Uploaded March 2024 | Updated September 2026, 14 hours ago
Although the shuttles retired a dozen years ago, what they taught America and NASA about complex operations in space remains the foundation of work on the International Space Station and plans to return to the Moon. What we know how to do well today in space, we learned on the shuttle. .
In collecting the stories of more than 135 astronauts who flew the shuttle, Dr. Tom Jones heard in detail how the orbiter crews and the launch and Mission Control teams mastered these techniques. He listened in awe as his astronaut colleagues related how they coped with — and overcame — the inevitable, unexpected, and sometimes frightening challenges that threatened their missions. Who would have dreamed of “brain surgery” on Hubble by space-suited astronauts? How did we pull off some of the most improbable satellite rescues in space history? What did the shuttles do in orbit that helped us win the Cold War? Jones will combine some of these stories with vivid space images to highlight the human role in the shuttle’s success.
When explorers return to the Moon, we are sure to face similar challenges. By examining these 135 Space Shuttle stories, we can learn how this iconic spacecraft taught us how to prepare for the unexpected, and succeed in the unforgiving environment of deep space.
This lecture is part of the IHMC Evening Lecture series.
ihmc.us/life/evening_lectures
Although the shuttles retired a dozen years ago, what they taught America and NASA about complex operations in space remains the foundation of work on the International Space Station and plans to return to the Moon. What we know how to do well today in space, we learned on the shuttle. .
In collecting the stories of more than 135 astronauts who flew the shuttle, Dr. Tom Jones heard in detail how the orbiter crews and the launch and Mission Control teams mastered these techniques. He listened in awe as his astronaut colleagues related how they coped with — and overcame — the inevitable, unexpected, and sometimes frightening challenges that threatened their missions. Who would have dreamed of “brain surgery” on Hubble by space-suited astronauts? How did we pull off some of the most improbable satellite rescues in space history? What did the shuttles do in orbit that helped us win the Cold War? Jones will combine some of these stories with vivid space images to highlight the human role in the shuttle’s success.
When explorers return to the Moon, we are sure to face similar challenges. By examining these 135 Space Shuttle stories, we can learn how this iconic spacecraft taught us how to prepare for the unexpected, and succeed in the unforgiving environment of deep space.
This lecture is part of the IHMC Evening Lecture series.
ihmc.us/life/evening_lectures










![Episode 192: Ken and Dawn weigh in on ChatGPT, ketamine, urolithin-A, rapamycin, and more in wide...
ChatGPT has been in the news a lot lately and, as a result, quite a few STEM-Talk listeners have tossed us questions about the reliability and limitations of generative-artificial intelligence chatbots as well as large-language models more broadly. Ken and Dawn tackle this question and a number of others in today’s Ask Me Anything episode.
We have listeners wondering why astronauts train in underwater conditions for spacewalks; icebreakers in antarctica; the value of supplementing with urolithin-A; and the effectiveness of L-citrulline in helping aging blood vessels.
Ken also weights in on questions related to lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer’s disease; a study that found mTOR activation may not be necessary for ketamine’s beneficial effects in the context of depression; and a paper that demonstrated short-term mTOR inhibition by rapamycin improved cardiac and endothelial function in older men.
Show notes:
[00:02:49] Ken opens our AMA with a listener question for Dawn, which asks why, despite the differences between diving and zero-gravity environments, why do astronauts train in underwater conditions for spacewalks. The listener goes on to mention an article they read about NASA’s neutral buoyancy lab in Houston, which contains a partial replica of the International Space Station.
[00:07:42] A listener asks Ken if he is still optimistic about the value of supplementing with urolithin-A, and if so, is there a brand he recommends. Ken mentions episodes 118, with Julie Anderson (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-118/) , and 173, with Anurag Singh. (https://www.ihmc.us/stemtalk/episode-173/) Ken also discusses a paper titled “Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age related immune decline, a randomized placebo-controlled trial” (https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-025-00996-x) co-authored by Anurag. Ken also mentions clinical research supporting the urolithin-A supplement Mitopure. (https://www.timeline.com/mitopure)
[00:10:53] A listener asks Ken about a paper titled “Short-term mTOR inhibition by rapamycin improves cardiac and endothelial function in older men: a proof-of-concept pilot study.” (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11357-025-01855-8)
[00:14:29] Ken discusses a 2020 paper from a research group at Yale, (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32092760/) which suggested that mTOR activation may not be necessary for ketamine’s beneficial effects in the context of depression. The paper also reported that m-TOR suppression via rapamycin might prolong ketamine’s antidepressant effects.
[00:18:47] A research scientist formerly working in Antarctica asks Ken about Russia’s dominance in the realm of ice breakers.
[00:23:55] A listener mentions that for some people, when they used ChatGPT to ask about the assassination of political commentator Charlie Kirk, ChatGPT sometimes responded by denying the assassination occurred. The listener asks Ken about the credibility and reliability of generative AI and large-language models.
[00:28:49] Several listeners have submitted questions for Ken regarding a paper published in Nature in August of last year titled “Lithium deficiency in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.” (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09335-x) Ken gives his thoughts on this paper.
[00:31:56] For our final question this AMA, a listener asks Ken about the arginine paradox, which regards L-arginine, which is used by the body to make nitric oxide, which is necessary to relax and maintain flexibility of blood vessels. However, several papers have reported that supplementation of arginine does not reliably improve aging blood vessels. In contrast, recent research suggests that L-citrulline might be more effective. The listeners sent questions asking about the possible effects of citrulline in vascular health and aging.
In his answer, Ken cites the following papers:
— Administration of L-arginine plus L-citrulline or L-citrulline alone successfully retarded endothelial senescence (https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0192252&type=printable&utm_source=chatgpt.com) .
— Effects of L-Citrulline Supplementation on Endothelial Function, Arterial Stiffness, and Blood Glucose Level in the Fasted and Acute Hyperglycemic States in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. (https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/23/3739?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
— Citrulline Supplementation Improves Microvascular Function and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. (https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/17/2790?utm_source=chatgpt.com)
— Effects of L-citrulline supplementation and watermelon intake on arterial stiffness and endothelial function in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1632952/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com) .
— Citrulli... Episode 192: Ken and Dawn weigh in on ChatGPT, ketamine, urolithin-A, rapamycin, and more in wide...](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ltF9e7TKlc8/mqdefault.jpg)