Uploaded March 2021 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
H. Zirin, The Solar Atmosphere, Blaisdell Publishing Company, Waltham, MA, 1966.
H. Zirin, Astrophysics of the Sun, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, p. 61.
G. Herzberg, Atomic spectra and atomic structure, Dover Publications, New York, 1944.
K.J.H. Phillips, U. Feldman and E. Landi, Ultraviolet and X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Solar Atmosphere, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
M. Mizushima, Quantum Mechanics of Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure, W.A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1970.
S.R.G. Joyce, et al., The gravitational redshift of Sirius B, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 2018, 481, 2361–2370. https://shorturl.at/itBPV
G.E. Hale, On the probable existence of a magnetic field in Sun-spots, Astrophys. J., 1908, 28, 315-343. http://shorturl.at/bnrJS
G.E. Hale, et al., The magnetic polarity of Sun-spots, Astrophys. J., 1919, 49, 153-185. http://shorturl.at/jEW01
M. Kramar, et al., Vector tomography for the coronal magnetic field
I. Longitudinal Zeeman effect measurements, Astron. Astrophys. 2006, 456, 665-673. https://shorturl.at/wDIT9
J. de la Cruz Rodríguez, and H. Socas-Navarro, Are solar chromospheric fibrils tracing the magnetic field? Astron. Astrophys. 2011, L8.
https://shorturl.at/apGW2
V. Bommier, Hanle effect from a dipolar magnetic structure: The case of the solar corona and the case of a star, Aston. Astrophys. 2012, 539, A122. https://shorturl.at/zGZ09
N.E. Raouafi, et al. Diagnostics of Coronal Magnetic Fields through the Hanle Effect in UV and IR Lines, Frontier Astron. Space Sci., 6/22/2016
https://shorturl.at/iINY7
R. Casini, et al., Magnetic Diagnostics of the Solar Corona: Synthesizing Optical and Radio Techniques, Space Science Rev. 2017, 210, 145-181.
https://shorturl.at/gMSZ4
Solar Models:
T.M.D. Pereira, The dynamic chromosphere: Pushing the boundaries of observations and models, Adv. Space Res. 2019, 63, 1434-1442.
https://shorturl.at/ekoHS
T.M.D. Pereira, M. Asplund, R. Collet, I. Thaler, R. Trampedach, and J. Leenaarts, How realistic are solar model atmospheres? Astro. Astrophys. 2013, 554, A118. https://shorturl.at/ixzB2
O. Gingerich et al., The Harvard-Smithsonian reference atmosphere, Solar Physics, 18, 347-365. http://shorturl.at/mAP18
O. Gingerich and C. de Jager, The Bilderburg Model of the photosphere and low chromosphere, Solar Physics 1968, 3, 5-25. http://shorturl.at/mnqyE
H. Holweger and E.A. Mueller, The photospheric barium spectrum - Solar abundance and collision broadening of BA II lines by hydrogen, Solar Physics, 1974, 39, 19-30. http://shorturl.at/dloOU
J.F. Kielkopf and N.F. Allard, Shift and width of the Balmer series Hα line at high electron density in a laser-produced plasma, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 2014, 47, 155701. https://shorturl.at/iwWY1
G.P. Zhao, et al. Intensities and shifts of Lyman and Balmer lines of hydrogen-like ions in high density plasmas, Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2018, 3, 300-311. https://shorturl.at/fgoIX
List of atomic and ionic spectra
nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database-contents
physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_pt.pl
Chromospheric spectrum acquired by Robert Nufer http://robertnufer.ch
Sky Scholar Videos which illustrate electronic transitions:
Fraunhofer Lines and Condensed Matter - Even Kirchhoff Agreed! 12/12/2017
youtube.com/watch?v=saKms3oi-UA
Reactions in the Chromosphere of the Sun! 2/11/2018
youtube.com/watch?v=UHD06X51o-k
Helium Triplet Lines: Evidence of Chemical Reactions in the Chromosphere! 2/22/2018 youtube.com/watch?v=Km9gDB8gRYY
Helium, the Chromosphere, and the Electron Thief! 08/23/2018
youtube.com/watch?v=AddRHEUYvwo
Figures not to scale and used for visualization purposes only.
This channel is educational in nature.
Link to Dr. Robitaille’s papers on Vixra:
vixra.org/author/pierre-marie_robitaille
Outro Music:
Foria: Break Away
soundcloud.com/foria
youtube.com/watch?v=UkUweq5FAcE
H. Zirin, The Solar Atmosphere, Blaisdell Publishing Company, Waltham, MA, 1966.
H. Zirin, Astrophysics of the Sun, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, p. 61.
G. Herzberg, Atomic spectra and atomic structure, Dover Publications, New York, 1944.
K.J.H. Phillips, U. Feldman and E. Landi, Ultraviolet and X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Solar Atmosphere, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
M. Mizushima, Quantum Mechanics of Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure, W.A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, 1970.
S.R.G. Joyce, et al., The gravitational redshift of Sirius B, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 2018, 481, 2361–2370. https://shorturl.at/itBPV
G.E. Hale, On the probable existence of a magnetic field in Sun-spots, Astrophys. J., 1908, 28, 315-343. http://shorturl.at/bnrJS
G.E. Hale, et al., The magnetic polarity of Sun-spots, Astrophys. J., 1919, 49, 153-185. http://shorturl.at/jEW01
M. Kramar, et al., Vector tomography for the coronal magnetic field
I. Longitudinal Zeeman effect measurements, Astron. Astrophys. 2006, 456, 665-673. https://shorturl.at/wDIT9
J. de la Cruz Rodríguez, and H. Socas-Navarro, Are solar chromospheric fibrils tracing the magnetic field? Astron. Astrophys. 2011, L8.
https://shorturl.at/apGW2
V. Bommier, Hanle effect from a dipolar magnetic structure: The case of the solar corona and the case of a star, Aston. Astrophys. 2012, 539, A122. https://shorturl.at/zGZ09
N.E. Raouafi, et al. Diagnostics of Coronal Magnetic Fields through the Hanle Effect in UV and IR Lines, Frontier Astron. Space Sci., 6/22/2016
https://shorturl.at/iINY7
R. Casini, et al., Magnetic Diagnostics of the Solar Corona: Synthesizing Optical and Radio Techniques, Space Science Rev. 2017, 210, 145-181.
https://shorturl.at/gMSZ4
Solar Models:
T.M.D. Pereira, The dynamic chromosphere: Pushing the boundaries of observations and models, Adv. Space Res. 2019, 63, 1434-1442.
https://shorturl.at/ekoHS
T.M.D. Pereira, M. Asplund, R. Collet, I. Thaler, R. Trampedach, and J. Leenaarts, How realistic are solar model atmospheres? Astro. Astrophys. 2013, 554, A118. https://shorturl.at/ixzB2
O. Gingerich et al., The Harvard-Smithsonian reference atmosphere, Solar Physics, 18, 347-365. http://shorturl.at/mAP18
O. Gingerich and C. de Jager, The Bilderburg Model of the photosphere and low chromosphere, Solar Physics 1968, 3, 5-25. http://shorturl.at/mnqyE
H. Holweger and E.A. Mueller, The photospheric barium spectrum - Solar abundance and collision broadening of BA II lines by hydrogen, Solar Physics, 1974, 39, 19-30. http://shorturl.at/dloOU
J.F. Kielkopf and N.F. Allard, Shift and width of the Balmer series Hα line at high electron density in a laser-produced plasma, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 2014, 47, 155701. https://shorturl.at/iwWY1
G.P. Zhao, et al. Intensities and shifts of Lyman and Balmer lines of hydrogen-like ions in high density plasmas, Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2018, 3, 300-311. https://shorturl.at/fgoIX
List of atomic and ionic spectra
nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database-contents
physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/lines_pt.pl
Chromospheric spectrum acquired by Robert Nufer http://robertnufer.ch
Sky Scholar Videos which illustrate electronic transitions:
Fraunhofer Lines and Condensed Matter - Even Kirchhoff Agreed! 12/12/2017
youtube.com/watch?v=saKms3oi-UA
Reactions in the Chromosphere of the Sun! 2/11/2018
youtube.com/watch?v=UHD06X51o-k
Helium Triplet Lines: Evidence of Chemical Reactions in the Chromosphere! 2/22/2018 youtube.com/watch?v=Km9gDB8gRYY
Helium, the Chromosphere, and the Electron Thief! 08/23/2018
youtube.com/watch?v=AddRHEUYvwo
Figures not to scale and used for visualization purposes only.
This channel is educational in nature.
Link to Dr. Robitaille’s papers on Vixra:
vixra.org/author/pierre-marie_robitaille
Outro Music:
Foria: Break Away
soundcloud.com/foria
youtube.com/watch?v=UkUweq5FAcE
