Uploaded June 2023 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
CONELRAD (CONtrol of ELectronic RADiation) was an American public radio alert system operational between 1951 and 1963, intended to provide citizens with government alerts and civil defence instructions in the event of a national emergency such as a nuclear attack. As part of the system, all commercial AM radios sold in the country between 1953-1963 were required by law to have the two CONELRAD frequencies - 640 and 1240 kHz - marked on their tuning dials. Fundamentally flawed, CONELRAD was one of many alert systems implemented during the second half of the 20th Century, culminating in today's Emergency Alert System (EAS).
SOURCES:
coldwar-ct.com/Conelrad_EBS_EAS.html
https://people.ohio.edu/postr/bapix/Conalert.htm
oldradio.com/current/bc_conel.htm
CONELRAD (CONtrol of ELectronic RADiation) was an American public radio alert system operational between 1951 and 1963, intended to provide citizens with government alerts and civil defence instructions in the event of a national emergency such as a nuclear attack. As part of the system, all commercial AM radios sold in the country between 1953-1963 were required by law to have the two CONELRAD frequencies - 640 and 1240 kHz - marked on their tuning dials. Fundamentally flawed, CONELRAD was one of many alert systems implemented during the second half of the 20th Century, culminating in today's Emergency Alert System (EAS).
SOURCES:
coldwar-ct.com/Conelrad_EBS_EAS.html
https://people.ohio.edu/postr/bapix/Conalert.htm
oldradio.com/current/bc_conel.htm







![Trinitite: Dawn of the Atomic Age
[NOTE: at 8:39 I state that Co-60 in Trinitite was formed by neutron activation of Co-59 in steel components. Another, more likely pathway is the neutron activation of Fe-58 in steel into Fe-59, which decays via beta emission into Co-60 with a half-life of 44.5 days.]
Trinitite is glass formed from sand melted by nuclear explosions - particularly the very first, the Trinity Test, detonated near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. A diverse mineral found in many forms and colours and containing a witchs brew of radioisotopes, the composition of Trinitite reveals much about the chemistry, physics, and engineering pioneered by the Manhattan Project.
0:00 Introduction
1:02 Trinity Yield Analysis
1:57 Sampling Sherman Tanks
3:28 Ground Zero
4:27 Naming Trinitite
5:00 Forms of Trinitite
5:36 Mineralogy of Trinitite
6:24 Trinitite Formation Theories
7:27 Trinitite Colours
7:56 Trinitite Trace Elements
9:01 Authenticating Trinitite
10:11 Safety of Trinitite
11:00 Politics of Trinitite
11:49 Collecting Trinitite
12:40 Outro
SOURCES
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/trinitite-trinity-test-mineral-cultural-jewelry
http://www.helfordgeoscience.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Eby-et-al-2015.pdf
https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,854500-1,00.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20080726072410/http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/TrinitySite/NewTrinititeTheory.htm
https://gizmodo.com/researchers-find-forbidden-quasicrystal-in-wake-of-nu-1846917496
https://web.archive.org/web/20210524001335/http://enformable.com/2014/07/authenticating-trinitite-nearly-70-years-later/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Radioactive_Rocks/comments/rktzq6/trinitite_gamma_spectroscopy_and_an_interesting/
https://gammaspectacular.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?t=825&srsltid=AfmBOopoM3wMpfiXCmlDaIltmE32Qo_SdtRvKv_gy0Bvj33s9O2Qg54I
https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/nuclear-weapons/trinity/trinitite.html
https://thebulletin.org/2020/07/in-their-own-words-trinity-at-75/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00295450.2021.1951538#d1e263
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2101350118 Trinitite: Dawn of the Atomic Age](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qNmAwN83jIU/mqdefault.jpg)


