00:56 Conic constant explained
10:00 Explanation of the manufacturing process
12:25 Testing the mirror
15:32 interferometric evaluation using DFTfringe
Additional info on clips/subjects featured in this video (in the order of appearance):
The fire clips were taken from the news site regio14.nl: youtube.com/watch?v=Xwjank7ZM_0
The short clip of (Ralph) grinding a telescope mirror is taken from: youtube.com/watch?v=QbJIFQ-o4Nw
The "mirror test" for animals actually has little to do with optics: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_test#Animals_that_have_passed
If you want a more detailed story on conics: telescope-optics.net/conics_and_aberrations.htm. Telescope-optics.net is a great source for theory on optics.
Clip of making the ellipse using a rope demonstrating constant path length is taken from the following video: youtube.com/watch?v=0maahsJQOJE
Astroforum link to 610mm flex mirror by forum user Firstlight (in Dutch): https://www.astroforum.nl/forum/instrumenten/zelfbouw-atm/1398665-61cm-flex-mijlpaaltje
Document with a description of how to making a "Ceravolo" type interferometer yourslf: http://www.ceravolo.com/Interferometry.pdf
Links to DFTfringe software:
interferometry groups: groups.io/g/Interferometry. In this community Dale Eason answers all the questions on technical subjects about the software.
Download the latest version of DFTfringe here: github.com/githubdoe/DFTFringe/releases
DFTfringe walk through, displaying most of the basic functionality:
youtube.com/watch?v=LU8PQGzEpQs
With the interferometric tests I considered astigmatism in the mirror and only left the following zernike coefficients unticked:
Piston X-tilt, Ytilt, Defocus, Xcoma, Ycoma.
Explanation of the Shack-Hartmann principle can be found on Wikipedia:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shack%E2%80%93Hartmann_wavefront_sensor
This is the download link for Windows installer for the Zone Plate app:
http://www.huygensoptics.com/assets/zp_writer.zip
YouTube does not like to redirect to this link. the file is (last part of the URL): /assets/zp_writer.zip
For Windows 10 and for personal use only. Virus scanners and Windows will nag about it being a rare / unknown file and make installation sometimes difficult. Sorry about that. Install this app at your own risk.
Link to the maskless wafer stepper playlist:
youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaLGh7vzNIRRuvbxZKHOUaeosIO4hpcsw
Applied science video on photolithography:
youtube.com/watch?v=YAPt_DcWAvw
Reference for article on zone plate design:
https://laser.physics.sunysb.edu/_pradyoth/Intel/Creating_dark_lines_in_space.pdf
Wikipedia also explains this very clearly, but I just found this article first.
Links to some commercially available Shack-Hartmann detectors:
thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=5287
https://www.optocraft.de/products-shslab/
@ 0.34m: four happy seconds with Deodato, listen to the full song at:
youtube.com/watch?v=l79248iHjwI
0:00 General intro
0:49 Wafer stepper system overview
1:48 Dynomotion KFlop controller card
2:42 Wafer stepper control electronics
6:32 Digital wafer stepper software
I tried to build it from very cheap components, most of which I bought second hand on Ebay. I also used an Arduino Due and a KFLOP CNC card from Dynomotion to control the movements and used Microsoft Visual Studio for programming the code.
If you are new to the project you might want to check out the previous two video's first:
First video (optics)
youtube.com/watch?v=_w0Z2Y5vaAQ
Second video (mechanics)
youtube.com/watch?v=MdRwiI6VLmk
I also published the first results of making small Fresnell lenses with this machine:
youtube.com/watch?v=SpKx8jPb3H8
This video shortly features one of the art pieces of the dutch graphic artist Maurits Cornelis Escher. I'm only using this picture to demonstrate the principle o image stitching as it is used in my software and not for any commercial applications. If you are interested, please visit the Escher foundation and take a look at his fascinating work:
mcescher.com/nl/stichting
The lenses have more than one focal plane, and you can easily observe the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order focal planes when they are used in combination with monochromatic light sources.
I used a static image from a video on meta surfaces. Please check out this video if you want to know more about this subject: youtube.com/watch?v=ETx_fjM5pms
It is now possible to contribute financially to the Huygens Optics Youtube channel. Please refer to the "About"-page of the channel for details.
0:00 General intro
1:18 First devices (Fresnel zone plates)
3:28 Mechanical system (wafer stage / focusser)
7:49 Position and lead screw linearity
10:09 Determining straightness and perpendicularity (squareness)
11:45 Z-axis positioning using a piezo actuator
I also show some crude footage of the first optically active devices. Sorry about the image quality, I will get back with more detailed images in future videos. The idea is to make micro optics with this machine.
More theory on the fresnel lens / zone plate can be found on : http://zoneplate.lbl.gov/theory
Choreography at 6:03 minutes by Fermat CNC machining:
youtube.com/watch?v=5FmaAkXqVTI
The end of this video contains a short clip from the rock-mockumentary "Spinal Tap" at 13:41. If you want to know why it is important to have controllers going all the way up to 11 in your equipment, please see the original video clip: youtube.com/watch?v=4xgx4k83zzc
0:00 General intro
0:38 About Wafer steppers in general
1:12 Meta surfaces and flat optics
2:00 Principle and advantages of a maskless wafer stepper
4:36 Projection optics
6:47 Global layout of the machine
8:50 System overview
I hope to make micro optics with this machine in the near future. By the way, not the standard meta surfaces, because the resolution will be too limited for that, but meta surfaces that combine both refractive and diffractive functionality. Currently I'm still in the building process of the machine and the software.
I have taken the liberty of using a few short clips in my video. Please give the makers credit by visiting the original video's or websites if you are want to know more:
ASML video on EUV-wafer steppers:
youtube.com/watch?v=jH6Urfqt_d4
Great video by science magazine with entry level info on meta surfaces
youtube.com/watch?v=ETx_fjM5pms
If you want to go a little deeper:
youtube.com/watch?v=RBGwJE0ww7s
youtube.com/watch?v=3qeE5A8HIWY
youtube.com/watch?v=AM4yO0mjR4g
By the way, the Nikon objective was bought at https://www.ebay.nl/usr/avr-sales. They gave me a very good price and exceptional service, so make sure to check them out for used tech stuff.
00:00 Intro of flat surface creation / polishing
00:37 Optical flatness specs compared to general machining results
01:04 Angular machine / continuous pitch polisher explained
07:24 Simplified version of the continuous pitch polisher
10:15 CNC polishing machine construction explained
11:16 Example of polishing 3 objects flat on a plate
In addition, I discuss my personal method to make flat optics which is a modified / simplified version of the continuous pitch polisher.
This video contains short clips of other videos showing similar continuous pitch polishers in action.
Clips at 1:16min and 5:16 min were displayed by courtesy of Sydor Optics:
sydor.com Check out their company video at:
youtube.com/watch?v=N3RbCq8Kg5U&
Clip at 1:20 taken from Gijs Loning's video (OpPad) on his visit to the Zeiss Factory:
youtube.com/watch?v=9YhsTEOjxtU
(very nice and informative video, Dutch spoken)
00:00 General Intro
00:34 Need for discrimination / ID in metal detection
03:19 Test setup
03:55 Principle of double D coil explained
08:29 ID and phase shift for different metals (para- and diamagnetism)
It turns out that the detector measures the phase delay between the emission and reception coil. The reception coil shows this delay because of changes in the inductance which are introduced by the conductivity and intrinsic magnetic properties of metal objects in the vicinity.
If you need more details on how to make a spherical surface, you might want to check out this previous video:
youtube.com/watch?v=-E058yElkFM
The two video's referred to below show the optical contact bonding process in detail, so make sure you check them out. It is quite impressive to see 2 surfaces melt together spontaneously by just atomic forces at the surface:
youtube.com/watch?v=se3K_MWR488
youtube.com/watch?v=xZTdurPlhXE
The link below refers to a Sydor video on their Optipro Glassmaster 520 angular machine:
youtube.com/watch?v=oT2_55QNWUs
"Fabrication Methods for Precision Optics" by Hank H. Karow contains detailed information on how to build and operate an angular machine, for those of you interested in building one.
Unfortunately it turned out that -after my Loh LZ-80 centering machine was brought back to operational status- the lenses were already correctly centered. The cause for their poor performance was actually in the construction of the optical tube holding the triplet. So in the end, centering of the lenses turned out to be unnescessary.