Uploaded September 2019 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
‘What is your stupid question?’ Hold that thought. Rory Sutherland makes an excellent point here: it makes sense to ask stupid questions because i) the answer is not always immediately obvious and ii) the solution to a problem may be very, very different depending on what that answer is. RS illustrates that perfectly with the (apparently silly) question: ‘Why do people dislike standing up on trains?’
My stupid question is a different one: ‘Why do people attend English classes?’ For many the answer may be ‘To improve my English’ but I would like to argue that for many others there are at least additional reasons: ‘Because I want to meet people’ / ‘Because I want to feel I am not stagnating’ / ‘Because my parents expect me to’.
If these answers are true (and notice that the respondent may well be unaware of this) then simply delivering methodologically sound lessons doesn’t quite cut it. Should we organise more social events? Should we include more interesting content? Should we try to make the lesson an interesting as well as an instructive experience?
Now over to you: What is YOUR stupid question?
‘What is your stupid question?’ Hold that thought. Rory Sutherland makes an excellent point here: it makes sense to ask stupid questions because i) the answer is not always immediately obvious and ii) the solution to a problem may be very, very different depending on what that answer is. RS illustrates that perfectly with the (apparently silly) question: ‘Why do people dislike standing up on trains?’
My stupid question is a different one: ‘Why do people attend English classes?’ For many the answer may be ‘To improve my English’ but I would like to argue that for many others there are at least additional reasons: ‘Because I want to meet people’ / ‘Because I want to feel I am not stagnating’ / ‘Because my parents expect me to’.
If these answers are true (and notice that the respondent may well be unaware of this) then simply delivering methodologically sound lessons doesn’t quite cut it. Should we organise more social events? Should we include more interesting content? Should we try to make the lesson an interesting as well as an instructive experience?
Now over to you: What is YOUR stupid question?
![Ads for ELT - Hands Only CPR 1 [Vinnie]
[To get a free worksheet (+KEY, +Script) just click here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByC3QwWZuGXdY2pkQzNCaWQtazQ/view?usp=sharing ]
Tough guy Vinnie shows that there are times in life when it pays to be tough. Like when someone is having a cardiac arrest for instance. A fantastic concept – the incongruity of having someone who looks like a psychopathic thug delivering a pro-social message makes it extremely memorable. Entertaining, excellent listening practice, PLUS students get to learn something which might prove to be a life-saving skill for real life. What more could one ask for?
Level: C1 – C2. Topic: Health / First Aid / Emergencies
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes].
SCRIPT
My name is Vinnie Jones and I’m going to teach you a lesson you’ll never forget. There are times in life when being tough comes in handy. Say some geezer collapses in front of you. What do you do? We need a volunteer that ain’t breathing.
Here’s one I made earlier. First thing you do is you check him over. If he ain’t responsive or he ain’t breathing or he’s making noises like this. (SOUND: serious weezing) then his heart has stopped working and he’s having a cardiac arrest. Look lively. First, call 999. Then you do Hands-only CPR. And no kissing. You only kiss your missus on the lips. Watch. Lock your fingers together, knuckles up. Then push down. Right on the sovereign.
Push down five or six centimetres. That’s about two inches in old money.
Push hard and fast about two times a second, like to the beat of ‘Stayin’ Alive’. Worried you’ll hurt him? Better a cracked rib than him kicking the bucket. Keep this up until the ambulance arrives.
So, don’t forget. Check him over. Call 999. Push hard and fast to ‘Stayin’ Alive. It work’s. Hands-only CPR. It ain’t as hard as it looks.
If you want to come in handy in an emergency, why not sign up for one of our HeartStart courses. Ads for ELT - Hands Only CPR 1 [Vinnie]](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/imcFo7bxSU0/mqdefault.jpg)
![Psycholgy and ELT - Shrink the Change
It’s not that we don’t want to do things, it’s just that we keep procrastinating! When we find ourselves putting things off, that may be because what we have to do looms ahead as something big, difficult and time consuming. But what if we knew that, painful as it might be, it would only last for 5 min? That’s the big idea: just do it for 5 min – or even 1 min! But once you’ve started, the reward chemicals start flowing into your brain and you just don’t want to stop. Even if you do, your perception of yourself has changed; ‘Yes, I did it! I did get started’. It’s so much easier to continue now… Just watch the great Dan Heath.
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes]. Psycholgy and ELT - Shrink the Change](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/j4GxTG_2_0o/mqdefault.jpg)
![Psychology and ELT - The Pratfall Effect
We all like competent people, right? And we all like to be liked. Ergo, the more competent, the more ‘perfect’ we are, the more others will like us, right? Wrong.
It turns out that we do not like people when they are ‘too perfect’. This phenomenon, called ‘The Pratfall Effect’ was first discovered by the great Eliott Aronson, in a study described here by Adam Ferrier.
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have only uploaded it here for educational purposes]. Psychology and ELT - The Pratfall Effect](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jsE6flh7dMk/mqdefault.jpg)
![Psychology and ELT - Incongruity
This has to be one of the most stunning examples of the effectiveness of using incongruity to re-focus people’s attention to something.
Imagine you are an advertiser and you have been asked to re-launch a product (Shreddies – a square-shaped breakfast cereal) for a particular market. Please bear in mind that a) the product has been around for donkey’s years and everyone knows it b) you have not changed the product in any way! Quite a tall order, right? In fact, Hunter Sommerville, the guy who was charged with designing the box, was at his wit’s end – if ever there was a ‘mission impossible’ this was it! And then an idea struck him – perhaps if he rotated the picture by 45 degrees?!? Here is Rory Sutherland to tell us the story in his own inimitable style...
The question for us teachers of course is this: if advertisers can revive people’s attention in something by means of a little trick, can we not perhaps ‘tweak’ some activities so that they are more exciting for our students?
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes]. Psychology and ELT - Incongruity](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jsXSQxDDVKE/mqdefault.jpg)
![Psychology and ELT - Expectations 1
How would you like a glass of beer? It’s tasty, well-chilled, refreshing and, perhaps more importantly – free! Not only that, you are also going to be given a choice! You can choose between beer A or beer B (beer B, the ‘MIT brew’ contains a secret ingredient!) You can taste them both and make your choice. Now think: would it make any difference if you knew in advance that this secret ingredient was in fact a drop of balsamic vinegar? Over to Professor Ariely now – just watch the video…
So what is the moral? Here it is: ‘Expectations Colour Experience’. How we perceive something depends on what we expect it to be like. And this doesn’t just have to do with food and drink…
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes]. Psychology and ELT - Expectations 1](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jx2nfsdfgNo/mqdefault.jpg)
![Psychology and ELT - The Boomerang Effect
What is wrong with the following?
[Supervisor to Candidates] ‘A noticeable increase in cheating has been observed. It will not be tolerated’.
[Teacher to New Class] ‘I hope you are not going to be like my other classes where students hardly do any H/W…’
[DOS to members of her Department] ‘People have been abusing sick leave. This has got to stop’.
[School Owner to parents] ‘So many people delay paying their fees, we have problems with cash-flow…’
[Teacher to students] ‘Most people record unknown words by simply writing down the translation. This is hardly the best way…’
[MSc Tutor to New Group] ‘Ah – Greek students… They never hand in assignments on time. Please try to do better…’
Now watch the clip and find out.
[The Moral: (a) Do not advertise undesirable behaviour. (b) If you are to give figures, focus on the positive].
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes]. Psychology and ELT - The Boomerang Effect](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jyaRQaV0C10/mqdefault.jpg)
![Psychology and ELT - Active Involvement
It was a just cause – the FBI had to be saved (we don’t mean the Federal Bureau of Investigation you understand, but rather the FBi radio station in Australia). The station was going under – it would have to raise 500 grand to stay afloat. But how? Then someone had a bright idea: ‘So far we’ve been asking each supporter to donate a little bit; why not get everyone to ask one individual for the entire sum instead??’ :-) The second question people asked this guy was ‘Whom should we ask?’ (The first one was ‘What do you smoke?’)
The answer was obvious: Richard Branson of course! He is a music lover, he’s got cash to burn and he is eccentric enough, so it might just work! So the ‘Ask Richard’ campaign was born. The idea was simple: ‘If your idea gets Richard to contribute $ 1 m, you get a cool $ 50 k’ [please note that this is someone else’s money that we are talking about! :-) ] The important thing though was that the campaign gave full control to the fans – it was their creativity and involvement that would do the trick! Just watch the clip…
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes]. Psychology and ELT - Active Involvement](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kCkDyXIkePE/mqdefault.jpg)
![Psychology for ELT - Educating vs Persuading
The misconception that the conscious / rational part of our brain is in control of our decisions is so firmly entrenched that it is hard to get people to abandon appeals to reason. Here are some of the results:
i) Groups of children were instructed on the principles of healthy eating; then they were given the option of choosing between cookies and fruit. They went for the cookies (Gneezy & List 2013 – p. 161).
ii) In the US they launched a huge campaign trying to persuade people of the evils of marijuana. The cost was $ 1 bn. The results: ‘some evidence that the campaign had pro-marijuana effects…’ (Levitt & Dubner 2014 – p. 173)
iii) As part of a major anti-smoking campaign more than 4,000 children from 20 different schools attended special lessons and were given advice on how to resist peer pressure. Results: two years later, 29% of them smoked – as opposed to 28% of a control group.
iv) A meta-analysis of studies on all programmes trying to educate people on financial matters found a maximum of 6% improvement, deteriorating over time and were least effective for those who needed them most (Ariely 2013 – YouTube [1:30 – 2:00]). I rest my case.
Why does this happen? Well, clearly the original assumption is wrong. We think that the conscious part of the brain is all there is, but in fact there are lots and lots of other modules vying for control of that ‘driver’s seat’ (Kurzban 2012). What is more, these tend to take over just at the critical moment. Just watch this clip [1:04 – 2:45].
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes]. Psychology for ELT - Educating vs Persuading](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kJh8Yk2-oGk/mqdefault.jpg)
![Psychology and ELT - Nudging in Practice 1
How do you get people to submit their tax returns on time? One way to do this (the traditional way), is to let them know the deadline and that there is a fine if they fail to meet it. This resulted in a compliance rate of 67.5%. But what if you were to add to this a simple piece of info? Do you think this figure would change? If so, by how much? Here are three variations of this:
Simply informing people that most others do submit their tax returns on time:
Informing people that most others in the same postal code submit their tax returns on time:
Informing people that most others in the same street/town submit their tax returns on time:
So – there you have it. Now imagine an academic setting. Instead of trying to persuade people about the importance of submitting their essays on time, you could inform them about how many students actually do so. Or perhaps about how many people in this particular course meet their academic obligations. Social Proof is a very potent weapon of influence for the teacher – and one which has been neglected so far.
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes]. Psychology and ELT - Nudging in Practice 1](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kQsjxrtXu2E/mqdefault.jpg)
![Psychology and ELT - Emotion
Another amazing Case Study illustrating the powerful role of emotion in getting people to change attitudes. Notice how cleverly the advertisers initially evoke anger by appearing to be making fun of people’s national identity. When they change tack, the product rides the surge in people’s patriotic emotions as a result of its long association with Romania. Notice also the role of incongruity in getting people to pay attention in the first place (‘What? ROM with an American flag on the wrapper?!?’) To get people to wake up, all you need to do is violate their expectations – and of course advertisers are past masters at it….
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes]. Psychology and ELT - Emotion](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kW3VABfHeNs/mqdefault.jpg)
![NESTs and NNESTs - The Magnifier
Why are there so few women at the top? Part of the answer is prejudice, stereotypes, the fact that they still do most of the childrearing, etc. etc. – and all these might help explain why a woman’s male colleagues are often preferred. But there is another factor at play: once someone is actually promoted, a certain mechanism kicks in which helps magnify any initial difference – or create a very real one where none existed originally! Here is Malcolm Gladwell explaining the same process at work in the field of sports.
I believe the same mechanism can help explain a number of things – not least the huge discrepancy between NESTs and NNESTs at the top levels of ELT.
[NB: I do not own the copyright to this video clip. I have uploaded it here for educational purposes]. NESTs and NNESTs - The Magnifier](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ky832aVwvIg/mqdefault.jpg)