Uploaded August 2010 | Updated September 2026, 1 day ago
BD: Let's talk about some of your music specifically now. First of all, the Violin Concerto. Tell me a bit about this work.
AI: It was written a long time ago. Actually, it was completed in 1954, but it was begun even quite a bit before that. I interrupted it to write some other pieces. It was originally written just because I wanted to write a violin concerto. There was no firm commission from anybody. I was in my early thirties at the time, and it was a piece that I put a lot of work into. Then after I finished two movements of it, I did get some commissions for some chamber music, so I dropped it, and then somewhat later I came back and finished the last movement. It sat on the shelf for four years because there was no one who particularly wanted to perform it. Then when we opened our new music building at the University of California in Berkeley in 1958, there was some money from the university which was given out in order to have performances in the new auditorium. The San Francisco Symphony was going to be invited to give one of the opening concerts, and I asked to have this work included in the program. That's how it got its premiere. It went very well, and since then it has had a number of performances and it's been recorded.
BD: Are you optimistic about the future of music, then?
AI: Well, if looking at what's going on in the younger generation is any indication, yes I am optimistic, because I think there's a terrific amount of creativity. There are probably more composers than there are places to put them! That's the trouble — we've been turning out composers and performers, and the question is how many of them can the society absorb?
BD: That was the point of my previous question — are there too many composers?
AI: Well, in an economic sense there always are. You can't support everyone who wants to compose, so it is a competitive thing, and there are always too many, yeah.
BD: I want to thank you for being a composer!
AI: Well, thank you for your very searching questions. I hope I've given them answers that make some sense.
Interview with Bruce Duffie, April 26, 1986
BD: Let's talk about some of your music specifically now. First of all, the Violin Concerto. Tell me a bit about this work.
AI: It was written a long time ago. Actually, it was completed in 1954, but it was begun even quite a bit before that. I interrupted it to write some other pieces. It was originally written just because I wanted to write a violin concerto. There was no firm commission from anybody. I was in my early thirties at the time, and it was a piece that I put a lot of work into. Then after I finished two movements of it, I did get some commissions for some chamber music, so I dropped it, and then somewhat later I came back and finished the last movement. It sat on the shelf for four years because there was no one who particularly wanted to perform it. Then when we opened our new music building at the University of California in Berkeley in 1958, there was some money from the university which was given out in order to have performances in the new auditorium. The San Francisco Symphony was going to be invited to give one of the opening concerts, and I asked to have this work included in the program. That's how it got its premiere. It went very well, and since then it has had a number of performances and it's been recorded.
BD: Are you optimistic about the future of music, then?
AI: Well, if looking at what's going on in the younger generation is any indication, yes I am optimistic, because I think there's a terrific amount of creativity. There are probably more composers than there are places to put them! That's the trouble — we've been turning out composers and performers, and the question is how many of them can the society absorb?
BD: That was the point of my previous question — are there too many composers?
AI: Well, in an economic sense there always are. You can't support everyone who wants to compose, so it is a competitive thing, and there are always too many, yeah.
BD: I want to thank you for being a composer!
AI: Well, thank you for your very searching questions. I hope I've given them answers that make some sense.
Interview with Bruce Duffie, April 26, 1986



![Karel Goeyvaerts, Sonata für zwei Klaviere, 2. Satz(K.Goeyvaerts & Karlheinz Stockhausen, Klavier)
Darmstadt, 1951: The now famous, often-repeated ancecdote about the premiere of the second movement of the Sonata for Two Pianos, which Karel Goeyvaerts and Karlheinz Stockhausen presented in the composition course given by Theodor W. Adorno: Adorno reacted to the sparse sequence of notes with the question, Why did you write it for two pianos? Goeyvaerts who spoke only a little German was thrown off at first; but then Stockhausen stood up and offered a clear analysis of the composition. Adorno asked about the classical foundations of music, such as motif, antecedent and consequent phrase. Professor, answered Stockhausen, you are looking for a chicken in an abstract painting. In a radio address three years later, Adorno discussed the scene again: Critics cannot be blamed for not having understood this latest form of rationality set free; for, by its own agenda, it wishes not to be understood but to be demonstrated. Any question regarding the function of any phenomenon in the context of the composition is responded to with derivations from within the system itself.
After studies at the Royal Flemish Music Conservatory in Antwerp, Goeyvaerts studied composition in Paris with Darius Milhaud and analysis with Olivier Messiaen. He also studied ondes martenot with Maurice Martenot, who invented the instrument (Delaere 2001).
In 1951, Goeyvaerts attended the famous Darmstadt New Music Summer School where he met Karlheinz Stockhausen who was five years younger. Both were devout Catholics and found ways of integrating religious numerology into their serial compositions. They found themselves deep in conversation, and performed a movement from Goeyvaertss Nummer 1, Sonata for 2 pianos in the composition course by Theodor Adorno there. They were both astonished upon hearing for the first time Messiaens Mode de valeurs et dintensités (from Quatre Études de rhythme), in a recording by the composer which Antoine Goléa played at a lecture. These experiences together convinced Stockhausen he should study with Messiaen.
Goeyvaerts became very excited in 1952 when he learned that Stockhausen had access in Paris to a generator of sine waves. Goeyvaerts saw them as an important discovery for music: the purest sound possible. At the time, Stockhausen did not share his enthusiasm, owing partly to the inability with the equipment at hand to superimpose sine tones. Only later, after taking up his new post at the NWDR Electronic Music Studio in Cologne, did Stockhausen find more suitable equipment, in July 1953 (Toop 1979). One of the first works produced there was Goeyvaertss Nr. 5 with Pure Tones, which Stockhausen helped his friend to realize. (When Stockhausen seemingly abandoned his work with sine waves and returned to writing compositions for solo piano, Goeyvaerts felt that Stockhausen was abandoning an important discovery and took up the matter from a philosophical point of view himself.)
There has been some controversy about who wrote the first European total serial composition. His Nummer 2 (1951) for 13 instruments is one of the contenders (Delaere 1994, 13), as is his Nummer 1 (1950) Sonata for Two Pianos, and the Sonata for Two Pianos by Michel Fano (1950), depending on definitions of total serialism (Toop 1974).
After withdrawing from the musical world for a while, he accepted a position in 1970 at the Institute for Psychoacoustic and Electronic Music (IPEM) in Ghent, which led to several other prestigious appointments in Belgium. His works from after 1960 take on aspects of minimalism, the best-known examples being his series of five Litanies (1979 82) and his final work, the opera Aquarius (1983 93). Though minimalism is ordinarily thought of as a reaction against serialism, for Goeyvaerts both techniques were merely subcategories of a non-dynamic, static music (Delaere, Beirens, and Staples 2004, 32 33). Analyses of his early serial compositions (especially the electronic Nr. 4, met dode tonen [with dead tones] and Nr. 5, met zuivere tonen [with pure tones]) reveal how close the connections actually are (Sabbe 1977). [The perpetrator of this channel take the liberty of expressing his strong disagreement with Goeyvaerts in this matter, and regrets this composers sad regression into minimalism at the end of his career.] Goeyvaerts died suddenly in 1993. Karel Goeyvaerts, Sonata für zwei Klaviere, 2. Satz(K.Goeyvaerts & Karlheinz Stockhausen, Klavier)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gDDFbMKde-c/mqdefault.jpg)






![Artur Schnabel, String Quartet No. 4 - i Molto moderato
Despite his performing repertoire being concentrated largely on the works of Beethoven, Schubert, Mozart and Brahms, almost all of Artur Schnabels own compositions (none of which are in the active repertoire) are atonal. (It is interesting, in this regard, to note that Schnabel was a close friend of Arnold Schoenberg, his Austrian-American compatriot, who was famous as a pioneering composer of atonal and twelve-tone music.) They are difficult yet fascinating and complex works, and are marked by genuine originality of style. Composers Ernst Krenek and Roger Sessions have commented that they show signs of undoubted genius (see biography of Schnabel by Cesar Saerchinger). Schnabels list of compositions eventually included three symphonies, a piano concerto, a piano sonata (premiered by Eduard Erdmann at the 1925 Venice ISCM Festival[10]) and five string quartets, amongst various smaller works.
Harmonically, the first movement of Artur Schnabels fourth string quartet (dating from 1924) is by far the most complex of the quartet, making extensive use of unordered aggregates one per measure or, in other words, the use of all twelve pitches (or more properly pitch classes) in each of the initial measures for quite an extended period. Indeed, one could speculate that this use of all pitch classes per measure is the factor which determines the placement of the barlines.
From 1925 Schnabel taught at the Berlin State Academy, where his masterclasses brought him great renown. Among Schnabels many piano pupils were Clifford Curzon, Rudolf Firkušný, Adrian Aeschbacher, Lili Kraus, Leon Fleisher, Carlo Zecchi, Claude Frank, Leonard Shure, Alan Bush, Nancy Weir, Konrad Wolff, Jascha Spivakovsky, Eunice Norton, Henry Jolles, and radio personality Karl Haas. His last and favourite pupil was Maria Curcio. Artur Schnabel, String Quartet No. 4 - i Molto moderato](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jJjtOvJtM2k/mqdefault.jpg)