Uploaded September 2016 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
Halogenides and Halogenates form under acid catalysis the elemental halogens.
This is called synproportionation, where the product is an oxidation state between the
two former ones. Here it is 0 from -1 and +5.
Reduction:
2 BrO3(-) + 12 H3O(+) + 10e(-) to Br2 + 18 H2O
Oxidation:
2 Br(-) to Br2 + 2e(-)
In this experiment an aqueous solution of Potassium Bromide and Potassium Bromate is prepared (before the video). Then a few milliliters of Sulphuric Acid (38%) are added.
The color rapidly changes to a yellow (diluted bromine-water).
Halogenides and Halogenates form under acid catalysis the elemental halogens.
This is called synproportionation, where the product is an oxidation state between the
two former ones. Here it is 0 from -1 and +5.
Reduction:
2 BrO3(-) + 12 H3O(+) + 10e(-) to Br2 + 18 H2O
Oxidation:
2 Br(-) to Br2 + 2e(-)
In this experiment an aqueous solution of Potassium Bromide and Potassium Bromate is prepared (before the video). Then a few milliliters of Sulphuric Acid (38%) are added.
The color rapidly changes to a yellow (diluted bromine-water).
 and [CoCl4](2-) you probably thought this could be possible with similar compounds as well.
So what we did here was to mix CuCl2 with H2O and HCl to a ratio where the nearly colorless, blue [Cu(H2O)6](2+) is turned into the green [CuCl4](2-) when it is heated. Copper Chemistry: Copper Thermochromism](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/l6AYp2X_iq4/mqdefault.jpg)

. So why is it stable in aqueous conditions ?
Lets assume we had Copper(I) in a gas phase, free from any solvation- or hydration energy. To make Cu(II) we require a lot of Ionizationenergy. This makes the reaction really endothermic. If we take it and dissolve it into Acetonitrile, lets say CuCl which is soluble in Acetonitrile, it will dissolve and stay as Cu(I). The reason for this is that the solvationenergy in Acetonitrile is too low to overcome this ionization energy. Water however produces a quite large Energy and Cu(II) can be formed under disproportionation.
Now what happens in this experiment ?
2 Cu(I) to Cu(II) and Cu(0) is an equilibrium. In water it is exothermic forming Cu(II). And if you work with Cu(II) solutions it wont turn into Cu(I) (unless you add an reducing agent like Sulfite) as no Cu(0) is present to shift the equilibrium back. As we know from Le Chatelier, if a reaction is exothermic, heat causes the system to go back to the endothermic side. So Cu(I) forms and combines with the Cl(-) which is present to form CuCl. CuCl is insoluble in water as the lattice energy is higher than the hydration energy and thus Cu(I) remains stable discoloring the blue solution over time. Copper Chemistry: Synproportionation Cu(II) and Cu(0)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/mGx4hOx7YdY/mqdefault.jpg)







