Uploaded November 2022 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
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Vladimir Lenin had led the Bolshevik movement through the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War but by 1922 his health was failing and infighting among Bolshevik leadership caused friction. In the end Josef Stalin was able to prevail over Leon Trotsky and lead the newly founded Soviet Union until his death in 1953.
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John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje
» SOURCES
Безбородов А.Б. История Коммунистической партии Советского Союза (Москва: Политическая энциклопедия, 2013)
Молчанов В.М. Последний белый генерал. Устные воспоминания, статьи, письма, документы (Москва: Айрис-пресс, 2012)
Саблин И. Дальневосточная республика: от идеи до ликвидации (Москва: НЛО, 2020)
Хлевнюк О. Сталин. Жизнь одного вождя: биография (Москва: CORPUS, 2015)
Якутия: последние сражения Гражданской войны (поход генерала А.Н. Пепеляева в Якутию в 1922-1923 гг.) // Северо-Восточный гуманитарный вестник. 2018. №3. C. 34-43.
Smele, Jonathan. The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars 1916-1926 (London: Hurst, 2015).
Smele Jonathan D. Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015)
Figes, Orlando. A People’s Tragedy. The Russian Revolution (The Bodley Head, 2017(1996))
Stalin, JV. “Report Delivered at the First Congress of Soviets of the U.S.S.R. December 30, 1922.” (Marxist archive marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1922/12/30.htm)
Izvestiia, January 1, 1923.
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Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
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Editing: Toni Steller
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Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive
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All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022
Watch 16 Days in Berlin on Nebula: nebula.tv/videos/16-days-in-berlin-01-prologue-the-beginning-of-the-end
Vladimir Lenin had led the Bolshevik movement through the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War but by 1922 his health was failing and infighting among Bolshevik leadership caused friction. In the end Josef Stalin was able to prevail over Leon Trotsky and lead the newly founded Soviet Union until his death in 1953.
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Patreon: patreon.com/realtimehistory
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» THANKS TO OUR CO-PRODUCERS
John Ozment, Stephen Parker, Mavrides, Kristina Colburn, Stefan Jackowski, Cardboard, William Kincade, William Wallace, Daniel L Garza, Chris Daley, Malcolm Swan, Christoph Wolf, Simen Røste, Jim F Barlow, Taylor Allen, Adam Smith, James Giliberto, Albert B. Knapp MD, Tobias Wildenblanck, Richard L Benkin, Marco Kuhnert, Matt Barnes, Ramon Rijkhoek, Jan, Scott Deederly, gsporie, Kekoa, Bruce G. Hearns, Hans Broberg, Fogeltje
» SOURCES
Безбородов А.Б. История Коммунистической партии Советского Союза (Москва: Политическая энциклопедия, 2013)
Молчанов В.М. Последний белый генерал. Устные воспоминания, статьи, письма, документы (Москва: Айрис-пресс, 2012)
Саблин И. Дальневосточная республика: от идеи до ликвидации (Москва: НЛО, 2020)
Хлевнюк О. Сталин. Жизнь одного вождя: биография (Москва: CORPUS, 2015)
Якутия: последние сражения Гражданской войны (поход генерала А.Н. Пепеляева в Якутию в 1922-1923 гг.) // Северо-Восточный гуманитарный вестник. 2018. №3. C. 34-43.
Smele, Jonathan. The ‘Russian’ Civil Wars 1916-1926 (London: Hurst, 2015).
Smele Jonathan D. Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015)
Figes, Orlando. A People’s Tragedy. The Russian Revolution (The Bodley Head, 2017(1996))
Stalin, JV. “Report Delivered at the First Congress of Soviets of the U.S.S.R. December 30, 1922.” (Marxist archive marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1922/12/30.htm)
Izvestiia, January 1, 1923.
» OUR SISTER CHANNEL
youtube.com/realtimehistory
»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller & Florian Wittig
Director of Photography: Toni Steller
Sound: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: above-zero.com
Research by: Sofia Shirogorova, Jesse Alexander
Fact checking: Florian Wittig
Channel Design: Yves Thimian
Contains licensed material by getty images and AP Archive
Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3
All rights reserved - Real Time History GmbH 2022









![Why WW1 Turned Into Trench Warfare (WW1 Documentary)
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Trench Warfare is one of the lasting symbols of the First World War, especially on the Western Front. But when the war began, the German and French armies envisioned sweeping advances and defeating the enemy swiftly. So, how and why did the Western Front in 1914 turn into the trench system we associate with WW1?
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» SOURCES
Addington, Larry. The Patterns of War since the Eighteenth Century. 2nd ed. Bloomington, 1994.
Ashworth, T. Trench warfare, 1914-18 : The Live And Let Live System. 2000.
Doyle, Peter and Robin Schaefer. Fritz and Tommy: Across the Barbed Wire. 2016.
Griffith, P. and Dennis, P. Fortifications of the Western Front 1914–18. 2013.
Ferro, Marc. La Grande guerre : 1914-1918. 1968.
Hart, Peter. The Great War 1914-1918. 2014.
Imperial General Staff. Field entrenchments : spadework for riflemen, hasty fire-cover, fire-trenches, communications, concealment, obstruction, shelters. 1916.
Kendall, P. Aisne 1914: The Dawn of Trench Warfare. 2012.
Linnenkohl, Hans. Vom Einzelschuss zum Feuerhagel. Die Entwicklung der Artillerie- und Infanteriebewaffnung im Ersten Weltkrieg. 1990.
Legrand-Girarde, E. and H. Plessis. Manuel complet de fortification. 1909. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5675591g
Loez, André (ed.). Mondes en guerre. Tome III : Guerres mondiales et impériales 1870-1945. 2020.
Palmer, Svetlana and Sarah Wallis. A War in Words. 2003.
Philpott, W. (2021). Warfare 1914-1918 | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1). [online] 1914-1918-online.net. Available at: https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare_1914-1918 [Accessed 16 Sep. 2023].
Saunders, A. Trench Warfare, 1850–1950. 2010.
Strachan, Hew. The First World War. Vol 1: To Arms. 2003.
Zabecki, D. “Military Developments of World War I” in 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/military_developments_of_world_war_i
Philpott, William. “Warfare 1914-1918,” in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare_1914-1918
Stevenson, David. 1914-1918: the History of the First World War. 2004.
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https://youtube.com/realtimehistory
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Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander
Director: Toni Steller
Editing: Philipp Appelt
Motion Design: Philipp Appelt
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Research by: Jesse Alexander, Evan Chaisson
Fact checking: Florian Wittig
Executive Producer: Florian Wittig
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