Uploaded December 2017 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
NEW VERSION: youtube.com/watch?v=oDq8UDGw2P0&lc=UgzP-oRALZE4ML41Oph4AaABAg&ab_channel=Meditay
This video is about the diaphragm.
Content:
Introduction 0:00
Origin and Insertion Points 0:23
Lumbar Origin Part 1:28
Costal Origin Part 3:47
Sternal Origin Part 4:34
3 Main Openings 5:20
Sternocostal Triangle 7:15
Lumbocostal Triangle 8:38
Upper Surface Fascia 9:18
Lower Surface Fascia 11:21
☕Support me at:
buymeacoffee.com/meditay
Here I cover:
Parts of the diaphragm
Origin points (Lumbar, Costal, and Sternal)
Insertion point (Central Tendinous part)
3 main openings (Aortic hiatus, Esophageal hiatus, and Vena Caval Foramen)
Triangles (Sternocostal and Lumbocostal)
Upper Surface (Endothoracic fascia and Pleura)
Lower Surface (Endoabdominal fascia and Peritoneum)
NEW VERSION: youtube.com/watch?v=oDq8UDGw2P0&lc=UgzP-oRALZE4ML41Oph4AaABAg&ab_channel=Meditay
This video is about the diaphragm.
Content:
Introduction 0:00
Origin and Insertion Points 0:23
Lumbar Origin Part 1:28
Costal Origin Part 3:47
Sternal Origin Part 4:34
3 Main Openings 5:20
Sternocostal Triangle 7:15
Lumbocostal Triangle 8:38
Upper Surface Fascia 9:18
Lower Surface Fascia 11:21
☕Support me at:
buymeacoffee.com/meditay
Here I cover:
Parts of the diaphragm
Origin points (Lumbar, Costal, and Sternal)
Insertion point (Central Tendinous part)
3 main openings (Aortic hiatus, Esophageal hiatus, and Vena Caval Foramen)
Triangles (Sternocostal and Lumbocostal)
Upper Surface (Endothoracic fascia and Pleura)
Lower Surface (Endoabdominal fascia and Peritoneum)




![CN 6: Abducens Nerve (Scheme, Pathway, Clinical Relevance) | Neuroanatomy
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Content:
0:00 Introduction
00:41 Abducens Nerve Scheme
01:53 Abducens Nerve Nucleus
04:05 Abducens Nerve Course
05:04 Lateral Rectus Muscle Function
06:25 Clinical Relevance
07:06 Recap
Abducens nerve is purely a motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle involved in abduction of the eye
Abducens/abducent nerve Nucleus:
- Nucleus of abducens nerve (nucleus nervi abducentis)
○ Facial nerve goes around this nucleus forming the facial colliculus (colliculus facialis)
○ A somatomotor nucleus that is located in the pons innervates the lateral rectus
Course:
- Emerges from the medullopontine sulcus between the pons and medulla oblongata
- Leaves the brainstem on the ventral side
- Runs on the base of the skull, penetrates the dura mater then enter the cavernous sinus
- Enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and common tendinous ring
- Then innervates the lateral rectus
Function of lateral rectus muscle:
- Abduction of the eye
Herings Law of equal innervation:
- Coordinates both eyes together, so that the medial and the lateral rectus muscle contracts equally, while deactivating the contralateral muscle through the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
Clinical Relevance:
- Abducens nerve can get compressed by a lesion or rise in intracranial pressure.
- Compression causes paralysis of lateral rectus muscle, resulting in medial deviation of affected eye, giving a fully adducted eye at rest and an inability to abduct the eye.
Sources:
- Singh, I. (2017). Human neuroanatomy (10th ed.).
Helwany M, Bordoni B. Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 1 (Olfactory) [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-
- Kozlowski, T. (2017). Memorix Anatomy: The Complete Study Guide. 2nd ed. Thieme Medical Publishers.
Pictures and visuals:
- Complete Anatomy
- Biorender
- Powerpoint
- Camtasia 2021 CN 6: Abducens Nerve (Scheme, Pathway, Clinical Relevance) | Neuroanatomy](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/_-DQyUfGWTY/mqdefault.jpg)





