Name: Evolution of the Roman Legions: Part 1 - Kingdom (8-7th Century BC) @InvictaHistory
Uploaded: 2026-09-29T08:17:00-05:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: Evolution of the Roman Legions: Part 1 - Kingdom (8-7th Century BC)

Evolution of the Roman Legions: Part 1 - Kingdom (8-7th Century BC)

Invicta 2026-09-29 | Evolution of the Roman Legions: Part 1 - Kingdom (8-7th Century BC)

Climax of the Battle of Plataea (479 BC)⚔️Spartans vs Immortals DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-10-15 | Final climax of the Battle of Plataea! Support "Romanis Magicae" kickstarter.com/projects/kaijusandcowboys/romanis-magicae-1-3?ref=cpe9e9

This is the final chapter in our Avenging Leonidas series. In this episode we conclude with the epic Battle of Plataea which would see the largest Greek army ever yet assembled face off against the Persians. What followed would be a massive, confused battle which featured many tales of heroism.

Prior videos on the Second Greco Persian War:
Aftermath of Thermopylae: youtu.be/rTNbZrmnIyc
The Battle of Salamis: youtu.be/f7PQvP4GF20
Aftermath of Salamis: youtu.be/XkxR-bsdhJ8
Battle fo Plataea: youtu.be/gHy9pYHSTXo

Sources and Suggested Reading
Campbell, B. (ed). The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World. Oxford University Press, USA, 2013.
Fields, N. Ancient Greek Warship. Osprey Publishing, 2007.
Herodotus & John M. Marincola & Aubrey de Salincourt. The Histories. Penguin, 2003.
Hornblower, S. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.
Kinzl, K.H. (ed). A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
03:57 Deployment
06:03 Cavalry Attack
07:19 Tactical Retreat
09:01 Sparta vs Persia
11:40 Death of Mardonius
12:40 Athens vs Thebes
13:45 Army Collapse
15:04 Battle for the Camp
17:31 Aftermath
19:08 Outro

Credits:
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Invicta
Artwork = Penta Limited

#history
#documentary
#greek

Roman Combat Medics #history #documentary

Invicta 2024-10-12 | Full video: youtu.be/-g7Cbj_9t3w

Rome's Medical Corp was one of the most sophisticated of its time, allowing the Legions to greatly improve the combat effectiveness of their forces. At the front line of this service were the Capsarii, or Combat Medics whose job it was to provide immediate care to the injured. Soldiers requiring additional care would then be evacuated to the nearest hospital for specialized care by doctors and surgeons.

Sources:
“Medicine in the Roman Army” by Eugene H Byrne
“Man and Wound” by Richard A Gabriel
“Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century” by Jack E McCallum
“Milites Medici to Army Medics” by Robb Wesselingh

#history
#documentary
#romanarmy

True Size of a Cadian Regiment [999.M41] 3D Documentary

Invicta 2024-10-04 | A Warhammer 40k lore documentary on the True Size of a Cadian Regiment! Play Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus play.tacticusgame.com/invicta-gs and use the code "InvictaOct" to get 2,000 Gold, 20 energy and 2 requisition orders.

We continue to explore the true size of armies in Warhammer 40,000. This particular episode focuses on a Cadian Line Infantry Regiment. But to preface this subject we first explore the role of Regiments in the broader Imperial Guard and the myriad forms they can take. We then choose the Cadians as the prime example of the Imperium's finest source of Regiments.

Time is spent reviewing the history of Cadia and its martial characteristics. The Cadian armed forces are described from the Planetary Defense Forces of its Interior Guard to its Shock Trooper and Elite Kaskrin Units which are recruited for service across the Imperium. Several high level examples of their organization is presented. Finally we then review an indicative model of a Cadian Infantry Regiment in 3D from ground up.

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:53 Imperial Guard Regiments
04:42 History of Cadia
08:35 Examples of Regiments
10:31 Types of Squads
14:08 Platoon
18:00 Company
20:56 Regiment
24:59 Analytics
26:52 Outro

Sources:
Codex: Imperial Guard (2nd, 3rd, 5th Edition)
Codex: Astra Militarum (8th Edition)
Imperial Munitorum Manual (Background Book)
Imperial Armour (Volume 1-4)

Credits:
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

#warhammer40k
#documentary
#lore

How Accurate is it? - All Tyranid Invasion Phases in Space Marine 2 (LORE REVIEW)

Invicta 2024-09-14 | We review all phases of the Tyranid Invasion in Space Marine 2! Check out Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine 2 here: bit.ly/3Xku3GA
Sponsored by Focus Entertainment

In this Space Marine 2 review we explore the accuracy of its depiction of a Tyranid invasion from the point of view of Warhammer 40,000 lore. This includes Infiltration, Isolation, Assault, and Consumption. Each of these phases is first explained and then it is explored using Space Marine 2 gameplay and Space Marine 2 cinematics.

Warning, this analysis contains minor enemy and location spoilers.

Check out our other videos on the lore of Warhammer 40,000
Units - Imperial Guard Orgyn youtu.be/2cle-AdV_Q0
True Size - Space Marine Chapter E01 youtu.be/88NDRvAHWd4
True Size - Space Marine Chapter E02 youtu.be/3ZeQCkYQOJU
True Size - Tyranid Invasion E01 youtu.be/zfaYrTEg7hg
True Size - Tyranid Invasion E02 youtu.be/LSRNDJCuRPg
True Size - Tyranid Invasion E03 youtu.be/I7roLmvskRc

Timestamps:
00:00 Cadian Speech
01:11 Sponsor
02:32 Overview
03:06 Phase 1 - Infiltration
05:07 Phase 2 - Isolation
07:29 Phase 3 - Assault
10:36 Gaunts & Warriors
12:27 Spore Mines
12:41 Gargoyles
13:10 Rippers
13:39 Zoanthropes
13:59 Neurothropes
14:23 Raveners
14:52 Lictors
15:14 Carnifexes
16:08 Hive Tyrant
16:53 Scale of Attack
19:25 Phase 3 - Defenses
21:40 Imperial Troops
23:13 Imperial Tactics
25:29 Haunting Scenes
26:22 Consumption
29:36 Outro

#warhammer40k
#spacemarine2
#tyranids

True Size of a Space Marine Thunderhawk [999.M41] LORE DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-09-06 | Check out Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine 2 here: bit.ly/3Xku3GA
Sponsored by Focus Entertainment

In this series we continue to explore the warfighting capabilities of the Space Marine Chapters. While prior episodes focused on the Marines themselves, in this video we turn to their primary transport vehicle, the Thunderhawk. We begin with a review of the history of Space Marine dropships. In the years of the Great Crusade this included such vehicles as the mighty Stormbird which was capable of carrying hundreds of troops at a time. However the breakup of the Space Marine Legions and a need for more tactical deployments eventually led to a shift towards the Thunderhawk. It struck the right balance in terms of combat strength, cargo capacity, and perhaps most important, cost.

We then go over the full details of a Thunderhawk. This includes its propulsion systems, navigation, weapons, interior facilities, and crew. Finally we then detail the operational uses of the Thunderhawk for both orbital insertion and void combat.

Here are more videos about Warhammer 40,000 Lore:
Units - Imperial Guard Orgyn youtu.be/2cle-AdV_Q0
True Size - Space Marine Chapter E01 youtu.be/88NDRvAHWd4
True Size - Space Marine Chapter E02 youtu.be/3ZeQCkYQOJU
True Size - Tyranid Invasion E01 youtu.be/zfaYrTEg7hg
True Size - Tyranid Invasion E02 youtu.be/LSRNDJCuRPg
True Size - Tyranid Invasion E03 youtu.be/I7roLmvskRc

Time Stamps:
00:00 Intro
02:24 Origins
05:18 Thunderhawk Overview
08:00 Crew Capacity
09:59 Flight Deck
12:12 Crew Stations
14:19 Troop Hold
15:48 Ground Deployment
18:11 Emergency Beacon
19:11 Void Combat
21:25 Outro

Credits
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
3D Model = Leonardo
Editing = Penta Limited

#warhammer40k
#documentary
#spacemarine2

Battle of Plataea (479 BC)⚔️Fight for the Fate of Greece [Day 1-10] DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-09-03 | History documentary on the Battle of Plataea! Play War Thunder now with my link, and get a massive, free bonus pack including vehicles, boosters and more: https://playwt.link/invicta24

War Thunder is a highly detailed vehicle combat game containing over 2000 playable tanks, aircrafts and ships spanning over 100 years of development. Immerse yourself completely in dynamic battles with an unparalleled combination of realism and approachability.

This episode is a continuation of our Avenging Leonidas series on the 2nd Greco-Persian War. In prior videos we traced the invasion from the gates of Thermopylae to the straits of Salamis. Now we finally cover the epic showdown between the Achaemenid Persian Army led by Mardonius and the largest Greek army ever raised!

Prior videos:
Aftermath of Thermopylae: youtu.be/rTNbZrmnIyc
The Battle of Salamis: youtu.be/f7PQvP4GF20
Aftermath of Salamis: youtu.be/XkxR-bsdhJ8

Sources and Suggested Reading
Campbell, B. (ed). The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World. Oxford University Press, USA, 2013.
Fields, N. Ancient Greek Warship. Osprey Publishing, 2007.
Herodotus & John M. Marincola & Aubrey de Salincourt. The Histories. Penguin, 2003.
Hornblower, S. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.
Kinzl, K.H. (ed). A Companion to the Classical Greek World. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:31 Recap
04:52 Mardonius
07:06 Offers for Athens
10:32 Sparta Must Help
12:26 Greek Army Mobilizes
14:24 Arrival at Plataea
15:10 Cavalry Attack
17:27 Standoff
18:40 Persian Raid
20:25 Outro

Credits:
Research = Invicta
Script = Roel Konijnendijk
Narration = Invicta
Artwork = Penta Limited

#history
#documentary
#greek

Roman Military Intelligence - How Good Was It? (Scouts, Spies, Secret Agents)

Invicta 2024-08-29 | Documentary on Rome's Military Intelligence Units. Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code Invicta at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: http://incogni.com/invicta

We continue to look at the most famous units of history from across ancient history. While previous episodes have focused on the combat roles of units like the Spartan Royal Guard or the Immortals, in this episode we look at the critical role a unit could play in the intelligence game. When it comes to the Roman military intelligence forces, these were composed of multiple layers of units. These are as follows:
The Procursatores - Close range screen of patrols
The Exploratores - Medium range ring of scouts
The Specualtores - Far range spies
The Frumentarii - Information courriers and secret agents

What Units of History do you want to see covered next?

Credits
Research: Chris Das Neves
Writing: Invicta
Narration: Guy Michaels
Artwork: Penta Limited
Editing: Penta Limited

Sources and Suggested Reading
The Roman Army by Adrian Goldsworthy
Roman Warfare by Adrian Goldsworthy
Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome by Rose Mary Sheldon
Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople By N. J. E. Austin, N. B. Rankov
Spies and spying in Caesar’s “Bellum Gallicum” by Jane Crawford
The "Missing Dimension" of C. Julius Caesar by Amiram Ezov
The Scouts of the Late Roman Army and a Disputed Etymology by Philip Rance

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:03 Origin of Roman Scouts
04:14 The Procursatores
07:59 The Exploratores
16:55 Origin of Roman Spies
22:03 Intelligence Failings
24:40 The Speculatores
26:50 Spy Missions
31:00 Infiltrations
33:00 Secret Reports
34:13 Enemy Spy Networks
35:53 Origin of the Frumentarii
41:47 Organization
45:46 Equipment
47:00 Roles
48:44 Doemstic Spies
50:25 Assassins
52:38 Law Enforcement
54:35 Fall of the Frumentarii
55:43 Outro

#history
#documentary
#Rome

The Daylamites - The Easts Answer to the Legionary DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-08-16 | Units of History Documentary on the Horse Archers of the Sassanid Army! Celebrate the anniversary of World of Warships: Legends - wowsl.co/46Gf0Kx

In this animated history documentary series we bring to life the military of the Sassanid Empire. However while our prior episode looked at the mounted wing of this eastern army, we now turn to its overlooked infantry wing. Chief among them would be the Daylamites who came to serve as elite bodyguards of the Sassanid Kings.

We begin by discussing the mountainous regions of Iran which borders the Caspian sea. It would be here that various mountain tribes stubbornly resisted the coming and going of numerous empires. In time these warriors would come to loan out their martial skills as mercenaries. However it would be the Sassanids who eventually embraced them as a core element of their armed forces. Such was the prestige of these Daylamaties that they would for the Gond-i-Shahansha, or army of the King of Kings.

Yet this transformation took time. Thus we explore how the Daylamaties took the field in terms of equipment, training and tactics. These are then put into practice with a review of their service almost 500 year history. As such we cover the rise of the Sassanid Empire under Ardashir I. We then cover the campaigns of his descendants againt the Roman Army, the Byzantine Army, the White Huns, the Arabs and more.

You can learn more about the Units of History through our documentary series:

THE NEAR EAST
Sassanid Horse Archers : youtu.be/StYxs7JHHeE
The 10,000 Immortals : youtu.be/Rg1WpzDfyNM

THE BYZANTINES
Byzantine Flamethrowers and Grenadiers : youtu.be/Q40yMWRYt7U
The Varangian Guard : youtu.be/0H2Gs87dTfU

THE GREEK WORLD
Macedonian Silver Shields : youtu.be/csw9uSRjUz8
Macedonian Companion Cavalry : youtu.be/bbLnrGGqyWY
The Spartan Skiritai : youtu.be/MSsUYZBd414
The Spartan Royal Guard : youtu.be/pSIh_mTEy_o
The Sacred Band of Thebes : youtu.be/xWsZwlN1j3c
Mycenaean Chariots : youtu.be/-TyVh8PlnS4
Balearic Slingers : youtu.be/3uDtrwNY0Zk

THE ROMANS
The Praetorians : youtu.be/SFXStbcdMIQ
Roman Cataphracts : youtu.be/NPdxGwyfy_Q
Roman Army Spies : youtu.be/xpPY5yU9w7I
Roman Army Scouts : youtu.be/EQIT0vP5pBg
The Frumentarii : youtu.be/Nm8aSZm4JUM

THE NORTHMEN
The Jomsvikings Mercenaries : youtu.be/ry_J2IPAZoE
Viking Berserkers : youtu.be/lVbjaoFDiFk
Early Germanic Warriors : youtu.be/DK1c4Bz01MU
Briton War Chariots : youtu.be/71xkLfOE1iA

THE EASTERN EUROPEANS
The Druzhina : youtu.be/6Yp5-0mX6PI

THE AFRICANS
Nubian Archers : youtu.be/qvO3_kYRRw8
The Sacred Band of Carthage : youtu.be/oX3y1GYcCEY
Carthaginian War Elephants : youtu.be/hDSRHGFCWEo
The Numidian Cavalry : youtu.be/3tv7EbkrX38

Credits:
Research = Soroush Torabi
Writing = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Artwork = Penta Limited
Reenactment = Eran Ud Turan

Source and Suggested Reading:
"The Armies of Ancient Persia - The Sassanians" by Kaveh Farrokh
"A Synopsis of Sasanian Military Organization and Combat Units" by Kaveh Farrokh
"Sassanian Millitary" by David Nicole

Timestamps
00:00 Intro
02:35 Mountain Tribes
05:53 Origins
08:10 Equipment
11:12 Organization
12:28 Training
13:29 Tactics
16:00 Service History
17:42 Wars in Yemen
19:32 Wars with Rome
21:15 Wars with the Arabs
23:42 Outro

#history
#documentary
#iran

Harpies vs Trains - True Size of a Tyranid Invasion (Part 3) 3D Documentary

Invicta 2024-08-11 | A 3D visualization of nuking a Tyranid Invasion. Play Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus play.tacticusgame.com/invicta-ba and use the code "Invicta222" to get 2,000 Gold, 20 energy and 2 requisition orders.

In this Warhammer 40k video we continue to bring to life a Tyranid Invasion. In part 1 we focused on the initial stages of infiltration and isolation of a target planet while in part 2 we covered the main assault on the Imperial Guard foritifcations.

In part 3 we explore the Tyranid operations against the Imperial rear lines meant to disrupt their logistics. In these struggles we will see the use of Nuclear Weapons from the defenders and a range of new bioforms from the attackers including the Ravener and Harpy.

Let us know what you think of this format and what documentaries in the Warhammer 40,000 universe you would like to see us cover next.

3D Terrain models from Txarli factory: txarlifactory.com
Leman Rus and Auto Canon models from sketchfab.com/janovich3D
(see also youtube.com/janovich)

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
03:10 Recap
04:52 Using Nukes
07:36 Third Wave Attack
08:25 The Ravener
09:04 Ravener Attack
11:02 The Harpy
13:16 Aerial Battle
15:32 Imperial Rear Lines
16:40 Armored Train
17:46 Train Attack
19:23 Harpy vs Trains
20:40 Hunting the Harpies
22:15 Outro

Music from Epidemic Sounds:
After the Fall by Max Anson
Collisions by Bonnie Grace
Galactic Battles by Bonnie Grace
Last Breath of Freedom by Bonnie Grace
The Portal by Bonnie Grace
The Hive Mind Awakensby Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen
These Moments by Hampus Naesilius

Sources:
Codex: Tyranids (2nd, 5th Edition)
Tyranid Evolution
Tyranid Special Characters
The Devastation of Baal

Credits:
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited
3D Assets = Leonardo

#warhammer
#warhammer40k
#tyranids

Lets Visit the Library of Alexandria - History Tour in AC: Origins Discovery Mode

Invicta 2024-07-27 | A guided walkthrough of the Great Library of Alexandria as represented in Assassin's Creed Origins! What other tours would you like to see?

Check out our other history tours:
Let's Visit the Parthenon youtu.be/VRuHLCpOoF0?si=jW-b3YuBEWab7cya
Lets Visit the Oracle of Delphi youtu.be/GcqFsAfFp4I?si=NecESI8C98O73jk7
Let's Visit An Athenian Home youtu.be/YBx7oYYu0qg?si=67xkh8gqNkiebqD5
Let's Visit Port Piraeus youtu.be/i1ffApDWSVY?si=XyDRlyIP--IHtHgk
Lets Visit Ancient Sparta youtu.be/joZkYwcK6ts?si=R-Wbg8EH6Np7rWOx
Lets Visit a Mycenaean Citadel youtu.be/QNE7b_l7M7s?si=j8Lfikjj7_WU1bRp
Let's Visit Minoan Knossos youtu.be/_WoeadS6kuo?si=wBGQwEO9dtztuET5
Let's Visit Baghdad's House of Wisdom: youtu.be/PpwxQ7vzF5w

Timestamps
00:00 Intro
02:26 City of Alexandria
09:50 Origins of the Library
11:16 Exterior Design
18:37 Interior Design
20:50 Books and Scrolls
28:38 Library Staff
32:42 Library Visitors
33:57 Lectures
38:22 Education
41:24 Cross Polination
44:53 Lost Knowledge
51:00 Outro

#history
#documentary
#rome

Units of History - The Frumentarii: Assassins of Rome DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-07-11 | Get ad-free, background, and offline content with YouTube Premium! youtube.com/premium?cc=invicta&utm_campaign=ytpcreator Monthly paid subscription. Price per month varies. First 2 months free. Terms apply. Cancel anytime. If you subscribe through the link in this post or the banner appearing in this video, I may get a commission.

In this documentary we explore the mysterious history of the Frumentarii, Rome's feared network of spies and assassins. We begin with a review of their origins as grain collectors and courriers. This role slowly matured over the course of the Roman Republic with Frumentarii becoming a regular fixture of logistics by the early Roman Empire. We cover how this group came to have a headquarters in Rome and what their unit's organization and equipment would have looked like. However their presence in Rome and travel to and from the provinces proved convenient for them to now take on additional roles. It seems that Roman Emperor's soon began to recruit them into their own network to take on a variety of roles such as spying and potentially even assassination.

Sources:
"Intelligence activities in ancient Rome" by Rose Sheldon
"Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World" by N. J. E. Austin
"The Troops Quartered in the Castra Peregrinorum." by Reynolds P.K.B.
"The Castra Peregrinorum." by Reynolds P.K.B.
"The Roman Secret Service" by W.G Sinnigen
"The origins of the Frumentarii" by by W.G Sinnigen

Credits
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:03 Origins
07:38 Organization
08:48 Headquarters
11:08 Equipment
12:21 Regular Duties
14:05 Spying
15:47 Assassinations
17:19 Law Enforcers
19:58 End of the Frumentarii

#adventure #history #documentary

Why the Ride of the Rohirrim was a Tactical Disaster! (And How to Fix It) DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-07-05 | A history documentary on the tactical disaster that is The Ride of the Rohirrim. Improve your career using my code Invicta for 30% off on all their programs! Sign up for a FREE TripleTen career consultation with my link: get.tripleten.com/Invicta

The documentary begins with a review of the Ride of the Rohirrim as portrayed in Peter Jackson's Movie, The Return of the King, and in Tolkien's original book. We then pick apart the film's depiction frame by frame with all the flaws in the Army of Rohan's charge at the Battle of Pelennor Fields. Then we delve into the history of cavalry in combat for a better understanding of how such forces actually behaved in the past. We then finally use this knowledge to reconstruct the Army of Rohan and the Battle of Pelennor Fields in Unreal Engine 5 as it should have been.

You can check out 3D reconstructions of historical armies in our True Size series:
True Size of a Byzantine Army youtu.be/jE48hMEGlPI
True Size of a Samurai Army youtu.be/deV34RTyPO8
True Size of a US Rifle Company (1944) youtu.be/54Cc-ojZ9x4
True Size of a Spartan Army youtu.be/XLd1tab8f0c
True Size of a Mongol Army youtu.be/Ja5WMZ_g2Hs
True Size of a Roman Legion youtu.be/eR-J_JSBNTI

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
01:49 Depiction in the Film
04:59 Sponsor
06:32 Tactical Issues
12:20 Historical Organization
16:40 Historical Formations
21:43 Historical Combat
28:55 Revised Army Model
30:35 Unreal Army
32:22 Revised Attack Model
34:05 Unreal Attack

#history
#documentary
#lordoftherings

How close was Rome to an Industrial Revolution? DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-07-02 | Was Rome close to an Industrial Revolution? Build up your own settlement in Bellwright today: rebrand.ly/invictabellwright

In this historical discussion we examine how close Rome was to an Industrial Revolution. Its a deeply complex subjects which I've long considered. To answer the question, we are joined by Chris who is a historian with an expertise in Roman social and economic systems. Our talk begins by debunking the concepts of linear tech trees and neatly defined historical periods. In its place is a more chaotic model for understanding history which is more akin to evolutionary theory as it applies to the ways in which civilizations seek to adapt to their environments. With this new framework in mind we introduce the general hallmarks of the Industrial Revolution from our own timeline. In the following sections we then compare the conditions of Rome to those of Britain just prior to the Industrial Revolution. This involves several key factors: political stability, agricultural productivity, water, natural resources, and world view. Finally we conclude by assessing to what extent Rome was industrialized at the height of its power. This includes their sources of power, material sciences, and means and methods of production.

Sources:
"The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World" by John Peter Oleson
"Technology In the Ancient World" by Henry Hodges
"Roman Metallurgy" by Jonathan Edmondson
"Industry and Empire: The Birth of the Industrial Revolution" by Eric Hobsbawm
"Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000-1700" by Carlo M. Cipolla
"The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective" by Robert C. Allen
"Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity" by Daron Acemoglu

Timestamps:
00:00:00 I. Intro
00:03:59 I.A) Fallacy of Tech Trees
00:08:27 I.B) Dynamic Model of History
00:16:06 1.C) The Industrial Revolution
00:20:20 II. Were the Conditions Right?
00:24:19 II.A) Poltical Stability
00:30:26 II.B) Agricultural Surplus
00:38:15 II.C) Water
00:43:05 II.D) Natural Resources
00:48:20 II.E) World Views
00:55:38 III. Roman Industrialization
00:56:23 III.A) Human/Animal Power
01:00:16 III.B) Solar Power
01:03:19 III.C) Geothermal Power
01:05:03 III.D) Hyrdo Power
01:08:57 III.E) Fire Power
01:12:03 III.F) Steam Power
01:20:19 III.G) Mettalurgy
01:24:50 III.H) Steel
01:30:28 III.I) Glass
01:34:50 III.J) Roman Concrete
01:39:03 III.K) Machinery
01:47:03 III.L) Mass Production

#history
#rome
#documentary

True Size of a Byzantine Army [c. 900 AD] 3D DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-06-19 | Documentary on a Byzantine Army! Build your own historical army with 20% off Victrix Miniatures: victrixlimited.com/invicta?bg_ref=SuTPaZ6Jx0

A history documentary on the True Size of a Byzantine Army of the Thematic Reforms. We begin the episode with the broad trends of the era which had seen the Roman army transform from legions of heavy infantry to a more eastern, cavalry centric force. This system would face additional shakeups with the advent of the Thematic Reforms which moved from a fully professional force to one of rotating levies. We spend some time discussing the structure of the Themes and how its denizens were called up for war.

Next we introduce the basic soldier types of the Byzantine Army before then organizing them into the ever increasing building blocks of this later Roman army. Finally, once the army is build, we cover its Roman army camp, its army march column, and its deployment in battle.

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:27 Thematic Reforms
05:10 Soldiers
07:01 Kontoveriai (10)
09:26 Allaghion (50)
10:22 Vanda (200)
12:12 Infantry and Archers
13:08 Droungos (1000)
14:11 Tourma (3000)
16:55 Theme (9000)
18:45 Army Analytics
20:16 Army Camp
22:03 Army March
25:22 Army Deployment
28:15 Outro

Sources:
A Tenth-Century Byzantine Military Manual: The Sylloge Tacticorum by Georgios Chatzelis
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204 by John Haldon
Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081 by Warren T. Treadgold
Byzantine Armies 886–1118 by Osprey Publishing
The Byzantine Army by Charles River

Credits:
Research = Sophia Ware
Script = Sophia Ware
Narration = Guy Michaels
Artwork = Penta Limited

#history
#documentary
#rome

Explore Sengoku Era Japan (AC: Shadows)

Invicta 2024-06-10 | Watch the Assassin’s Creed Shadows trailer (https://ubi.li/1bL6W) and pre-order the game now (https://ubi.li/qF6Fe)! Thanks to @AssassinsCreed for sponsoring this episode.

For more details on the True Size of a Samurai Army you can check out our latest episode: youtu.be/deV34RTyPO8 In it we cover the history of Feudal Japan, the structure of a Daimyo's Kashindan, an army's methods of muster, and finally their organization into a fighting force.

#AssassinsCreedShadows
#AD

True Size of a Samurai Army [c. 1600] 3D DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-06-09 | History documentary on the True Size of a Samurai Army! Watch the Assassin’s Creed Shadows trailer (https://ubi.li/1bL6W) and pre-order the game now (https://ubi.li/qF6Fe)! Thanks to @AssassinsCreed for sponsoring this episode.

In this history documentary we seek to bring to life an army of the Sengoku Jidai. Such a task is quite the undertaking given the poorly documented and fast-evolving nature of the era's military forces. Yet we can nonetheless model a typical Samurai army which captures most of the key themes of the period.

We begin with context on the history of Japan from the early Heian period though the Kamakura, Muromachi, and eventual Sengoku eras. Next we establish the general structure of a Daimyo Kashindan and how this network of vassals mobilized its forces. This includes mobilization records of the Koku based system which give us a sense of each vassal's obligations. We then inspect each type of soldier which went to war. This includes peasant non combatants, ashigaru troops, and samurai warriors.

Finally, with all these pieces in place we see how the mustered forces were organized into an army. This begins at the smallest level of the Go (squad) and rises up to the tactical unit of the Sonae (battallion). Multiple Sonae would in turn be configured into the major elements of an army in the field. We conclude with a final positioning of such forces as they may have existed in an actual Samurai battle of the Sengoku Jidai.

Sources:
Samurai Armies of the Late Sengoku Period - Volume I by Till Weber
Samurai Armies of the Late Sengoku Period - Volume II by Till Weber
Samurai Armies 1550–1615 by Stephen Turnbull
The Samurai by Stephen Turnbull
War in Japan: 1467–1615 by Stephen Turnbull

Credits:
Research = Sophia Ware and Paul Liu
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:31 Historical Context
05:17 A Daimyo's Kashindan
06:59 Systems of Recruitment
09:01 Troop Types
13:02 Ashigaru Go (Squad)
15:34 Samurai Go (Squad)
16:52 Ashigaru Kumi (Platoon)
18:30 Samurai Kumi (Platoon)
20:22 Sonae (Batallion)
21:09 Combat Units
22:17 Command Group
25:01 Banner Group
26:04 Baggage Group
27:35 Sonae Statistics
29:03 Sonae in Battle
32:40 Samurai Army
35:20 Outro

#AssassinsCreedShadows
#AD

Who is (and is NOT) a Samurai? - Historian Interview

Invicta 2024-06-04 | We interview a historian to understand who is and is not a Samurai! Paul (aka u/ParallelPain from r/AskHistorians) is a graduate student at the University of Sophia in Tokyo with a focus on the history of the Edo period. Learn more about history: reddit.com/r/AskHistorians

This is a complex topic given the fact that the Samurai span a period of over 1000 years. As such we begin with a broad overview of the history of Japan from the Heian to the Kamakura, Muromachi, Sengoku, and Edo eras. We then look at how the Samurai evolved across these periods, from court servants to a heriditary warrior caste. Given that most media covers the Samurai of the Sengoku Jidai, we specifically explore what it meant to be a Samurai in this era. This includes their role in the army and how foreigners may have fit in. Finally we cover the specific historicity of Yasuke as a Samurai.

----- Relevant posts from u/ParallelPain -----
reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1css0ye/was_yasuke_a_samurai
old.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/m91cwa/yasuke_african_samurai_is_the_outrage_justified

----- Historical References of Yasuke -----
Chronicles of Lord Nobunaga (Shinchōkōki):
2nd Month 23rd Day [March 27, 1581]. A black monk* came from the Christian countries. He looks about 26-7 of age and his entire body black as a cow. He's body is really well-built, and furthermore has the strength of over ten men. The padre brought him here to see Lord Nobunaga.
I'm really grateful to be able to see such rare things among the three countries that's never been seen before, and in in such detail, all thanks to Lord Nobunaga's great influence. (*Wiki's translation use "page" but it's probably wrong. In this case Ōta Gyūichi probably mean shaved/hairless.)

Letter from Luis Frois, April 14, 1581:
The Monday after Easter, Nobunaga was in the capital, but a great number of people gathered in front of our casa to see the cafre [black slave], creating such a ruckus that people were hurt and almost died from thrown rocks. Even though we had lots of guards at the gates, it was difficult holding people back from breaking it down. They all say if we showed for money, one would easily earn in a short time 8,000 to 10,000 cruzado. Nobunaga also wanted to see him, and so sent for him, so Padre Organtino brought him. With great fuss, he couldn't believe this was the natural colour and not by human means, so ordered him to take off all his clothes above his belt. Nobunaga's sons also called him over, and everyone was very happy. Nobunaga's nephew the current commander of Ōsaka also saw this and was so happy he gave him 10,000 coins.

Letter from Lorenzo Mesia, October 8, 1581:
The padre brought one cafre with him, and no one in the capital has see before, and they all admired him, and countless people came to see him. Nobunaga himself saw him and was surprised, and thought it was painted with ink and did not believe he was black from birth. He see him from time to time, and he knew some Japanese, so he never got tired of talking to him, and he was strong and knew some tricks so Nobunaga was very happy. Now he's his strong patron, and to let everyone know he has has a someone show go with him around the city. The people say Nobunaga would make him a tono*. (*Japanese word for lord or sir)

Matsudaira Ietada's Diary, Tenshō 10, fourth month:
Nineteenth [May 11, 1582], day of Teibi. Raining. His highness gave him a stipend. They say deus [the Jesuits] presented him. He had the black man with him. His body was black like ink, 6.2 feet tall. They say his name's Yasuke.

Luis Frois' report to Jesuit Society, November 5, 1582:
And the cafre the Visitador [Alessandro Valignano] gave to Nobunaga on his request, after his death went to the mansion of his heir and fought there for a long time, but when one of Akechi's vassals got close and asked him give up his sword, he handed it over. The vassals went and asked Akechi what to do with the cafre, he said the cafre is like an animal and knows nothing, and he's not Japanese so don't kill him and give him to the church of the Indian padre. With this we were a bit relieved.

Entry of Yasuke in the Maeda Clan version of the Shinchōkōki:
This black man called Yasuke was given a stipend, a private residence, etc., and was given a short sword with a decorative sheath. He is sometimes seen in the role of weapon bearer.

Timestampts:
00:00 Intro
01:54 Heian Period
05:59 Kamakura Period
09:41 Muromachi Period
11:59 Sengoku Period
13:37 Edo Period
15:19 Samurai Servants (Early Heian)
17:27 Samurai Mercenaries (Late Heian)
19:55 Samurai Caste (Kamakura)
26:02 Samurai Caste (Sengoku)
32:28 Samurai Caste (Edo)
37:05 Samurai in the Army
52:21 Could foreigners become Samurai?
57:34 Was Yasuke a Samurai?
01:11:45 Outro

#history
#documentary
#japan

Forgotten Wars - The Roman Invasion of Scotland ⚔️ ALL PARTS (79-84 AD)

Invicta 2024-05-25 | All parts of our series on the Roman Invasion of Scotland! Get Symphony of the Sojourn today! amazon.com/dp/B0CT89VR14?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details

In this history documentary series we explore the campaigns of Agricola, the general who led the Roman Invasion of Scotland. We begin with an overview of the Roman conquest of Britannia. In these matters, we cover the role of young Agricola who was present at the Battle of Watling Street against Boudicca. We then see how he slowly rose through the ranks until coming to lead the legions in Britannia and being tasked with a new expedition to tame the north. The ensuing campaign sees a few pitched battles which devolve into running guerila battles and resistance movements from the Scottish tribes. These ultimately culminate in a final confrontation at the Battle of Mons Graupius in 83 AD. This clash would feature a massive army of tribesmen and their war chariots led by Calgacus. Against them stood General Agricola with four legions and several cohorts of auxiliaries.

Watch our episodes on the forgotten wars of history:
Roman Invasion of Nubia youtu.be/5u6oQ6rI74Y
Roman Invasion of Arabia youtu.be/Yz5ocjR-GXo
The Great Illyrian Revolt youtu.be/vbvNk-K-KYU

---Timestamps---
00:00 Intro
01:46 Context
03:33 Rise of Agricola
06:45 Governor of Britannia
08:16 War on the Ordivices
10:03 Invasion of Scotland
12:56 Ambush of the 9th Legion
15:05 March into Caledonia
16:58 Battle of Mons Graupius
19:52 Army Deployments
21:07 Opening Moves
22:44 Fight on the Flanks
24:14 Caledonian Reserves
25:53 Aftermath of the Battle
27:09 Circumnavigation Mission
28:33 Fate of Caledonia
30:34 Outro

---Sources and Suggested Reading---
Primary Sources
Tacitus, Agricola
Cassius Dio, Roman History

Secondary Sources
“Mons Graupius: AD 83” by Duncan B. Campbell
“Boudicca’s Rebellion: AD 60-61” by Nic Fields
“Britannia: AD 43” by Nic Fields
“Roman Britain: A New History” by Guy de la Bedoyere
“A History of Roman Britain” by Peter Salway
“Agricola: Architect of Roman Britain” by Simon Turney
“The Roman Army of the Principate 27 BC – AD 117” by Nic Fields
“The Complete Roman Legions” by Nigel Pollard & Joanne Berry
“Blood of the Provinces: The Roman Auxilia and the Making of Provincial Society from Augustus to the Severans” by Ian Haynes
“The Complete Roman Army” by Adrian Goldsworthy
“In The Name Of Rome: The Men Who Won The Roman Empire” by Adrian Goldsworthy

---Credits---
Research = Eric TenWolde
Script = Eric TenWolde
Narration = Invicta
Art = Penta Limited

#history
#documentary
#military

1,000,000 Tyranid Assault - True Size of a Tyranid Invasion (Part 2) 3D Documentary

Invicta 2024-05-17 | A 3D visualization of a Tyranid Invasion. Play Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus play.tacticusgame.com/4bvtG0b and use the code "InvictaMay" to get 2,000 Gold and 50 Blackstone (Note: expires June 15 th 2024)

In this Warhammer 40k video we continue to bring to life a Tyranid Invasion. In part 1 we focused on the initial stages of infiltration and isolation of a target planet. This included a review of the Tyranid bioforms set to rain down upon a planet from the Rippers to the Gaunts and Warriors. Now we set the stage for their main assault.

In part 2 we begin with a review of the Imperial Guard army and its fortifications. We then cover the Tyranid assault upon its various fronts. This includes the deployment of monstrous units such as the Tyranid Carnifex.

Let us know what you think of this format and what documentaries in the Warhammer 40,000 universe you would like to see us cover next.

3D Terrain models from Txarli factory: txarlifactory.com
Leman Rus and Auto Canon models from sketchfab.com/janovich3D
(see also youtube.com/janovich)

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
05:03 Invasion Recap
07:06 Planetary Defenses
08:25 Imperial Guard Corp
10:26 Imperial Defenses
11:29 Supply Depot
16:12 Front Lines
19:29 Flanks
21:15 Tyranid Operations
23:18 Carnifex
25:42 2nd Wave Assault
28:26 Outro

Music from Epidemic Sounds:
After the Fall by Max Anson
Sciophobia by Jo Wandrini
Beneath the Church by Jo Wandrini
Collisions by Bonnie Grace
Galactic Battles by Bonnie Grace
Last Breath of Freedom by Bonnie Grace
The Portal by Bonnie Grace
The Hive Mind Awakensby Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen
Too Close by Jon Bjork

Sources:
Codex: Tyranids (2nd, 5th Edition)
Tyranid Evolution
Tyranid Special Characters
The Devastation of Baal

Credits:
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

#warhammer
#warhammer40k
#tyranids

Roman Military Hospitals (Staff and Facilities) DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-05-03 | A documentary on the Roman Army's Medical Corp. Thanks to Storyblocks for sponsoring this video! Download unlimited stock media at one set price with Storyblocks: http://storyblocks.com/Invicta

In this series we will explore the Roman Army Medical Corp. We begin with an overview of its history from the early days of the Monarchy through the reforms of the Roman Empire. This involves a gradual evolution of the service driven by foreign influence and the necessities of distant campaigns. We then cover the organization of the Medical Corp as it existed within each legion. At the top would have been the Medicus Legionis and beneath him various levels of Roman Army Doctors. Finally we cover the facilities of Rome's medical care in the form of the famous valetudinarium, or Army Hospital. In future episodes of this series we will look at the specific application of Roman Battlefield Medicice for treating combat wounds and illnesses.

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:48 History
06:09 Roman Doctors
07:29 Medical Organization
13:03 Medical Facilities
14:05 Army Hospital
17:38 Outro

Credits:
Research = Chris Das Neves
Script = Chris Das Neves
Narration = Guy Michaels
Reenactment = Veters Milites, Imperium Romanum (@ImperiumRomanumYT )

Sources:
“Medicine in the Roman Army” by Eugene H Byrne
“Man and Wound” by Richard A Gabriel
“Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century” by Jack E McCallum
“Milites Medici to Army Medics” by Robb Wesselingh

#history #documentary #rome

DUNE LORE - Growing Up Fremen (From Birth to Adulthood)

Invicta 2024-05-01 | A lore documentary on what its like to Grow Up Fremen! Get Symphony of the Sojourn today! amazon.com/dp/B0CT89VR14?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details

We continue our dive into the history of the Fremen and the lore of Dune. In prior episodes we looked at the origins of the Fremen and the inside of a Fremen Sietch. Now we see what it is like to grow up in this environment.

The episode begins with a recap of Fremen history and their social structure. We then describe the typical Fremen family unit. Then we begin the life of a Fremen starting with their birth. In their early years, youths will become aquainted with the habits of their world, begin their education, and take on tasks around the community. As teenagers Fremen then take on more serious roles in both civil and military capacities. It is around this time that they will undergo their coming of age rites which includes riding a Sandworm and receiving a Chrysknife. At this point they will have begun young adults who may begin courting one another and starting their own families.

Other Dune lore videos:
Welcome to Arrakis youtu.be/EaDxLCKFvlE
Units of Dune - The Sardaukar youtu.be/jKEYSQU0VAE
Origins of the Fremen youtu.be/PDdiuLri4lQ
Inside a Fremen Sietch youtu.be/zdGm1pAulH8

Credits:
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Invicta
Art = Beverly Johnson

#dune #history #documentary

Units of History - B-17 Flying Fortress DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-04-20 | Learn how a B-17 Flying Fortress works! Play Conflict of Nations for FREE on PC, iOS or Android: 💥con.onelink.me/kZW6/IVTA001 Receive a Unique Starter Pack, available only for the next 30 days!

In this history documentary we explore the B-17 Flying Fortress featured in HBOs Masters of the Air. The episode begins with a recap on the history of military aviation. We then provide a high level overview of the B-17 features and its flight crew. And finally we delve into its various operating systems such as the B-17 engines, turbo superchargers, oxygen, communications, and more.

00:00 Intro
02:36 Origins
06:11 Major Features
09:40 Flight Crew
11:36 Crew Positions
13:32 Armor
15:58 Propulsion System
17:39 Fuel System
18:37 Oil System
19:04 Control System
21:13 De-Icing System
21:47 Heating System
22:36 Oxygen System
22:33 Communication System
24:24 Outro

Credits:
Research = Andrew Wackerfuss
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

#history #documentary #explained

Lets Build a Medieval Army - Manor Lords Gameplay

Invicta 2024-04-16 | I got early access to Manor Lords and built my first Medieval Army. In this video I share my first impressions from a playthrough.

This begins with the character and coat of arms builder. We then enter our scenario to begin forging our new settlement. Surviving the first year in Manor Lords involves collecting basic supplies, establishing a foundation of homes, and starting to invest in more specialized infrastructure. By the time winter hits I strike out to squash the local bandits. However this conflict soon spirals into a full blown war with my feudal neighbor.

00:00 Intro
01:23 Founding my town
03:49 Walking the streets
06:05 Upgrading buildings
07:35 The Lord's Manor
08:38 Building an Army
11:26 Invasion
15:29 Major Battle
18:28 Aftermath
20:22 Final Impressions

#manorlords #history #gaming

The Career of a Roman Soldier - Recruitment to Retirement (All Parts) DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-04-11 | All parts of our documentary series on the career of a Roman soldier. Thanks to Storyblocks for sponsoring this video! Download unlimited stock media at one set price with Storyblocks: http://storyblocks.com/Invicta

This documentary is a compillation of all parts of our series on the career of a roman legionary. This begins with a review of how one joined the Roman army in the first place, including requirements and inspections. We then join a Roman legionary to see what legionary training was like in a Roman army boot camp. We next trace the progress of pay and promotion over the course of a soldier's career. This includes a huge number of awards and medals. And finally we conclude with the retirement of a Roman soldier. (Check out our friends @ImperiumRomanumYT)

Timestamp:
00:00 Intro
02:28 Recruitment
15:38 Boot Camp
25:01 Pay and Promotion
46:58 Medals of Honor
01:10:36 Retirement

Works Cited:
Goldsworthy, A. K. (1998). Roman Warfare
Goldsworthy, A. K. (1998). The Roman Army at War, 100 BC-AD 200. Oxford – N.Y.
Duncan-Jones, Richard (1994). Money and Government in the Roman Empire.
Webster, G. (1998). The Roman Imperial Army. London

Credits:
Research = Chris Das Neves
Script = invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Reenactment = Veteres Milites, Imperium Romanum

#history #documentary #rome

Units of History - Mali Cavalry - Knights of Africa (1235) DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-04-06 | History documentary on the Mali Cavalry, Knights of Africa! Dive into this period with the book "Griots Tell No Lies" (US link amazon.com/dp/B0CSBMW7MN?ref_=cm_sw_r_apin_dp_NG25M2V1BX5WB4DX8J2E&language=en-US) (UK link
amazon.co.uk/dp/B0CSBMW7MN?nodl=1&ref_=cm_sw_r_apin_dp_6DQJ88KWK1X5AMYGFBNN&language=en-GB&dplnkId=d5c97219-e5b5-4894-a102-23b3a618ceb1)

In this Units of History episode we turn our attention beyon the traditional confines of medieval history to explore the realm of West Africa and in particular the African Knights of the Mali Empire. We begin with a general overview of the region's geography which spans the vast, diverse lands between the Sahrara desert and the Atlantic ocean.

We then explore the rise of the Ghana Empire which set the stage for our story. Upon this great power's fall in the 11th century of Medieval Africa, the region would fall into conflict. For a time the Sosso rose as successors. However they would be challenged by the southern Mandinka people. Their clash for the fate of the realm would be decided by the charge of heavy cavalry. But to understand the dynamics of this fight we cover the equipment, training, tactics, and organization of these Knights of Africa.

Sources:
Spring, Christopher, African Arms and Armour, British Museum Press, 1993
Walker, Robin, When We Ruled: The Ancient and Medieval History of Black Civilizations, Black Classic Press, 2011
Diop, Cheikh Anta, Precolonial Black Africa, A Cappella Books, 1988
Niane, Djibril Tamsir, Sundiata: an Epic of Old Mali, Pearson Longman; 2nd edition, 2006

Music:
"Desert Night" by Luke PN
"Heart of Africa" by Luke PN
"Life in Africa" by Luke PN

Credits:
Research = J. Bela
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

Other Units of Africa
Nubian Archers youtu.be/qvO3_kYRRw8?si=uZU_v0llG8EEWzwS
Numidian Cavalry youtu.be/3tv7EbkrX38?si=Od9YOK0f5umzjyBZ
Sacred Band of Carthage youtu.be/oX3y1GYcCEY?si=Wwn6eKMQPyAb-ww4
Carthaginian War Elephants youtu.be/hDSRHGFCWEo?si=FCL-J7gUvR_vS9Zl

Timestamps
00:00 Intro
02:57 West Africa
07:00 Origins
10:08 Equipment
15:29 Blacksmithing
16:43 Training
20:53 Organization
22:56 Service History
26:20 Outro

#africa #history #documentary

Re:View - The First Punic War

Invicta 2024-04-04 | A parody Re:View episode from @RedLetterMedia on the First Punic War! Mike and Rich react to watching the events of Rome and Carthage's great wars for the first time.

This video was a work of love which pays homage to some of my favorite RLM quotes from the following episodes:
Best of the Worst: Hawk Jones, Winterbeast, and ROAR
Best of the Worst: Twin Dragon Encounter, American Rickshaw, and Infested
Half in the Bag Episode 43: The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey
Half in the Bag Episode 63: The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug
Half in the Bag Episode 81: The Hobbit - The Battle of the Five Armies
Half in the Bag: Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny
Half in the Bag: Rogue One
Half in the Bag: The 70-Minute Rise of Skywalker Review
Star Trek Discovery (Pilot Episodes) - re:View
Star Trek Discovery Season 1 - re:View
Star Trek Discovery Season 2 - re:View
Star Trek: Galaxy - re:View
Star Trek: Picard Episodes 4 and 5 - re:View
Star Trek: Picard Episodes 6,7, and 8 - re:View
Starship Troopers - re:View
The Good, The Bad and the Ugly - re:View

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
03:05 Backstory
08:13 Outbreak of War
10:53 War at Sea
13:45 Battle of Ecnomus
15:42 Invasion of Africa
17:31 Climax
20:35 Outro

Credits:
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Reactions = RedLetterMedia
Art = Penta Limited
Editing = Penta Limited

#review #redlettermedia #reaction

Historian Rates 10 Massive Battles in Movies & TV | How Real Is It?

Invicta 2024-03-23 | Historian Dr. Roel Konijnendijk reviews historical battles. Go to https://ground.news/invicta to understand how conflict influences politics through global and local perspectives. Subscribe for $1/month or get 40% off their unlimited access Vantage plan.

In this episode we explore depictions of ancient battles by various movies and tv shows. This includes transformative commentary on the following: HBO Rome, Hercules (2014), Troy (2004), 300 Spartans (1962), Spartacus (2010), Spartacus (1960), Alexander (2004)

00:00 Intro
03:08 HBO Rome (S2E6) - Generals
05:45 HBO Rome (S2E6) - Formation
09:09 Hercules (2014)
12:24 Troy (2004) - Charge
14:00 Troy (2004) - Archers
16:11Troy (2004) - Duels
19:35 300 Spartans (1962)
24:48 Spartacus (2010)
27:14 Spartacus (1960)
31:53 Alexander (2004)

#history #reaction #documentary

DUNE LORE - Inside a Fremen Sietch (Society, Religion, Culture)

Invicta 2024-03-15 | A Dune lore documentary on Fremen society. 🚀 Install Star Trek Fleet Command for FREE now t2m.io/STFC_Invicta and enter the promo code WARPSPEED to unlock 10 Epic Shards of Kirk, enhancing your command instantly! How to easily redeem the promo code 👉 t2m.io/promo_STFC

In this Dune lore documentary we explore the secrets of the Fremen world. We begin with a brief recap of Fremen history from their origins to their arrival on Arrakis. We then cover Fremen life on Dune from the macro perspective. This involves a review of their Sietch settlements both from outside and within. We take a look at Fremen government, religion, and culture. This culminates in their most recent foray into terraforming.

Check out our other Dune Lore videos:
Welcome to Arrakis - Dune Lore Explained (youtu.be/EaDxLCKFvlE)
Units of Dune - The Sardaukar (youtu.be/jKEYSQU0VAE)

Sources:
"Dune" by Frank Herbert
"The Dune Encyclopedia" by Frank Herbert and Willis E. McNelly

Credit:
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Invicta
Art = Beverly Johnson
Animation = Penta Limited

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
01:53 Recap
02:55 Sietches
04:01 Sietch Interior
05:32 Infrastructure
08:38 Population
09:52 Government
11:30 Religion
13:14 Water & Sand Masters
14:17 Teraforming
17:20 Outro

#dune
#history
#documentary

True Size of a Tyranid Invasion (Part 1) 3D Documentary

Invicta 2024-03-01 | A 3D visualization of a Tyranid Invasion. Play Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus play.tacticusgame.com/invicta-tyranids and use the code "InvictaGift" to get 2,000 Gold, 50 Blackstone and 1 Requisition Order (Note: expires Mar 29th 2024)

In this Warhammer 40k video we bring to life a Tyranid Invasion. This begins with an overview of the Tyranid Species and their Hive Fleets which have begun to overrun the galaxy. We then look at the various bioforms which accompany the stages of a planetary invasion. The first phase is one of reconaissance. Here we discuss the lictors, leapers, and genestealers which are commonly sent to udnermine and gather intelligence about a target. The second phase is one of islation. Here the appraoching Hive Fleet will blanket the region in the vast Shadow in the Warp which will block communication and travel. The third phase is the first assault wave. Here dropships, spores, and combat forms will reing down on the planet to secure key objectives in anticipation of a major assault upon hardened positions.

Let us know what you think of this format and what documentaries in the Warhammer 40,000 universe you would like to see us cover next.

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
04:35 Tyranid Swarm
06:35 Phase 1: Reconaissance
07:11 Lictors
08:42 Leapers
09:11 Genestealers
11:03 Phase 2: Isolation
11:33 Phase 3: Assault
12:10 Spores
15:15 Gaunts
20:44 Rippers
21:28 Warriors
23:13 Zoanthrope
23:48 Simulated Assault
28:10 Outro

Music from Epidemic Sounds:
After the Fall by Max Anson
Sciophobia by Jo Wandrini
Beneath the Church by Jo Wandrini
Collisions by Bonnie Grace
Galactic Battles by Bonnie Grace
Last Breath of Freedom by Bonnie Grace
The Portal by Bonnie Grace
The Hive Mind Awakensby Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen
Too Close by Jon Bjork

Sources:
Codex: Tyranids (2nd, 5th Edition)
Tyranid Evolution
Tyranid Special Characters
The Devastation of Baal

Credits:
Research = Eric Ten Wolde
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

#warhammer
#warhammer40k
#tyranids

How Finland Survived a 1,000,000+ Soviet Invasion (1939-1940) FULL DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-02-23 | Documentary on Finnish tactics of the Winter War. Check out Last Train Home: thqn.net/48pkGIX Thanks to THQ Nordic for sponsoring this video!

In this history documentary we turn our attention to Winter War of 1939 which saw the Red Army invade Finland. While the conflict appeared one sided at the outset, the Finnish defenders stunned their world by holding the Soviet juggernaut at bay. In this Units of History series we will explore the soldiers who made this feat of arms possible in the face of the Russian Invasion of Finland.

We first explore the roots of the conflict between Finland and Russia and how this would inform the evolution of the Finnish Army in the lead up to the Winter War. We then cover the defensive doctrine which was to characterize the war and the nature of the soldiers who would conduct it. This includes a focus on the equipment of the Finnish Ski Troops responsible for manning the front lines and carrying out the defense in depth. In comparison Red Army troops had more numbers and equipment but lacked the specialized gear necessary to operate in winter conditions.

And finally we review the organization, tactics, and service history of these Finnish troops who were to hold the Red Army juggernaut at bay.

Sources:
Vesa Nenye, with Peter Munter and Toni Wirtanen: Finland at War: The Winter War 1939-40 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2015)
Pasi Tuunainen: Finnish MIlitary Effectiveness in the Winter War 1939-1940 (Helsinki: Palgrave MacMillan, 2016)
Philip Jowett, Brent Snodgrass, Raffaele Ruggeri: Finland at War 1939-45 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2006)

Credits:
Research = Mark Evans
Script = Mark Evans
Narration = Guy Michaels
Production = Penta Limited

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:44 Finnish-Soviet Geopolitics
06:40 Finnish Civil War
08:36 Interwar Period
12:17 Start of the Winter War
15:04 Equipment of Finnish Soldiers
20:54 Recap
22:54 Army Organization
30:07 Tactics & Training
31:28 Mobilization
34:05 Soviet Invasion
35:20 Karelian Front
36:31 Ladogo Front
37:28 Raate Front
41:36 Arctic Front
42:24 Last Stand of the Finns
43:55 End of the War

#history
#military
#documentary

What Happened? - Interview with the Historical Advisor for Napoleon

Invicta 2024-02-17 | In this interview we discuss the making of Ridley Scott's Napoleon with the film's historical advisor, Dr. Lorris Chevalier. While there is certainly much to criticize when it comes to the movie's depiction of history, we will moreso be focused on the behind the scenes process for how history becomes adapted to cinema. Below are our conversation timestamps:

00:00:00 Intro
00:02:03 Being a Historical Advisor
00:15:29 Creating the Napoleon Movie
00:28:58 A Typical Day
00:40:24 Napoleon
00:59:11 The Marshals
01:04:30 Josephine
01:11:59 Battle of the Pyramids
01:16:40 Austerlitz
01:25:23 Russia
01:27:29 Missing Battles
01:30:25 Waterloo
01:34:31 Sniper
01:44:51 Depiction of Combat
01:56:04 St. Helena

A huge thank you to Dr. Lorris Chevalier for having this discussion with us!

#history
#napoleon
#documentary

DUNE LORE - Origins of the Fremen (History Before Arrakis)

Invicta 2024-02-09 | A Dune lore documentary on the history of the Fremen: Go to buyraycon.com/Invicta for 15% off your order, plus free shipping! Brought to you by Raycon.

In this Dune lore documentary we dive into the ancient history of the Fremen. This is a poorly understood topic which the Fremen themselves do not agree on. However we have used the Dune Encyclopedia to reconstruct one of the more plausible explanations for the origins of the Fremen.

This is a story which began long ago on ancient Terra. Here a group of nomads known as the Zensunni would birth a new culture with distinct religious roots. However after centuries of isolation, they would be swept along a multi-millenia journey across the stars that would ultimately see them call Arrakis home. This legendary history would be guided by many of the galaxy's most powerful entities including the armies of the Empire, the transports of the Spacing Guild, and the whispers of the Bene Gesserit. The end result would be the formation of a fanatical people who awaited a savior to lead them on the last religios step in their Great Journey to the End Times salvation.

Check out our other Dune Lore videos:
Welcome to Arrakis - Dune Lore Explained (youtu.be/EaDxLCKFvlE)
Units of Dune - The Sardaukar (youtu.be/jKEYSQU0VAE)

Sources:
"Dune" by Frank Herbert
"The Dune Encyclopedia" by Frank Herbert and Willis E. McNelly

Credit:
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Invicta
Art = Beverly Johnson
Animation = Penta Limited

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:29 Origins on Earth
04:40 Diaspora
06:15 Poritrin
08:47 Salusa Secundus
09:34 Bella Tegeuse
10:56 Hamonthep & Rossack
12:09 Religious Awakening
13:16 Reunification
15:13 Arrakis
17:10 Outro

#dune
#history
#documentary

Veteran Colonies - Romes Soldier Cities DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-01-26 | 📲 Install Raid for Free Mobile and PC: pl.go-ga.me/3ihmco8z and get a special starter pack with an Epic champion Drake 🔥

We finish our series on the career of a Roman soldier by exploring tha last chapter of a Legionary's life, retirement. This was a process which generally began in the last 5 years of their service, when a soldier was officially designated as an Evocatus. During this time they would be relieved of most labor tasks and kept in reserve in battle. Yet such men still played an important role in training up the army and preserving its customs.

Our documentary then covers the different means of discharge along with their respective rights and exemptions. We finally look to the cash and land bonuses which were doled out to soldiers upon their departure from the legions. This often coincided with the construction of a new Veteran Colony. We cover their history and construction.

Part 1 - Joining the Army (youtu.be/6lgzHnHcCDA?si=X58xyKpNmnfzxb4v)
Part 2 - Basic Training (youtu.be/cIEbLk9km1M?si=q2dPEXbidiyHl-Z-)
Part 3 - Pay and Promotion (youtu.be/lhaR8vNDYCo?si=E0uk4KBUgqmREkZs)
Part 4 - Medals of Honor (youtu.be/SAxhFQr9ZdQ?si=IyViUUV1zh72mQOi)

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:19 Terms of Service
04:26 Chances of Survival
05:46 Forms of Discharge
07:36 Retirement Process
08:37 Rewards of Service
11:01 Veteran Colonies
13:21 Building a Colony
16:21 Life in a Colony
17:32 Outro

Credits
Research = Chris Das Neves
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Reenactment = Imperium Romanum (youtube.com/@ImperiumRomanumYT), Veters Milites

#history
#rome
#documentary

Who Are the Finnish Ski Troops?

Invicta 2024-01-22 | Watch the full video here: youtu.be/hq97DtfX1UE?si=yACPPOEcC0FUvxqh

This documentary looks at the Winter War of 1939, which saw the Red Army invade Finland. While the conflict appeared one sided at the outset, the Finnish defenders stunned their world by holding the Soviet juggernaut at bay. In this Units of History series, we will explore the soldiers who made this feat of arms possible in the face of the Russian Invasion of Finland.

This first episode explores the roots of the conflict between Finland and Russia and how this would inform the evolution of the Finnish Army in the lead up to the Winter War. We then cover the defensive doctrine which was to characterize the war and the nature of the soldiers who would conduct it. This includes a focus on the equipment of the Finnish Ski Troops responsible for manning the front lines and carrying out the defense in depth. In comparison, the Red Army troops had more numbers and equipment but lacked the specialized gear necessary to operate in winter conditions. In our next episode we will focus on the organization, tactics, and service history of these Finnish ski troops.

Credits:
Research = Mark Evans
Script = Mark Evans
Narration = Guy Michaels
Production = Penta Limited

#history #documentary #finnish #shorts #finland

The Winter War (1939) - Last Stand of the Finns (Part 2 of 2) DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-01-20 | Documentary on Finnish tactics of the Winter War. Check out Last Train Home: thqn.net/48pkGIX Thanks to THQ Nordic for sponsoring this video!

In this history documentary we continue our series on the Finnish Winter War. In part 1 (youtu.be/hq97DtfX1UE?si=0BizHThWecpmxQDl) we looked at the historical tensions between Finland and Russia leading up to the Winter War as well as the Finnish preparations for this looming conflict. In doing so we discussed the overall defensive strategy and as well as the typical equipment of Finnish soldiers.

Now in part 2 we will turn our attention to the organization of the Finnish forces, their training, and their tactics. This is all then put into practice with a review of the history of the Winter War. We specifically cover the Battles of the Karelian Isthmus agains the Mannerheim line as well as the battle of Suomossalmi and the Battle of Raate Road which employed the famous Finnish Motti tactics.

Sources:
Vesa Nenye, with Peter Munter and Toni Wirtanen: Finland at War: The Winter War 1939-40 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2015)
Pasi Tuunainen: Finnish MIlitary Effectiveness in the Winter War 1939-1940 (Helsinki: Palgrave MacMillan, 2016)
Philip Jowett, Brent Snodgrass, Raffaele Ruggeri: Finland at War 1939-45 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2006)

Credits:
Research = Mark Evans
Script = Mark Evans
Narration = Guy Michaels
Production = Penta Limited

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:26 Recap
04:42 Unit Organization
09:59 Tactics and Training
13:32 Service History
15:10 Battle of the Karelian Isthmus
16:22 Battle of Lake Ladoga
17:18 Battle of Suomossalmi
19:15 Motti Tactics
21:27 Battle of the Arctic
22:26 Battle of the Mannerheim Line
23:45 End of the War

#history
#military
#documentary

How to Send Letters From the Roman Army? #shorts

Invicta 2024-01-15 | Full video: youtu.be/uaZSfRfg_k0 featuring @ImperiumRomanumYT
This documentary explores how Roman soldiers connected with their families and friends. We begin by broadly discussing literacy rates and how one would go about writing a letter in the first place. This involves looking at things like papyrus scrolls, ink pens, and scribes.

Check out more videos in our live history series:
"Death of Roman Soldier" youtube.com/watch?v=8nLauaMK8XE
"Ancient Roman Games" youtube.com/watch?v=l8AFtcNH_-c&t=3s
"How Did Roman Cataphracts Prepare for War?" youtu.be/Ip1H5std7Gs

Credits:
Research = Chris Das Neves
Script = Chris Das Neves
Narration = Guy Michaels
Reenactment = Imperium Romanum, Veteres Milites Sibiu

#shorts #history #rome

What are the Gates of Janus? #shorts

Invicta 2024-01-08 | Watch the full video here: youtu.be/__903jCG4-I?si=aPbXDOryDhDfhBRy

At the very heart of Rome lay the infamous Gates of Janus, whose ritual opening heralded the outbreak of war and whose closing celebrated the return of peace. Legend tells that during Rome’s incredible rise to power they lay open for nearly 700 years from King Numa to Emperor Augustus with but one exception. We begin with a discussion of the Roman God Janus. We then move on to talk about the various temples and shrines of Janus located across the city of Rome with the most important ones being the Temple of Janus Geminus at the edge of the Roman forum. These likely were a part of early Roman war making traditions alongside the declarations of war and the augury of sacred chickens prior to giving battle. We discuss how myths about the Gates of War grew over the course of the Roman Republic and were later exploited by Roman Emperors such as Augustus, Nero, and Vespasian for propaganda.

Credits:
Research: Invicta
Script: Invicta
Narration: Invicta
Artwork: Penta Limited

#history #documentary #rome #shorts

What Did Hoplites Eat on Campaign? - Greek Army Logistics DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2024-01-06 | Documentary on Greek Army logistics. Download Warpath today using Code SNIPER24: bit.ly/AFKInvicta and join the Warpath Tank Tower 2 mini-game: tanktower2-warpath.lilith.com

In this history documentary we explore the topic of what ancient Greek armies ate while on campaign. The video begins with a review of what ancient Greeks typically ate at home. This included a 3 meal tradition with lots of bread, cheese, olives, fish, legumes, leafy greens, and more. Their diet was rich but not all such products could be obtained whilst at war.

We next cover Greek army logistics to give you a sense for how hoplite armies would feed and supply themselves whilst on campaign. Finally we then reconstruct a typical greek army diet. This includes a sesame and honey snack called Itrion which was featured in Max Miller's Tasting History episode "Feeding a Greek Hoplite - Ancient Rations". Hopefully this gives you a good idea for what Greek Hoplites ate.

Credit:
Research = Chris Das Neves
Script = Chris Das Neves
Narration = Guy Michaels
Reenactment = The Greek Phalanx (thegreekphalanx.org)
Art = Penta Limited

Sources:
"Anabasis" by Xenophon
"Hellenika" by Xenophon
"Peace" by Aristophanes
"Courtesans and Fishcakes" by James Davidson

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:21 Typical Greek Diet
03:54 Symposium
06:40 Army Logistics
09:36 Hoplite Breakfast
11:27 Itrion Snack
13:12 Obtaining Rations
15:01 Lunch
15:40 Dinner
18:33 Outro

#history
#documentary
#greece

What Were the Rewards of Military Service in the Roman Army?

Invicta 2024-01-01 | Full video: youtu.be/lhaR8vNDYCo featuring @ImperiumRomanumYT

This documentary looks at the topics of pay and promotion in the Roman army. We begin with a review of the early Roman Army of the Republic, which was a militia-based system. As the state expanded, however, such systems would become necessary, especially with the transition to a fully professional army in the Roman Empire. These rewards could be in the form of bonuses, pensions, promotions, or being granted Roman citizenship. Watch the full documentary to learn more

Check out more videos in our live history series:
"Meet Rome's Scouts, Special Forces of the Legions" youtu.be/2JZtbFUD6_E
"Gaming in the Roman Army" youtu.be/l8AFtcNH_-c
"Roman Army Basic Training" youtu.be/cIEbLk9km1M
"How to Join the Roman Army" youtu.be/6lgzHnHcCDA

What is the Service History of the Varangian Guard? #shorts

Invicta 2023-12-25 | Full video: youtu.be/0H2Gs87dTfU

This documentary explores one the most famous units of history: the Varangian Guard. The video begins with a brief history on the rise of the Byzantine Empire, following the fall of Rome. The documentary discusses the history of the Byzantine conflicts with the Kievan Rus which gave rise to the eventual mercenary service of Varangians in the Byzantine army.

#history

True Size of a Space Marine Chapter [999.M41] (Part 2) 3D Documentary

Invicta 2023-12-20 | Play Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus play.tacticusgame.com/invicta and use the code "Invicta23" to get 2,000 Gold, 50 Blackstone and 1 Requisition Order (Note: expires Jan 7th 2024)

In this Warhammer 40k video we bring to life a Space Marine Chapter by using the Ultramarines as our model for the army. In part 1 we explored the general history of the Space Marines from the Horus Heresy to the Second Founding and how the Codex Astartes came to be. The documentary then discussed Space Marine creation from the recruit to the aspirant and the neophyte with a Marine's transformative implantation of the Gene Seed organs. We then traced the elevation of a new Space Marine Battle Brother through the ranks of the Ultramarines starting from the 10th Scout Company and up through the ranks of the 9th through 6th Reserve Companies. In part 2 we will now continue this journey of ascendance within the Ultramarine Chapter by looking at the 5th through 2nd Battle Companies, the Veteran Company, and the Command Staff of a Space Marine Chapter.

Let us know what you think of this format and what documentaries in the Warhammer 40,000 universe you would like to see us cover next.

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
04:00 Overview
05:27 5th Company
07:56 4th Company
09:22 3rd Company
10:51 2nd Company
12:18 1st Company
16:48 Command
19:55 Support
21:09 Outro

Music from Epidemic Sounds:
Sciophobia by Jo Wandrini
Collisions by Bonnie Grace
Breaker of Chains by Jon Bjork
Beneath the Church by Jo Wandrini
Byzantine Chant by R Hive
Dawn of War II OST

Credits:
Research = Eric Ten Wolde
Script = Eric Ten Wolde
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

#warhammer
#warhammer40k
#history

The Bronze Age Destruction That Wasnt - Interview with Dr. Jesse Millek

Invicta 2023-12-18 | You can buy Jesse's book for 20% off using this code "2549-23" at this link: isdistribution.com/BookDetail.aspx?aId=155294

This is a follow up to our overview of the Bronze Age Collapse: youtu.be/s-J8VGFG1Bg?si=501UOrY3wD9MXEpq In this interview with Dr. Jesse Millek we take a closer look at the claims of destruction which have long been used to back the idea of a cataclysmic Bronze Age Collapse. However Jesse (and others) have found that the claimed levels of destruction were not as severe as initially thought and a more gradual tradition during this period may be more likely.

---About Dr. Jesse Millek---
Visiting Researcher at the Dutch Institute for the Near East (NINO)
"I’ve been working on the Bronze Age collapse for the last ten years with a focus on trade and destruction"
Where to find Jesse's research: https://leidenuni.academia.edu/JesseMillek
Book sample: https://www.academia.edu/96085290/Millek_J_M_2023_Destruction_and_Its_Impact_on_Ancient_Societies_at_the_End_of_the_Bronze_Age_Columbus_Lockwood_Press
Book appendix with destruction overview: https://www.academia.edu/98884300/Late_Bronze_Age_Collapse_Destruction_Overview
Book on LBA trade which is free to download: https://www.academia.edu/41867831/Millek_J_M_2019_Exchange_Destruction_and_a_Transitioning_Society_Interregional_Exchange_in_the_Southern_Levant_from_the_Late_Bronze_Age_to_the_Iron_I_RessourcenKulturen_9_T%C3%BCbingen_T%C3%BCbingen_University_Press

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
05:05 Roadmap
05:54 Jesse's Book
07:46 Greece
13:52 Issues with Sources
17:50 Levels of Destruction
19:11 Anatolia
29:52 Ugarit
38:03 Disruption of the Tin Trade
41:53 Cyprus
48:22 Levant
52:32 Recap of False Destructions
57:15 Challenges to Dr. Jesse Millek
1:03:50 Questions - Nature of Collapse
1:08:02 Questions - Destruction, Trade, Migrations
1:10:09 Questions - Climate Change
1:13:04 Questions - Collapse Beyond the E. Med
1:15:10 Outro

#history
#documentary
#bronzeage

How Did Soldiers Write Letters from the Roman Army? #shorts

Invicta 2023-12-18 | Full video: youtu.be/uaZSfRfg_k0 featuring Veteres Milites and @ImperiumRomanumYT

How did Roman soldiers write and send letters from the frontlines? This documentary explores how Roman soldiers connected with their families and friends. We begin by broadly discussing literacy rates and how one would write a letter in the first place. We then discuss how these letters were sent across the Roman Empire through public and private couriers. Finally, we look at the contents of these Roman letters.

Check out more videos in our live history series:
"Death of Roman Soldier" youtube.com/watch?v=8nLauaMK8XE
"Ancient Roman Games" youtube.com/watch?v=l8AFtcNH_-c&t=3s
"How Did Roman Cataphracts Prepare for War?" youtu.be/Ip1H5std7Gs

Credits:
Research = Chris Das Neves
Script = Chris Das Neves
Narration = Guy Michaels
Reenactment = Imperium Romanum, Veteres Milites Sibiu

#shorts #history #rome

True Size of a Space Marine Chapter (Part 2) TRAILER

Invicta 2023-12-15 | A quick trailer to highlight the fantastic illustrations and scenes from our artists. For more previews and to download all our art, check out our Patreon: patreon.com/InvictaHistory

True Size of Napoleons Army - The Infantry [c. 1808] 3D DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2023-12-14 | A 3D visualization of Napoleon's Army, starting with the infantry. Try Opera browser FOR FREE here: https://opr.as/Opera-browser-Invicta

In this history documentary we bring to life the True Size of Napoleon's Army. This subject is absolutely massive and so we will be exploring it in a series of True Size episodes covering the infantry, the cavalry, the artillery, and finally the combined arms force of an Army Corp. This video focuses exclusively on the infantry. Here we begin with the smallest level of the 15 man Ordinaire and go up to the largest pure infantry group of the Brigade.

I hope that by visualizing the army in the way you can get a better understanding for a Napoleonic Army and especially the way in which the Napoleonic Wars were waged across its famous battles including the Battle of Austerlitz, the Battle of Waterloo, and more. For those with a sharp eye, you will now be able to see how such formations may or may not manifest in popular media such as the Napoleon Movie battle scenes.

Sources:
"La Grande Armée" by Georges Blond
"Napoleon's Guard Infantry" by Osprey Publishing
"Swords around the Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée" by Elting
"The Anatomy of Glory: Napoleon and his Guard" by Lachouque
"Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799-1815" by Connelly
"The Eagle in Splendour: Napoleon I and His Court" by Mansel
"Les grenadiers de la Garde" by Rousselot

Credits:
Research = Daniel Messman
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

Music:
"Fight Until We Die" by Ruiqi Zhao
"Wherever I Wander" by Bonnie Grace
"Napoleon Plans Waterloo" by Total War Napoleon OST
"Choral Music I - VI" by Total War Napoleon OST
"String Orchestra I - VI" by Total War Napoleon OST
"The Fields of War" by Total War Napoleon OST

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:42 Overview
04:21 Ordinaire (15)
05:04 Section (60)
06:16 Company (120)
08:02 Platoon (120)
09:03 Battalion (720)
12:08 Battalion (Formations)
16:55 Regiment (1440)
20:18 Brigade (4,320)
21:57 Brigdae (Combat)
23:02 Outro

#history
#documentary
#napoleon

Who Were the Praetorian Guard? #shorts

Invicta 2023-12-11 | Full video: youtu.be/SFXStbcdMIQ
This documentary explores the legendary Praetorian Guard of the Roman Army. We begin with their origins which had its start in a tradition of bodyguard troops dating back to the Roman monarchy. In these early years, chieftains would have their elite retinue by their side both in peace and in war. At the end of the Republic, so called Cohors Praetoriae would be used by both Augustus and Mark Antony in their civil war. In the aftermath Augustus would merge these units and institutionalize them as an important part of his new regime. From then on, the Praetorian Guard would play a key part in the history of the Roman Empire, especially when they became involved with politics in Rome and in the transitions of power therein.

Credits:
Research = Invicta
Script = Invicta
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

#shorts #history #rome

True Size of a Space Marine Chapter [999.M41] (Part 1) 3D Documentary

Invicta 2023-12-07 | A 3D visualization of a Codex Compliant Space Marine Chapter of the Second Founding. Create your own force in Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader store.steampowered.com/app/2186680/Warhammer_40000_Rogue_Trader

[Part 2 youtu.be/3ZeQCkYQOJU?si=AjrFNHicvUWjficO]

In this Warhammer 40k video we bring to life a Space Marine Chapter by using the Ultramarines as our model for the army. We begin with the general history of the Space Marines from the Horus Heresy to the Second Founding and how the Codex Astartes came to be. The documentary then discusses Space Marine creation from the recruit to the aspirant and the neophyte with a Marine's transformative implantation of the Gene Seed organs. We then trace the elevation of a new Space Marine Battle Brother through the ranks of the Ultramarines starting from the 10th Scout Company and up through the ranks of the 9th through 6th Reserve Companies. In part 2 we will continue this journey of ascendance within the Ultramarine Chapter by looking at the 5th through 2nd Battle Companies, the Veteran Company, and the Command Staff of a Space Marine Chapter.

Let us know what you think of this format and what documentaries in the Warhammer 40,000 universe you would like to see us cover next.

Timestamps:
00:00 Intro
02:38 Background
04:58 General Organization
08:10 Recruitment
10:07 10th Company (Scout)
13:03 9th Company (Devastator)
16:09 8th Company (Assault)
18:46 7th Company (Tactical)
21:21 6th Company (Tactical)
22:32 Outro

Music from Epidemic Sounds:
Sciophobia by Jo Wandrini
Collisions by Bonnie Grace
Breaker of Chains by Jon Bjork
Beneath the Church by Jo Wandrini
Byzantine Chant by R Hive

Credits:
Research = Eric Ten Wolde
Script = Eric Ten Wolde
Narration = Guy Michaels
Art = Penta Limited

#warhammer
#warhammer40k
#roguetrader

What Were the Role of Slaves in the Spartan Army? #shorts

Invicta 2023-12-04 | Full video: youtu.be/J5yp54UnbfI

We step into the shoes of a Greek Hoplite of the 5th century BC to see what it was like to prepare for war. This short highlights the role of slaves within the Spartan camp.

CREDITS
Research = Chris Das Neves
Script = Chris Das Neves
Narration = Guy Michaels

A huge thanks to our reenactors!
Adam Godfrey (youtube.com/@LeonidasSparta-Fun-History)
Andrew Yamato (thegreekphalanx.org)
David Anthony
Jean Contamine
Patrick Mulhair
Paul Bardunias (hollow-lakedaimon.blogspot.com)
Robin van der Linden (Enyalios)
Till Kazper (linothorax.de)

#shorts #history #documentary

What Are the Byzantine Grenadiers and Flamethrowers? #shorts

Invicta 2023-11-27 | Full video: youtu.be/Q40yMWRYt7U

The documentary begins with the broad trajectory of fire weapons, beginning as soon as mankind first learned to tame this powerful force of nature. The eventual discovery and exploitation of Naphtha would change the game by introducing a highly flammable liquid. The Byzantines quickly took control of the new material, shrouded it in secrecy, and experimented with ways on how to turn it into a weapon, leading to the famous Byzantine fire ships which are widely attested to. In this documentary, however, we look at the land application of the Byzantine grenadier and flamethrowers.

#shorts #history #documentary #rome

WTF Happened in the Bronze Age Collapse? (This Video Broke Me) DOCUMENTARY

Invicta 2023-11-25 | A deep dive into the explanation behind the Bronze Age Collapse! You can immerse yourself in the era with Total War Pharaoh: play.totalwar.com/Invicta

When I started this documentary, it was my intent to produce a succinct recap of why the Bronze Age Collapsed. However as I began to dig it proved not only difficult to provide a cohesive narrative but also to tie together a web of potential factors which themselves contained many inconsistencies. I had a crisis and couldn't produce the documentary without seriously compromizing the content. This ultimately led me to decide to entirely ditch our usual YouTube video conventions and just present the raw academic papers to you. I hope this pulling back of the curtain proves educational on both the topic of the Bronze Age Collapse and the broader idea of critical thinking.

In this video we cover the following topics. An intro to the Bronze Age Collapse, the claims of destruction of the Bronze Age, the Sea Peoples invasions, the fall of the major powers, and the idea of a total systems collapse.

Sources:

BRONZE AGE
1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed (barnesandnoble.com/w/1177-bc-eric-cline/1117037541)
Crisis in Context: The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean (jstor.org/stable/10.3764/aja.120.1.0099)
Tin Trade Routes of the Bronze Age: New evidence and new techniques aid in the study of metal sources of the ancient world (jstor.org/stable/27843879)

LEVEL OF DESTRUCTION
The Fall of the Bronze Age and the Destruction that Wasn’t By Jesse Millek (https://www.academia.edu/93497310/The_Fall_of_the_Bronze_Age_and_the_Destruction_that_Wasnt)

SEA PEOPLES
The ‘Sea Peoples’ in Primary Sources (researchgate.net/publication/301894299_The_'Sea_Peoples'_in_Primary_Sources)
Understanding Collapse: Ancient History and Modern Myths (cambridge.org/core/books/understanding-collapse/E2EE38EC4CBFF30F4815879D5991D7CC)
Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines (science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aax0061)

CLIMATE CHANGE
The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages (researchgate.net/publication/257154916_The_influence_of_climatic_change_on_the_Late_Bronze_Age_Collapse_and_the_Greek_Dark_Ages)
Climate and the Late Bronze Collapse: New Evidence from the Southern Levant (https://www.academia.edu/6053886/D_Langgut_I_Finkelstein_and_T_Litt_Climate_and_the_Late_Bronze_Collapse_New_Evidence_from_the_Southern_Levant_Tel_Aviv_40_2013_pp_149_175)

MYCENAEANS
THE MYCENAEAN PALATIAL ECONOMY: MAKING THE MOST OF THE GAPS IN THE EVIDENCE: (cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/B804727D2346B8E86DBEC65FB4447BF5/S0068673500001620a.pdf/the-mycenaean-palatial-economy-making-the-most-of-the-gaps-in-the-evidence1.pdf)
Demographic and Domestic Economic Change in Early Greece: Factors of Supply and Demand Sarah C. Murray (cambridge.org/core/books/collapse-of-the-mycenaean-economy/demographic-and-domestic-economic-change-in-early-greece-factors-of-supply-and-demand/9AA296081882FB44BCBC905BA0F51DD3)

HITTITES
Hittite Water Works: (https://www.academia.edu/39720738/Hittite_Water_Works)
Severe multi-year drought coincident with Hittite collapse around 1198-1196 BC (researchgate.net/publication/368363282_Severe_multi-year_drought_coincident_with_Hittite_collapse_around_1198-1196_bc)
From Hattusa to Carchemish: The Latest on Hittite History (researchgate.net/publication/44963766_From_Hattusa_to_Carchemish_The_Latest_on_Hittite_History)

NEW KINGDOM EGYPT
State and Economy in Ancient Egypt: Fiscal Vocabulary of the New Kingdom (https://www.academia.edu/56869090/State_and_Economy_in_Ancient_Egypt_Fiscal_Vocabulary_of_the_New_Kingdom)
The King's Privy Purse During the New Kingdom: An Examination of INW (jstor.org/stable/40000962)
The Redistributive Economy in New Kingdom Egypt: An Examination of Bȝkw(t) (jstor.org/stable/40000876)
The Ancient Egyptian Economy (cambridge.org/core/books/abs/ancient-egyptian-economy/ancient-egyptian-economy/733547EC626A5EA55817F47CD0A24FE2)

Time Stamps:
00:00 Intro
06:10 Bronze Age World
10:10 Levels of Destruction
16:30 The Sea Peoples
26:57 Sea People Origins?
32:40 Climate Change
42:19 Earthquake Storm
44:16 Fall of the Mycenaeans
55:45 Fall of the Hittites
1:04:14 Fall of Egypt
1:14:48 Systems Collapse

#history
#documentary
#bronzeage