Uploaded January 2022 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
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Content
0:00 Introduction
0:10 What is a Fascia?
2:07 Content
2:22 Fascia of the Shoulders
2:58 Fascia of the Arm
4:26 Fascia of the Forearm
6:00 Fascia of the Hand
Fascia Functions:
- Stabilizes and separates muscles from other internal organs
- Form compartments
- Passage for Nerve, Blood vessels and lymph
- Storage medium for fat and water
- Three types of Fascia:
β Superficial Fascia
β Deep Fascia
β Visceral Fascia
Fascia of the Shoulder
- Deltoid Fascia
- Pectoral Fascia
- Infraspinatus Fascia
- Supraspinatus Fascia
Fascia of the Arm
- Brachial Fascia
fascia brachii
β Medial Intermuscular Septa
septum intermusculare mediale
β Lateral Intermuscular Septa
septum intermusculare laterale
β Deep Lamina
lamina profunda
β Flexor Compartment
β Extensor Compartment
β Vagina Osteofibrosa Extensorum
Β§ Triceps Muscle
β Vagina Osteofibrosa Flexorum
Β§ Coracobrachialis
Β§ Brachialis
β Vagina Fibrosa Flexorum
Β§ Biceps Brachii
Fascia of the Forearm
- Antebrachial Fascia
fascia antebrachii
- Deep Lamina
lamina profunda
- Posterior Intermuscular Septum
septum intermusculare posterior
- Anterior Intermuscular Septum
septum intermusculare anterior
- Lateral Compartment
- Posterior Compartment
- Anterior Compartment
- Interosseous Membrane
- Vagina Osteofibrosa Lateralis
β Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
β Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
β Brachioradialis
- Vagina Osteofibrosa Posterior
β Extensor Digitorum
β Extensor Digiti Minimi
β Extensor Carpi Ulnarus
β Abductor Pollicis Longus
- Vagina Osteofibrosa Anterior
β Flexor Digitorum Profundus
β Flexor Pollicis Longus
- Vagina Fibrosa Antebrachii
β Pronator Teres
β Flexor Carpi Radialis
β Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
β Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Fascia of the Hand
- Flexor Retinaculum
retinaculum musculorum flexorum
- Extensor Retinaculum
retinaculum musculorum extensorum
- Palmar Aponeurosis
aponeurosis palmaris
- Superficial Dorsal Fascia
fascia dorsalis superficialis
- Dorsal tendinous sheaths
β’ 1 Tendinous sheath of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
(vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris pollicis longi et extensoris pollicis brevis)
β’ 2 Tendinous sheath of extensores carpi radiales
(vagina communis tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi radialium)
β’ 3 Tendinous sheath of extensor pollicis longus
(vagina tendinis musculi extensoris pollicis longi)
β’ 4 Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum and extensor indicis
(vagina tendinum musculorum
extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis)
β’ 5 Tendinous sheath of
extensor digiti minimi
(vagina tendinis musculi
extensoris digiti minimi)
β’ 6 Tendinous sheath of
extensor carpi ulnaris
(vagina tendinis musculi
extensoris carpi ulnaris)
- Carpal Canal (Canalis Carpi)
1 Tendinous sheath of flexor carpi radialis
(vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis)
β’ 2 Tendinous sheath of flexor pollicis longus
(vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi)
β’ 3 Common flexor sheath
(vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum)
β the common sheath for the flexor digitorum
superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
β usually continues as the tendinous
sheath of the little finger
3.1 Middle carpal sac (saccus carpi medius)
β the widened part of the common flexor sheath
- Ulnar Canal (Canalis Ulnaris) / Guyon's canal
5 Ulnar artery
β’ 6 Ulnar veins
β’ 7 Ulnar nerve
π Website: taimtalksmed.com
π« Help keep this content free: youtube.com/channel/UCEr7pkSXVsHcBLLBcJAGV-Q/join
π¬ Get 10% off anatomy lab models (affiliate link): https://anatomywarehouse.com?aff=34
π² Other Links:
Instagram: instagram.com/taimtalksmed
Discord: discord.com/invite/DENMUpS8ey
Content
0:00 Introduction
0:10 What is a Fascia?
2:07 Content
2:22 Fascia of the Shoulders
2:58 Fascia of the Arm
4:26 Fascia of the Forearm
6:00 Fascia of the Hand
Fascia Functions:
- Stabilizes and separates muscles from other internal organs
- Form compartments
- Passage for Nerve, Blood vessels and lymph
- Storage medium for fat and water
- Three types of Fascia:
β Superficial Fascia
β Deep Fascia
β Visceral Fascia
Fascia of the Shoulder
- Deltoid Fascia
- Pectoral Fascia
- Infraspinatus Fascia
- Supraspinatus Fascia
Fascia of the Arm
- Brachial Fascia
fascia brachii
β Medial Intermuscular Septa
septum intermusculare mediale
β Lateral Intermuscular Septa
septum intermusculare laterale
β Deep Lamina
lamina profunda
β Flexor Compartment
β Extensor Compartment
β Vagina Osteofibrosa Extensorum
Β§ Triceps Muscle
β Vagina Osteofibrosa Flexorum
Β§ Coracobrachialis
Β§ Brachialis
β Vagina Fibrosa Flexorum
Β§ Biceps Brachii
Fascia of the Forearm
- Antebrachial Fascia
fascia antebrachii
- Deep Lamina
lamina profunda
- Posterior Intermuscular Septum
septum intermusculare posterior
- Anterior Intermuscular Septum
septum intermusculare anterior
- Lateral Compartment
- Posterior Compartment
- Anterior Compartment
- Interosseous Membrane
- Vagina Osteofibrosa Lateralis
β Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
β Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
β Brachioradialis
- Vagina Osteofibrosa Posterior
β Extensor Digitorum
β Extensor Digiti Minimi
β Extensor Carpi Ulnarus
β Abductor Pollicis Longus
- Vagina Osteofibrosa Anterior
β Flexor Digitorum Profundus
β Flexor Pollicis Longus
- Vagina Fibrosa Antebrachii
β Pronator Teres
β Flexor Carpi Radialis
β Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
β Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Fascia of the Hand
- Flexor Retinaculum
retinaculum musculorum flexorum
- Extensor Retinaculum
retinaculum musculorum extensorum
- Palmar Aponeurosis
aponeurosis palmaris
- Superficial Dorsal Fascia
fascia dorsalis superficialis
- Dorsal tendinous sheaths
β’ 1 Tendinous sheath of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
(vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris pollicis longi et extensoris pollicis brevis)
β’ 2 Tendinous sheath of extensores carpi radiales
(vagina communis tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi radialium)
β’ 3 Tendinous sheath of extensor pollicis longus
(vagina tendinis musculi extensoris pollicis longi)
β’ 4 Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum and extensor indicis
(vagina tendinum musculorum
extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis)
β’ 5 Tendinous sheath of
extensor digiti minimi
(vagina tendinis musculi
extensoris digiti minimi)
β’ 6 Tendinous sheath of
extensor carpi ulnaris
(vagina tendinis musculi
extensoris carpi ulnaris)
- Carpal Canal (Canalis Carpi)
1 Tendinous sheath of flexor carpi radialis
(vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis)
β’ 2 Tendinous sheath of flexor pollicis longus
(vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi)
β’ 3 Common flexor sheath
(vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum)
β the common sheath for the flexor digitorum
superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
β usually continues as the tendinous
sheath of the little finger
3.1 Middle carpal sac (saccus carpi medius)
β the widened part of the common flexor sheath
- Ulnar Canal (Canalis Ulnaris) / Guyon's canal
5 Ulnar artery
β’ 6 Ulnar veins
β’ 7 Ulnar nerve




![CN 4: Trochlear Nerve (Scheme, Pathway, Clinical Relevance) | Neuroanatomy
π Website: https://taimtalksmed.com/
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Discord: https://discord.com/invite/DENMUpS8ey
Content:
0:00 Introduction
00:52 Trochlear Nerve Scheme
02:08 Course of the Trochlear Nerve
06:07 Functions of the Superior Oblique
07:55 Trochlear Nerve Palsy
09:32 Recap
Trochlear Nerve Scheme / Overview:
- Trochlea is Latin for Pulley, due to the function of the superior oblique muscle
- Nucleus of the trochlear nerve located in the midbrain, at the level of inferior colliculi
- Emerges from the posterior surface of the midbrain, and turns anteriorly
- Enter and run on the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
- Enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure, to innervate the superior oblique
- Exclusively a somatomotor nerve.
Course of the Trochlear Nerve:
- Nucleus of the Trochlear nerve (nuclei nervi trochlearis) is located in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus (coliculi inferiores)
- Nucleus is located at the same area as the oculomotor nerve nuclei, just a level lower.
- The trochlear nerve crosses to the contralateral side, leaves from the posterior surface of the midbrain, and turns anteriorly.
- Pierces the dura mater, and then runs through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus.
- Goes through the superior orbital fissure, to innervate the superior oblique.
Functions of the Superior Oblique Muscle:
- Origin: Body of the sphenoid bone medial to the common tendinous ring.
- Runs anteriorly, muscle tendon hooks around the trochlea of the superior oblique
- Then takes a sharp posterior lateral turn
- Insertion; Posterior Superolateral aspect of eyeball (deep to rectus superior, via trochlea orbitae)
- Causes: Abduction, depression, internally rotation of the eyeball
Clinical Relevance:
- Damage to the trochlear nerve can be caused by either congenital or acquired causes.
- When the nerve is damaged, it causes the eye to naturally shift upwards and externally rotate leading to diplopia (double vision)
- To compensate and reduce the diplopia, patients usually get a head tilt and chin tuck.
- Congenital: Malformations of nucleus or nerve
- Acquired: Trauma, or stroke in the midbrain.
Sources:
- Singh, I. (2017). Human neuroanatomy (10th ed.). Helwany M, Bordoni B. Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 1 (Olfactory) [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-
- Kozlowski, T. (2017). Memorix Anatomy: The Complete Study Guide. 2nd ed. Thieme Medical Publishers.
Pictures and visuals:
- Complete Anatomy
- Biorender
- Powerpoint
- Camtasia 2021 CN 4: Trochlear Nerve (Scheme, Pathway, Clinical Relevance) | Neuroanatomy](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/WLdIkJlvakQ/mqdefault.jpg)




![[REMADE] Diaphragm - Origin Points, Openings and Coverings (old version)
NEW VERSION: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDq8UDGw2P0&lc=UgzP-oRALZE4ML41Oph4AaABAg&ab_channel=Meditay
This video is about the diaphragm.
Content:
Introduction 0:00
Origin and Insertion Points 0:23
Lumbar Origin Part 1:28
Costal Origin Part 3:47
Sternal Origin Part 4:34
3 Main Openings 5:20
Sternocostal Triangle 7:15
Lumbocostal Triangle 8:38
Upper Surface Fascia 9:18
Lower Surface Fascia 11:21
βSupport me at:
https://www.buymeacoffee.com/meditay
Here I cover:
Parts of the diaphragm
Origin points (Lumbar, Costal, and Sternal)
Insertion point (Central Tendinous part)
3 main openings (Aortic hiatus, Esophageal hiatus, and Vena Caval Foramen)
Triangles (Sternocostal and Lumbocostal)
Upper Surface (Endothoracic fascia and Pleura)
Lower Surface (Endoabdominal fascia and Peritoneum) [REMADE] Diaphragm - Origin Points, Openings and Coverings (old version)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YoAj-MR0zA0/mqdefault.jpg)
