Cosmos:elementary
What is the Axis of Evil? Cosmological anomalies and the cosmic microwave background
updated
Sean Raymond articles:
planetplanet.net/the-ultimate-solar-system
planetplanet.net/2017/05/03/the-ultimate-engineered-solar-system
My video on Counter Earth
youtube.com/watch?v=ikBij1SbGs0
My video about the moon and double planets
youtube.com/watch?v=jlnXNzQjyQI
00:00 - Intro
01:45 - The reality
06:56 - Habitable zone
20:26 - Outside the habitable zone
Sources
Kepler-90
exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/6123/kepler-90b
jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia22193-kepler-90-system-compared-to-our-solar-system-artists-concept
Limits
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ab9ffe
astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/how-many-habitable-zone-planets-can-orbit-a-host-star/#:~:text=Their%20model%20determined%20that%20it,six%20planets%20with%20liquid%20water.
sciencealert.com/there-could-be-as-many-as-7-habitable-worlds-orbiting-around-some-distant-stars
Hill sphere
link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_724
http://astro.vaporia.com/start/hillradius.html
Engineered systems
livescience.com/maximum-number-of-planets-orbit-sun
Sean Raymond articles:
planetplanet.net/the-ultimate-solar-system
planetplanet.net/2017/05/03/the-ultimate-engineered-solar-system
Trojan planets
arxiv.org/pdf/1901.07250.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0408079.pdf
arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1004/1004.0726v1.pdf
Coorbital planets
newscientist.com/article/dn20160-two-planets-found-sharing-one-orbit
Calculator
web.archive.org/web/20220602153204/http://depts.washington.edu/naivpl/sites/default/files/hz_0.shtml
Sun’s surface temperature
link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_487
Stability of systems
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10569-010-9288-0
arxiv.org/pdf/1703.08426.pdf
Earth and Sun masses
space.com/17001-how-big-is-the-sun-size-of-the-sun.html
Solar system
solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/sun/in-depth
Chemical composition of the Universe
sciencenotes.org/what-is-the-most-abundant-element-in-the-u
Visualizations
lucas.bourneuf.net/blog/uess.html
How thermocouples work
youtube.com/watch?v=PccE4WcfnAw
00:00 - Intro
01:45 - What’s the problem?
07:42 - How has it been addressed
20:47 - What to do?
Sources:
Day and Night
moon.nasa.gov/inside-and-out/top-moon-questions
Temperature fluctuations
livescience.com/why-do-deserts-get-cold-at-night.html
earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biodesert.php
guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/greatest-temperature-range-in-day
Temperatures
lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/lithos/LROlitho7temperaturevariation27May2014.pdf
ISS
science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast21mar_1
Apollo 11
nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html
Apollo 17
nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo17.html
Luna 9
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/luna-09/in-depth
https://scientificrussia.ru/articles/ams-luna-9-pervaya-v-istorii-chelovechestva-myagkaya-posadka-na-lunu
Surveyor 1
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/surveyor-1/in-depth
MLI
https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2016/08/Multi-layer_insulation_blankets
Lunokhod
space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html
https://www.laspace.ru/projects/planets/luna-17/
Apollo 13
spacesafetymagazine.com/aerospace-engineering/nuclear-propulsion/will-anyone-recover-apollo-13s-plutonium
How to survive
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0032063310003065
doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.09.024
space.com/moon-missions-artemis-challenges-overnight
Regolith
https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Surviving_the_long_dark_night_of_the_Moon
http://ltu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1039969/FULLTEXT02.pdf
ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930007428/downloads/19930007428.pdf
https://denning.atmos.colostate.edu/readings/lunar.regolith.heat.transfer.pdf
RTGs
rps.nasa.gov/about-rps/overview
https://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/power/1-what-are-rtgs.html
MMRTG
rps.nasa.gov/power-and-thermal-systems/power-systems
Mild temperatures
https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/places-on-moon-where-its-always-sweater-weather
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022GL099710
Chang'e 4
indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/change-4-survives-first-lunar-night-wakes-up-to-minus-190-degrees-centigrade-5564555
spacenews.com/change-4-spacecraft-enter-lunar-nighttime-china-planning-future-missions-cooperation
Orbital mirrors
iflscience.com/there-s-a-surprisingly-affordable-way-to-power-lunar-bases-without-storage-66003
Bricks
https://scienceillustrated.com.au/blog/science/powering-a-moon-base/
Poles
https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/moonPoles
00:00 - Intro
01:41 - Why So Huge
10:30 - Double Planet
19:26 - 9th planet
23:58 - Weird Craters
Sources:
Large moons
sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220201144027.htm
nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28063-8
Earth
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html
Moon
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html
Jupiter
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/joviansatfact.html
Red dwarfs
universemagazine.com/en/tess-discovered-a-large-planet-near-a-small-star
centauri-dreams.org/2021/02/01/how-common-are-giant-planets-around-red-dwarfs
IAU resolution
iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf
Double planet
sciencefocus.com/space/what-is-a-binary-planet-system
https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/SMART-1/Moon_Welcome_to_the_double_planet
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/37-our-solar-system/the-moon/the-moon-and-the-earth/42-are-earth-and-the-moon-twin-planets-beginner
universetoday.com/85749/is-the-moon-a-planet
space.com/2743-iau-proposed-planet-definition.html
arxiv.org/pdf/1507.06300.pdf
Is the Moon a planet?
scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=81133
sky-lights.org/2017/01/23/qa-trajectory-of-the-moon
Craters
astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2012/07/lunar-impacts
https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1977LPSC....8.3427P
files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1174594.pdf
space.com/water-ice-moon-and-mercury-craters.html
skyandtelescope.org/observing/celestial-objects-to-watch/tycho-the-metropolitan-crater-of-the-moon
steemit.com/science/@michaelmatthews/that-s-no-moon-it-s-a-space-station
My video on Information Paradox
youtube.com/watch?v=LaRgY7tMDM4
My video on Fine Tuning Problem
youtube.com/watch?v=iVyU_kSnSeM
My video on Horizons of the Universe
youtube.com/watch?v=QV98ZzdZMhI
00:00 - Intro
02:00 - Illusion
07:00 - Simulation
19:57 - Hologram
Sources
Perception
https://zuckermaninstitute.columbia.edu/reality-illusion-world-science-festival-experts-reveal-power-and-peculiarities-brain-s-ability-sense
Galaxy
asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/mwmw/mmw_images.html
Bostrom’s paper
simulation-argument.com/simulation.pdf
Simulation
scientificamerican.com/article/do-we-live-in-a-simulation-chances-are-about-50-50
space.com/universe-simulation-hypothesis-problems
space.com/18932-are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation.html
space.com/30124-is-our-universe-a-fake.html
bigthink.com/thinking/why-the-simulation-hypothesis-is-pseudoscience
npr.org/sections/13.7/2017/03/09/519376356/why-reality-is-not-a-video-game-and-why-it-matters
livescience.com/54380-are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation.html
livescience.com/how-many-bits-in-the-universe
https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/09/15/could-scientists-perfectly-simulate-the-entire-universe-in-a-computer-down-to-the-last-atom
quantamagazine.org/coder-physicists-are-simulating-the-universe-to-unlock-its-secrets-20180612
web.archive.org/web/20181010182334/futurism.com/sorry-elon-physicists-say-we-definitely-arent-living-in-a-computer-simulation
http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/9/e1701758
Hologram
wired.co.uk/article/our-universe-is-a-hologram#:~:text=A%20holographic%20Universe%20means%20information,and%20experience%20is%20an%20illusion.
space.com/black-holes-holographic-projection-quantum-computing-study
scientificamerican.com/article/information-in-the-holographic-univ/#
theguardian.com/science/shortcuts/2017/jan/31/guide-to-holographic-principle-of-universe
futurism.com/the-holographc-universe-principle-what-is-what-should-never-be
web.archive.org/web/20140326182200/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~sai/hologram.html
vox.com/2015/6/29/8847863/holographic-principle-universe-theory-physics
quantamagazine.org/symmetries-reveal-clues-about-the-holographic-universe-20220112
arstechnica.com/science/2020/06/natures-cosmic-hard-drive-black-holes-could-store-information-like-holograms
Information paradox
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1634/1/012088/pdf
My video on the Speed of Light
youtube.com/watch?v=pSVPFEM7JsA
My video on warp drives
youtube.com/watch?v=ysIK-Qek8q0
Videos on Imaginary Numbers
youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiaHhY2iBX9g6KIvZ_703G3KJXapKkNaF
00:00 - Intro
02:00 - Tachyons and imaginary mass
10:51 - Tachyons and paradoxes
17:58 - How to find them
Sources
Feinberg’s paper
journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089
Imaginary numbers
khanacademy.org/math/algebra2/x2ec2f6f830c9fb89:complex/x2ec2f6f830c9fb89:imaginary/a/intro-to-the-imaginary-numbers
1962 paper
aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.1941773
Tachyons
https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/tachyons.html
space.com/tachyons-facts-about-particles
scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-known-about-tachy
Paradoxes
https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/spacetime_tachyon/index.html
https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/spacetime_tachyon/two_spaceship_paradox.html
Cherenkov radiation
iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-is-cherenkov-radiation
Products
skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/tachyons-and-other-nonentities
FTL and time travel
http://www.physicsmatt.com/blog/2016/8/25/why-ftl-implies-time-travel
Antitelephone
https://sci-hub.se/https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.2.263
arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/9508164.pdf
Tachyons
arxiv.org/pdf/1112.4187.pdf
Search
arxiv.org/pdf/2204.12017.pdf
Neutrinos
nature.com/articles/nature.2012.10249
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/JHEP10(2012)093
Black holes
arxiv.org/pdf/2201.02622.pdf
Dark Energy
arxiv.org/pdf/1811.03470.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0227.pdf
Dark matter
arxiv.org/pdf/1601.06772.pdf
Supernova remnants
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214404815000257?via%3Dihub
Tachyon stars
arxiv.org/pdf/1110.2523.pdf
My video on presolar grains
youtube.com/watch?v=cPdR4e0-SYk
00:00 - Intro
02:14 - What's so special
07:15 - What are they like
12:32 - Formation
Sources
Galileo and Saturn
spacecentre.co.uk/blog-post/galileos-telescope-changed-our-view-of-the-solar-system
Grand Finale
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/mission/grand-finale/overview
Haumea
solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/haumea/in-depth/#otp_rings
Asteroid with rings
solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/10199-chariklo/in-depth
Super Saturn
exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/184/super-saturn-astronomers-find-a-massive-ring-system-around-an-exoplanet
James Elliott
nature.com/articles/267328a0
Herschel
phys.org/news/2007-04-william-herschel-uranus-18th-century.html
Rings structure
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/rings
space.com/23235-rings-of-saturn.html
Phoebe ring
planetary.org/articles/2165
How much falls onto Earth
scientificamerican.com/article/antarctic-study-shows-how-much-space-dust-hits-earth-every-year
Hypotheses
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0912/0912.3017.pdf
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2205/2205.06914.pdf
Disrupted moon
space.com/saturn-destroyed-moon-to-make-rings
https://news.mit.edu/2022/saturn-rings-tilt-missing-moon-0915
arxiv.org/pdf/1709.08768.pdf
Part of the moon
nature.com/articles/news.2010.515
https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2151.pdf
More on age
quantamagazine.org/are-saturns-rings-really-as-young-as-the-dinosaurs-20191121
They will soon disappear?
solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/794/nasa-research-reveals-saturn-is-losing-its-rings-at-worst-case-scenario-rate
My video on warp drives
youtube.com/watch?v=ysIK-Qek8q0
My video on speed of light
youtube.com/watch?v=pSVPFEM7JsA
00:00 - Intro
02:04 - History and Feasibility
10:08 - Teleporting a human
20:45 - Quantum teleportation
Sources:
In Culture
bigthink.com/hard-science/history-of-teleportation
The man without a Body
https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0602521h.html#03
To Venus in 5 seconds
archive.org/details/ToVenusInFiveSeconds/page/n21/mode/2up
The word
merriam-webster.com/dictionary/teleportation#h1
US air force paper
sgp.fas.org/eprint/teleport.pdf
Time estimates
nbcnews.com/science/space/trouble-teleportation-it-could-take-quadrillions-years-f6C10817487
web.archive.org/web/20200205184719/http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2013/july/to-infinity-and-beyond-teleporting-humans-into-space
Daniel Whiteson books
wired.com/story/why-cant-people-teleport
Quantum teleportation
https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/quantum-teleportation-to-improve-quantum-computing-441352/
nii.ac.jp/userimg/press_20140630e.pdf
extremetech.com/extreme/140550-first-teleportation-of-macroscopic-objects-leads-the-way-to-quantum-internet
Teleporting a particle to space
popularmechanics.com/science/news/a27271/chinese-scientists-successfully-teleported-a-particle-to-space
Bose-Einstein condensate
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0256-307X/29/6/060303
00:00 - Intro
02:13 - Basics
08:29 - Tesla and LDEs
17:31 - Satellites and photos
Sources:
Images
eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=STS088&roll=724&frame=66
eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=STS088&roll=724&frame=68
Izar
universeguide.com/star/122716/epsbooa
Review
space.com/what-is-the-black-knight.html
armaghplanet.com/the-truth-about-the-black-knight-satellite-mystery.html
atlasobscura.com/articles/the-weird-history-of-the-space-blanket
http://www.jamesoberg.com/sts88_and-black-knight.pdf
skeptoid.com/episodes/4365
Tesla
http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1901-02-09.htm
web.archive.org/web/20120925002154/http://www.thedenvereye.com/nikola-tesla-in-colorado-springs
LDE
https://www.mn.uio.no/fysikk/english/people/aca/sverre/articles/lde.html
vice.com/en/article/ezpg8p/radio-ghosts-have-haunted-the-airwaves-for-nearly-a-century
Corona
web.archive.org/web/20170307164402/cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/corona-the-nation2019s-first-photoreconnaissance-satellite.html
airforcemag.com/article/0995corona
cia.gov/static/3d24f7019bf7e718fd1d2a5c57e6a646/corona.pdf
content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,894745-1,00.html
Lunan
http://www.duncanlunan.com/blackknight.asp
http://www.duncanlunan.com/epsilonbootis.asp
NASA report
web.archive.org/web/20100522021755/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20060024715_2006175325.pdf
Videos
youtube.com/watch?v=6omlycVMOcw
youtube.com/watch?v=IXqw6NpCwIg
youtube.com/watch?v=3Bqaa8n6bKY
Maya
youtube.com/watch?v=rgfFXgTsSbc
My video on the Axis of Evil
youtube.com/watch?v=m3JtwgTfpdg
00:00 - Intro
01:14 - Particle Horizon
11:55 - Hubble Horizon
18:49 - Event Horizon
Sources
Neutrino Background
arxiv.org/abs/1602.03347
http://lib.sinp.msu.ru/static/tutorials/01_textbook/index-314.htm
Spectral Distortions
arxiv.org/abs/1903.04218
arxiv.org/pdf/1907.13195.pdf
BICEP 2
nature.com/news/gravitational-waves-discovery-now-officially-dead-1.16830
Observable Universe
sciencealert.com/known-universe-in-one-single-image-logarithmic-artwork-pablo-carlos-budassi
science.nasa.gov/observable-universe
Particle Horizon
arxiv.org/pdf/1302.1609.pdf
CMB
sciencefocus.com/space/will-the-cosmic-microwave-background-disappear/#:~:text=Yes.,will%20no%20longer%20be%20detectable.
Size of the Universe
livescience.com/how-big-universe.html
Last Scattering Surface
map.gsfc.nasa.gov/media/990053/index.html
https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Glossary/Essay_lss.html
Accelerated Expansion
https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/scientists-release-largest-ever-3d-map-of-universe/1916922#:~:text=Published%20online%20late%20Sunday%2C%20the,billion%20years%20that%20came%20before.%E2%80%9D&text=Scientists%20estimate%20that%20the%20universe,%2Dbillion%2Dyears%2Dold.
Cosmological Horizons
https://cds.cern.ch/record/679214/files/0310808.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1302.1609.pdf
aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.5088465
Diagram
physics.stackexchange.com/questions/67412/what-is-the-theoretical-limit-for-farthest-we-can-see-back-in-time-and-distance/67541#67541
00:00 - Intro
01:36 - Use And how they work
13:00 - Masers and Lasers in Space
19:09 - Gravity Lasers
Sources:
Lasers
lasers.llnl.gov/education/how-lasers-work#:~:text=A%20laser%20is%20created%20when,orbit%20around%20the%20atom's%20nucleus.
science.howstuffworks.com/laser.htm
Ruby laser
sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/ruby-laser
sites.google.com/site/puenggphysics/home/unit-i/ruby-laser#:~:text=The%20ruby%20laser%20is%20the,absorbing%20green%20and%20blue%20light.
Masers
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/m/Masers
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/masers
astrobites.org/2013/10/28/giant-space-masers
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1104/1104.2306.pdf
Astrophysical lasers
academic.oup.com/book/6534
http://www.mathnet.ru/links/3d7ec5b6eaa267d46f421ee70e5904ed/qe2349.pdf
hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1996/06/396-Image.html?news=true
laserstars.org/news/EtaCarinae.html
laserstars.org/history/masers.html
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0019103583901070
Gravitons
sciencefocus.com/science/what-are-gravitons-and-do-they-really-exist
pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/what-are-gravitons
https://usm.maine.edu/planet/you-mention-einsteins-description-gravity-not-force-between-particles-deformations-their
Gravity Lasers
arxiv.org/pdf/1807.03163.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1604.02762.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/physics/9802037.pdf
https://indico.cern.ch/event/593812/contributions/2569809/attachments/1468081/2270439/Black_Hole_Graviton_Laser_TIME_BOMB.pdf
My video on the Missing Satellite Problem
youtube.com/watch?v=Yx1BDLDXtrE
My video on what stars actually orbit
youtube.com/watch?v=sQDlVLyHqgY
00:00 - Intro
03:52 - Evidence for Dark Matter
14:57 - Arguments against Dark Matter and alternatives
Sources
Dark matter
pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1516944112
https://magazine.caltech.edu/post/where-is-dark-matter-hiding
Red Dwarfs
hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1994/news-1994-41.html
Problems of Dark Matter
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/12/22/the-one-big-problem-with-all-alternatives-to-dark-matter-and-dark-energy/?sh=1a6b4d247f55
skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/the-alignment-of-the-milky-ways-entourage-explained
eso.org/public/russia/news/1217/?lang
MOND and CMB
phys.org/news/2021-10-mond-theory-account-cosmic-microwave.html
MOND and Bullet Cluster
http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-bullet-cluster-as-evidence-against.html
Bullet Cluster
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/11/09/the-bullet-cluster-proves-dark-matter-exists-but-not-for-the-reason-most-physicists-think/?sh=4e906d611738
arxiv.org/pdf/1003.0939.pdf
A galaxy without dark matter
sciencealert.com/physicists-have-just-revived-a-previously-debunked-alternative-theory-of-gravity
Lensing
arstechnica.com/science/2020/09/dark-matter-models-get-most-of-the-universe-right-but-fail-in-the-details
academic.oup.com/mnras/article/327/2/557/1040696
Rotation curves and External Field Effect
phys.org/news/2020-12-unique-gravity-dark-theory.html
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/abbb96
Mond and cluster
aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2017/02/aa29358-16/aa29358-16.html
arxiv.org/abs/1810.03089
Mond and Philosophy of Science
doi.org/10.1017/9781108610926.010
Reveiw
mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/7/1331
space.com/ditch-dark-matter-new-theory-gravity
phys.org/news/2022-07-dark-ditch-favor-theory-gravity.html
Superfluid dark matter
https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/physicist-theorizes-dark-matter-superfluid
arxiv.org/pdf/1507.01019.pdf
Some Lectures
youtube.com/watch?v=U4sw3-__pGo
youtube.com/watch?v=iu7LDGhSi1A
My video about Warp drives
youtube.com/watch?v=ysIK-Qek8q0
My video about Photon drives
youtube.com/watch?v=Hy8UENnl3CA
Мое видео о гравитационных маневрах
youtube.com/watch?v=nomqNrTc0wc
My video about gravity assists
youtube.com/watch?v=ZXEcCx9M4IU
00:00 - Into
03:47 - The Idea
08:32 - Scenarios
16:05 - How to do it
Sources
Closest approach
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2041-8205/800/1/L17
Early humans
smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/essential-timeline-understanding-evolution-homo-sapiens-180976807
Proxima Centauri
imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/nearest_star_info.html
Oort cloud
solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/overview
Rogue planets
earthsky.org/space/rogue-planets-milky-way-roman-space-telescope
earthsky.org/space/50-billion-free-floating-planets-in-milky-way
arxiv.org/pdf/1902.04652.pdf
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/aba75b
eso.org/public/news/eso2120
theconversation.com/rogue-planets-how-wandering-bodies-in-interstellar-space-ended-up-on-their-own-174622
planetary.org/articles/is-life-possible-on-worlds-without-stars
The study
cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/migrating-extraterrestrial-civilizations-and-interstellar-colonization-implications-for-seti-and-seta/BFFC1BB63FED869C85172BB3CC88DBBB
phys.org/news/2022-05-extraterrestrial-civilizations-colonize-galaxy-dont.html
http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/cosmic-hitchhikers-10856.html
Veritasium video
youtube.com/watch?v=pTn6Ewhb27k
PBS Space time on Speed of Causality
youtube.com/watch?v=msVuCEs8Ydo
Tom Scott’s video
youtube.com/watch?v=tozuzV5YZ7U
Sources:
Speed of
forbes.com/sites/quora/2018/07/02/does-anything-other-than-light-travel-at-the-speed-of-light
Speed of gravity
sciencealert.com/speed-of-gravitational-waves-and-light-same
Sean M. Carroll’s interview
youtube.com/watch?v=fOeLjD-dZjc
Graviton
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/physics/137-physics/general-physics/particles-and-quantum-physics/813-what-is-a-graviton-intermediate
Neutrinos and supernovae
physicsworld.com/a/new-correction-to-speed-of-light-could-explain-sn1987-neutrino-burst
Speed of causality
forbes.com/sites/jillianscudder/2016/06/24/is-cause-effect-limited-by-the-speed-of-light/?sh=514116221a58
sciencealert.com/watch-why-the-speed-of-light-is-not-about-light
Why it slows down
moviesandscience.com/blog/science/refractive-index
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/133-physics/general-physics/general-questions/832-is-the-speed-of-light-constant-beginner
Polariton
sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/polariton
mappingignorance.org/2018/01/25/what-on-earth-is-a-polariton
nature.com/subjects/polaritons
Freezing of light
sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130806111151.htm
physics.aps.org/articles/v6/80
physics.aps.org/articles/v10/s25
Speed limit
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/10/09/the-universe-has-a-speed-limit-and-it-isnt-the-speed-of-light/?sh=a782bac75549
How to measure it
arxiv.org/pdf/2012.12037.pdf
universetoday.com/149554/theres-no-way-to-measure-the-speed-of-light-in-a-single-direction
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1011/1011.1318.pdf
users.physics.ox.ac.uk/~rtaylor/teaching/specrel.pdf
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-020-00337-5
link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjd/e2012-20524-8
arxiv.org/pdf/1212.2259.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1310.1171.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/0911.3616.pdf
aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.3160665
scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/could-what-we-consider-as-the-speed-of-light-be-wrong.html
spaceaustralia.com/news/one-way-speed-light
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-convensimul/
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12648-012-0112-4
Galaxy distortions
sites.ualberta.ca/~pogosyan/teaching/ASTRO_122/lect24/lecture24.html
universetoday.com/21998/the-diameter-of-the-milky-way
astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/43739/how-distorted-will-our-galaxy-be-if-we-are-viewing-it-from-several-thousand-ligh
Sources
Big Bang Theory
academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/54/2/2.28/302975
phys.org/news/2015-12-big-theory.html
big-bang-theory.com
space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html
Einstein's static universe
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1701/1701.07261.pdf
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0550321317301232
Hubble
nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/hubble02.html
wired.com/2009/12/1230hubble-first-galaxy-outside-milky-way
Problem
science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory7.htm
forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2020/05/14/is-it-time-to-dethrone-the-big-bang-theory-heres-how-you-overthrow-it/?sh=4c785d5c20d9
bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/big-bang-beginning-universe
Alternatives
interestingengineering.com/5-alternatives-to-the-big-bang-theory
space.com/24781-big-bang-theory-alternatives-infographic.html
space.com/big-bang-failed-alternative-theories
Ekpyrotic Universe
web.archive.org/web/20220710210027/wwwphy.princeton.edu/~steinh/npr
Steady-state
https://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/stdystat.htm
Tired Light
science.org/content/article/tired-light-hypothesis-gets-re-tired
Multiverse
https://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/PDF/multiverse_sciam.pdf
My video about how we know that black holes exist
youtube.com/watch?v=G04QFPUsyZ0
My video about black hole alternatives
youtube.com/watch?v=_3y5AdxQ2gU
My video about Black Hole Information paradox
youtube.com/watch?v=LaRgY7tMDM4
Sources:
Singularities
livescience.com/what-is-singularity
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/s/Singularity
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-singularities/
einstein-online.info/en/spotlight/the-singularity-theorem
einstein-online.info/en/spotlight/singularities
newengineer.com/blog/what-is-singularity-1335096
mathworld.wolfram.com/Singularity.html
wolframphysics.org/bulletins/2020/05/event-horizons-singularities-and-other-exotic-spacetime-phenomena
prateekvjoshi.com/2014/02/07/what-is-a-singularity
merriam-webster.com/dictionary/singularity
https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/09/13/does-every-black-hole-contain-a-singularity/
Penrose’s paper
journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57
Cosmic Censorship
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/C/cosmic+censorship+conjecture
arxiv.org/pdf/2012.01449.pdf
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-021-00432-1
Naked Singularity
sciencealert.com/physicists-say-they-ve-found-a-way-to-detect-a-naked-singularity
sciencealert.com/naked-singularities-can-actually-exist-in-a-three-dimensional-universe-physicists-predict
space.com/do-naked-singularities-exist
sciencealert.com/a-five-dimensional-black-hole-could-break-general-relativity-say-physicists
Models
arxiv.org/pdf/2205.11639.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2205.04055.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2011.06154.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06943.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2004.06525.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2204.09891.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2109.02414.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2105.03730.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06943.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1709.07880.pdf
My video about the CMB and the Axis of Evil
youtube.com/watch?v=WVUuPNUhAww
00:00 - Intro
01:27 - The meaning
06:49 - Solar system, Interstellar, Intergalactic
23:01 - Big Bang, Radiation and the Coldest Places
Sources
Atmospheric density
engineeringtoolbox.com/standard-atmosphere-d_604.html
ISS orbit
eol.jsc.nasa.gov/Tools/orbitTutorial.htm
arstechnica.com/science/2013/07/how-nasa-steers-the-international-space-station-around-space-junk
Gas temperature
grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/temptr.html
Temperature and Heat
energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Heat_vs_temperature
socratic.org/questions/58189eae11ef6b1f14d6a27d
https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/science/continuum/Pages/particles.aspx
Thermosphere
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/atmosphere/thermosphere
Parker Solar Probe
nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/traveling-to-the-sun-why-won-t-parker-solar-probe-melt
physics.aps.org/articles/v14/176
Heat transfer
https://www3.uwsp.edu/cnr-ap/KEEP/nres633/Pages/Unit2/Section-B-Energy-Transfer.aspx
How fast
businessinsider.com/how-long-human-survive-outer-space-without-spacesuit-2017-5
ISS
science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast21mar_1
Spacesuits
nasa.gov/feature/spacewalk-spacesuit-basics
Mercury
solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mercury/in-depth
eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/vt-2004/mt-2003/mt-mercury-rotation.html
Phobos
solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/mars-moons/phobos/in-depth
Pluto
universetoday.com/13893/temperature-of-pluto
Absolute Zero
blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/racing-toward-absolute-zero
James Webb Space Telescope
space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-mirrors-temperature
blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2022/04/21/is-webb-at-its-final-temperature
webb.nasa.gov/content/about/innovations/cryocooler.html
webb.nasa.gov/content/about/orbit.html
Interstellar Gas
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/I/interstellar+gas+cloud
Intergalactic Gas
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/i/Intergalactic+Medium
https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2013/11/Hot_gas_sloshing_in_a_galactic_cauldron
In Space
https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2013/space-human-body
forbes.com/sites/paulmsutter/2019/04/05/you-will-not-freeze-to-death-in-space/?sh=368ba9dc6523
livescience.com/human-body-no-spacesuit
businessinsider.com/how-long-human-survive-outer-space-without-spacesuit-2017-5
Thermal Radiation
sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/thermal-radiation
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/T/Thermal+Radiation
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/n/Non-thermal+Radiation
CMB
bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-temperature
https://www.princeton.edu/~romalis/PHYS210/CMBTemperature.pdf
Black Body
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/blackbody-spectrum/latest/blackbody-spectrum_en.html
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/B/Blackbody+Radiation
Boomerang Nebula
https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/The_Boomerang_Nebula_-_the_coolest_place_in_the_Universe_heic0301
sciencealert.com/scientists-can-finally-explain-why-the-boomerang-nebula-is-colder-than-space-itself
https://public.nrao.edu/news/2017-alma-boomerang/#PRimage0
web.archive.org/web/20060901031441/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/20/1045638427695.html
00:00 - Intro
02:22 - What does it mean?
6:33 - Time in different theories
18:33 - Philosophy of Time
Sources:
Colors
medium.com/predict/what-color-is-everything-when-nobody-is-looking-aefaee67dcf2
askamathematician.com/2012/06/q-do-colors-exist
Dictionary
merriam-webster.com/dictionary/time#:~:text=Synonyms%20of%20time-,1,past%20through%20present%20to%20future
Aristotele
oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199247900.001.0001/acprof-9780199247905
Time dilation
livescience.com/what-is-time-dilation
Arrows of time
https://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~quniverse/arrows.html
Time and loop quantum gravity
arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02382.pdf
space.com/time-might-not-exist-according-to-physicists
Is time real
nature.com/articles/d41586-018-04558-7
preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2013/10/18/is-time-real
bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/does-time-exist-182965
thoughtco.com/does-time-really-exist-2699430
livescience.com/29081-time-real-illusion-smolin.html
quantamagazine.org/a-debate-over-the-physics-of-time-20160719
quantamagazine.org/does-time-really-flow-new-clues-come-from-a-century-old-approach-to-math-20200407
Block Universe
https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-09-02/block-universe-theory-time-past-present-future-travel/10178386
interestingengineering.com/block-universe-theory-is-the-passing-of-time-an-illusion
Time in QM
arxiv.org/pdf/2106.15088.pdf
frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2018.00081/full
link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_221
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2203/2203.13196.pdf
Presentism, Eternalism, Growing Block Universe
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-thermo/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presentism/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-bebecome/
My video on Mars One
youtube.com/watch?v=tNu4mAsqS8M
00:00 - Intro
02:47 - What's there on asteroids
7:43 - How do we know it?
17:43 - How to mine
25:20 - Actual companies
Sources
Asteroid types
solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/in-depth
Asteroid values
http://www.asterank.com
Composition
http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/72-our-solar-system/comets-meteors-and-asteroids/asteroids/295-how-are-asteroid-compositions-and-classifications-determined-intermediate
Osiris-Rex
nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-successfully-stows-sample-of-asteroid-bennu
HED meteorites
https://meteorites.asu.edu/achondrites/hed-meteorites
NEOs
cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/about/neo_groups.html
Asteroid redirect mission
jpl.nasa.gov/missions/asteroid-redirect-robotic-mission-arrm
Laws
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/738/1/012014/pdf
theguardian.com/business/2016/feb/06/asteroid-mining-space-minerals-legal-issues
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2011/2011.03369.pdf
Economics
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1810/1810.03836.pdf
Companies
asteroidminingcorporation.co.uk
transastracorp.com/apis-spacecraft
MIT review
technologyreview.com/2019/06/26/134510/asteroid-mining-bubble-burst-history
Mining
arxiv.org/pdf/1808.05099.pdf
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117720304142?via%3Dihub
oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-13
https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8882371&fileOId=8884121
https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/67738/21Jun_Ho_Kenny.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Planetary resources
liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/space.2013.0013
space.com/39363-planetary-resources-asteroid-mining-satellite-launches.html
https://www.consensys.space/
DSI
space.com/42906-deep-space-industries-acquired-by-bradford-space.html
Physics of mining
academic.oup.com/astrogeo/article/54/5/5.10/249823
00:00 - Intro
01:45 - Biosignatures
15:08 - Tehcnosignatures
18:56 - Planetary intelligence
Sources:
Biosignatures
liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ast.2017.1729
space.com/39476-alien-life-biosignature-gases-oxygen.html
arxiv.org/pdf/1905.07070v1.pdf
planetary.org/articles/how-spectroscopy-helps-search-for-alien-life
Tehcnosignatures
phys.org/news/2022-02-webb-telescope-civilizations-air-pollution.html
arxiv.org/pdf/2202.05858.pdf
astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/technosignatures-and-the-search-for-extraterrestrial-intelligence
Planetary intelligence
cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/intelligence-as-a-planetary-scale-process/5077C784D7FAC55F96072F7A7772C5E5
space.com/search-for-planetary-intelligence-astrobiology
phys.org/news/2022-02-planet-mind.html
http://www.sci-news.com/space/planetary-intelligence-10576.html
Sources:
Vacuum
http://www.calphysics.org/zpe.html
https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2012/12/20/what-keeps-space-empty/
medium.com/nakshatra/the-nature-of-nothingness-understanding-the-vacuum-catastrophe-c04033e752f4
sciencenotes.org/what-is-a-perfect-vacuum-is-it-possible
science.org/content/article/physicists-observe-weird-quantum-fluctuations-empty-space-maybe
Lamb Shift
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/11/17/quantum-fluctuations-were-experimentally-proven-way-back-in-1947
https://courses.washington.edu/phys432/lamb_shift/lamb_shift.pdf
journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.72.339
Casimir effect
scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-the-casimir-effec
https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Quantum/casimir.html
Fluctuations
sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180820113053.htm
nature.com/articles/s41567-018-0264-z
LIGO
https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/LA/news/ligo20200701
nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2420-8
Higgs Field
arxiv.org/pdf/2104.06821.pdf
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405601415009529
arxiv.org/pdf/1711.03877.pdf
Dark Energy
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1111/1111.4623.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2111.12576.pdf
science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy
False Vacuum Decay
journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2929
doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139013352.010
doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817709001
bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-false-vacuum
cosmosmagazine.com/science/physics/vacuum-decay-the-ultimate-catastrophe
space.com/universe-end-false-vacuum-decay
bigthink.com/hard-science/vacuum-decay-end-of-the-universe
medium.com/predict/our-unstable-universe-why-the-false-vacuum-could-be-our-end-82ee4a668bd4
medium.com/the-infinite-universe/the-universe-may-be-a-false-vacuum-bubble-961e1a177e52
scientificamerican.com/article/follow-up-what-is-the-zer
arxiv.org/pdf/1304.2796.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1611.04935.pdf
web.archive.org/web/20210819191812/http://shortbus.org/x/p3305_1.pdf
Higgs Vacuum
arxiv.org/pdf/1809.06923.pdf
Higgs Boson
https://home.cern/news/series/lhc-physics-ten/higgs-boson-what-makes-it-special
Stability
arxiv.org/pdf/1704.06884.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1209.0393.pdf
https://cms.cern/news/two-most-massive-quarks-put-spotlight-higgs-boson
arxiv.org/pdf/1505.04825.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0104016.pdf
My video on antimatter
youtube.com/watch?v=GwHHP2yH_vw
Sources:
Fine-tuning, history, solutions
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fine-tuning/
arxiv.org/pdf/2110.07783.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/2012.05617.pdf
templeton.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Fine-tuning-research-1.pdf
6 constants
web.archive.org/web/20140722210250/http://discovermagazine.com/2000/nov/cover
List of fundamental constants
physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Category?view=pdf&Frequently+used+constants.x=64&Frequently+used+constants.y=22
Particle masses and ratios
physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Category?view=pdf&Atomic+and+nuclear.x=71&Atomic+and+nuclear.y=8
The universe without the weak force
arxiv.org/pdf/1801.06081.pdf
Multiverse
https://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/PDF/multiverse_sciam.pdf
Anthropic principle
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/01/26/how-the-anthropic-principle-became-the-most-abused-idea-in-science
My video on colonizing Mars
youtube.com/watch?v=RYklurD__is
00:00 - Into
01:30 - The Plan
06:16 - The company
08:38 - The technology
17:51 - The Money
23:29 - The People
Sources:
Official website
http://mars-one.com
Archived website
web.archive.org/web/*/http://mars-one.com
2013 conference
youtube.com/watch?v=27UDD70cQ4Y
Articles on Mars One
2014 Medium.com
medium.com/matter/all-dressed-up-for-mars-and-nowhere-to-go-7e76df527ca0
2015
businessinsider.com/strange-video-interviews-with-mars-one-finalists-2015-2
medium.com/matter/mars-one-insider-quits-dangerously-flawed-project-2dfef95217d3
time.com/3716823/mars-one-space-travel-finalist
businessinsider.com/mars-one-trip-wont-work-2015-2
theguardian.com/science/2015/feb/09/mars-one-mission-a-one-way-trip-to-the-red-planet-in-2024
2016
thespacereview.com/article/3080/1
Bankruptcy
forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2019/02/11/goodbye-mars-one-the-fake-mission-to-mars-that-fooled-the-world/?sh=72b5e7042af5
npr.org/2019/02/12/693945694/mars-one-fizzles-into-bankruptcy-after-promising-a-new-life-in-space
Debates
youtube.com/watch?v=_XUl8xw0Ywg
Perseverance cost
planetary.org/space-policy/cost-of-perseverance
Endemol
spacenews.com/mars-one-loses-television-deal
Crowdfunding
indiegogo.com/projects/mars-one-first-private-mars-mission-in-2018#
Star Citizen
eurogamer.net/articles/2021-11-20-star-citizen-crosses-the-usd400m-raised-mark
Business database
https://www.zefix.ch/en/search/entity/list/firm/1018723
bloomberg.com/profile/company/KCC:GR
pitchbook.com/profiles/company/167313-52#funding
ADS
tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14777622.2017.1288512
meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2013/EPSC2013-1077.pdf
Independent analysis
https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/103973/de%20Weck_An%20independent.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Paragon’s paper
forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=jt2688nlute0ehlbt6mff95skk&action=dlattach;topic=37937.0;attach=1037001;sess=0
Lansdorp’s twitter
twitter.com/baslansdorp
Sources
Nearest Stars
space.com/18964-the-nearest-stars-to-earth-infographic.html
astrosociety.org/file_download/inline/c35f3aca-f235-4e77-8b95-33541652d289
Red sky paradox
pnas.org/content/118/26/e2026808118
arxiv.org/pdf/2106.11207.pdf
sciencealert.com/why-the-heck-aren-t-we-orbiting-a-red-dwarf-star
astrobites.org/2021/08/24/red-sky-paradox
Red dwarfs
space.com/23772-red-dwarf-stars.html
astronomy.com/magazine/2019/01/why-does-the-universe-make-so-many-tiny-stars
https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/lhartm/research/what-determines-the-masses-of-stars-and-why-do-stars-form-in-clusters/
https://www.mpm.edu/planetarium-newsletter-february-2019
eso.org/public/news/eso1214
astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/red-dwarf-stars-and-the-planets-around-them-2
Color
astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2015/05/the-suns-red-neighbor
earthsky.org/tonight/can-you-see-the-different-colors-of-the-stars
skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/the-spectral-types-of-stars
astronomy.com/magazine/glenn-chaple/2021/04/color-coding-stars
Stellar colors table
http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/starcolor
Sky on different planets
youtube.com/watch?v=vrLfHv6sze0
Flares
space.com/proxima-centauri-emits-largest-stellar-flare.html
Giant planet
space.com/gas-giant-alien-planet-red-dwarf.html
PMS stars
Https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~pberlind/atlas/htmls/pmsstars.html
Sources:
Mars in six years?
theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/27/elon-musk-spacex-mars-colony
Mars One
engadget.com/2019-02-11-mars-one-is-dead.html
Sagan’s Essay
daily.jstor.org/should-we-go-to-mars-carl-sagan-had-thoughts
jstor.org/stable/pdf/43311109.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A5314fd6cd61478c000f8a70554f517c2
Apollo costs
planetary.org/space-policy/cost-of-apollo
Nasa budget
planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2021-budget#:~:text=NASA's%20budget%20for%20fiscal%20year,over%20the%20previous%20year's%20amount.
Musks note
https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/elon-musk-asks-spacex-employees-to-work-over-the-weekend-as-company-faces-risk-of-bankruptcy/articleshow/88026922.cms
Metals on Mars
astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/rare-metals-on-mars-and-earth-implicate-colossal-impacts
curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/mmc/introduction.cfm
https://sites.wustl.edu/meteoritesite/items/chemical-composition-of-meteorites/
Mars Launch window
forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2020/07/08/mars-alert-why-three-spacecraft-must-leave-for-the-red-planet-within-days-or-miss-their-chance/?sh=928753d5f936
mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/timeline/cruise
How long
image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/venus/q2811.html
Mining on Mars
bigthink.com/hard-science/drill-baby-drill-what-will-we-look-for-when-were-mining-on-mars
Antarctica
worldpopulationreview.com/continents/antarctica-population
Population Growth
worldometers.info/world-population
Area of Mars
mars.nasa.gov/print/?print=detailedfacts
A million people on Mars
futurism.com/the-byte/elon-musk-million-people-mars-2050
Economics
link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-90303-3_12
edition.cnn.com/2020/09/08/tech/spacex-mars-profit-scn/index.html
https://scholarship.depauw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=studentresearch
Reasons
https://stargazersclubwa.com.au/why-go-to-mars-the-pros-and-cons/
bbc.com/news/science-environment-19666057
For
businessinsider.com/5-undeniable-reasons-why-humans-should-go-to-mars-2015-4
space.nss.org/the-case-for-colonizing-mars-by-robert-zubrin
astronomy.com/news/2021/10/colonizing-mars-could-speed-up-human-evolution
Against
theconversation.com/sorry-elon-musk-but-its-now-clear-that-colonising-mars-is-unlikely-and-a-bad-idea-100964
futurism.com/author-martian-colonizing-mars-bad-idea
toptenz.net/10-reasons-colonizing-mars-is-a-bad-idea.php
futurism.com/humans-shouldnt-colonize-mars-experts
theguardian.com/science/blog/2018/aug/28/the-case-against-mars-colonisation
Robots vs. Humans
scientificamerican.com/article/robots-vs-humans-who-should-explore
marssociety.ca/human-vs-robotic-exploration
space.com/41551-finding-mars-life-robots-versus-humans.html
Sources:
Blood and regolith
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006421000442
space.com/mars-colony-astronaut-blood-concrete
phys.org/news/2021-09-cosmic-concrete-space-astronaut-blood.html
Mars habitats
https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61315/8/02chapters1-4.pdf
Sulfur
cen.acs.org/articles/96/i1/build-settlements-Mars-ll-need.html
Mars fact sheet
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html
Radiation on Mars
climate.nasa.gov/news/3105/earths-magnetosphere-protecting-our-planet-from-harmful-space-energy
Fuel
space.com/mars-rocket-fuel-from-microbes
nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26393-7?utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=commission_junction&utm_campaign=3_nsn6445_deeplink_PID100052171&utm_content=deeplink
SpaceX and methane
inverse.com/article/59489-spacex-how-elon-musk-wants-to-reach-zero-carbon-rocket-flights
Magnetic field
nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2020/mars-electric-currents
askanastronomer.org/planets/2015/11/20/can-we-create-a-magnetic-field-for-mars
Plasma torus
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576521005099?via%3Dihub
phys.org/news/2021-11-absolutely-bonkers-mars-artificial-magnetosphere.html
extremetech.com/extreme/245369-nasa-proposes-building-artificial-magnetic-field-restore-mars-atmosphere
My video on why we think black holes exist
youtube.com/watch?v=G04QFPUsyZ0
My video on information loss paradox
youtube.com/watch?v=LaRgY7tMDM4
Sources
Black hole formation
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1609/1609.08411.pdf
mcdonaldobservatory.org/news/gallery/neutron-stars-merge-form-black-hole
Semiclassical gravity
phys.org/news/2013-05-semiclassical-gravity-counterintuitive-horizon-testability.html
Alternatives
skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/physicist-proposes-new-black-hole-alternative
science.org/doi/10.1126/science.371.6525.118
https://cds.cern.ch/record/2663096/files/1902.07990.pdf
Black star
arxiv.org/pdf/0712.1130.pdf
https://physics.ucf.edu/~britt/AST2002/R9-Barcelo-Black%20stars,%20not%20holes.pdf
Dark Energy
science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy
earthsky.org/space/definition-what-is-dark-energy
Dark-energy star
arxiv.org/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0503/0503200.pdf
nature.com/articles/news050328-8
nautil.us/blog/are-black-holes-actually-dark-energy-stars
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212686421001096
https://www.slac.stanford.edu/econf/C041213/papers/0205.PDF
arxiv.org/pdf/2103.15393.pdf
Gravastar
worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271820300049
arxiv.org/abs/2010.05354
arxiv.org/abs/0706.1513
futurism.com/the-gravastar-an-alternative-to-black-holes
scientificamerican.com/article/black-hole-pretenders-could-really-be-bizarre-quantum-stars/#
Planck star
arxiv.org/pdf/1401.6562.pdf
interestingengineering.com/a-black-holes-core-could-be-a-strange-planck-star
futurism.com/what-are-planck-stars-how-do-they-differ-from-black-holes
phys.org/news/2014-02-astrophysicists-duo-planck-star-core.html
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/p/Planck+Length
Fuzzballs
quantamagazine.org/how-fuzzballs-solve-the-black-hole-firewall-paradox-20150623
livescience.com/string-theory-fuzzballs-are-black-holes.html
Q-star (Grey hole)
arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9708065.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0207270.pdf
Boson stars
sciencealert.com/there-could-be-transparent-stars-made-of-bosons-masquerading-as-black-holes
My video on Em Drive
youtube.com/watch?v=eH3po8kUEbY
My video on interplanetary flight
youtube.com/watch?v=ZXEcCx9M4IU
Sources:
Rockets
nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rockets-guide-20-how-rockets-work.pdf
grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/rocket/rktth1.html
space.com/how-rockets-work
https://courses.ess.washington.edu/ess-102/FALL12/Lecture24_ElectricPropulsion_v2.pdf
Types
http://www2.ee.ic.ac.uk/derek.low08/yr2proj/ion.htm
Types of electric drives
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122274105002015
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128093269000130
Nasa’s book
descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/SciTechBook/series1/Goebel__cmprsd_opt.pdf
Raptor
everydayastronaut.com/raptor-engine
Dawn
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/dawn/technology/ion-propulsion
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/dawn/technology/navigating
aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0010134
Ion drives
nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/Ion_Propulsion1.html
nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs21grc.html
nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/sep/index.html
nasa.gov/feature/glenn/2020/the-propulsion-we-re-supplying-it-s-electrifying
aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0010134
Spacecraft with ion thrusters
https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/SMART-1/The_magic_of_ion_engines
https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Electric_blue_thrusters_propelling_BepiColombo_to_Mercury
MRO
mars.nasa.gov/mro/mission/spacecraft/parts/propulsion
NEXT
www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/sep/gridded-ion-thrusters-next-c/#:~:text=Performance,power%20and%20236%20mNthrust.
DART
ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8742007
Water
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094576521003179?via%3Dihub
Molecular
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6595/ab2c6c/pdf
Iodine
nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04015-y
Airbreathing engines
hindawi.com/journals/ijae/2020/8811847
Sources:
Mission Types
solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/chapter9-1
Earth
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html
Mercury
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html
Voyagers
voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/science/hyperbolic-orbital-elements
Orbital mechanics
http://www.braeunig.us/space/orbmech.htm
Hohmann transfer orbit
solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/chapter4-1
faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/cami/library/online_libraries/aerospace_medicine/tutorial/media/III.4.1.5_Maneuvering_in_Space.pdf
link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62220-0_5
Hohmann’s book
archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19980230631/mode/2up
faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/cami/library/online_libraries/aerospace_medicine/tutorial/media/III.4.1.5_Maneuvering_in_Space.pdf
Trajectories
faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/cami/library/online_libraries/aerospace_medicine/tutorial/media/III.4.1.6_Interplanetary_Travel.pdf
Tesla’s orbit
https://where-is-tesla-roadster.space/live?lang=ru
Gravity assists
solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/primer
faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/cami/library/online_libraries/aerospace_medicine/tutorial/media/III.4.1.6_Interplanetary_Travel.pdf
Juno’s trajectory
spaceflight101.com/juno/juno-mission-trajectory-design
New Horizons’ trajectory
http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Mission/The-Path-to-Pluto-and-Beyond.php
Bepi-Colombo trajectory
https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/BepiColombo_operations
https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2017/07/Animation_visualising_BepiColombo_s_journey_to_Mercury
Parker Solar Probe’s trajectory
http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/The-Mission/index.php
Lectures
youtube.com/watch?v=l_iZk4n5QFU
youtube.com/watch?v=L_sAraG-N5k
HAARP - one of the most controversial projects. Many believe it’s a weapon of mind control and that it can cause earthquakes. But can it really? What does HAARP actually do, how does it work and what’s its history? And why are there so many conspiracy theories about it?
Sources
Haarp Goals
https://haarp.gi.alaska.edu/faq
web.archive.org/web/20091001114140/http://www.haarp.alaska.edu/haarp/prpeis.html
Ionosphere
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/atmosphere/ionosphere
solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/1127/10-things-to-know-about-the-ionosphere
youtube.com/watch?v=KnXuEgWhaWw
Auroras
royalemaps.com/what-are-the-northen-lights
https://site.uit.no/spaceweather/what-are-the-northern-lights-aurora/
Over-horizon radars
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1632/1/012021/pdf
Haarp
https://haarp.gi.alaska.edu/
physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.3032
Phased array
analog.com/ru/analog-dialogue/articles/phased-array-beamforming-ics-simplify-antenna-design.html
History
wired.com/2009/07/mf-haarp
nature.com/articles/452930a
List of scientific papers
ttps://haarp.gi.alaska.edu/publications
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/q=HAARP&sort=date%20desc%2C%20bibcode%20desc&p_=0
Artificial aurora
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JA026607
HAARP dismantling
adn.com/alaska-news/article/air-force-prepares-dismantle-haarp-ahead-summer-shutdown/2014/05/14
Alaska University take over
adn.com/science/article/alaska-university-take-over-haarp/2015/07/15
Gaia article
https://archive.md/nDvSk
Earthquakes
science20.com/florilegium/blog/why_so_many_earthquakes_decade-65178
icr.org/article/twentieth-century-earthquakes-confronting-urban-le
johnstonsarchive.net/other/quake1.html
Mind control
popsci.com/military-aviation-space/article/2008-06/militarys-mystery-machine
scientificamerican.com/article/mind-control-by-cell
sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/brain-waves
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jgra.50558
popularmechanics.com/military/research/a10635/the-inspiration-for-mind-control-conspiracy-theories-faces-its-demise-16843375
Patents
patents.google.com/patent/US4686605
patents.google.com/patent/US5038664
European parliament hearings
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2003-1453+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/press/sdp/backg/en/1998/b980209.htm
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&reference=A4-1999-0005&language=EN
Attack attempt
adn.com/alaska-news/2016/11/01/2-men-arrested-in-georgia-planned-to-attack-alaska-aurora-research-facility-investigators-say
Vice interview
youtu.be/BoZf9feQATc
Open houses
smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-alaska-research-lab-are-holding-open-house-dispel-conspiracy-theories-180960255
Sources:
HARP
https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/V20-N03/20-03-Gilreath.pdf
pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Smartlet.htm
http://www.astronautix.com/a/abriefhistoheharpproject.html
thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/jastsp.2017.249.257
SHARP
http://www.astronautix.com/s/sharp.html
Quick Launch
web.archive.org/web/20120724005956/http://quicklaunchinc.com/hydrogen-gun-technology
phys.org/news/2010-01-space-cannon-payloads-orbit-video.html
bbc.com/future/article/20160317-the-man-who-tried-to-make-a-supergun-for-saddam-hussein
medium.com/our-space/worst-ideas-for-space-travel-ever-b0a1f0c1626c
Star Tram Magnetic Launch System
aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2169288
phys.org/news/2012-03-maglev-track-spacecraft-orbit.html
realclearscience.com/blog/2017/10/03/could_startram_revolutionize_space_travel.html
Lofstrom Loop
http://slides.launchloop.com//launchloop.pdf
http://launchloop.com/LaunchLoop?action=AttachFile&do=view&target=isdc2002loop.pdf
My video on CMB
youtube.com/watch?v=m3JtwgTfpdg
Sources:
A. Kashlinsky’s quote
futurism.com/dark-flow
Peculiar velocity
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/p/Peculiar+Velocity
https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sparke/Sparke1_3.html
CMB temperature
wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_cosmo_fluct.html
Planck’s CMB map
https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_and_the_cosmic_microwave_background
Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect
https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Birkinshaw/Birk_contents.html
arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0208192.pdf
2008 Paper
arxiv.org/pdf/0809.3734.pdf
space.com/5878-mysterious-dark-flow-discovered-space.html
nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/dark_flow.html
2010 Paper
arxiv.org/pdf/0910.4958.pdf
WMAP 5 year data
nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/releases/2010/10-023.html
2011 Paper
arxiv.org/pdf/1011.2781.pdf
2013 Paper
arxiv.org/pdf/0910.4233.pdf
2013 Planck paper
arxiv.org/pdf/1303.5090.pdf
newscientist.com/article/dn23340-blow-for-dark-flow-in-plancks-new-view-of-the-cosmos
2015
arxiv.org/pdf/1411.4180.pdf
Sources:
Earth “Twins”
nasa.gov/press-release/earth-size-habitable-zone-planet-found-hidden-in-early-nasa-kepler-data
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab84e5
Properties of planets
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html
Thermosphere
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/atmosphere/thermosphere
Atmospheric loss
arxiv.org/pdf/2003.03231.pdf
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3367/UFNe.2017.09.038212
http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~kite/doc/Catling_and_Kasting_ch_5.pdf
nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-mission-reveals-speed-of-solar-wind-stripping-martian-atmosphere
Oceans and limestone
smithsonianmag.com/innovation/combat-climate-change-researchers-want-to-pull-carbon-dioxide-from-ocean-and-turn-it-into-rock-180977903
Venus’s magnetosphere
https://sci.esa.int/web/venus-express/-/50246-a-magnetic-surprise-for-venus-express
aasnova.org/2019/07/08/how-venus-reacts-when-the-sun-strikes
https://www.jhuapl.edu/NewsStory/210603-Solar-Orbiter-unveils-new-details-Venus-magnetosphere
Mars’s magnetosphere
https://www.space.dtu.dk/english/Research/Universe_and_Solar_System/magnetic_field
nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2020/mars-electric-currents
Venus’s atmospheric loss
blogs.ucl.ac.uk/science/2014/07/09/venus-is-losing-its-atmosphere
youtube.com/watch?v=9MVRMzmwubM
astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2016/04/venus
A Lecture
youtube.com/watch?v=0dev72U9NTw
Sources:
https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/saturn-makes-waves-in-its-own-rings
nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01448-3
arxiv.org/pdf/2104.13385.pdf
space.com/saturn-rings-study-reveals-soupy-core
phys.org/news/2021-08-saturn.html
gracefo.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/overview
My video on Warp Drives
My video on EmDrive
My video on black holes made of light
Sources:
Comet tails
sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/comet-tails
http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/SolarSys/Comets/tails.html
Momentum of light
https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/06/11/why-doesnt-light-carry-momentum/
courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/29-4-photon-momentum
arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/3.4451?journalCode=aiaaj
https://www.narajolerajcollege.ac.in/document/sub_page/20200515_110650.pdf
Planck Constant
web.archive.org/web/20181119214326/bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/CGPM-2018/26th-CGPM-Resolutions.pdf
Nuclear photon rockets
aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.1358034
Antimatter
centauri-dreams.org/2016/08/01/antimatter-propulsion-birth-of-a-concept
symmetrymagazine.org/article/april-2015/ten-things-you-might-not-know-about-antimatter
Light sail
planetary.org/articles/what-is-solar-sailing
secure.planetary.org/site/SPageNavigator/mission_control.html
space.com/25800-ikaros-solar-sail.html
Lightcraft
science.howstuffworks.com/light-propulsion.htm
youtube.com/watch?v=LAdj6vpYppA
Forward’s paper
arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/3.8632
Young’s paprers
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187538921202514X
nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/bae_y_niac_2014_spring_presentation-2a_tagged.pdf
Possibility
technologyreview.com/2019/10/28/285/can-we-use-powerful-lights-to-propel-spacecraft-at-the-speed-of-light
ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170005677/downloads/20170005677.pdf
Starshot
breakthroughinitiatives.org/initiative/3
breakthroughinitiatives.org/challenges/3
Sources:
Speed of lighy
www2.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/teachers/massenergy.pdf
medium.com/predict/we-all-travel-through-spacetime-at-the-speed-of-light-d60cb389dfc2
Warp drives in Amazing Stories
archive.org/details/Amazing_Stories_Quarterly_v04n02_1931-Spring_frankenscan/page/n5/mode/2up?q=faster+than+light
archive.org/details/Amazing_Stories_v22n01_1948-01_cape1736/page/n9/mode/2up
Miguel Alcubierre’s original study
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001
arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0009013.pdf
More recent Miguel Alcubierre’s study
arxiv.org/pdf/2103.05610.pdf
Negative mass and energy
arxiv.org/pdf/0911.3597.pdf
sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170417095534.htm
sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191002102750.htm
Required mass
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0264-9381/16/12/314
arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9905084.pdf
space.com/17628-warp-drive-possible-interstellar-spaceflight.html
NASA, Eagleworks
ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110015936/downloads/20110015936.pdf
ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140000851/downloads/20140000851.pdf
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1407/1407.7772.pdf
popularmechanics.com/science/a32449240/nasa-warp-drive-space-time
Recent data
space.com/physicists-give-warp-drives-a-boost
phys.org/news/2021-03-potential-real-physical-warp.html
arxiv.org/pdf/2102.06824.pdf
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6382/abe692
arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07125.pdf
scientificamerican.com/article/star-treks-warp-drive-leads-to-new-physics
Miguel Alcubierre’s talk
youtube.com/watch?v=zj5Jxux4uYk
White’s Talk
youtube.com/watch?v=Wokn7crjBbA
Sources:
Roger Shawyer
http://www.emdrive.com/IAC20bio.pdf
Perpetual Motion Machine
livescience.com/55944-perpetual-motion-machines.html
EmDrive
space.com/can-emdrive-space-propulsion-concept-work
aerosociety.com/news/flights-of-fancy
Interstellar travel
trtworld.com/magazine/here-s-why-there-s-still-hope-for-interstellar-travel-45837
Shawyer’s tests
theengineer.co.uk/defying-gravity
Paper of chinese scientists
http://www.tjjs.casic.cn/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20160220&flag=1&journal_id=tjjs&year_id=2016
Eagleworks
ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140000851/downloads/20140000851.pdf
ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20110023492
ttps://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.B36120
Article flaws
centauri-dreams.org/2017/01/03/close-look-at-recent-emdrive-paper
Electromagnetic effects
forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/05/23/the-emdrive-nasas-impossible-space-engine-really-is-impossible/?sh=6024f7773a00
Astrium
newscientist.com/letter/mg19225740-300-emdrive-no-thanks
Dawn
solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/dawn/technology/ion-propulsion
Unruh effect
arxiv.org/pdf/1604.03449.pdf
forbes.com/sites/briankoberlein/2016/04/21/the-theoretical-dream-of-the-emdrive/?sh=6617bf95508c
2021 test
popularmechanics.com/science/a35991457/emdrive-thruster-fails-tests
https://www.grenzwissenschaft-aktuell.de/latest-emdrive-tests-at-dresden-university-shows-impossible-engine-does-not-develop-any-thrust20210321/
researchgate.net/publication/350108418_High-Accuracy_Thrust_Measurements_of_the_EMDrive_and_Elimination_of_False-Positive_Effects
popularmechanics.com/science/a36098824/emdrive-inventor-defends-failed-tests
Response
popularmechanics.com/science/a36098824/emdrive-inventor-defends-failed-tests
SPR
http://emdrive.com
web.archive.org/web/20180526051221/newscientist.com/data/images/ns/av/shawyertheory.pdf
Patents
patents.google.com/?inventor=Roger+Shawyer
patents.google.com/patent/US20140013724A1/en
Sources
Simulations
sciencemag.org/news/2018/05/galaxy-simulations-are-last-matching-reality-and-producing-surprising-insights-cosmic
arxiv.org/pdf/1811.06533.pdf
Halo
https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March18/Wechsler/Wechsler1.html
Number of satellites
astrobites.org/2017/09/25/counting-the-dwarf-galaxies-of-the-milky-way
astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2020/11/how-many-satellite-galaxies-does-the-milky-way-have
A problem
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/307643/pdf
mdpi.com/2075-4434/5/1/17
arxiv.org/pdf/1009.4505.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1807.07093.pdf
Local group
astronomy.com/magazine/greatest-mysteries/2019/07/49-how-many-galaxies-are-in-our-group
Vera Rubin telescope
lsst.org/about/project-status
Discoveries of galaxies
arxiv.org/pdf/1906.07332.pdf
phys.org/news/2018-11-enormous-dwarf-satellite-galaxy-milky.html
Number
arxiv.org/pdf/1708.04247.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1711.06267.pdf
astrobites.org/2017/09/25/counting-the-dwarf-galaxies-of-the-milky-way
astrobites.org/2017/11/22/no-missing-satellites
Photoionization
https://www.irya.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..15/PDF/RMxAC..15_franco.pdf
Supernovae
https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/recreating-our-galaxy-supercomputer-51995
https://authors.library.caltech.edu/70179/1/apjl_827_2_L23.pdf
Other galaxies
arxiv.org/pdf/1808.03410.pdf
Sources:
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001910352100261X
arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2009/2009.06495.pdf
space.com/china-rocket-fleet-divert-asteroid-bennu
www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/back2.html
nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/overview/fastfacts.html
https://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Hera/DART
cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html#?des=101955
ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=bennu;orb=0;cov=0;log=0;cad=1#cad
arxiv.org/pdf/1402.5573.pdf
Sources:
Analogue black holes
nature.com/news/2008/080306/full/news.2008.651.html
arxiv.org/pdf/2002.04216.pdf
phys.org/news/2021-02-stationary-hawking-analog-black-hole.html
arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/0505065.pdf
arxiv.org/pdf/1411.1662.pdf
Primordial black holes
arxiv.org/pdf/2103.12087.pdf
quantamagazine.org/black-holes-from-the-big-bang-could-be-the-dark-matter-20200923
Black holes
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/B/Black+Hole
nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-hole-58.html
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Schwarzschild+Radius
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1387647316300501
mcdonaldobservatory.org/news/gallery/neutron-stars-merge-form-black-hole
Mass loss of the Sun
arxiv.org/pdf/1706.01016.pdf
Mass-energy equivalence
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equivME/
https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/04/01/light-has-no-mass-so-it-also-has-no-energy-according-to-einstein-but-how-can-sunlight-warm-the-earth-without-energy
Light and curvature of space-time
https://www.desy.de/user/projects/Physics/Relativity/SR/light_mass.html
https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/photon_mass.html
https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/06/11/why-doesnt-light-carry-momentum/
http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=1582
Kugelblitz
medium.com/predict/the-black-hole-made-of-light-5494e972abab
bigthink.com/surprising-science/making-a-kugelblitz-black-hole
Planck temperature
pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/absolute-hot
Kugelblitz drive
arxiv.org/pdf/0908.1803.pdf
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JBIS...68..105L/abstract
space.com/24306-interstellar-flight-black-hole-power.html
What was predicted about Pluto?
Sources:
Neutron stars
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/N/Neutron+Star
pnas.org/content/20/5/259
Discovery of Pluto
https://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/physics/astrocourses/ast201/pluto_tombaugh.htm
https://lowell.edu/pluto-at-85-did-tombaugh-really-find-planet-x/
Pluto characteristics
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/plutofact.html
Discovery of Charon
nasa.gov/feature/charon-at-40-four-decades-of-discovery-on-pluto-s-largest-moon
Mutual eclipses
science.sciencemag.org/content/228/4704/1193
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1985IAPPP..22...23T
Light curve before Charod
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1972ApJ...174..449L
Pluto’s surface map
http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1988BAAS...20..807B
https://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/biblio/pub015.pdf
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/300722/pdf
iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/318008/pdf
https://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/pluto/hrcmap.html
Pluto’s atmosphere
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0019103589900146?via%3Dihu
nasa.gov/feature/first-stellar-occultations-shed-additional-light-on-pluto-s-atmosphere
planetary.org/space-images/carbognani-pluto-stellar-occultation
Richard Binzel’s lecture
youtube.com/watch?v=ZJ_aJAkapfA