Uploaded December 2021 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

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PS! at 6:23 I incorrectly said that the Median Umbilical ligament is a remnant of the umbilical arteries. It is, in fact, a remnant of the fetal urachus.

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Content:
0:00 Introduction
0:50 Functions of the Ureter
1:44 Course of the Ureter
3:09 Parts of the Ureter
3:53 Constrictions of the Ureter
4:13 Layers of Ureter Wall
6:01 Urinary Bladder
8:08 Layers of Urinary Bladder Wall
10:06 Anatomy of the Male Urethra
14:24 Anatomy of the Female Urethra

Ureter, Urinary Bladder and Male/Female Urethra

Function of the Ureter:
- From the Renal Pelvis
- Ureter is a muscular tube that moved urine throguh peristaltic movement.

Course of the Ureter:
- Enters Lesser Pelvis and crosses structures:
○ In Male: Crosses Ductus Deferens
○ In Female: Pass between Broas Ligament of the Uterus (Ligamentum Latum Uteri) and Cardinal Ligament of the Uterus (ligamentum cardinale Uretri)
- Opens up as the Ureteric Orifices (Ostium Ureteris)

Parts of the Ureter:
- Abdominal Part (Pars Abdominalis)
- Pelvic Part (Pars Pelvica)
- Intramural Part (Pars Intramuralis)
- 7-8 mm in Diameter

Narrowings of the Ureter:
- Upper Narrowing: Junction with the Renal Pelvis
- Middle Narrowing: Line Terminalis
- Lower Narrowing: Intramural Part

Layers of the Ureter Wall:
- Tunica Mucosa
- Lower 1/3
○ Glands in Tela Submucosa
○ 3 layers of Tunica Muscularis
Inner part: Longitudinal Msucle Fibers
Middle Part Circular Muscle Fibers
Outer Part: Longitudinal Muscle fibers
- Upper Part 2/3
○ 2 layers of Tunica Muscularis
Inner part: Longitudinal Msucle Fibers
Outer Part Circular Muscle Fibers
- Tunica Adventitia

Urinary Bladder (Vesica Urinaria)
- Sac which stores urine (250-500ml)
- Median Umbillical Ligament (Ligamentum Umbilicale Medianum)
- Apex of Bladder (Apex Vesicae)
- Body of Bladder (Corpus Vesicae)
- Fundus of Urinary Bladder (Fundus Vesicae)
- Emptu Urinary Bladder
○ Behind Pubic Symphysis (Symphysis Pubica)
○ Has anterior Surface and Posterior Surface
- Full Urinary Bladder
○ Above the pubic symphysis
- Right Ureteric Orifice (Ostium Ureteris Dextrum)
- Left Ureteric Orifice (Ostium Ureteris Sinistrium)
- Internal Urethral Orifice (Ostium Urethrae Internum)
- Trigone of Bladder (Trigonum Vesicae)
- Interureteric Crest (Plicae Interureterica)

Layers of the Urinary Bladder Wall:
- Tunica Mucosa
○ Transitional Epithelium
○ Umbrella Cells
○ Lamina Propria
- Tela Submucosa
○ Loose connective tissue
○ No folds in trigone of bladder (trigonum vesicae)
- Tunica Muscularis
○ Consist of three muscle layers
Inner part: Longitudinal Msucle Fibers
Middle Part Circular Muscle Fibers
□ Inernal Urethral Sphincter (musculus sphincter urethrae internus)
Outer Part: Longitudinal Muscle fibers
- Tunica Adventitia or Tunica Serosa
○ Tunica Adventitia if it faces pelvis
○ Tunica Serosa if it faces peritoneum

Anatomy of the Male Urethra:
- Internal Urethral Orifice (Ostium Urethrae Internum)
- External Urethral Orifice (Ostrium Urethrae Externum)
- Parts of male urethra:
○ Prostatic Urethra (Pars Prostatica)
Urethral Crest (Crista Urethralis)
Seminal Colliculus (Colliculus Seminalis)
Prostatic Utricle (Utriculus Prostaticus)
Openings of the ejaculatory ducts (Ductus Ejaculatorius)
Prostatic Ductules (Ductuli Prostatici)
○ Membranous Urethra (Pars Membranacea)
Between prostate and bulb of penis (Bulbus Penis)
Surrounded by External Urethral Sphincter (musculus sphincter urethrae externus)
○ Spongy Urethra (Pars Spongiosa)
Located inside body of penis (corpus penis)
Bulb of Penis region: Duct of Bulbo-Urethral Gland (Glandula Bulbourethralis)
- Narrowins of the Male Urethra:
○ Internal Urethral Orifice (Ostium Urethrae Internum)
○ Membranous Part (Pars Membranacea)
○ External Urethral Orifce (Ostium Urethrae Externum)
- Enlargements of the Male Urethra
○ Prostatic Urethra (Pars Prostatica)
○ Spongy Urethra (Pars Spongiosa)
○ Navicular Fossa (Fossa Naviculare Urethrae)
- Walls of the Male Urethra
○ Tunica Mucosa
Urethral Lacuna (Lacuna Urethralis)
Navicular Fossa (Fossa Navicularis)
Valve of the Navicular Fossa (Vulva Fossa Navicularis)
○ Tunica Muscularis
Internal Urethral Sphincter (Musculus sphincter urethrae Internus)
External Urethral Sphincter (Musculus Sphincter Urethrae Externum)

Female Urethra Anatomy:
- Internal Urethral Orifice (Ostium Urethrae Internum)
- External Urethral Orifce
○ Behind Vlitoral Glans (Glans Clitoris)
- Walls of the Female Urethra
○ Tunica Mucosa
Urethral Lacuna
○ Tunica Muscularis
Internal Urethral Sphincter
External Urethral Sphincter

Sources:
- Biorender
- University notes and lectures