Uploaded March 2026 | Updated September 2026, 2 hours ago
Humanoid robots have long been the dream of science fiction. However, today’s advances in microelectronics, sensing, and AI leave this previously unachievable advancement seemingly within reach. Is this true, though? In this talk, I’ll overview some of the history of humanoid robots, IHMC’s role and contributions to these advances, as well as discuss the potential likely (and unlikely) applications of these seemingly limitless systems. However, with much excitement and advancement comes the need to understand what these robots may and may not be good at. Just as important is to explore how these capabilities satisfy real needs, both economic and martial, particularly when compared to other amazingly advanced technologies. With this, we hope to answer the question of where are we likely to see and feel these robot’s impacts first
Robert Griffin is a Senior Research Scientist at IHMC and focuses on improving mobility and autonomy for legged robotics and powered exoskeletons. He is interested in system level approaches for improving the mobility and capability of these robotic platforms, including platform design, motion design and control, autonomy and manipulation, and perception.
This lecture is part of the IHMC Evening Lecture series.
ihmc.us/life/evening_lectures
Humanoid robots have long been the dream of science fiction. However, today’s advances in microelectronics, sensing, and AI leave this previously unachievable advancement seemingly within reach. Is this true, though? In this talk, I’ll overview some of the history of humanoid robots, IHMC’s role and contributions to these advances, as well as discuss the potential likely (and unlikely) applications of these seemingly limitless systems. However, with much excitement and advancement comes the need to understand what these robots may and may not be good at. Just as important is to explore how these capabilities satisfy real needs, both economic and martial, particularly when compared to other amazingly advanced technologies. With this, we hope to answer the question of where are we likely to see and feel these robot’s impacts first
Robert Griffin is a Senior Research Scientist at IHMC and focuses on improving mobility and autonomy for legged robotics and powered exoskeletons. He is interested in system level approaches for improving the mobility and capability of these robotic platforms, including platform design, motion design and control, autonomy and manipulation, and perception.
This lecture is part of the IHMC Evening Lecture series.
ihmc.us/life/evening_lectures
![Episode 199: Ken and Dawn respond to listener questions on aging, meat consumption and dementia, ...
Today we have the second of a two-part AMA. In part one, episode 198 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-198/) , we covered a multitude of listener questions about AI, which lately seems to dominate the news cycle. Other than one AI question that managed to sneak in, today’s AMA features a wide range of questions on a number of topics other than artificial intelligence.
Today, Ken and Dawn respond to listener questions that range from:
— Whether there’s a critical difference between whey protein powders and ready-to-drink protein shakes?
— Is there a sweat spot for how much time a person should spend on resistance training during a week?
— Ken’s thoughts on a paper that looked at whether higher meat consumption could be associated with a lower risk of dementia among people carrying the APOE ε4 gene variant.
— What kind of Pandora’s box will we open if parents start doing genetic tests on their infants to see if their children have, say, the APOE ε4 gene variant?
— Will NASA will be able to meet its target date of sending astronauts back to the Moon by 2028?
— And a lot more.
Show notes;
[00:03:05] A listener asks Ken about the 2019 Trim study by Gregory Fahy and colleagues in Aging Cell (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ACEL.13028) , which reported reversal of epigenetic aging and signs of thymic regeneration in nine healthy men treated with the growth hormone, DHEA, and metformin.
[00:06:56] Ken responds to a question about the market being flooded with protein supplements. The listener asks if whether there’s a critical difference between whey protein and ready-to-drink protein shakes, and if there are any specific products he recommends.
[00:10:50] A listener asks Ken about a recent article in Nature Reviews Neuroscience titled:
[00:15:26] A listener asks Ken about a Chinese company called Moonshot AI and its open-weight model, Kimi K3. The listener references Gary Marcus who anticipates that the power of this model paired with the open-weight design will have immense implications. The listener asks for Ken’s take.
[00:25:56] A listener mentions that they’ve heard that Ken likes to tell graduate students a fable about a rabbit pursuing their Ph.D. A listener asks Ken if he would share the fable.
[00:30:15] A listener asks Ken about a study published in Jama Network Open (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2846712) by Norgren and company which suggests that higher meat consumption may be associated with lower Alzheimer’s risk for people carrying the APOE 4 gene variant, the strongest common genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer’s.
[00:38:24] A listener mentions in their question for Ken that the Department of Health and Human Services recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, but this recommendation does not break down how much of that time should be spent on aerobic versus strength training. The listener goes on to mention a study in the that looked at identifying this sweet spot for resistance exercise, finding that between 90-119 minutes per week of weightlifting was associated with a 13 perent lower risk of premature death and a 27 percent reduction in neurological disease mortality, particularly Alzheimer’s. The listener also mentions that they are aware of IHMC’s ongoing clinical trial looking at the ability of exercise to mitigate the hallmarks of aging in people over 60 years old. The listener asks if this study is similarly trying to identify a sweet spot for resistance exercise, and if Ken has any recommendations on this topic.
[00:46:32] Another listener mentions that they really enjoyed our interview with Doug Cooke (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-195/) on the Artimis II mission (episode 195), as well as our interview with Mike Griffin and Lisa Porter (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-189/) about NASA’s plan to return to the moon (episode 189). The listener goes on to mention that since then a Blue Origin rocket, one of the companies responsible for building a lunar lander, exploded on the launch pad in Florida. The listener asks if Ken is he’ still skeptical about the Artemis III mission architecture and timeframe in light of the recent news.
[00:54:37] A listener asks Ken for his thoughts on the growing research efforts to investigate the feasibility of doing genetic testing on infants to identify their predisposition to specific diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
[01:01:57] A listener asks for Kens thoughts on a study of creatine’s effects on physically active vegans (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-026-06323-5) . The study reported that 4 weeks of creatine supplementation improved lower-body power, especially jump height and flight time. But they did not find improvements in strength tests.
[01:08:10] A listener asks for Ken’s thoughts on a recent White House report “Science: A New Golden Age” (https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uplo... Episode 199: Ken and Dawn respond to listener questions on aging, meat consumption and dementia, ...](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/KeyxB4U1LWM/mqdefault.jpg)




![Episode 180: Pascal Lee on NASA’s ambitions to send humans to the Moon and Mars
Today we have planetary scientist Dr. Pascal Lee and STEM-Talk host Dr. Ken Ford in a wide-ranging conversation about NASA’s ambitions to return humans to the Moon as a stepping stone to sending astronauts to Mars.
Pascal is making his third appearance on STEM-Talk. Much of his research focuses on asteroids, impact craters, and the future human exploration of Mars. Pascal and Ken have a lively discussion about the growing momentum for space exploration.
Pascal is a researcher at the SETI Institute, a not-for-profit NASA program focused on searching for extraterrestrial intelligence in an effort to understand and explain the origin and nature of life in the universe. He also is the co-founder and chairman of the Mars Institute, and director of the Haughton-Mars Project at NASA Ames Research Center.
Last year, Pascal received significant news coverage for his discovery of a giant volcano along with a possible sheet of buried glacier ice in the eastern part of Mars’ Tharsis volcanic province. This was the first geological find of this magnitude since the other major volcanos on Mars were discovered back in the 1970s.
Show notes:
[00:03:06] Ken welcomes Pascal back to STEM-Talk and starts our interview by mentioning the developments in space exploration over the past few years, including civilian space missions, NASA’s Artemis program which aims to send humans back to the moon, and commitments to a manned mission to Mars. Given Pascal’s career in advancement of space exploration, Ken asks if Pascal is excited by these recent developments.
[00:04:43] Ken explains that for a couple of decades Pascal has spent his summers visiting Devon Island in the Canadian arctic archipelago, which is the largest uninhabited land on Earth. When Pascal was last on STEM-Talk, his annual trip to Devon Island was cancelled due to COVID-19. Devon Island has unique geological characteristics that are in some ways similar to those on Mars. Since 2001, Devon Isalnd has been the home of the Haughton Mars Project (HMP). Ken asks Pascal to talk about the advances in this project since his last appearance on STEM-Talk.
[00:07:59] Ken mentions that while much conversation has been centered on a human trip to Mars, a mission to return humans to the Moon and establish a permanent base is a more immediately feasible goal in the short term. Ken asks Pascal to talk about the importance and significance of such a mission.
[00:12:06] On the topic of a Moon base, Ken explains that NASA’s Artemis project aims to send humans to the south pole of the Moon. Pascal has written a paper on that topic titled “An Off-Polar Site Option for the NASA Artemis Space Camp (https://isdc.nss.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/ISDC-2024-Moon-2001-Lee-Clavius-FINAL.pdf) .” Ken asks Pascal what he sees as the primary weakness in the south pole location.
[00:20:25] Ken agrees with Pascal’s perspective on sending humans to the lunar south pole, and the two discuss the problems with focusing human space exploration on romantic ideas such as “living off the land.”
[00:22:24] Ken follows up on the previous questions by mentioning that in Pascal’s aforementioned paper, he suggests setting up a lunar base at the floor of the Clavius crater. Ken asks Pascal to talk about Clavius and why it is a potentially good permanent location for a moon base.
[00:27:56] Ken asks Pascal how confident he and the community at large is in the Sophia finding of water.
[00:29:00] Ken notes that contemporary interest in human space exploration appears tied to current geopolitical issues, much like the first space race between the US and USSR. Today, interest in space travel is closely linked with relations between the US and China. Ken asks Pascal to discuss this and how he believes the US should view this current situation.
[00:35:43] Ken asks Pascal what he knows about the China’s current plans for a lunar mission.
[00:34:36] Ken talks about a meeting at IHMC that addressed power-beaming to the lunar surface.
[00:39:01] Ken notes that there is a lot of talk these days about not not only traveling to Mars, but also colonizing Mars. Ken asks Pascal where he believes this sentiment is coming from and what are some of the challenges associated with colonizing Mars.
[00:46:48] Ken notes that last year Elon Musk made an announcement to his SpaceX employees that he expects 1 million people to be living on Mars in the next 20 years. Ken asks Pascal what his thoughts are on this.
[00:53:28] Ken asks Pascal to talk about a paper he published discussing a previously unrecognized volcano on Mars. Given that it was generally accepted for decades that all the volcanos had been accounted for, Ken asks Pascal to talk about the story of his recent discovery.
[01:02:44] Ken pivots to a discussion of the Moons of Mars, specifically Phobos, asking Pascal to talk about the nature of this Moon.
[01:07:42] Ken mentions that docking on Phobos and then going from... Episode 180: Pascal Lee on NASA’s ambitions to send humans to the Moon and Mars](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NjUStiDa5bg/mqdefault.jpg)


![Episode 191: Francisco Gonzalez-Lima discusses methylene blue & noninvasive human brain stimulation
Today we have Dr. Francisco Gonzalez-Lima, a behavioral neuroscientist who was our guest in episodes 106 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-106/) and 107 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-107/) back in 2020.
Since those 2020 interviews, Francisco and his colleagues at the Gonzalez-Lima Lab have produced dozens of more studies and papers that have advanced their work on methylene blue, transcranial lasers, memory enhancement, neuroprotection and neurocognitive disorders.
Francisco and his lab at the University of Texas Austin are recognized as world leaders for their research on the relationships between brain energy metabolism, memory and neurobehavioral disorders.
In today’s interview, we talk to Francisco about his lab’s most recent research on the beneficial neurocognitive and emotional effects of noninvasive human brain stimulation in healthy, aging and mentally ill populations. This research primarily uses transcranial infrared laser stimulation and multimodal imaging, which we will discuss in today’s interview.
Be sure to check out our earlier interviews with Francisco where he talked aobut his work on brain metabolic mapping and Alzheimer’s, episode 106 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-106/) , and his research into methylene blue and near-infrared light as therapies for cognitive disorders, episode 107 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-107/) .
Show notes:
[00:04:32] Dawn and Ken open our interview with Francisco by mentioning that his lab has been very productive pursuing new research avenues since he was last on STEM-Talk. Ken mentions that Francisco has recently begun collaborating with his sister who has a PhD in computational and applied mathematics and asks Francisco to talk about the work they’re doing together.
[00:06:21] Dawn shifts to talk about the roadblocks that Francisco and his team have been dealing with, particularly that the review process for academic papers is unusually slow, not just for Francisco’s team but at large. Dawn asks Francisco to discuss this issue.
[00:10:37] Dawn recaps that in our previous interview with Francisco in 2020, the discussion focused on his research into methylene blue, which has been primarily used to treat methemoglobinemia, however, the potential for methylene blue to treat declining cognitive function is an active area of research. Despite Francisco’s successful work with methylene blue, he often gets asked about its safety, largely due to various misconceptions. Dawn asks Francisco to talk about the misconceptions about methylene blue.
[00:14:57] Ken asks if Francisco what some other misconceptions about methylene blue are.
[00:20:43] Given the discussion of dosing, Ken asks Francisco what the safe dose range is for methylene blue in humans.
[00:28:15] Ken mentions an article published a few months ago titled “Beyond plaques: How methylene blue and ketones address vascular hypometabolism in Alzheimer’s disease” (https://www.gethealthspan.com/research/article/beyond-plaques-methylene-blue-ketones-vascular-hypometabolism?srsltid=AfmBOoqpTkxzRevn-X6g5xsop3QXbX5dvgPTdFLrZUIU0O2lE8XD0iJA) Ken goes on to mention that the article did a good job of summarizing Francisco’s work as well as the work of Steve Cunnane, who was our guest on episode 59. Ken asks Francisco to discuss his thoughts on the article.
[00:34:25] Dawn shifts focus to discuss Francisco’s work on photobiomodulation, specifically transcranial infrared laser stimulation, which is a non-invasive method for neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Dawn explains that Francisco has written two chapters on this topic that summarizes his work in the area, one of which appeared in the Oxford handbook on transcranial stimulation, and the other is in a book on augmentation of brain function, based on a series of presentations he gave in Switzerland. Dawn asks Francisco to give a broad overview of his work on photobiomodulation and transcranial infrared laser stimulation.
[00:43:52] Ken asks Francisco to talk about a paper titled “Light buckets and laser beams” (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12181550/) that he and other researchers composed after attending a photobiomodulation workshop convened in 2023 by the director of the National Institute on Aging and several NIH lab directors.
[00:51:25] Ken asks Francisco if there are any commercially available photobiomodulation devices that he thinks have substantial utility.
[00:56:27] Ken asks Francisco to discuss mitochondrial disfunction in the context of neurodegeneration and his work on targeted stimulation of the mitochondria with photo biomodulation.
[01:06:58] Ken asks Francisco to talk about the potential benefits of photobiomodulation on the aging process outside of neurodegenerative conditions.
[01:17:16] Dawn mentions that transcranial infrared stimulation stimulates prefrontal energy metabolism and oxygenation, which produces cognitive enhancing effects. Dawn go... Episode 191: Francisco Gonzalez-Lima discusses methylene blue & noninvasive human brain stimulation](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Odv44IlR1iQ/mqdefault.jpg)

