Uploaded September 2019 | Updated September 2026, 13 hours ago

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99.9 % of human DNA is identical. The remainder of this DNA information is different because of mutations that happen in a random manner going back in time generation to generation.

"Europeans living today, in whatever country, are a varying mix of
ancient bloodlines hailing from Africa, the Middle East, and the
Russian steppe."

"The evidence comes from archaeological artifacts, from the
analysis of ancient teeth and bones, and from linguistics. But
above all it comes from the new field of paleogenetics."

Footnotes:
David Reich: Ancient DNA youtube.com/watch?v=fHdCuhYRHqo

Johannes Krause Genetic Differences of Modern Europeans youtube.com/watch?v=B_p8pzGTXc4

Svante Pääbo's DNA Quest youtu.be/zL_d7b1bsUE?t=4653

Neanderthal Ancestry in Modern-Day Humans with Svante Pääbo youtube.com/watch?v=dmozrtb3P_o

John Hawks - Who were the ancestors of the Neanderthals? youtube.com/watch?v=aa3258dAOxo

nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/07/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature

theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/18/ancient-ancestors-europeans-dna-study

bbc.com/news/science-environment-29213892