Crystallography, point groups, Lecture 2 of 9 @bhadeshia123

bhadeshia123 | Crystallography, point groups, Lecture 2 of 9 @bhadeshia123 | Uploaded September 2020 | Updated October 2024, 5 hours ago.
The generation of crystal structures based on a lattice and a motif of atoms placed at each lattice point, and an introduction to point group symmetries.
Associated teaching materials can be found on:
phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/teaching.html

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$Atomic mechanism of acicular ferrite transformation in steels Non-metallic inclusions are anathema when it comes to the design of strong steels because they become the initiation sites for fracture. Huge efforts have been made devoted to making clean steels - the oxygen concentration of a hard bearing steel is routinely less than 10 ppm. However, there are other structural steels that have to be welded where the localised heat input generates microstructures in the heat-affected zone that are undesirable. The alloys that are used to deposit the weld must have good properties in the as-cast state. In both of these circumstances, specific non-metallic inclusions are a positive boon in that they provide substrates for the intragranular nucleation of bainite. As a consequence, highly organised sheaves of bainite are altered into a more chaotic arrangement that frequently deflects propagating cracks and hence enhances the toughness. This is the so-called acicular ferrite that is the subject of this lecture.$