Cosmos:elementary
What creates a spiral structure of galaxies?
updated
00:00 - Intro
05:20 - Is it possible?
11:15 - Modern methods
21:44 - First attempts
Sources:
Deep Impact
gizmodo.com/a-scientist-responds-to-deep-impact-1709206458
Orbits
https://blogs.esa.int/mex/2014/03/07/how-to-determine-the-orbit-of-a-comet/
astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2013/09/predicting-a-path
https://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/AsteroidsIII/pdf/3039.pdf
Student project
eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hyakutake/images/phot-hya-apr03-mw
Asteroid Orbit Determination Project
http://www.columbia.edu/~my2317/asteroidproject.html
Gauss and Ceres
https://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers1999/weiss.html
https://math.berkeley.edu/~mgu/MA221/Ceres_Presentation.pdf
Book
archive.schillerinstitute.com/fid_97-01/982_orbit_ceres.pdf
Newton
https://principia.blog/2021/03/21/newton-and-the-orbit-of-comets/
Asteroid search
nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasem_report_finding_hazardous_asteroids.pdf
nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25476/chapter/2
aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/02/aa35983-19/aa35983-19.html
nasa.gov/planetarydefense/faq
Database
cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry
https://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-list
ATLAS
nasa.gov/feature/nasa-asteroid-tracking-system-now-capable-of-full-sky-search
NEOSM
jpl.nasa.gov/missions/near-earth-object-surveyor
Pan-STARRS
http://www2.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Pan-STARRS.shtml
My video about Cosmic Horizons
youtu.be/QV98ZzdZMhI?si=STFB0DEDimgAnSTU
My video about Fine Tuning
youtu.be/iVyU_kSnSeM?si=TEowx5Y2BkWXnsSt
My video about “temperature” of the CMB
youtu.be/vTtojtMoQjE?si=S8KqDlKe5c_TGbbc
My video about False Vacuum
youtu.be/ZRhTHzhH4-w?si=Imr3UVNtKWReNNX-
Cosmological Calculator
https://astro.uchicago.edu/~gnedin/cc/
00:00 - Intro
02:00 - Big Bang and the Singularity
12:50 - Problems
22:25 - Inflation
Sources:
The Big Bang
worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/9789811229442_0001 doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175180.003
Nucleosynthesis
https://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/bbn.html
Scale Factor
https://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/bbn.html
Cosmological Calculator
https://astro.uchicago.edu/~gnedin/cc/
Problems
https://s3.cern.ch/inspire-prod-files-c/cf01320a84f09089fdb2318c01fc440b
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/f/Flatness+Problem
https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Watson/Watson5_2.html
Alan Guth’s Paper
journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347
Inflation
http://rstudio-pubs-static.s3.amazonaws.com/268079_8607edbb97f64383bd44e6ac71c0cb90.html
arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0304257.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1810.09934.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1902.05286.pdf
doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175180.004
ctc.cam.ac.uk/outreach/origins/inflation_zero.php
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/10/22/what-came-first-inflation-or-the-big-bang/?sh=99ccee24153c
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/05/11/what-if-cosmic-inflation-is-wrong/?sh=41947e428e50
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/04/12/how-come-cosmic-inflation-doesnt-break-the-speed-of-light/?sh=79b2a02d1e40
scientificamerican.com/custom-media/biggest-questions-in-science/the-founder-of-cosmic-inflation-theory-on-cosmologys-next-big-ideas
https://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2022/03/033.html
bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/big-bang-beginning-universe
Alan Guth’s Lecture
youtube.com/watch?v=PsfyE1-s9Rs
Stabilized video from the Moon
youtube.com/watch?v=q2sjqmKeM5g
MOLAB video
youtube.com/watch?v=VNaoxY-dXOg
My video on ion engines
youtube.com/watch?v=FxntigaSI2U
My video on surviving lunar night
youtube.com/watch?v=v8JJBFvgUxM
00:00 - Intro
01:50 - Lunar projects
06:57 - Interplanetary
13:24 - Nuclear Rockets
18:11 - Orion and Aldebaran
Sources
MALLAR
smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/forgotten-plans-reach-moon-apollo-180972695
Open platform
ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190031985/downloads/20190031985_rev1.pdf
http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/excursion.php
MOLAB
smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nasa-had-plans-geology-lab-moon-180952137
youtube.com/watch?v=VNaoxY-dXOg
Kuck’s Mosquito
http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/infrastructure.php#kuckmosquito
Squid
nasa.gov/feature/soft-robotic-rover-with-electrodynamic-power-scavenging
nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/11-2015_phase_i_mason_peck_soft_robotic_rover_electrodynamic_power_scavenging.pdf
nasa.gov/feature/niac-2015-phase-i-and-phase-ii-selections
catalog.data.gov/dataset/soft-robotic-rover-with-electrodynamic-power-scavenging
Windbot
jpl.nasa.gov/news/could-windbots-someday-explore-the-skies-of-jupiter
nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/niac_2015_phasei_stoica_windbots_tagged.pdf
Orion
ans.org/news/article-1294/nuclear-pulse-propulsion-gateway-to-the-stars
http://www.astronautix.com/o/orionnuclearpulsevehicle.html
http://www.astronautix.com/p/projectoriossiblerebirth.html
vehq.com/how-hot-does-a-combustion-chamber-get-in-a-vehicle
Aldebaran
armaghplanet.com/the-amazing-aldebaran-spacecraft.html
up-ship.com/blog/?p=5353
More info
sociomix.com/diaries/entertainment/the-10-weirdest-spacecraft-ever-proposed/1615844445
siliconrepublic.com/innovation/5-of-the-weirdest-spaceships-being-considered-by-nasa
vox.com/2015/2/22/8077449/nasa-colony-missions
My video on the Fine Tuning problem
youtube.com/watch?v=iVyU_kSnSeM
00:00 - Not a paradox?
03:53 - a Problem
07:43 - Galactic club
11:16 - Contact Era
14:55 - Silent Bubble
17:26 - Schelling points
22:43 - Machine learning
Sources
Review
arxiv.org/pdf/0907.3432.pdf
Where is everybody
sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/la-10311-ms.pdf
Not a paradox
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1605/1605.09187.pdf
Michael Hart
https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1975QJRAS..16..128H
K-dwarfs
arxiv.org/pdf/2210.10656.pdf
Contact Era
phys.org/news/2022-12-dont-aliens-theyre.html
space.com/fermi-paradox-aliens-contact-earth-not-interesting
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2211/2211.16505.pdf
Microwave
nature.com/articles/521129f
Silent Bubble
arxiv.org/pdf/2301.07165.pdf
phys.org/news/2023-01-aliens-contacted.html
Schelling points
space.com/seti-planetary-transit-alien-signals
arxiv.org/pdf/2212.05137.pdf
Machine learning
phys.org/news/2023-01-machine-extraterrestrial-life.html
nature.com/articles/s41550-022-01872-z
arxiv.org/pdf/2301.12670.pdf
00:00 - Intro
02:13 - Growing planets
05:31 - Why
10:15 - Problems 1
18:00 - Problems 2
Sources
Moon contracting
nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2019/moonquakes
nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html
Mercury contracting
nasa.gov/feature/the-incredible-shrinking-mercury-is-active-after-all
space.com/mercury-shrank-less-than-believed
Bacon’s book
oll.libertyfund.org/title/bacon-novum-organum
About Bacon’s quotes
cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3A453C4206ADF8AC5657E77F3B2D39AA/S0016756800053498a.pdf/francis-bacon-and-continental-drift.pdf
First mention
nature.com/articles/367407a0
Wegener
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/techist.html
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02202896
More points
hgss.copernicus.org/articles/5/135/2014/hgss-5-135-2014.pdf
History
popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a22594681/weve-been-wrong-before-expanding-earth-theory
Spreading
education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/seafloor-spreading
Plate Tectonics
education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/continental-drift-versus-plate-tectonics
earthquakeauthority.com/Blog/2020/Understanding-Plate-Tectonic-Theory
livescience.com/37706-what-is-plate-tectonics.html
Measurements
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674984715000518
nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/earth20110816.html
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011GL047450
How much stuff falls onto Earth
solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/meteors-and-meteorites/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=id+asc&search=&condition_1=meteor_shower%3Abody_type
Earth parameters
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html
Conspiracy theories
expansiontectonics.com/index1.html
http://www.alternativephysics.org/book/ExpandingEarth.htm
Continental Drift
eartheclipse.com/science/geology/theory-of-continental-drift-causes-and-evidence.html
youtube.com/watch?v=ovT90wYrVk4
Before Pangaea
earth.com/earthpedia-articles/supercontinents-101-pannotia-gondwana-and-pangea
scientificamerican.com/article/earth-before-pangaea
Plate tectonics
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/techist.html
frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2013.00002/full
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2017.0414
Mobilism
geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscientist/Archive/October-2012/100-years-of-mobilism
Hydride Earth
geokniga.org/books/13596
00:00 - Intro
02:30 - Why
05:46 - How
13:28 - Latest research
Sources
To Mars
image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/venus/q2811.html
mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/cruise
Aubrey Mash
nytimes.com/2019/12/06/world/europe/woman-survives-cardiac-arrest.html
Anna Bågenholm
flexitog.com/blog/flexitog-news-articles-1/how-anna-bagenholm-survived-the-lowest-body-temperature-ever-recorded-11
More cases
weather.gov/safety/cold-survivor
Mitsutaka Uchikoshi
theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/21/japan.topstories3
cnet.com/science/biology/features/chasing-ghosts-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-human-hibernation
Surgeries
bbc.com/news/health-11389464
Therapeutic hypothermia
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3519955
hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/therapeutic-hypothermia-after-cardiac-arrest
14 days
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11014530
NASA and SpaceWorks
nasa.gov/content/torpor-inducing-transfer-habitat-for-human-stasis-to-mars
nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Bradford_2013_PhI_Torpor.pdf
https://www.spaceworks.aero/cnet-torpor-mysteries-of-human-hibernation/
General info
smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/hibernation-for-space-voyages-180962394
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30569200
Radiation
phys.org/news/2022-11-safety-space-synthetic-hibernation-cosmic.html
nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20382-6
Issues
sciencealert.com/a-common-sci-fi-solution-for-long-distance-space-travel-could-be-pointless-for-humans
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2022.0456
ESA
https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Hibernate_for_a_trip_to_Mars_the_bear_way
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763421004425
universetoday.com/154382/could-astronauts-hibernate-on-long-space-voyages
Sean Raymond articles:
planetplanet.net/the-ultimate-solar-system
planetplanet.net/2017/05/03/the-ultimate-engineered-solar-system
My video on Counter Earth
youtube.com/watch?v=ikBij1SbGs0
My video about the moon and double planets
youtube.com/watch?v=jlnXNzQjyQI
00:00 - Intro
01:45 - The reality
06:56 - Habitable zone
20:26 - Outside the habitable zone
Sources
Kepler-90
exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/6123/kepler-90b
jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia22193-kepler-90-system-compared-to-our-solar-system-artists-concept
Limits
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ab9ffe
astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/how-many-habitable-zone-planets-can-orbit-a-host-star/#:~:text=Their%20model%20determined%20that%20it,six%20planets%20with%20liquid%20water.
sciencealert.com/there-could-be-as-many-as-7-habitable-worlds-orbiting-around-some-distant-stars
Hill sphere
link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_724
http://astro.vaporia.com/start/hillradius.html
Engineered systems
livescience.com/maximum-number-of-planets-orbit-sun
Sean Raymond articles:
planetplanet.net/the-ultimate-solar-system
planetplanet.net/2017/05/03/the-ultimate-engineered-solar-system
Trojan planets
arxiv.org/pdf/1901.07250.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0408079.pdf
arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1004/1004.0726v1.pdf
Coorbital planets
newscientist.com/article/dn20160-two-planets-found-sharing-one-orbit
Calculator
web.archive.org/web/20220602153204/http://depts.washington.edu/naivpl/sites/default/files/hz_0.shtml
Sun’s surface temperature
link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_487
Stability of systems
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10569-010-9288-0
arxiv.org/pdf/1703.08426.pdf
Earth and Sun masses
space.com/17001-how-big-is-the-sun-size-of-the-sun.html
Solar system
solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/sun/in-depth
Chemical composition of the Universe
sciencenotes.org/what-is-the-most-abundant-element-in-the-u
Visualizations
lucas.bourneuf.net/blog/uess.html
How thermocouples work
youtube.com/watch?v=PccE4WcfnAw
00:00 - Intro
01:45 - What’s the problem?
07:42 - How has it been addressed
20:47 - What to do?
Sources:
Day and Night
moon.nasa.gov/inside-and-out/top-moon-questions
Temperature fluctuations
livescience.com/why-do-deserts-get-cold-at-night.html
earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biodesert.php
guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/greatest-temperature-range-in-day
Temperatures
lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/lithos/LROlitho7temperaturevariation27May2014.pdf
ISS
science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast21mar_1
Apollo 11
nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html
Apollo 17
nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo17.html
Luna 9
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/luna-09/in-depth
https://scientificrussia.ru/articles/ams-luna-9-pervaya-v-istorii-chelovechestva-myagkaya-posadka-na-lunu
Surveyor 1
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/surveyor-1/in-depth
MLI
https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2016/08/Multi-layer_insulation_blankets
Lunokhod
space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html
https://www.laspace.ru/projects/planets/luna-17/
Apollo 13
spacesafetymagazine.com/aerospace-engineering/nuclear-propulsion/will-anyone-recover-apollo-13s-plutonium
How to survive
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0032063310003065
doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.09.024
space.com/moon-missions-artemis-challenges-overnight
Regolith
https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Surviving_the_long_dark_night_of_the_Moon
http://ltu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1039969/FULLTEXT02.pdf
ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930007428/downloads/19930007428.pdf
https://denning.atmos.colostate.edu/readings/lunar.regolith.heat.transfer.pdf
RTGs
rps.nasa.gov/about-rps/overview
https://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/power/1-what-are-rtgs.html
MMRTG
rps.nasa.gov/power-and-thermal-systems/power-systems
Mild temperatures
https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/places-on-moon-where-its-always-sweater-weather
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022GL099710
Chang'e 4
indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/change-4-survives-first-lunar-night-wakes-up-to-minus-190-degrees-centigrade-5564555
spacenews.com/change-4-spacecraft-enter-lunar-nighttime-china-planning-future-missions-cooperation
Orbital mirrors
iflscience.com/there-s-a-surprisingly-affordable-way-to-power-lunar-bases-without-storage-66003
Bricks
https://scienceillustrated.com.au/blog/science/powering-a-moon-base/
Poles
https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/moonPoles
00:00 - Intro
01:41 - Why So Huge
10:30 - Double Planet
19:26 - 9th planet
23:58 - Weird Craters
Sources:
Large moons
sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220201144027.htm
nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28063-8
Earth
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html
Moon
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html
Jupiter
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/joviansatfact.html
Red dwarfs
universemagazine.com/en/tess-discovered-a-large-planet-near-a-small-star
centauri-dreams.org/2021/02/01/how-common-are-giant-planets-around-red-dwarfs
IAU resolution
iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf
Double planet
sciencefocus.com/space/what-is-a-binary-planet-system
https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/SMART-1/Moon_Welcome_to_the_double_planet
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/37-our-solar-system/the-moon/the-moon-and-the-earth/42-are-earth-and-the-moon-twin-planets-beginner
universetoday.com/85749/is-the-moon-a-planet
space.com/2743-iau-proposed-planet-definition.html
arxiv.org/pdf/1507.06300.pdf
Is the Moon a planet?
scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=81133
sky-lights.org/2017/01/23/qa-trajectory-of-the-moon
Craters
astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2012/07/lunar-impacts
https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1977LPSC....8.3427P
files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1174594.pdf
space.com/water-ice-moon-and-mercury-craters.html
skyandtelescope.org/observing/celestial-objects-to-watch/tycho-the-metropolitan-crater-of-the-moon
steemit.com/science/@michaelmatthews/that-s-no-moon-it-s-a-space-station
My video on Information Paradox
youtube.com/watch?v=LaRgY7tMDM4
My video on Fine Tuning Problem
youtube.com/watch?v=iVyU_kSnSeM
My video on Horizons of the Universe
youtube.com/watch?v=QV98ZzdZMhI
00:00 - Intro
02:00 - Illusion
07:00 - Simulation
19:57 - Hologram
Sources
Perception
https://zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu/reality-illusion-world-science-festival-experts-reveal-power-and-peculiarities-brain-s-ability-sense
Galaxy
asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/mwmw/mmw_images.html
Bostrom’s paper
simulation-argument.com/simulation.pdf
Simulation
scientificamerican.com/article/do-we-live-in-a-simulation-chances-are-about-50-50
space.com/universe-simulation-hypothesis-problems
space.com/18932-are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation.html
space.com/30124-is-our-universe-a-fake.html
bigthink.com/thinking/why-the-simulation-hypothesis-is-pseudoscience
npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/03/09/519376356/why-reality-is-not-a-video-game-and-why-it-matters
livescience.com/54380-are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation.html
livescience.com/how-many-bits-in-the-universe
https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/09/15/could-scientists-perfectly-simulate-the-entire-universe-in-a-computer-down-to-the-last-atom
quantamagazine.org/coder-physicists-are-simulating-the-universe-to-unlock-its-secrets-20180612
web.archive.org/web/20181010182334/futurism.com/sorry-elon-physicists-say-we-definitely-arent-living-in-a-computer-simulation
http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/9/e1701758
Hologram
wired.co.uk/article/our-universe-is-a-hologram#:~:text=A%20holographic%20Universe%20means%20information,and%20experience%20is%20an%20illusion.
space.com/black-holes-holographic-projection-quantum-computing-study
scientificamerican.com/article/information-in-the-holographic-univ/#
theguardian.com/science/shortcuts/2017/jan/31/guide-to-holographic-principle-of-universe
futurism.com/the-holographc-universe-principle-what-is-what-should-never-be
web.archive.org/web/20140326182200/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~sai/hologram.html
vox.com/2015/6/29/8847863/holographic-principle-universe-theory-physics
quantamagazine.org/symmetries-reveal-clues-about-the-holographic-universe-20220112
arstechnica.com/science/2020/06/natures-cosmic-hard-drive-black-holes-could-store-information-like-holograms
Information paradox
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1634/1/012088/pdf
My video on the Speed of Light
youtube.com/watch?v=pSVPFEM7JsA
My video on warp drives
youtube.com/watch?v=ysIK-Qek8q0
Videos on Imaginary Numbers
youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiaHhY2iBX9g6KIvZ_703G3KJXapKkNaF
00:00 - Intro
02:00 - Tachyons and imaginary mass
10:51 - Tachyons and paradoxes
17:58 - How to find them
Sources
Feinberg’s paper
journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089
Imaginary numbers
khanacademy.org/math/algebra2/x2ec2f6f830c9fb89:complex/x2ec2f6f830c9fb89:imaginary/a/intro-to-the-imaginary-numbers
1962 paper
aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.1941773
Tachyons
https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/tachyons.html
space.com/tachyons-facts-about-particles
scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-known-about-tachy
Paradoxes
https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/spacetime_tachyon/index.html
https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/spacetime_tachyon/two_spaceship_paradox.html
Cherenkov radiation
iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-is-cherenkov-radiation
Products
skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/tachyons-and-other-nonentities
FTL and time travel
http://www.physicsmatt.com/blog/2016/8/25/why-ftl-implies-time-travel
Antitelephone
https://sci-hub.se/https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.2.263
arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9508164.pdf
Tachyons
arxiv.org/pdf/1112.4187.pdf
Search
arxiv.org/pdf/2204.12017.pdf
Neutrinos
nature.com/articles/nature.2012.10249
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/JHEP10(2012)093
Black holes
arxiv.org/pdf/2201.02622.pdf
Dark Energy
arxiv.org/pdf/1811.03470.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0227.pdf
Dark matter
arxiv.org/pdf/1601.06772.pdf
Supernova remnants
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214404815000257?via%3Dihub
Tachyon stars
arxiv.org/pdf/1110.2523.pdf
My video on presolar grains
youtube.com/watch?v=cPdR4e0-SYk
00:00 - Intro
02:14 - What's so special
07:15 - What are they like
12:32 - Formation
Sources
Galileo and Saturn
spacecentre.co.uk/blog-post/galileos-telescope-changed-our-view-of-the-solar-system
Grand Finale
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/mission/grand-finale/overview
Haumea
solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/haumea/in-depth/#otp_rings
Asteroid with rings
solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/10199-chariklo/in-depth
Super Saturn
exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/184/super-saturn-astronomers-find-a-massive-ring-system-around-an-exoplanet
James Elliott
nature.com/articles/267328a0
Herschel
phys.org/news/2007-04-william-herschel-uranus-18th-century.html
Rings structure
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/rings
space.com/23235-rings-of-saturn.html
Phoebe ring
planetary.org/articles/2165
How much falls onto Earth
scientificamerican.com/article/antarctic-study-shows-how-much-space-dust-hits-earth-every-year
Hypotheses
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0912/0912.3017.pdf
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2205/2205.06914.pdf
Disrupted moon
space.com/saturn-destroyed-moon-to-make-rings
https://news.mit.edu/2022/saturn-rings-tilt-missing-moon-0915
arxiv.org/pdf/1709.08768.pdf
Part of the moon
nature.com/articles/news.2010.515
https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2151.pdf
More on age
quantamagazine.org/are-saturns-rings-really-as-young-as-the-dinosaurs-20191121
They will soon disappear?
solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/794/nasa-research-reveals-saturn-is-losing-its-rings-at-worst-case-scenario-rate
My video on warp drives
youtube.com/watch?v=ysIK-Qek8q0
My video on speed of light
youtube.com/watch?v=pSVPFEM7JsA
00:00 - Intro
02:04 - History and Feasibility
10:08 - Teleporting a human
20:45 - Quantum teleportation
Sources:
In Culture
bigthink.com/hard-science/history-of-teleportation
The man without a Body
https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0602521h.html#03
To Venus in 5 seconds
archive.org/details/ToVenusInFiveSeconds/page/n21/mode/2up
The word
merriam-webster.com/dictionary/teleportation#h1
US air force paper
sgp.fas.org/eprint/teleport.pdf
Time estimates
nbcnews.com/science/space/trouble-teleportation-it-could-take-quadrillions-years-f6C10817487
web.archive.org/web/20200205184719/http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2013/july/to-infinity-and-beyond-teleporting-humans-into-space
Daniel Whiteson books
wired.com/story/why-cant-people-teleport
Quantum teleportation
https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/quantum-teleportation-to-improve-quantum-computing-441352/
nii.ac.jp/userimg/press_20140630e.pdf
extremetech.com/extreme/140550-first-teleportation-of-macroscopic-objects-leads-the-way-to-quantum-internet
Teleporting a particle to space
popularmechanics.com/science/news/a27271/chinese-scientists-successfully-teleported-a-particle-to-space
Bose-Einstein condensate
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0256-307X/29/6/060303
00:00 - Intro
02:13 - Basics
08:29 - Tesla and LDEs
17:31 - Satellites and photos
Sources:
Images
eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=STS088&roll=724&frame=66
eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=STS088&roll=724&frame=68
Izar
universeguide.com/star/122716/epsbooa
Review
space.com/what-is-the-black-knight.html
armaghplanet.com/the-truth-about-the-black-knight-satellite-mystery.html
atlasobscura.com/articles/the-weird-history-of-the-space-blanket
http://www.jamesoberg.com/sts88_and-black-knight.pdf
skeptoid.com/episodes/4365
Tesla
http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1901-02-09.htm
web.archive.org/web/20120925002154/http://www.thedenvereye.com/nikola-tesla-in-colorado-springs
LDE
https://www.mn.uio.no/fysikk/english/people/aca/sverre/articles/lde.html
vice.com/en/article/ezpg8p/radio-ghosts-have-haunted-the-airwaves-for-nearly-a-century
Corona
web.archive.org/web/20170307164402/cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/corona-the-nation2019s-first-photoreconnaissance-satellite.html
airforcemag.com/article/0995corona
cia.gov/static/3d24f7019bf7e718fd1d2a5c57e6a646/corona.pdf
content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,894745-1,00.html
Lunan
http://www.duncanlunan.com/blackknight.asp
http://www.duncanlunan.com/epsilonbootis.asp
NASA report
web.archive.org/web/20100522021755/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060024715_2006175325.pdf
Videos
youtube.com/watch?v=6omlycVMOcw
youtube.com/watch?v=IXqw6NpCwIg
youtube.com/watch?v=3Bqaa8n6bKY
Maya
youtube.com/watch?v=rgfFXgTsSbc
My video on the Axis of Evil
youtube.com/watch?v=m3JtwgTfpdg
00:00 - Intro
01:14 - Particle Horizon
11:55 - Hubble Horizon
18:49 - Event Horizon
Sources
Neutrino Background
arxiv.org/abs/1602.03347
http://lib.sinp.msu.ru/static/tutorials/01_textbook/index-314.htm
Spectral Distortions
arxiv.org/abs/1903.04218
arxiv.org/pdf/1907.13195.pdf
BICEP 2
nature.com/news/gravitational-waves-discovery-now-officially-dead-1.16830
Observable Universe
sciencealert.com/known-universe-in-one-single-image-logarithmic-artwork-pablo-carlos-budassi
science.nasa.gov/observable-universe
Particle Horizon
arxiv.org/pdf/1302.1609.pdf
CMB
sciencefocus.com/space/will-the-cosmic-microwave-background-disappear/#:~:text=Yes.,will%20no%20longer%20be%20detectable.
Size of the Universe
livescience.com/how-big-universe.html
Last Scattering Surface
map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/990053/index.html
https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Glossary/Essay_lss.html
Accelerated Expansion
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/scientists-release-largest-ever-3d-map-of-universe/1916922#:~:text=Published%20online%20late%20Sunday%2C%20the,billion%20years%20that%20came%20before.%E2%80%9D&text=Scientists%20estimate%20that%20the%20universe,%2Dbillion%2Dyears%2Dold.
Cosmological Horizons
https://cds.cern.ch/record/679214/files/0310808.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1302.1609.pdf
aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.5088465
Diagram
physics.stackexchange.com/questions/67412/what-is-the-theoretical-limit-for-farthest-we-can-see-back-in-time-and-distance/67541#67541
00:00 - Intro
01:36 - Use And how they work
13:00 - Masers and Lasers in Space
19:09 - Gravity Lasers
Sources:
Lasers
lasers.llnl.gov/education/how-lasers-work#:~:text=A%20laser%20is%20created%20when,orbit%20around%20the%20atom's%20nucleus.
science.howstuffworks.com/laser.htm
Ruby laser
sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/ruby-laser
sites.google.com/site/puenggphysics/home/unit-i/ruby-laser#:~:text=The%20ruby%20laser%20is%20the,absorbing%20green%20and%20blue%20light.
Masers
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/m/Masers
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/masers
astrobites.org/2013/10/28/giant-space-masers
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1104/1104.2306.pdf
Astrophysical lasers
academic.oup.com/book/6534
http://www.mathnet.ru/links/3d7ec5b6eaa267d46f421ee70e5904ed/qe2349.pdf
hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1996/06/396-Image.html?news=true
laserstars.org/news/EtaCarinae.html
laserstars.org/history/masers.html
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0019103583901070
Gravitons
sciencefocus.com/science/what-are-gravitons-and-do-they-really-exist
pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/what-are-gravitons
https://usm.maine.edu/planet/you-mention-einsteins-description-gravity-not-force-between-particles-deformations-their
Gravity Lasers
arxiv.org/pdf/1807.03163.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1604.02762.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/physics/9802037.pdf
https://indico.cern.ch/event/593812/contributions/2569809/attachments/1468081/2270439/Black_Hole_Graviton_Laser_TIME_BOMB.pdf
My video on the Missing Satellite Problem
youtube.com/watch?v=Yx1BDLDXtrE
My video on what stars actually orbit
youtube.com/watch?v=sQDlVLyHqgY
00:00 - Intro
03:52 - Evidence for Dark Matter
14:57 - Arguments against Dark Matter and alternatives
Sources
Dark matter
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1516944112
https://magazine.caltech.edu/post/where-is-dark-matter-hiding
Red Dwarfs
hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1994/news-1994-41.html
Problems of Dark Matter
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/12/22/the-one-big-problem-with-all-alternatives-to-dark-matter-and-dark-energy/?sh=1a6b4d247f55
skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/the-alignment-of-the-milky-ways-entourage-explained
eso.org/public/russia/news/1217/?lang
MOND and CMB
phys.org/news/2021-10-mond-theory-account-cosmic-microwave.html
MOND and Bullet Cluster
http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-bullet-cluster-as-evidence-against.html
Bullet Cluster
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/11/09/the-bullet-cluster-proves-dark-matter-exists-but-not-for-the-reason-most-physicists-think/?sh=4e906d611738
arxiv.org/pdf/1003.0939.pdf
A galaxy without dark matter
sciencealert.com/physicists-have-just-revived-a-previously-debunked-alternative-theory-of-gravity
Lensing
arstechnica.com/science/2020/09/dark-matter-models-get-most-of-the-universe-right-but-fail-in-the-details
academic.oup.com/mnras/article/327/2/557/1040696
Rotation curves and External Field Effect
phys.org/news/2020-12-unique-gravity-dark-theory.html
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/abbb96
Mond and cluster
aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2017/02/aa29358-16/aa29358-16.html
arxiv.org/abs/1810.03089
Mond and Philosophy of Science
doi.org/10.1017/9781108610926.010
Reveiw
mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/7/1331
space.com/ditch-dark-matter-new-theory-gravity
phys.org/news/2022-07-dark-ditch-favor-theory-gravity.html
Superfluid dark matter
https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/physicist-theorizes-dark-matter-superfluid
arxiv.org/pdf/1507.01019.pdf
Some Lectures
youtube.com/watch?v=U4sw3-__pGo
youtube.com/watch?v=iu7LDGhSi1A
My video about Warp drives
youtube.com/watch?v=ysIK-Qek8q0
My video about Photon drives
youtube.com/watch?v=Hy8UENnl3CA
Мое видео о гравитационных маневрах
youtube.com/watch?v=nomqNrTc0wc
My video about gravity assists
youtube.com/watch?v=ZXEcCx9M4IU
00:00 - Into
03:47 - The Idea
08:32 - Scenarios
16:05 - How to do it
Sources
Closest approach
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2041-8205/800/1/L17
Early humans
smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/essential-timeline-understanding-evolution-homo-sapiens-180976807
Proxima Centauri
imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/nearest_star_info.html
Oort cloud
solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/overview
Rogue planets
earthsky.org/space/rogue-planets-milky-way-roman-space-telescope
earthsky.org/space/50-billion-free-floating-planets-in-milky-way
arxiv.org/pdf/1902.04652.pdf
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/aba75b
eso.org/public/news/eso2120
theconversation.com/rogue-planets-how-wandering-bodies-in-interstellar-space-ended-up-on-their-own-174622
planetary.org/articles/is-life-possible-on-worlds-without-stars
The study
cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/migrating-extraterrestrial-civilizations-and-interstellar-colonization-implications-for-seti-and-seta/BFFC1BB63FED869C85172BB3CC88DBBB
phys.org/news/2022-05-extraterrestrial-civilizations-colonize-galaxy-dont.html
http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/cosmic-hitchhikers-10856.html
Veritasium video
youtube.com/watch?v=pTn6Ewhb27k
PBS Space time on Speed of Causality
youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo
Tom Scott’s video
youtube.com/watch?v=tozuzV5YZ7U
Sources:
Speed of
forbes.com/sites/quora/2018/07/02/does-anything-other-than-light-travel-at-the-speed-of-light
Speed of gravity
sciencealert.com/speed-of-gravitational-waves-and-light-same
Sean M. Carroll’s interview
youtube.com/watch?v=fOeLjD-dZjc
Graviton
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physics/137-physics/general-physics/particles-and-quantum-physics/813-what-is-a-graviton-intermediate
Neutrinos and supernovae
physicsworld.com/a/new-correction-to-speed-of-light-could-explain-sn1987-neutrino-burst
Speed of causality
forbes.com/sites/jillianscudder/2016/06/24/is-cause-effect-limited-by-the-speed-of-light/?sh=514116221a58
sciencealert.com/watch-why-the-speed-of-light-is-not-about-light
Why it slows down
moviesandscience.com/blog/science/refractive-index
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/133-physics/general-physics/general-questions/832-is-the-speed-of-light-constant-beginner
Polariton
sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/polariton
mappingignorance.org/2018/01/25/what-on-earth-is-a-polariton
nature.com/subjects/polaritons
Freezing of light
sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130806111151.htm
physics.aps.org/articles/v6/80
physics.aps.org/articles/v10/s25
Speed limit
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/10/09/the-universe-has-a-speed-limit-and-it-isnt-the-speed-of-light/?sh=a782bac75549
How to measure it
arxiv.org/pdf/2012.12037.pdf
universetoday.com/149554/theres-no-way-to-measure-the-speed-of-light-in-a-single-direction
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1011/1011.1318.pdf
users.physics.ox.ac.uk/~rtaylor/teaching/specrel.pdf
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-020-00337-5
link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjd/e2012-20524-8
arxiv.org/pdf/1212.2259.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1310.1171.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/0911.3616.pdf
aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.3160665
scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/could-what-we-consider-as-the-speed-of-light-be-wrong.html
spaceaustralia.com/news/one-way-speed-light
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-convensimul/
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12648-012-0112-4
Galaxy distortions
sites.ualberta.ca/~pogosyan/teaching/ASTRO_122/lect24/lecture24.html
universetoday.com/21998/the-diameter-of-the-milky-way
astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/43739/how-distorted-will-our-galaxy-be-if-we-are-viewing-it-from-several-thousand-ligh
Sources
Big Bang Theory
academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/54/2/2.28/302975
phys.org/news/2015-12-big-theory.html
big-bang-theory.com
space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html
Einstein's static universe
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1701/1701.07261.pdf
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0550321317301232
Hubble
nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/hubble02.html
wired.com/2009/12/1230hubble-first-galaxy-outside-milky-way
Problem
science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory7.htm
forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2020/05/14/is-it-time-to-dethrone-the-big-bang-theory-heres-how-you-overthrow-it/?sh=4c785d5c20d9
bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/big-bang-beginning-universe
Alternatives
interestingengineering.com/5-alternatives-to-the-big-bang-theory
space.com/24781-big-bang-theory-alternatives-infographic.html
space.com/big-bang-failed-alternative-theories
Ekpyrotic Universe
web.archive.org/web/20220710210027/wwwphy.princeton.edu/~steinh/npr
Steady-state
https://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/stdystat.htm
Tired Light
science.org/content/article/tired-light-hypothesis-gets-re-tired
Multiverse
https://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/PDF/multiverse_sciam.pdf
My video about how we know that black holes exist
youtube.com/watch?v=G04QFPUsyZ0
My video about black hole alternatives
youtube.com/watch?v=_3y5AdxQ2gU
My video about Black Hole Information paradox
youtube.com/watch?v=LaRgY7tMDM4
Sources:
Singularities
livescience.com/what-is-singularity
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/s/Singularity
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-singularities/
einstein-online.info/en/spotlight/the-singularity-theorem
einstein-online.info/en/spotlight/singularities
newengineer.com/blog/what-is-singularity-1335096
mathworld.wolfram.com/Singularity.html
wolframphysics.org/bulletins/2020/05/event-horizons-singularities-and-other-exotic-spacetime-phenomena
prateekvjoshi.com/2014/02/07/what-is-a-singularity
merriam-webster.com/dictionary/singularity
https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/09/13/does-every-black-hole-contain-a-singularity/
Penrose’s paper
journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57
Cosmic Censorship
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/C/cosmic+censorship+conjecture
arxiv.org/pdf/2012.01449.pdf
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-021-00432-1
Naked Singularity
sciencealert.com/physicists-say-they-ve-found-a-way-to-detect-a-naked-singularity
sciencealert.com/naked-singularities-can-actually-exist-in-a-three-dimensional-universe-physicists-predict
space.com/do-naked-singularities-exist
sciencealert.com/a-five-dimensional-black-hole-could-break-general-relativity-say-physicists
Models
arxiv.org/pdf/2205.11639.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2205.04055.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2011.06154.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06943.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2004.06525.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2204.09891.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2109.02414.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2105.03730.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06943.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1709.07880.pdf
My video about the CMB and the Axis of Evil
youtube.com/watch?v=WVUuPNUhAww
00:00 - Intro
01:27 - The meaning
06:49 - Solar system, Interstellar, Intergalactic
23:01 - Big Bang, Radiation and the Coldest Places
Sources
Atmospheric density
engineeringtoolbox.com/standard-atmosphere-d_604.html
ISS orbit
eol.jsc.nasa.gov/Tools/orbitTutorial.htm
arstechnica.com/science/2013/07/how-nasa-steers-the-international-space-station-around-space-junk
Gas temperature
grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/temptr.html
Temperature and Heat
energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Heat_vs_temperature
socratic.org/questions/58189eae11ef6b1f14d6a27d
https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/science/continuum/Pages/particles.aspx
Thermosphere
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/atmosphere/thermosphere
Parker Solar Probe
nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/traveling-to-the-sun-why-won-t-parker-solar-probe-melt
physics.aps.org/articles/v14/176
Heat transfer
https://www3.uwsp.edu/cnr-ap/KEEP/nres633/Pages/Unit2/Section-B-Energy-Transfer.aspx
How fast
businessinsider.com/how-long-human-survive-outer-space-without-spacesuit-2017-5
ISS
science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast21mar_1
Spacesuits
nasa.gov/feature/spacewalk-spacesuit-basics
Mercury
solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/in-depth
eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/vt-2004/mt-2003/mt-mercury-rotation.html
Phobos
solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/mars-moons/phobos/in-depth
Pluto
universetoday.com/13893/temperature-of-pluto
Absolute Zero
blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/racing-toward-absolute-zero
James Webb Space Telescope
space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-mirrors-temperature
blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/04/21/is-webb-at-its-final-temperature
webb.nasa.gov/content/about/innovations/cryocooler.html
webb.nasa.gov/content/about/orbit.html
Interstellar Gas
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/I/interstellar+gas+cloud
Intergalactic Gas
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/i/Intergalactic+Medium
https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2013/11/Hot_gas_sloshing_in_a_galactic_cauldron
In Space
https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2013/space-human-body
forbes.com/sites/paulmsutter/2019/04/05/you-will-not-freeze-to-death-in-space/?sh=368ba9dc6523
livescience.com/human-body-no-spacesuit
businessinsider.com/how-long-human-survive-outer-space-without-spacesuit-2017-5
Thermal Radiation
sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/thermal-radiation
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/T/Thermal+Radiation
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/n/Non-thermal+Radiation
CMB
bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-temperature
https://www.princeton.edu/~romalis/PHYS210/CMBTemperature.pdf
Black Body
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/blackbody-spectrum/latest/blackbody-spectrum_en.html
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/B/Blackbody+Radiation
Boomerang Nebula
https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/The_Boomerang_Nebula_-_the_coolest_place_in_the_Universe_heic0301
sciencealert.com/scientists-can-finally-explain-why-the-boomerang-nebula-is-colder-than-space-itself
https://public.nrao.edu/news/2017-alma-boomerang/#PRimage0
web.archive.org/web/20060901031441/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/20/1045638427695.html
00:00 - Intro
02:22 - What does it mean?
6:33 - Time in different theories
18:33 - Philosophy of Time
Sources:
Colors
medium.com/predict/what-color-is-everything-when-nobody-is-looking-aefaee67dcf2
askamathematician.com/2012/06/q-do-colors-exist
Dictionary
merriam-webster.com/dictionary/time#:~:text=Synonyms%20of%20time-,1,past%20through%20present%20to%20future
Aristotele
oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199247900.001.0001/acprof-9780199247905
Time dilation
livescience.com/what-is-time-dilation
Arrows of time
https://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~quniverse/arrows.html
Time and loop quantum gravity
arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02382.pdf
space.com/time-might-not-exist-according-to-physicists
Is time real
nature.com/articles/d41586-018-04558-7
preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2013/10/18/is-time-real
bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/does-time-exist-182965
thoughtco.com/does-time-really-exist-2699430
livescience.com/29081-time-real-illusion-smolin.html
quantamagazine.org/a-debate-over-the-physics-of-time-20160719
quantamagazine.org/does-time-really-flow-new-clues-come-from-a-century-old-approach-to-math-20200407
Block Universe
https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-09-02/block-universe-theory-time-past-present-future-travel/10178386
interestingengineering.com/block-universe-theory-is-the-passing-of-time-an-illusion
Time in QM
arxiv.org/pdf/2106.15088.pdf
frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2018.00081/full
link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_221
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2203/2203.13196.pdf
Presentism, Eternalism, Growing Block Universe
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-thermo/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presentism/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-bebecome/
My video on Mars One
youtube.com/watch?v=tNu4mAsqS8M
00:00 - Intro
02:47 - What's there on asteroids
7:43 - How do we know it?
17:43 - How to mine
25:20 - Actual companies
Sources
Asteroid types
solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/in-depth
Asteroid values
http://www.asterank.com
Composition
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/72-our-solar-system/comets-meteors-and-asteroids/asteroids/295-how-are-asteroid-compositions-and-classifications-determined-intermediate
Osiris-Rex
nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-successfully-stows-sample-of-asteroid-bennu
HED meteorites
https://meteorites.asu.edu/achondrites/hed-meteorites
NEOs
cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/about/neo_groups.html
Asteroid redirect mission
jpl.nasa.gov/missions/asteroid-redirect-robotic-mission-arrm
Laws
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/738/1/012014/pdf
theguardian.com/business/2016/feb/06/asteroid-mining-space-minerals-legal-issues
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2011/2011.03369.pdf
Economics
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1810/1810.03836.pdf
Companies
asteroidminingcorporation.co.uk
transastracorp.com/apis-spacecraft
MIT review
technologyreview.com/2019/06/26/134510/asteroid-mining-bubble-burst-history
Mining
arxiv.org/pdf/1808.05099.pdf
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720304142?via%3Dihub
oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-13
https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8882371&fileOId=8884121
https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/67738/21Jun_Ho_Kenny.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Planetary resources
liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/space.2013.0013
space.com/39363-planetary-resources-asteroid-mining-satellite-launches.html
https://www.consensys.space/
DSI
space.com/42906-deep-space-industries-acquired-by-bradford-space.html
Physics of mining
academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/54/5/5.10/249823
00:00 - Intro
01:45 - Biosignatures
15:08 - Tehcnosignatures
18:56 - Planetary intelligence
Sources:
Biosignatures
liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ast.2017.1729
space.com/39476-alien-life-biosignature-gases-oxygen.html
arxiv.org/pdf/1905.07070v1.pdf
planetary.org/articles/how-spectroscopy-helps-search-for-alien-life
Tehcnosignatures
phys.org/news/2022-02-webb-telescope-civilizations-air-pollution.html
arxiv.org/pdf/2202.05858.pdf
astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/technosignatures-and-the-search-for-extraterrestrial-intelligence
Planetary intelligence
cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/intelligence-as-a-planetary-scale-process/5077C784D7FAC55F96072F7A7772C5E5
space.com/search-for-planetary-intelligence-astrobiology
phys.org/news/2022-02-planet-mind.html
http://www.sci-news.com/space/planetary-intelligence-10576.html
Sources:
Vacuum
http://www.calphysics.org/zpe.html
https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2012/12/20/what-keeps-space-empty/
medium.com/nakshatra/the-nature-of-nothingness-understanding-the-vacuum-catastrophe-c04033e752f4
sciencenotes.org/what-is-a-perfect-vacuum-is-it-possible
science.org/content/article/physicists-observe-weird-quantum-fluctuations-empty-space-maybe
Lamb Shift
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/11/17/quantum-fluctuations-were-experimentally-proven-way-back-in-1947
https://courses.washington.edu/phys432/lamb_shift/lamb_shift.pdf
journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.72.339
Casimir effect
scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-the-casimir-effec
https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Quantum/casimir.html
Fluctuations
sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180820113053.htm
nature.com/articles/s41567-018-0264-z
LIGO
https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/LA/news/ligo20200701
nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2420-8
Higgs Field
arxiv.org/pdf/2104.06821.pdf
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405601415009529
arxiv.org/pdf/1711.03877.pdf
Dark Energy
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1111/1111.4623.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2111.12576.pdf
science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy
False Vacuum Decay
journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2929
doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139013352.010
doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817709001
bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-false-vacuum
cosmosmagazine.com/science/physics/vacuum-decay-the-ultimate-catastrophe
space.com/universe-end-false-vacuum-decay
bigthink.com/hard-science/vacuum-decay-end-of-the-universe
medium.com/predict/our-unstable-universe-why-the-false-vacuum-could-be-our-end-82ee4a668bd4
medium.com/the-infinite-universe/the-universe-may-be-a-false-vacuum-bubble-961e1a177e52
scientificamerican.com/article/follow-up-what-is-the-zer
arxiv.org/pdf/1304.2796.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1611.04935.pdf
web.archive.org/web/20210819191812/http://shortbus.org/x/p3305_1.pdf
Higgs Vacuum
arxiv.org/pdf/1809.06923.pdf
Higgs Boson
https://home.cern/news/series/lhc-physics-ten/higgs-boson-what-makes-it-special
Stability
arxiv.org/pdf/1704.06884.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1209.0393.pdf
https://cms.cern/news/two-most-massive-quarks-put-spotlight-higgs-boson
arxiv.org/pdf/1505.04825.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0104016.pdf
My video on antimatter
youtube.com/watch?v=GwHHP2yH_vw
Sources:
Fine-tuning, history, solutions
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fine-tuning/
arxiv.org/pdf/2110.07783.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2012.05617.pdf
templeton.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Fine-tuning-research-1.pdf
6 constants
web.archive.org/web/20140722210250/http://discovermagazine.com/2000/nov/cover
List of fundamental constants
physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Category?view=pdf&Frequently+used+constants.x=64&Frequently+used+constants.y=22
Particle masses and ratios
physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Category?view=pdf&Atomic+and+nuclear.x=71&Atomic+and+nuclear.y=8
The universe without the weak force
arxiv.org/pdf/1801.06081.pdf
Multiverse
https://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/PDF/multiverse_sciam.pdf
Anthropic principle
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/01/26/how-the-anthropic-principle-became-the-most-abused-idea-in-science
My video on colonizing Mars
youtube.com/watch?v=RYklurD__is
00:00 - Into
01:30 - The Plan
06:16 - The company
08:38 - The technology
17:51 - The Money
23:29 - The People
Sources:
Official website
http://mars-one.com
Archived website
web.archive.org/web/*/http://mars-one.com
2013 conference
youtube.com/watch?v=27UDD70cQ4Y
Articles on Mars One
2014 Medium.com
medium.com/matter/all-dressed-up-for-mars-and-nowhere-to-go-7e76df527ca0
2015
businessinsider.com/strange-video-interviews-with-mars-one-finalists-2015-2
medium.com/matter/mars-one-insider-quits-dangerously-flawed-project-2dfef95217d3
time.com/3716823/mars-one-space-travel-finalist
businessinsider.com/mars-one-trip-wont-work-2015-2
theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/09/mars-one-mission-a-one-way-trip-to-the-red-planet-in-2024
2016
thespacereview.com/article/3080/1
Bankruptcy
forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2019/02/11/goodbye-mars-one-the-fake-mission-to-mars-that-fooled-the-world/?sh=72b5e7042af5
npr.org/2019/02/12/693945694/mars-one-fizzles-into-bankruptcy-after-promising-a-new-life-in-space
Debates
youtube.com/watch?v=_XUl8xw0Ywg
Perseverance cost
planetary.org/space-policy/cost-of-perseverance
Endemol
spacenews.com/mars-one-loses-television-deal
Crowdfunding
indiegogo.com/projects/mars-one-first-private-mars-mission-in-2018#
Star Citizen
eurogamer.net/articles/2021-11-20-star-citizen-crosses-the-usd400m-raised-mark
Business database
https://www.zefix.ch/en/search/entity/list/firm/1018723
bloomberg.com/profile/company/KCC:GR
pitchbook.com/profiles/company/167313-52#funding
ADS
tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14777622.2017.1288512
meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2013/EPSC2013-1077.pdf
Independent analysis
https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/103973/de%20Weck_An%20independent.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Paragon’s paper
forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=jt2688nlute0ehlbt6mff95skk&action=dlattach;topic=37937.0;attach=1037001;sess=0
Lansdorp’s twitter
twitter.com/baslansdorp
Sources
Nearest Stars
space.com/18964-the-nearest-stars-to-earth-infographic.html
astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/c35f3aca-f235-4e77-8b95-33541652d289
Red sky paradox
pnas.org/content/118/26/e2026808118
arxiv.org/pdf/2106.11207.pdf
sciencealert.com/why-the-heck-aren-t-we-orbiting-a-red-dwarf-star
astrobites.org/2021/08/24/red-sky-paradox
Red dwarfs
space.com/23772-red-dwarf-stars.html
astronomy.com/magazine/2019/01/why-does-the-universe-make-so-many-tiny-stars
https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/lhartm/research/what-determines-the-masses-of-stars-and-why-do-stars-form-in-clusters/
https://www.mpm.edu/planetarium-newsletter-february-2019
eso.org/public/news/eso1214
astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/red-dwarf-stars-and-the-planets-around-them-2
Color
astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2015/05/the-suns-red-neighbor
earthsky.org/tonight/can-you-see-the-different-colors-of-the-stars
skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/the-spectral-types-of-stars
astronomy.com/magazine/glenn-chaple/2021/04/color-coding-stars
Stellar colors table
http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/starcolor
Sky on different planets
youtube.com/watch?v=vrLfHv6sze0
Flares
space.com/proxima-centauri-emits-largest-stellar-flare.html
Giant planet
space.com/gas-giant-alien-planet-red-dwarf.html
PMS stars
Https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~pberlind/atlas/htmls/pmsstars.html
Sources:
Mars in six years?
theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/27/elon-musk-spacex-mars-colony
Mars One
engadget.com/2019-02-11-mars-one-is-dead.html
Sagan’s Essay
daily.jstor.org/should-we-go-to-mars-carl-sagan-had-thoughts
jstor.org/stable/pdf/43311109.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A5314fd6cd61478c000f8a70554f517c2
Apollo costs
planetary.org/space-policy/cost-of-apollo
Nasa budget
planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2021-budget#:~:text=NASA's%20budget%20for%20fiscal%20year,over%20the%20previous%20year's%20amount.
Musks note
https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/elon-musk-asks-spacex-employees-to-work-over-the-weekend-as-company-faces-risk-of-bankruptcy/articleshow/88026922.cms
Metals on Mars
astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/rare-metals-on-mars-and-earth-implicate-colossal-impacts
curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/mmc/introduction.cfm
https://sites.wustl.edu/meteoritesite/items/chemical-composition-of-meteorites/
Mars Launch window
forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2020/07/08/mars-alert-why-three-spacecraft-must-leave-for-the-red-planet-within-days-or-miss-their-chance/?sh=928753d5f936
mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/cruise
How long
image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/venus/q2811.html
Mining on Mars
bigthink.com/hard-science/drill-baby-drill-what-will-we-look-for-when-were-mining-on-mars
Antarctica
worldpopulationreview.com/continents/antarctica-population
Population Growth
worldometers.info/world-population
Area of Mars
mars.nasa.gov/print/?print=detailedfacts
A million people on Mars
futurism.com/the-byte/elon-musk-million-people-mars-2050
Economics
link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-90303-3_12
edition.cnn.com/2020/09/08/tech/spacex-mars-profit-scn/index.html
https://scholarship.depauw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=studentresearch
Reasons
https://stargazersclubwa.com.au/why-go-to-mars-the-pros-and-cons/
bbc.com/news/science-environment-19666057
For
businessinsider.com/5-undeniable-reasons-why-humans-should-go-to-mars-2015-4
space.nss.org/the-case-for-colonizing-mars-by-robert-zubrin
astronomy.com/news/2021/10/colonizing-mars-could-speed-up-human-evolution
Against
theconversation.com/sorry-elon-musk-but-its-now-clear-that-colonising-mars-is-unlikely-and-a-bad-idea-100964
futurism.com/author-martian-colonizing-mars-bad-idea
toptenz.net/10-reasons-colonizing-mars-is-a-bad-idea.php
futurism.com/humans-shouldnt-colonize-mars-experts
theguardian.com/science/blog/2018/aug/28/the-case-against-mars-colonisation
Robots vs. Humans
scientificamerican.com/article/robots-vs-humans-who-should-explore
marssociety.ca/human-vs-robotic-exploration
space.com/41551-finding-mars-life-robots-versus-humans.html
Sources:
Blood and regolith
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006421000442
space.com/mars-colony-astronaut-blood-concrete
phys.org/news/2021-09-cosmic-concrete-space-astronaut-blood.html
Mars habitats
https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61315/8/02chapters1-4.pdf
Sulfur
cen.acs.org/articles/96/i1/build-settlements-Mars-ll-need.html
Mars fact sheet
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html
Radiation on Mars
climate.nasa.gov/news/3105/earths-magnetosphere-protecting-our-planet-from-harmful-space-energy
Fuel
space.com/mars-rocket-fuel-from-microbes
nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26393-7?utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=commission_junction&utm_campaign=3_nsn6445_deeplink_PID100052171&utm_content=deeplink
SpaceX and methane
inverse.com/article/59489-spacex-how-elon-musk-wants-to-reach-zero-carbon-rocket-flights
Magnetic field
nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2020/mars-electric-currents
askanastronomer.org/planets/2015/11/20/can-we-create-a-magnetic-field-for-mars
Plasma torus
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576521005099?via%3Dihub
phys.org/news/2021-11-absolutely-bonkers-mars-artificial-magnetosphere.html
extremetech.com/extreme/245369-nasa-proposes-building-artificial-magnetic-field-restore-mars-atmosphere
My video on why we think black holes exist
youtube.com/watch?v=G04QFPUsyZ0
My video on information loss paradox
youtube.com/watch?v=LaRgY7tMDM4
Sources
Black hole formation
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1609/1609.08411.pdf
mcdonaldobservatory.org/news/gallery/neutron-stars-merge-form-black-hole
Semiclassical gravity
phys.org/news/2013-05-semiclassical-gravity-counterintuitive-horizon-testability.html
Alternatives
skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/physicist-proposes-new-black-hole-alternative
science.org/doi/10.1126/science.371.6525.118
https://cds.cern.ch/record/2663096/files/1902.07990.pdf
Black star
arxiv.org/pdf/0712.1130.pdf
https://physics.ucf.edu/~britt/AST2002/R9-Barcelo-Black%20stars,%20not%20holes.pdf
Dark Energy
science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy
earthsky.org/space/definition-what-is-dark-energy
Dark-energy star
arxiv.org/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0503/0503200.pdf
nature.com/articles/news050328-8
nautil.us/blog/are-black-holes-actually-dark-energy-stars
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212686421001096
https://www.slac.stanford.edu/econf/C041213/papers/0205.PDF
arxiv.org/pdf/2103.15393.pdf
Gravastar
worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271820300049
arxiv.org/abs/2010.05354
arxiv.org/abs/0706.1513
futurism.com/the-gravastar-an-alternative-to-black-holes
scientificamerican.com/article/black-hole-pretenders-could-really-be-bizarre-quantum-stars/#
Planck star
arxiv.org/pdf/1401.6562.pdf
interestingengineering.com/a-black-holes-core-could-be-a-strange-planck-star
futurism.com/what-are-planck-stars-how-do-they-differ-from-black-holes
phys.org/news/2014-02-astrophysicists-duo-planck-star-core.html
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/p/Planck+Length
Fuzzballs
quantamagazine.org/how-fuzzballs-solve-the-black-hole-firewall-paradox-20150623
livescience.com/string-theory-fuzzballs-are-black-holes.html
Q-star (Grey hole)
arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9708065.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0207270.pdf
Boson stars
sciencealert.com/there-could-be-transparent-stars-made-of-bosons-masquerading-as-black-holes
My video on Em Drive
youtube.com/watch?v=eH3po8kUEbY
My video on interplanetary flight
youtube.com/watch?v=ZXEcCx9M4IU
Sources:
Rockets
nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rockets-guide-20-how-rockets-work.pdf
grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/rocket/rktth1.html
space.com/how-rockets-work
https://courses.ess.washington.edu/ess-102/FALL12/Lecture24_ElectricPropulsion_v2.pdf
Types
http://www2.ee.ic.ac.uk/derek.low08/yr2proj/ion.htm
Types of electric drives
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122274105002015
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128093269000130
Nasa’s book
descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/SciTechBook/series1/Goebel__cmprsd_opt.pdf
Raptor
everydayastronaut.com/raptor-engine
Dawn
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/dawn/technology/ion-propulsion
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/dawn/technology/navigating
aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0010134
Ion drives
nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/Ion_Propulsion1.html
nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs21grc.html
nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/sep/index.html
nasa.gov/feature/glenn/2020/the-propulsion-we-re-supplying-it-s-electrifying
aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0010134
Spacecraft with ion thrusters
https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/SMART-1/The_magic_of_ion_engines
https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Electric_blue_thrusters_propelling_BepiColombo_to_Mercury
MRO
mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/spacecraft/parts/propulsion
NEXT
www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/sep/gridded-ion-thrusters-next-c/#:~:text=Performance,power%20and%20236%20mNthrust.
DART
ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8742007
Water
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094576521003179?via%3Dihub
Molecular
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6595/ab2c6c/pdf
Iodine
nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04015-y
Airbreathing engines
hindawi.com/journals/ijae/2020/8811847