Uploaded December 2025 | Updated September 2026, 3 hours ago
Walking on two legs is a defining characteristic of human beings and society, in general, has largely assumed that its members can walk. The millions of years of our evolution as a species was springboarded by the transition from four legs to two, raising our sightlines, making travel more metabolically efficient, and freeing our hands. Our world, despite all of our advances in technology, engineering, and computing, still relies on our ability to walk. Whether it is going through the grocery store, walking your dog, or exploring a mountain, walking is integral to healthspan, quality of life, and independent living. This lecture will cover the importance of maintaining our ability to walk and highlight some ways to improve our walking performance. The lecture also will explore how losing this ability, either suddenly (e.g., traumatic spinal cord injury) or gradually (e.g., normal aging), results in loss of community membership and predicts morbidity and mortality.
Zachary Graham is a Research Scientist at IHMC. His research spans both preclinical and clinical domains with a primary goal of improving metabolic and contractile function of skeletal muscle in aging, spinal cord injury, and Parkinson’s disease. A major goal across all Zachary’s lines of research has been trying to improve walking performance from the mouse to the human. He is currently co-leading a National Institute on Aging multi-site clinical study to further our understanding of the principal mechanisms that lead to walking dysfunction in aging.
He earned a bachelor’s degree in Spanish from The Ohio State University in 2007 and a Master’s and Ph.D., from the University of Kansas in 2010 and 2014. respectively. He completed postdoctoral training in muscle physiology from 2014-2018 at the National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury at the James J. Peters Veterans Administration Medical Center in the Bronx, NY. He currently has additional affiliations at the University of Alabama-Birmingham, the Birmingham VA Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center in the Bronx, NY.
This lecture is part of the IHMC Evening Lecture series.
ihmc.us/life/evening_lectures
Walking on two legs is a defining characteristic of human beings and society, in general, has largely assumed that its members can walk. The millions of years of our evolution as a species was springboarded by the transition from four legs to two, raising our sightlines, making travel more metabolically efficient, and freeing our hands. Our world, despite all of our advances in technology, engineering, and computing, still relies on our ability to walk. Whether it is going through the grocery store, walking your dog, or exploring a mountain, walking is integral to healthspan, quality of life, and independent living. This lecture will cover the importance of maintaining our ability to walk and highlight some ways to improve our walking performance. The lecture also will explore how losing this ability, either suddenly (e.g., traumatic spinal cord injury) or gradually (e.g., normal aging), results in loss of community membership and predicts morbidity and mortality.
Zachary Graham is a Research Scientist at IHMC. His research spans both preclinical and clinical domains with a primary goal of improving metabolic and contractile function of skeletal muscle in aging, spinal cord injury, and Parkinson’s disease. A major goal across all Zachary’s lines of research has been trying to improve walking performance from the mouse to the human. He is currently co-leading a National Institute on Aging multi-site clinical study to further our understanding of the principal mechanisms that lead to walking dysfunction in aging.
He earned a bachelor’s degree in Spanish from The Ohio State University in 2007 and a Master’s and Ph.D., from the University of Kansas in 2010 and 2014. respectively. He completed postdoctoral training in muscle physiology from 2014-2018 at the National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury at the James J. Peters Veterans Administration Medical Center in the Bronx, NY. He currently has additional affiliations at the University of Alabama-Birmingham, the Birmingham VA Medical Center and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center in the Bronx, NY.
This lecture is part of the IHMC Evening Lecture series.
ihmc.us/life/evening_lectures

![Episode 191: Francisco Gonzalez-Lima discusses methylene blue & noninvasive human brain stimulation
Today we have Dr. Francisco Gonzalez-Lima, a behavioral neuroscientist who was our guest in episodes 106 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-106/) and 107 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-107/) back in 2020.
Since those 2020 interviews, Francisco and his colleagues at the Gonzalez-Lima Lab have produced dozens of more studies and papers that have advanced their work on methylene blue, transcranial lasers, memory enhancement, neuroprotection and neurocognitive disorders.
Francisco and his lab at the University of Texas Austin are recognized as world leaders for their research on the relationships between brain energy metabolism, memory and neurobehavioral disorders.
In today’s interview, we talk to Francisco about his lab’s most recent research on the beneficial neurocognitive and emotional effects of noninvasive human brain stimulation in healthy, aging and mentally ill populations. This research primarily uses transcranial infrared laser stimulation and multimodal imaging, which we will discuss in today’s interview.
Be sure to check out our earlier interviews with Francisco where he talked aobut his work on brain metabolic mapping and Alzheimer’s, episode 106 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-106/) , and his research into methylene blue and near-infrared light as therapies for cognitive disorders, episode 107 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-107/) .
Show notes:
[00:04:32] Dawn and Ken open our interview with Francisco by mentioning that his lab has been very productive pursuing new research avenues since he was last on STEM-Talk. Ken mentions that Francisco has recently begun collaborating with his sister who has a PhD in computational and applied mathematics and asks Francisco to talk about the work they’re doing together.
[00:06:21] Dawn shifts to talk about the roadblocks that Francisco and his team have been dealing with, particularly that the review process for academic papers is unusually slow, not just for Francisco’s team but at large. Dawn asks Francisco to discuss this issue.
[00:10:37] Dawn recaps that in our previous interview with Francisco in 2020, the discussion focused on his research into methylene blue, which has been primarily used to treat methemoglobinemia, however, the potential for methylene blue to treat declining cognitive function is an active area of research. Despite Francisco’s successful work with methylene blue, he often gets asked about its safety, largely due to various misconceptions. Dawn asks Francisco to talk about the misconceptions about methylene blue.
[00:14:57] Ken asks if Francisco what some other misconceptions about methylene blue are.
[00:20:43] Given the discussion of dosing, Ken asks Francisco what the safe dose range is for methylene blue in humans.
[00:28:15] Ken mentions an article published a few months ago titled “Beyond plaques: How methylene blue and ketones address vascular hypometabolism in Alzheimer’s disease” (https://www.gethealthspan.com/research/article/beyond-plaques-methylene-blue-ketones-vascular-hypometabolism?srsltid=AfmBOoqpTkxzRevn-X6g5xsop3QXbX5dvgPTdFLrZUIU0O2lE8XD0iJA) Ken goes on to mention that the article did a good job of summarizing Francisco’s work as well as the work of Steve Cunnane, who was our guest on episode 59. Ken asks Francisco to discuss his thoughts on the article.
[00:34:25] Dawn shifts focus to discuss Francisco’s work on photobiomodulation, specifically transcranial infrared laser stimulation, which is a non-invasive method for neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Dawn explains that Francisco has written two chapters on this topic that summarizes his work in the area, one of which appeared in the Oxford handbook on transcranial stimulation, and the other is in a book on augmentation of brain function, based on a series of presentations he gave in Switzerland. Dawn asks Francisco to give a broad overview of his work on photobiomodulation and transcranial infrared laser stimulation.
[00:43:52] Ken asks Francisco to talk about a paper titled “Light buckets and laser beams” (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12181550/) that he and other researchers composed after attending a photobiomodulation workshop convened in 2023 by the director of the National Institute on Aging and several NIH lab directors.
[00:51:25] Ken asks Francisco if there are any commercially available photobiomodulation devices that he thinks have substantial utility.
[00:56:27] Ken asks Francisco to discuss mitochondrial disfunction in the context of neurodegeneration and his work on targeted stimulation of the mitochondria with photo biomodulation.
[01:06:58] Ken asks Francisco to talk about the potential benefits of photobiomodulation on the aging process outside of neurodegenerative conditions.
[01:17:16] Dawn mentions that transcranial infrared stimulation stimulates prefrontal energy metabolism and oxygenation, which produces cognitive enhancing effects. Dawn go... Episode 191: Francisco Gonzalez-Lima discusses methylene blue & noninvasive human brain stimulation](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Odv44IlR1iQ/mqdefault.jpg)





![Episode 195: Doug Cooke discusses NASA’s challenges in the space race to the Moon and Mars
Our guest today is Doug Cooke, an aerospace consultant who spent 38 years at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston and NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C.
STEM-Talk host and IHMC founder Dr. Ken Ford, a former Associate Director of NASA’s Ames Research Center and Director of NASA’s Center of Excellence in Information Technology, interviewed Doug just four days after the astronauts of NASA’s Artemis II mission splashed down in the Pacific Ocean following a historic 10-day roundtrip from the Earth to the Moon.
In today’s episode, Ken and Doug discuss the Artemis mission as well as NASA’s plans to return humans to the lunar surface by 2028. Doug also shares his concern that China could one day surpass America’s leadership role in human spaceflight.
During his 38 years at NASA, Doug played critical roles in the Space Shuttle, International Space Station and Human Exploration spaceflight programs. During the last three years of his NASA career, he served as Associate Administrator of the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate, which oversees the development of systems critical to NASA’s plans for human exploration of the Moon and Mars, including the Artemis program.
Show notes:
[00:04:05] Ken opens our interview with Doug by talking about the Artemis II mission, which is the first crewed mission beyond low earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972. Harrison Schmidtt, who was on Apollo 17, was our guest on episode 4 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode004/) . Ken asks Doug for his key takeaways of the Artemis II mission, which set the record for a manned mission from Earth, traveling 252,756 miles into space and breaking Apollo 13’s record.
[00:06:18] Ken explains that the Artemis missions signal a new age of space exploration as well as the beginning of a new space race between the U.S. and China. NASA aims to land humans on the Moon by 2028 while China expects to land humans on the moon in 2030. Ken has previously stated that he does not have confidence in NASA’s current mission architecture to achieve NASA’s stated goal of 2028, and asks Doug for his thoughts on the matter.
[00:07:28] Ken asks if it is true that Yuri Gagarin, who become the first human to fly into space, is what initially sparked Doug’s interest in science and space.
[00:08:54] Ken notes that Gagarin’s orbit around the earth inspired President Kennedy to vow that the United States would ramp up its space program and become the first nation to land a man on the moon. Ken mentions that he believes the Apollo 11 mission, which landed astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the lunar surface, was one the greatest technological advances in world history. Ken asks Doug for his thoughts on the success of the Apollo program.
[00:10:28] Ken mentions that Doug went to college at Texas A&M and majored in aerospace engineering. Kens asks Doug how he got a job at NASA after graduating.
[00:12:21] Ken explains that Doug was instrumental in the development of the space shuttle and the International Space Station during his time at NASA. Doug talks about what it was like working on those projects at NASA.
[00:15:16] Ken mentions that Doug also had an instrumental role in the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), and the broader Exploration Technology Program. Ken points out that Doug became head of the exploration technology program in 1990 under then NASA Associate Administrator Mike Griffin, who was our guest on episodes 134 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-134/) and 189 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-189/) . Ken asks Doug about meeting Mike.
[00:16:17] Ken mentions that Mike Griffin and Lisa Porter were our guests on episode 189 (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-189/) , where they voiced concerns about NASA’s current plans for a return to the moon. Ken goes on to mention that near the end of Doug’s career at NASA, he was the head of Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD), which is responsible for the development of systems critical to NASA’s plans for future exploration of the Moon and Mars. Ken asks Doug to talk about his role as head of the directorate and the work he did there.
[00:18:55] Ken explains that Doug has written extensively on the issues with the Artemis mission architecture, most notably in a recent article for space news (https://spacenews.com/the-u-s-race-to-the-moon-why-plan-b-cannot-wait/) . Before jumping into the article, Ken asks Doug to talk about why it is important and also a national-security concern that we return to the moon before China.
[00:21:12] Looping back to Doug’s op-ed in Space News (https://spacenews.com/the-u-s-race-to-the-moon-why-plan-b-cannot-wait/) , Ken notes that Doug stressed the need for NASA to develop a plan-B for the Artemis mission, with Doug and others noting that without a plan-B, the U.S. risks of losing the space race to the Moon. Doug has also gone on record to say that Chi... Episode 195: Doug Cooke discusses NASA’s challenges in the space race to the Moon and Mars](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/SHB7o6gBEb4/mqdefault.jpg)


