Name: Genetic Differences of Modern Europeans explained by Johannes Krause @LatestThinkingChannel
Uploaded: 2026-09-22T08:17:00-05:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: Genetic Differences of Modern Europeans explained by Johannes Krause

Genetic Differences of Modern Europeans explained by Johannes Krause

Latest Thinking 2026-09-22 | Genetic Differences of Modern Europeans explained by Johannes Krause

Bacterial Polysaccharide Consumption: Degrading Oceanic Organic Mass

Latest Thinking 2022-05-30 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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Organic mass in the surface ocean is made up of 50% polysaccharides which are consumed by bacteria. In this video, GRETA GILJAN examines how bacterial consumption of polysaccharides takes place as well as its carbon impact. Giljan employs fluorescently labeled polysaccharides (FLA-PS) to show how different bacteria use variant methods to take up polysaccharides at particular times of year.
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The research further demonstrates that of the two mechanisms explored, extra cellular hydrolysis has a very different carbon impact to so-called “selfish uptake”. One of the key aims of the work going forward will be to explore whether bacteria can switch between these different mechanisms in polysaccharide uptake.
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For more information about Greta Giljan click here:
lt.org/publication/which-mechanisms-do-bacteria-use-polysaccharide-utilization
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
1:33 Method
3:00 Findings
5:48 Relevance
07:50 Outlook

The Reformation of Greek-Orthodox Family Law: The Example of Jordan

Latest Thinking 2022-05-23 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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In one third of countries worldwide, family law is created, administered and applied not by the state but by individual religious communities. In this video, DÖRTHE ENGELCKE explores how this system operates in Jordan and considers the impact that it has on potential reform. Focusing on the Byzantine family code (the family law applied by the Greek Orthodox community, Jordan’s largest and oldest Christian community), Engelcke shows that reforms have been very minimal despite obvious inherent inequalities in long standing laws.
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Engelcke demonstrates that state law pluralism makes it more difficult to implement reforms and she urges a greater focus on how family laws beyond Islamic family law require updating in order to protect the rights of women and other minorities.
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For more information about Dörthe Engelcke click here:
lt.org/publication/does-state-law-pluralism-inhibit-legal-reform
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
3:48 Method
4:53 Findings
9:28 Relevance
11:02 Outlook

DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10960

Sea Grasses And Microbial Communities: A Metabolomic Analyses

Latest Thinking 2022-05-04 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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Seagrasses evolved from terrestrial plants on at least 3 separate occasions. We know that land plants interact with their microbial communities in their soils to recruit symbionts. In this video, EMILIA SOGIN investigates whether seagrasses also retained their interactions with the microbial communities that live in their sediments.
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Conducting metabolomic analyses of sediment porewater as well as incubation experiments and metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis, Sogin notes that seagrasses excrete sugars, in particular sucrose, to their sediments. Further, the microbial communities living in their sediments have a reduced capacity to degrade these sugars.
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This research highlights the complex interactions seagrasses develop with their sediment microbial communities and the link to the ability of seagrasses to bury carbon.
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For more information on Emilia Sogin click here: esogin.github.io
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
1:04 Method
3:24 Findings
5:40 Relevance
6:58 Outlook

DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10858

Fighting Malaria: The Genetic Make-Up of Mosquitoes

Latest Thinking 2022-05-02 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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Unlike other human infectious diseases (e.g. tuberculosis, HIV), malaria is transmitted between humans via mosquitoes. In this video, ELENA LEVASHINA analyzes the mechanisms of how mosquitoes transmit malaria.
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Combining population studies conducted in the field with mathematical approaches, Levashina finds that mosquitoes with particular genetic characteristics transmit malaria more effectively than others.
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Though further research is needed on mosquito populations and their movements, the research suggests that interventions aimed at eradicating malaria might more profitably target particular kinds of mosquitoes rather than their populations more generally.
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Want to find out more about Elena Levashina? Click here: https://www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/research/vector_biology

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
0:45 Method
2:33 Findings
6:28 Relevance
8:07 Outlook

LT Video Publication DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10972

The Mechanisms of Virus-Host-Interaction during Infections

Latest Thinking 2022-05-01 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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Traditionally, viruses have been viewed as little more than killing machines. In this video, TOMÁS ALARCÓN SCHUMACHER shows how certain viral infections can have a positive effect on their hosts’ evolutionary trajectories.
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Focusing on chronic infections in archaeal bacteria, Schumacher employs techniques including quantitative PCR, RNA sequencing and proteomics. Among his more striking findings are that the virus can completely reshape the metabolism of the host and that the outcome of an infection is heavily dependent on interaction between the infecting virus and viral like sequences already present in the host.
Greater understanding of the mechanisms at work here could help us to look for new solutions for viral diseases through viral-viral interaction based therapies.
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Find out more about Tomás Alarcón Schumacher:
lt.org/publication/what-mechanisms-underlie-interaction-between-virus-and-its-host-during-infection
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:28 Method
4:41 Findings
6:28 Relevance
7:20 Outlook

DOI:doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10951

The Microscopic Structure of Material Imperfections

Latest Thinking 2021-11-23 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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In electronic devices, material imperfections play a key role in determining lifespan as well as in safety considerations. In this video, CHRISTIAN LIEBSCHER puts such defects under the microscope so that we can better understand their atomic structure.
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Focusing on grain boundaries at which different crystals join together and using transmission electron microscopy, Liebscher explains how this research can bring about improvements in materials science and to the devices that we use in our daily lives.
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Find out more about Christian Liebscher:
researchgate.net/profile/Christian-Liebscher
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:07 Method
4:40 Findings
7:31 Relevance
9:43 Outlook

doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10984

Travel Precision of Migratory Birds: The Role of Genes

Latest Thinking 2021-11-09 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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Migratory birds can travel thousands of kilometers with great precision. In this video, MIRIAM LIEDVOGEL explores the genetic characteristics that enable this. Focusing on blackcaps because of the different types of migratory behavior that they exhibit, Liedvogel employs geolocator technology to track birds’ movements in their natural habitat.
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Among other things, the research demonstrates that differing migratory orientation can be linked to variation in the individual genome. Providing insight into behavioral variability and sensory biology the research also helps to explain how populations adapt to changing ecological conditions and can therefore contribute to the optimization of conservation measures.
Find out more about Miriam Liedvogel:
https://ifv-vogelwarte.de/das-institut/personal/prof-dr-miriam-liedvogel
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:52 Method
5:52Findings
9:18 Relevance
10:26 Outlook

LT Video Publication DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10978

Electrochemical Reactions at Quantum Level: Details and Dynamics

Latest Thinking 2021-10-19 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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Electrochemical processes play a central role for sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies, such as water splitting, hydrogen fuel cells and batteries. In order to maximize the efficiency, stability and life expectancy of these devices, it is necessary to develop accurate simulation techniques to explore and predict structural properties and chemical reactions at electrified surfaces in contact with liquid electrolytes.
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In this video, STEFAN WIPPERMANN puts forward ideas on how to simulate electrochemical processes with controlled electrode potential from first principles, i.e. solving the respective fundamental physical equations on high performance computers. The present work reveals the response of liquid water to an electric field at electrode/electrolyte interfaces under potential control. These developments open the door towards predicting and understanding the precise mechanistic details and dynamics of electrochemical processes at the quantum level.
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Find out more about Stefan Wippermann:
https://www.mpie.de/person/43107/3079071
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:09 Method
3:47 Findings
6:25 Relevance
7:35 Outlook

LT Video Publication DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10942

Acetonic Bacteria: Processing Carbon Monoxide into Acetate

Latest Thinking 2021-10-07 | For more Science Videos: lt.org

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When bacteria are used to reduce industrial CO2 emissions via biological gas conversion, the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) causes problems because it is toxic to nearly all organisms. In this video, OLIVIER LEMAIRE explains how a subgroup of acetogenic bacteria directly uses CO to produce acetate.
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Lemaire analyzes Clostridium autoethanogenum and identifies two key proteins, (CO dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthase) that operate in tandem to enable CO conversion and acetate production. In fact, the organism’s metabolism is shown to be organized around this key process: CO consumption by CO dehydrogenase.
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Enhanced understanding of these processes will allow us to enhance methods already applied for greenhouse gas reduction but also for green energy production.
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Interested in the research of Olivier Lemaire? Click here to find out more:
https://www.mpi-bremen.de/en/Olivier-Lemaire.html

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:33 Method
4:02 Findings
7:49 Relevance
10:08 Outlook

LT Video Publication DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10948

The Link Between Earth’s Rotation Rate and Earth’s Oxygenation

Latest Thinking 2021-10-04 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Daylength on Earth has increased very gradually from something like 4-12 hours 4.5 billion year ago to 24 hours at present. In this video, JUDITH KLATT explores whether the emergence of oxygen on our planet, vital to the evolution of life, can be linked to changes in the Earth’s rotation rate (daylength).
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Klatt’s study focuses on the release of oxygen from microbial mats. Modeling and testing in the Middle Island Sinkhole under Lake Huron reveals a positive relationship between daylength and oxygen release. Further research will seek to more specifically identify how microbial mats imprint in the geological record.
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Interested in the research of Judith Klatt? Click here to find out more:
https://www.mpi-bremen.de/Judith-Klatt.html

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:51 Method
4:55 Findings
7:46 Relevance
9:31 Outlook

LT Video Publication DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10945

Atomic Behaviour at the Grain Boundary: How Alloying Elements behave in Materials

Latest Thinking 2021-09-28 | For more Science Videos: lt.org

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On an atomic scale, the area of a material in which different crystalline structures come together is known as a grain boundary. In this video, LIAM HUBER investigates the behavior of alloying elements at grain boundaries.
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Identifying impracticalities in quantum mechanical simulation, Huber uses classical simulation to study how atoms behave at the grain boundary and how this influences the properties of that grain boundary. Huber also employs machine learning to make predictions and to extend the insights provided by the study. Going forward the research will seek to further explain the influence of a range of variations including, most significantly, temperature.
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Interested in the research of Liam Huber? Click here to find out more:
https://www.mpie.de/person/47229/3079071

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
1:50 Method
4:08 Findings
6:45 Relevance
8:34 Outlook

LT Video Publication DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10936

The Impact of Push Notifications on Investors Decision Making

Latest Thinking 2021-09-27 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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External stimuli are increasingly prevalent in the digital age, competing for our attention, urging us to action. In this video, MATTHIAS PELSTER explores the extent to which attention triggers (like push notifications) increase risk taking in financial markets.
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Focusing on customers of a large broker, Arnold, Pelster & Subrahmanyam are able to use a difference-in-differences approach to compare the behaviors of those who receive such push notifications and those who do not. The work shows that attention triggers induce investors to take greater risks. This effect is more evident for particular demographics.
Future research should analyze the effects of attention triggers on other investment dimensions like portfolio composition.
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Interested in the research of Matthias Pelster? Click here to find out more:
https://wiwi.uni-paderborn.de/en/dep2/professur-fuer-finance-prof-dr-matthias-pelster/team/prof-dr-matthias-pelster

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
1:19 Method
3:26 Findings
5:24 Relevance
6:15 Outlook

LT Video Publication DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10954

Islamic Law in Saudi Arabia: How Legal Norms Evolve Without State Interference

Latest Thinking 2021-09-22 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Rather than referring to laws written and developed by the state, judges in Saudi Arabia largely rely on Islamic jurisprudence and the interpretation of sacred texts. In this video, DOMINIK KRELL explores how legal reform can occur in these circumstances.
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Focusing on a form of divorce called khulʿ which is initiated by the wife and combining textual study with fieldwork interviews, he finds that Saudi jurists were able to reinterpret Islamic divorce law without state interference and thereby increased women’s possibilities to end unhappy marriages.
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Interested in the research of Dominik Krell? Click here to find out more:
https://www.mpipriv.de/1043272/Krell-Dominik

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
1:37 Method
4:25 Findings
6:31 Relevance
8:30 Outlook

LT Video Publication DOI: doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10975

Efficient Energy Production with Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Finding the Right Catalysts

Latest Thinking 2021-09-16 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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One very promising way of producing energy in an environmentally friendly manner is via hydrogen fuel cells. In this video, ALBA GARZÓN MANJÓN explains that a fundamental barrier to the widespread adoption of this technology is the prohibitive cost of the noble metals that act as catalysts in the fuel cell.
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Garzón Manjón’s research seeks to identify alternatives, centering her search on high entropy alloy materials. Highlighting the importance of the size, composition and stability of any material used, the research shows that a body centeredcubic structure which is high in chromium and cobalt and low in manganese is most suitable.
The new catalyst is also shown to use less energy to initiate the reaction than noble alloys.!
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More about Alba Garzón Manjón:

https://www.mpie.de/person/51720/3079071

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
1:28 Method
4:19 Findings
6:02 Relevance
6:32 Outlook

Encouraging Photovoltaic System Installation: The Power of Peer Effect

Latest Thinking 2021-09-09 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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While the environmental benefits of installing photovoltaic systems are clear, the costs can remain off-putting for private households. In this video, SVEN MÜLLER explores the relevance of the peer effect (neighbors already having the technology) in a decision to install a photovoltaic system.
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Establishing an installed base and considering fixed effects alongside an instrumental variable approach, Müller finds that peer effects are most prominent on a very local level i.e. within a distance of 100m. He also shows that the visibility of an existing photovoltaic system plays a vital role in its potential influence in the neighborhood.
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Further research will examine if this phenomenon is also observable outside of Germany and to what extent it is relevant to other new technologies (like electric vehicles).

More about Sven Müller:
https://www.om.ovgu.de/Team/Chair+Holder.html

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:23 Method
4:49 Findings
6:44 Relevance
8:19 Outlook

Surveillance and Privacy Protection: How a Barometer Scores Surveillance

Latest Thinking 2021-08-26 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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To what extent are security agencies accessing our communications and other data?
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In this video, RALF POSCHER proposes and explains a mechanism by which we can answer this question. Poscher outlines how we can go about constructing a surveillance barometer.
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This would reveal a society’s surveillance score based on the amount and the intensity of surveillance activities undertaken by security agencies. Providing helpful insight also for legislators and the general public, the barometer’s remit also has the potential to be extended to a supra-national level, e.g. the European Union.
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More Information about the researcher: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Poscher
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:02 Method
6:18 Findings
7:41 Relevance
9:40 Outlook

Combatting Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Pathogens

Latest Thinking 2021-06-24 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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The next pandemic seems likely to result from a bacterial pathogen. In this video, ANDREAS PESCHEL explores how we can effectively fight bacterial pathogens, especially where they are resistant to antibiotics.
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Adopting an interdisciplinary approach with colleagues from computational, clinical and compound focused sciences, Peschel’s research focuses on the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus commonly found in the human nose. Metagenome sequencing of the microbiome shows that an absence of Staphylococcus aureus often goes in tandem with the presence of Staphylococcus lugdunensis.
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With the latter seeming to effectively prevent a potentially deadly pathogen colonizing the microbiome, Peschel’s research breaks new ground in the development of a new kind of smart antibiotic.
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More Information about the researcher: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Peschel
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:15 Method
5:34 Findings
7:38 Relevance
9:38 Outlook

The Neurological Processes of Memory Creation

Latest Thinking 2021-06-15 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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When memorable experiences occur, a particular subset of neurons is activated in the brain. In this video, ALESSIO ATTARDO analyzes how these engram neurons are created. Imaging the synapse network through which neurons connect and communicate, Attardo is able to identify distinctions between those that go on to become engram neurons and those which do not.
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Focusing on the hippocampus, this work calls into question existing research on the neocortex by suggesting that animals with less stable connectivity tend to be better at learn and recall. Helping us to better understand the neurological processes involved in memory formation, the research has clear applications for the treatment of people who suffer deficiencies in this area.
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More Information about the Neuroscientist: lt.org/publication/what-happens-persons-brain-when-memorable-experience-occurs
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
1:53 Method
4:25 Findings
7:28 Relevance
8:55 Outlook

Reducing Energy Consumption: The Role of Smart Meters

Latest Thinking 2021-06-08 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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The rollout of smart electricity meters is gathering pace in the EU as in the US. In this video, ANDREAS GERSTER asks what information smart meters should provide to bring about an optimal reduction in energy consumption.
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Comparing the effectiveness of aggregate data and appliance specific feedback, Gerster shows that more detailed information can help households to significantly limit their electricity use. Highlighting potential savings for German households of some €500-600M per annum, the research also develops a novel method of cost benefit analysis that can be used in settings where consumer misperceptions are an issue.
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More Information about the researcher can be found here:
sites.google.com/site/andgerster
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This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
1:59 Method
3:55 Findings
5:01 Relevance
6:10 Outlook

Investing Household Savings: The Influence of Subjective Beliefs

Latest Thinking 2021-06-01 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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Different factors influence how households invest their savings. In this video, CHRISTIAN ZIMPELMANN explores the role that subjective beliefs about the stock market play in household investment decisions.
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Gathering data on stock holdings in the Netherlands from administrative data, Zimpelmann brings this into dialogue with Dutch households’ expectations about the stock market gleaned from surveys. Optimistic beliefs about stock market performance are shown to give rise to more risky investment decisions.
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Future research will explore the relevance of additional variables in such decisions as well as focusing on how beliefs affect other household choices relating to, for example, education and the labor market.
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More information about the researcher: lt.org/publication/how-do-households-invest-their-savings

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:

0:00 Question
2:23 Method
3:49 Findings
5:03 Relevance
6:40 Outlook

Optimizing Auction Design: Timing Decisions in the Case of Insufficient Data

Latest Thinking 2021-05-25 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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Individuals and governments often do not have as much time or experience as they would like when they need to make a decision. In this video, SARAH AUSTER explores the mechanism by which such decisions are made.
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Building a game theoretical model that draws on auction theory and decision theory, Auster’s work shows that certain forms of auction design favor the seller and that supplementary information provided to bidders can help to level the playing field.
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Auster’s continuing research on timing decisions will examine the role played by degrees of certainty around the “stopping payoff”.

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
1:54 Method
3:44 Findings
5:02 Relevance
6:20 Outlook

Shaping Belief Formations: The Role of Associations and Memory

Latest Thinking 2021-05-18 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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How people form beliefs (about the stock or housing markets for example) is an important area of study for economists. In this video, FLORIAN ZIMMERMANN explores the role that memory plays in belief formation. More specifically, Zimmermann studies associative recall, the way in which the recall of memory trace is triggered by cues that are mentally associated with that trace.
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Zimmermann’s experiment involves participants being provided with information (positive and negative) about hypothetical companies. After a time lapse, they are asked to assess the values of these companies. The research shows that respondents consistently overreact to the last piece of information that they receive.
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Additionally, the work presents a new experimental paradigm for studying the role that associative recall and other memory imperfections play in the process of belief formation.
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More information about the researcher: sites.google.com/site/econflorianzimmermann

0:00 Question
2:13 Method
4:26 Findings
6:07 Relevance
7:49 Outlook

The Right Time to Retire: The Effect of Pension Benefits on Retirement Timing

Latest Thinking 2021-05-11 | For more Science Videos visit lt.org/
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With longevity increasing and public pensions shrinking, old age poverty is a pressing issue in many economies. Noting that this issue has particular impact on women, in this video, HAN YE explores the extent to which additional pension benefit affects workers’ decisions on when to retire.
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Focusing on a German pension subsidy scheme introduced in 1992, Han Ye’s study breaks new ground in its isolation of the causal impact of additional pension benefits from other variations in the pensions regime.
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Highlighting both flaws and benefits of the German scheme, Han Ye’s research opens important avenues for both researchers and public policy makers interested in optimal ways to address the issue of old age poverty.
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More information about Han Ye: https://www.vwl.uni-mannheim.de/ye/
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0:00 Question
2:05 Method
4:04 Findings
5:52 Relevance
7:06 Outlook

The Long Term Effects of Ambient Scents on Service Perception

Latest Thinking 2021-05-06 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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In this video, MARKO SARSTEDT analyzes the long-term effects of ambient scents in sensory rich environments. Having identified an ideal industry partner in the German railway corporation, die Deutsche Bahn, the research team deployed a specially created scent in train compartments over a 4 month period. Regular commuters were surveyed about their perceptions of service though 9 study waves.
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As expected, assessments of the service improved with the introduction of the scent but researchers were surprised to find that there was no drop off in perceived service quality over the duration of the study, even when the scent was no longer in use.
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As Sarstedt explains, though further research is needed to assess their impact over even longer periods, ambient scents can provide a highly effective and economical way for companies to improve their customers’ experiences.
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More information about Marko Sarstedt:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Sarstedt

0:00 Question
3:00 Method
6:51 Findings
9:38 Relevance
11:18 Outlook

Unhealthy Food Habits: How Scarcity Provokes Overconsumption

Latest Thinking 2021-04-30 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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Is there a link between scarcity of food in early life and later overconsumption?
In this video, EFFROSYNI ADAMOPOULOU focuses on the behaviors of individuals who experienced meat scarcity as children in Italy during World War II. Drawing on data revealing the availability of meat during the war and employing a difference-in-difference framework, Adamopoulou arrives at a number of striking findings.
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Not only does the temporary scarcity of meat in early life increase the probability of later overconsumption, but this behavioral effect also persists to the next generation. Highlighting the role that gender plays in this dynamic, Adamopoulou’s research demonstrates that policymakers need to give greater consideration to behavioral mechanisms and their long term effects.
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More Information about the researcher: sites.google.com/site/efiadamopoulou/home

0:00 Question
1:16 Method
3:50 Findings
7:18 Relevance
8:38 Outlook

Tracing Hydrogen Embrittlement in Steel and Iron

Latest Thinking 2021-03-30 | For more Science Videos: lt.org/
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It has long been understood that hydrogen has a negative effect on metals like iron and steel. Studying this phenomenon is not easy because of the fact that hydrogen is everywhere, is extremely small and is in constant motion. In this video, MARÍA JAZMIN DUARTE CORREA explains how new technologies can help to pin down the impact of hydrogen in this context.
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Focusing on the particular challenges involved in studying diffusible hydrogen, Duarte explains how nano indentation can be used to specifically identify its effects. Looking forward, the research seeks to support the development of materials that are resistant to deformation caused by hydrogen.
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This has particular relevance for the energy sector where the storage and transportation of hydrogen presents a pressing challenge.
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More Information about María Jazmin Duarte Correa: lt.org/publication/how-does-hydrogen-affect-mechanical-behavior-metals-and-alloys

0:00 Question
3:03 Method
6:11 Findings
8:40 Relevance
10:33 Outlook

Married Mothers and Employment Decisions in Various Countries

Latest Thinking 2021-03-19 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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The employment rate for married women with children varies significantly between different countries. In this video, ANNE HANNUSCH analyzes this phenomenon, focusing on the differences between Denmark and the USA.
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Developing a quantitative economic model and exploring the effects of child care costs and family transfer programs, Hannusch finds that how we design and distribute the latter is vital in helping married mothers to continue to work. Because the US system provides family transfer support only to those whose income remains under a certain threshold, some mothers choose not to work so that their family income remains below that threshold.
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The research provides important insight into how we can reduce gender inequality and level the playing field.
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More Information about Economist Anne Hannusch:
lt.org/publication/why-do-married-mothers-make-differing-employment-decisions-different-countries

0:00 Question
2:01 Method
3:04 Findings
5:05 Relevance
6:39 Outlook

The Relationship Between Gender, Macroeconomic Conditions and Fertility Dynamics

Latest Thinking 2021-03-05 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Pro-cyclical fertility means that families have more children when macroeconomic conditions are better. In this video, SENA COSKUN explores the complex factors that underpin such decisions. Conducting an empirical study which analyzes data from different US states since the 1970s as well as theoretical modeling, Coskun emphasizes the importance of gender to fertility dynamics.
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Generally speaking, women tend to work in industries (e.g. health, education) that are less impacted by recession than men. The likelihood that they will need to take on the role of breadwinner during a recession can push them towards deciding to invest in education rather than having more children.
This is a key factor underlying pro-cyclical fertility and one that needs to be taken into account in policy formulation and implementation.
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Sena Coskun is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Department of Economics: https://www.vwl.uni-mannheim.de/coskun/

0:00 Question
2:12 Method
3:46 Findings
6:14 Relevance
7:44 Outlook

From Unemployed to Employed: The Importance of Caseworkers in the Search for a Job

Latest Thinking 2021-02-19 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Caseworkers try to help unemployed people to find work, providing support and assistance in regularly scheduled meetings. In this video, AMELIE SCHIPROWSKI seeks to quantify the economic value of these caseworker meetings.
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Relying on data from Swiss unemployment registers and focusing on the impact of unplanned caseworker absences, Schiprowski identifies a clear correlation between the frequency of caseworker meetings and the length of time a jobseeker spends out of work.
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Schiprowski also identifies significant variation in outcomes between different caseworkers and the effort to pin down what skills are most relevantin this regard is a clear focus for research going forward.
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Amelie Schiprowski is part of the SFB Transregio CRCTR224: https://www.crctr224.de/en

0:00 Question
1:07 Method
2:47 Findings
5:27 Relevance
6:27 Outlook

The Shifting Border: How Nation States Control Human Mobility

Latest Thinking 2021-02-09 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Borders have been conceptualized in two main ways. The “static border” is the fixed line on a map that separates one country from another. Post 1989, the concept of the “disappearing border” came into fashion, the notion that borders and their influence onhuman mobility would become increasingly irrelevant.
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In this video, AYELET SHACHAR argues that though contemporary borders are not static, they have certainly not disappeared. Proposinga model of the “shifting border”and analyzing the ways in which countries like the U.S., Canada and Australia have effectively moved their territorial borders in order to control human mobility, Shachar argues that if borders are dynamic, then human rights should be equally agile.
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Highlighting the dramatic effects that the“shifting border” can have for those seeking asylum, Shachar’s work pinpoints the central importance that debates around immigration have for contemporary conceptions of citizenship and national sovereignty.
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Find out more about AYELET SHACHAR, the Director of the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayelet_Shachar

0:00 Question
1:59 Method
4:10 Findings
10:12 Relevance
14:39 Outlook

The Impact of Machinery Importation on China´s Development

Latest Thinking 2021-02-05 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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The share of Chinese people with college education and the wage premium that they earn has increased dramatically since 1990. In this video, LEI LI explores the factors underlying this and argues that it can be partially attributed to the importation of machinery.
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Analyzing population data from the 330 Chinese prefectures and exploring regional differences in machinery importation, Li finds that the importation of machinery is indeed a key driver in rapid human capital accumulation in China. Ongoing research will explore the policy implications of Li’s findings as well as the extent to which they apply to other developing economies.
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Who is Lei Li? lei-li-economics.weebly.com

0:00 Question
1:47 Method
3:57 Findings
5:11 Relevance
5:53 Outlook

The Relationship between Regional Income Inequality and Financial Instability

Latest Thinking 2021-01-22 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Income inequality has increased greatly in both the United States and Europe since the 1970s. In this video, YULIYAN MITKOV explores the relationship between income inequality in specific regions of the U.S. and financial instability.
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Relying on U.S. Census Bureau data on income in specific Meropolitan Statistical Areas (M.S.As), Mitkov employs theoretical and statistical modeling to analyze this relationship. Mitkov finds that regions with high income inequality tend to have more failed banks.
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The research also explores why particular banks take on greater risk and looks to explore how the regulator might best intervene in situations where financial instability threatens.
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Mitkov is Junior Professor of Finance at the University of Bonn and part of the Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224:
https://www.crctr224.de/en/research-output/videos

0:00 Question
0:51 Method
4:13 Findings
6:55 Relevance
9:42 Outlook

Physical Activity and Bone Cancer: Prevention and Treatment

Latest Thinking 2021-01-15 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Current pharmacological treatments for bone cancers like multiple myeloma have proven ineffective at healing bones or regenerating bone tissue. In this video, FRANZISKA JUNDT explores the extent to which physical stimuli and physical activity could represent effective treatment strategies for such conditions.
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Jundt explains how work with mice infected with tumor cells was followed up by a pilot clinical study on patients with a precursor condition to multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
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The work demonstrates that physical stimuli can have anti-tumor effects and it provides a scientific basis for a targeted use of sports against bone cancer. Ongoing research will analyze how physical activity has an effect on bone at the genetic level.

Who is Franziska Jundt? Find out more: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziska_Jundt

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
2:17 Method
4:58 Findings
7:42 Relevance
9:21 Outlook

Combatting Child Marriages in Mexico: The Effectiveness of Legal Reforms

Latest Thinking 2021-01-12 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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With proven detrimental impacts on women and their offspring, preventing child marriage is an important aspect of the struggle to reduce global poverty.In this video, CRISTINA BELLÉS-OBRERO analyzes the effectiveness of legislative measures designed to combat child marriage in Mexico since 2014.
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Taking advantage of the fact that the laws were implemented gradually by the different Mexican states, applying a ‘difference in difference’ model alongside data on births, marriages and school attendance, Bellés-Obrero shows that the reforms had no impact on factors including girls’ educational attainment or the health of their babies at the moment of delivery.
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Because informal unions offer an attractive alternative to formal marriage in Mexico, the reforms have not had the desired effects. Further research will explore whether the inferior legal status of girls in informal unions compared to their formally married peers actually exacerbates the negative effects associated with child marriage.
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Bélles-Obrero is part of the Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224:
https://www.crctr224.de/en/research-output/videos

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
2:14 Method
4:15 Findings
7:47 Relevance
9:24 Outlook

The Storage of Memory: Functions of the Cerebral Cortex at the Cellular Level

Latest Thinking 2021-01-04 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Vital steps have been taken in recent years in our understanding of how the cerebral cortex functions at the cellular level. In this video, MATTHEW LARKUM analyzes the role that memory plays in this context.
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Employing techniques including electrical and optical recordings as well as chemogenetics in experiments with live animals, Larkum’s lab has demonstrated that the medial temporal lobe projects to layer one of the neocortex and that this is central to the ability to learn.
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With several subsidiary findings casting further light on how memory functions, Larkum’s groundbreaking research promises to continue to reveal secrets about what occurs during memory storage at the cellular level.
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MATTHEW LARKUM is Professor of Neurobiology at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and part of the SFB 1315:
https://www.sfb1315.de/de/sfb1315-2/

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
1:30 Method
3:36 Findings
6:06 Relevance
6:57 Outlook

The Impact of the Corona Pandemic on Human Inequality

Latest Thinking 2020-12-11 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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It is clear that the coronaviruspandemic is having a widespread impact on people’s economic security as well as on their physical and mental health. In this video, HANS-MARTIN VON GAUDECKER considers how the crisis is affecting human inequality. Is the pandemic making the disadvantaged even worse off or is it a “great equalizer”?
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Von Gaudecker’s data comes from an online panel with 7000 individuals based in the Netherlands and standard regression is employed to analyze the information. The research suggests that the crisis has had most marked effects on those workers who are neither categorized as essential nor who can feasibly work from home. It also highlights the importance of keeping schools and child day care centers open in order to minimize inequality.
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Looking forward, focusing on potentially changing roles in child care enabled by home working, the project is seeking to identify whether the pandemic is having positive or negative effects on gender inequality.
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Hans Martin von Gaudecker is part of the Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224:
https://www.crctr224.de/en/research-output/videos

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
2:00 Method
3:16 Findings
6:19 Relevance
8:15 Outlook

Liquidating the Estate of a Deceased Person: The Law of Succession

Latest Thinking 2020-12-04 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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When a person dies leaving property behind, the law of succession determines what happens to it. In this video, JAN SCHMIDT explores how the desired distribution of assets is actually implemented when an estate is liquidated.
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Analyzing how the law of succession has developed through history and internationally, Schmidt shows that though questions of succession are extremely complex, there are shared fundamental issues which mean that approaches adopted in other times or jurisdictions can be both learned from and fruitfully drawn upon.
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The research breaks new ground in bringing a comparative approach to bear on the law of succession, an approach heretofore applied more readily to areas like the law of contract.
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Curious about the researcher´s background? https://www.mpipriv.de/877881/Schmidt-Jan-Peter

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
4:17 Method
6:18 Findings
9:31 Relevance
10:49 Outlook

Legal Challenges in the Corona Pandemic: Holding Virtual Shareholder Meetings

Latest Thinking 2020-11-27 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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The Corona pandemic made it impossible to hold general shareholder meetings in the traditional manner. In this video, ELENA DUBOVITSKAYA explores how German corporate law responded to this dilemma through what she refers to as The Covid Act.
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Out of necessity, the act bypassed the shareholder’s heretofore irrevocable right to be physically present at the general meeting. Dubovitskaya examines the extent to which the Covid Act can act as a blueprint for forthcoming legislation on the manner in which fully virtual general shareholder meetings can be organized.
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Want to know more about Elena Dubovitskaya?
lt.org/publication/what-can-we-learn-fully-virtual-shareholder-meetings-have-taken-place-during-corona

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
2:21 Method
4:37 Findings
7:12 Relevance
8:06 Outlook

The Yuan Dynasty Disasters: How Local Knowledge Influences Information

Latest Thinking 2020-11-16 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Chinese local gazetteers have been recording local information since the 7th Century and the corpus of texts that they have produced provides an important resource for scholars. In this video, DAGMAR SCHÄFER explores the broader influence of the local gazetteers’ treatment of disasters.
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Employing digital humanities and the LoGaRT tool, which enables qualitative evaluation of quantitative data, one important case study for Schäfer is a disaster that struck Mulberry plantations in the Yuan dynasty (13th Century). Though the disaster affected north and south China, Schäfer explains how historical-political manipulation led to records of it only appearing in northern texts.
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The research examines the interplay between the types of local knowledge recorded by the local gazetteers and broader structures of knowledge and information.

Who is researcher Dagmar Schäfer?
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Sch%C3%A4fer

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
1:25 Method
3:16 Findings
5:39 Relevance
8:06 Outlook

Growing Older Across Borders: Ageing in the Context of Migration

Latest Thinking 2020-09-03 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Where research on migration has classically centered on young people, studies of aging have generally focused on particular places. In this video, MEGHA AMRITH and her research group bring these two processes together, exploring the implications of growing older across borders, in a globalized world.
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Combining ethnographic field work across multiple sites with broader cultural studies, the research highlights the fact that aging in migratory contexts is a highly diverse phenomenon which is often marked by inequality.
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With clear implications for social policy, the research urges that we move beyond stereotypical assumptions about aging and migration both within and outside of the academy.
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Learn more about Social Anthropologist Megha Amrith: https://www.mmg.mpg.de/person/60422/2553

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
2:01 Method
4:07 Findings
7:21 Relevance
9:21 Outlook

Creating Blue Skies over China: Policy and Processes of Removing Air Pollution

Latest Thinking 2020-08-26 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Smog is a major problem in Chinese urban centres. In this video, ANNA AHLERS explores how the Chinese authorities go about removing air pollution from cities in advance of prestigious international events. Focusing on actions taken in relation to the 2016 G20 summit in Hangzhou, Ahlers and her colleagues carry out interviews with scientists and local government officials, triangulating their responses with a range of other data sources.
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Identifying a high level of collaboration between scientists and local authorities, Ahlers notes that many of the environmental measures introduced for the G20 were designed to have lasting impact. Beyond its focus on environmental policy, the research offers important insights into the workings of Chinese local government and the role that scientific information plays in policy formulation in China.
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Find out more about the Anna Lisa Ahlers: https://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/users/alahlers

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
1:59 Method
3:20 Findings
4:45 Relevance
6:31 Outlook

Understanding the Threat and Prevention of Hydrogen Embrittlement

Latest Thinking 2020-08-20 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Having played an acknowledged role in the 2011 Fukushima disaster, it has long been understood that hydrogen penetration can accelerate the deterioration of structural materials. In this video, BAPTISTE GAULT analyzes this process of hydrogen embrittlement and puts forward ideas as to how it can be combated. Focusing on steel in the first instance, Gault employs atom probe tomography to pin down the scale and location of hydrogen penetration.
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Suggesting that hydrogen’s potential to do damage is related to its atoms’ ability to roam, Gault proposes that particles be introduced to trap them/restrict their movement. The research has undoubted potential application beyond steel, in titanium and nickel alloys as well in the broader realm of hydrogen fuel.
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To learn more about the research of Dr. Baptiste Gault and his position as a group leader of Atom Probe Tomography at the Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, click here:
https://www.mpie.de/person/47422/2281

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
2:05 Method
4:17 Findings
5:34 Relevance
6:35 Outlook

The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Human Health

Latest Thinking 2020-07-09 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Neutrophils are both the most abundant cells in circulation and the first to go to a site of infection. In this video, ARTURO ZYCHLINSKY explores the role that Neutrophils play in infectious disease.
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Zychlinsky explains that Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (or NETs) kill and prevent the dissemination of microbes while also alerting other parts of the immune system to infection. Revealing some of the processes involved in NET formation, Zychlinsky demonstrates that, depending on the type of disease, NETs can play either a beneficial or a deleterious role.
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With NET’s relevance extending beyond infectious disease to conditions including cancer and cardiovascular disease, Zychlinsky’s work has opened up a fertile field of exploration for research labs worldwide.
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More Information about Arturo Zychlinsky: https://www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/1831543/arturo-zychlinsky

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
1:10 Method
2:23 Findings
3:37 Relevance
4:37 Outlook

The Life-Long Effects of Attending an Elite University

Latest Thinking 2020-06-11 | lt.org
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What are the longrun implications of elite universities for individuals and society? In this video, KATJA KAUFMANN explores the effects of elite higher education on both marriage and intergenerational outcomes.
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Employing a regression discontinuity design and an unique data set collected and digitized from Chilean archives and matched with information from the Chilean Ministry of Justice, Kaufmann identifies significant advantages for women in terms of marriage market outcomes (test scores, elite university attendance, family background of husband) as a result of attending an elite university.
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Furthermore, attendance at such an institution is shown to have clear intergenerational effects, resulting in children performing better in standardized tests. With important implications for educational policy, the research presents important insights for debates around social stratification, social mobility and inequality.
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More Information about the Publications of Economist Katja Kaufmann:
https://scholar.google.it/citations?user=Dwfh8OYAAAAJ&hl=en

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
1:05 Method
3:35 Findings
6:05 Relevance
8:18 Outlook

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: New Methods for Earth System Science

Latest Thinking 2020-06-09 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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The Earth system is unique and highly complex, presenting a daunting challenge to researchers that seek to model and understand it. Noting that existing approaches seem unable to arrive at reliable predictions for the implications of CO2 emissions, in this video, MARKUS REICHSTEIN proposes that new methodologies incorporating machine learning and artificial intelligence be brought to bear on the problem.
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Identifying notable parallels between conceptual challenges in the Earth system and successful applications of machine learning, Reichstein is careful to foreground problematic aspects of AI, arguing that the best methodological approach may well be hybrid, involving more traditional modeling alongside the data centered approach.
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More Information about Prof. Markus Reichstein:
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Reichstein

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
2:05 Method
3:40 Findings
5:28 Relevance
6:17 Outlook

Open Educational Resources: Digital Learning in Norway

Latest Thinking 2020-05-28 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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How can we best implement digital learning in schools? In this video, FRANK J.MÜLLER argues that the Norwegian Digital Learning Arena’s (NDLA) work with Open Educational Resources offers a highly instructive case study.
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Interviewing professionals and companies working with NDLA as well as school book publishers who have opposed the platform since its introduction in 2006, Müller shows how Norway has dealt with questions around funding, software, sustainability and licensing.
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Underlining the centrality of openness to the success of the NDLA system, Müller’s work explains how other international educational systems can benefit from Norway’s experience.
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Professor Frank Müller founded the Open-Access Journal for Inclusion: Zeitschrift für Inklusion (http://www.inklusion-online.net).

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
1:13 Method
2:21 Findings
5:44 Relevance
6:27 Outlook

The Role of Microorganisms in the Marine Nitrogen Cycle

Latest Thinking 2020-05-21 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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What happens in the marine nitrogen cycle? In this video, KATHARINA KITZINGER explains that nitrification as carried out by marine microorganisms involves two distinct processes, with ammonia oxidation resulting in nitrite which is then transformed to nitrate via nitrite oxidation.
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Using stable isotopes to assess the abundance and activity of the microorganisms that catalyze these two processes, Kitzinger observes that though they are much less common than ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), nitrite oxidation bacteria are much more efficient in translating energy from nitrite oxidation to biomass growth.
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With the research moving from shallow coastal waters to the open ocean, further insights are expected into the striking levels of microbial versatility that have been observed thus far.
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More Information about Katharina Kitzinger: https://www.mpi-bremen.de/en/Katharina-Kitzinger.html

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
2:48 Method
4:29 Findings
7:15 Relevance
8:42 Outlook

The Relationship Between Clouds and Atmospheric Waves

Latest Thinking 2020-05-14 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Our planet’s cloudiness has been heretofore understood as being controlled by the slowly varying, large scale, atmospheric circulation known as the Hadley cell. In this video, CLAUDIA STEPHAN argues that this model is overly simplistic.
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Bringing recent measurements taken over the Atlantic into dialogue with observational data gathered in Darwin on gravity waves, Stephan suggests that relationships between clouds and atmospheric waves can provide important insight into, and ultimately improve, weather and climate modeling.
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More Information on the Researcher: https://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/staff/claudia-stephan/

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
2:11 Method
5:00 Findings
6:30 Relevance
7:53 Outlook

The Role of Microorganisms in Degradation of Spring Algae Blooms

Latest Thinking 2020-05-08 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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Massive algae blooms appear in spring in certain bodies of water only to vanish within a number of weeks. In this video, BERNHARD M. FUCHS analyzes the degradation of such algae, exploring which organisms are involved and what they actually do.
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Employing methodologies involving ribosomal RNA, in situ hybridization and metagenome sequencing, Fuchs finds that a strikingly limited range of organisms (Flavobacteria) are active in this process and that their activities become increasingly complex over the duration of the algae bloom.
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Showing how genetic information can be used to predict ecological activity, the work makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the vital role played by microorganisms.
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More Information about the Researcher:
lt.org/publication/how-does-degradation-occur-spring-algae-blooms

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
0:27 Method
1:50 Findings
3:57 Relevance
6:08 Outlook

Cloud Momevement and Patterns in our Earth System

Latest Thinking 2020-05-07 | For more Science Videos: lt.org
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It has been heretofore understood that patterns of cloudiness are controlled by large scale weather systems. In this video, BJORN STEVENS challenges this orthodoxy, arguing that small and intermediate scales of motion play a key role in determining the Earth’s cloudiness.
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Using aircraft to measure the vigor of intermediate scales of motion and groups of scientists to examinesmall scale patterning, Stevens identifies distinct patterning of clouds at these smaller scales.
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He suggests that the role played by small and intermediate scales of motion in cloud patterning is a previously neglected piece of the puzzle which will give us vital insight into how the cloudiness of the Earth might develop in the future.
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More about Prof. Dr. Stevens: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjorn_Stevens

This LT Publication is divided into the following chapters:
0:00 Question
1:17 Method
3:14 Findings
5:34 Relevance
6:56 Outlook