Uploaded December 2010 | Updated September 2026, 1 day ago
Artist, composer, singer, songwriter and percussionist Norma Tanega believes that all art is about dilemma and chaos -- and about life and death -- and she's quick to admit that in her life she's seen plenty of both. After earning degrees in art from Scripps College and Claremont Graduate School in 1960 and 1962 respectively, Norma headed east to New York City in a car with a couple of other recent graduates, a suitcase, and a vague idea of making a hit record. In April 1966, "Walkin' My Cat Named Dog" climbed to number 22 on the U.S. charts. "Every place we played, stadiums, I'd sing my 3 songs and say, 'God, what am I doing here?'," she recalls. "I'm educated to be a college professor."
Shortly thereafter Ms. Tanega moved to England, where "Cat Named Dog" was number one. For 5 years she lived in the London of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, met Bob Dylan -- "It was the epitome of cool," she laughs -- and spent most of her time making music. She still says that she liked London better than any place else, but the "chaos and dilemma" eventually chased her back to Claremont. After co-owning an art gallery in Redondo Beach, she lectured as an adjunct for 16 years at California State Polytechnic University at Pomona. And she still makes music, playing a set of ceramic drums made for her by fellow musician and artist Brian Ransom. "I'd die without painting, and I'd die without making music," she says. "And I couldn't pay the mortgage without being a teacher."
Among Norma's recent musical projects is her collaboration with Robert Grajeda in The Latin Lizards, playing Latin, jazz and pop music.
"Creation is the fullest attainment of our transient spirits within the scope of our unfathomable paradox." (III from Testament by Norma Tanega, 1977-1999)
Artist, composer, singer, songwriter and percussionist Norma Tanega believes that all art is about dilemma and chaos -- and about life and death -- and she's quick to admit that in her life she's seen plenty of both. After earning degrees in art from Scripps College and Claremont Graduate School in 1960 and 1962 respectively, Norma headed east to New York City in a car with a couple of other recent graduates, a suitcase, and a vague idea of making a hit record. In April 1966, "Walkin' My Cat Named Dog" climbed to number 22 on the U.S. charts. "Every place we played, stadiums, I'd sing my 3 songs and say, 'God, what am I doing here?'," she recalls. "I'm educated to be a college professor."
Shortly thereafter Ms. Tanega moved to England, where "Cat Named Dog" was number one. For 5 years she lived in the London of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, met Bob Dylan -- "It was the epitome of cool," she laughs -- and spent most of her time making music. She still says that she liked London better than any place else, but the "chaos and dilemma" eventually chased her back to Claremont. After co-owning an art gallery in Redondo Beach, she lectured as an adjunct for 16 years at California State Polytechnic University at Pomona. And she still makes music, playing a set of ceramic drums made for her by fellow musician and artist Brian Ransom. "I'd die without painting, and I'd die without making music," she says. "And I couldn't pay the mortgage without being a teacher."
Among Norma's recent musical projects is her collaboration with Robert Grajeda in The Latin Lizards, playing Latin, jazz and pop music.
"Creation is the fullest attainment of our transient spirits within the scope of our unfathomable paradox." (III from Testament by Norma Tanega, 1977-1999)
![Karel Goeyvaerts, Sonata für zwei Klaviere, 2. Satz(K.Goeyvaerts & Karlheinz Stockhausen, Klavier)
Darmstadt, 1951: The now famous, often-repeated ancecdote about the premiere of the second movement of the Sonata for Two Pianos, which Karel Goeyvaerts and Karlheinz Stockhausen presented in the composition course given by Theodor W. Adorno: Adorno reacted to the sparse sequence of notes with the question, Why did you write it for two pianos? Goeyvaerts who spoke only a little German was thrown off at first; but then Stockhausen stood up and offered a clear analysis of the composition. Adorno asked about the classical foundations of music, such as motif, antecedent and consequent phrase. Professor, answered Stockhausen, you are looking for a chicken in an abstract painting. In a radio address three years later, Adorno discussed the scene again: Critics cannot be blamed for not having understood this latest form of rationality set free; for, by its own agenda, it wishes not to be understood but to be demonstrated. Any question regarding the function of any phenomenon in the context of the composition is responded to with derivations from within the system itself.
After studies at the Royal Flemish Music Conservatory in Antwerp, Goeyvaerts studied composition in Paris with Darius Milhaud and analysis with Olivier Messiaen. He also studied ondes martenot with Maurice Martenot, who invented the instrument (Delaere 2001).
In 1951, Goeyvaerts attended the famous Darmstadt New Music Summer School where he met Karlheinz Stockhausen who was five years younger. Both were devout Catholics and found ways of integrating religious numerology into their serial compositions. They found themselves deep in conversation, and performed a movement from Goeyvaertss Nummer 1, Sonata for 2 pianos in the composition course by Theodor Adorno there. They were both astonished upon hearing for the first time Messiaens Mode de valeurs et dintensités (from Quatre Études de rhythme), in a recording by the composer which Antoine Goléa played at a lecture. These experiences together convinced Stockhausen he should study with Messiaen.
Goeyvaerts became very excited in 1952 when he learned that Stockhausen had access in Paris to a generator of sine waves. Goeyvaerts saw them as an important discovery for music: the purest sound possible. At the time, Stockhausen did not share his enthusiasm, owing partly to the inability with the equipment at hand to superimpose sine tones. Only later, after taking up his new post at the NWDR Electronic Music Studio in Cologne, did Stockhausen find more suitable equipment, in July 1953 (Toop 1979). One of the first works produced there was Goeyvaertss Nr. 5 with Pure Tones, which Stockhausen helped his friend to realize. (When Stockhausen seemingly abandoned his work with sine waves and returned to writing compositions for solo piano, Goeyvaerts felt that Stockhausen was abandoning an important discovery and took up the matter from a philosophical point of view himself.)
There has been some controversy about who wrote the first European total serial composition. His Nummer 2 (1951) for 13 instruments is one of the contenders (Delaere 1994, 13), as is his Nummer 1 (1950) Sonata for Two Pianos, and the Sonata for Two Pianos by Michel Fano (1950), depending on definitions of total serialism (Toop 1974).
After withdrawing from the musical world for a while, he accepted a position in 1970 at the Institute for Psychoacoustic and Electronic Music (IPEM) in Ghent, which led to several other prestigious appointments in Belgium. His works from after 1960 take on aspects of minimalism, the best-known examples being his series of five Litanies (1979 82) and his final work, the opera Aquarius (1983 93). Though minimalism is ordinarily thought of as a reaction against serialism, for Goeyvaerts both techniques were merely subcategories of a non-dynamic, static music (Delaere, Beirens, and Staples 2004, 32 33). Analyses of his early serial compositions (especially the electronic Nr. 4, met dode tonen [with dead tones] and Nr. 5, met zuivere tonen [with pure tones]) reveal how close the connections actually are (Sabbe 1977). [The perpetrator of this channel take the liberty of expressing his strong disagreement with Goeyvaerts in this matter, and regrets this composers sad regression into minimalism at the end of his career.] Goeyvaerts died suddenly in 1993. Karel Goeyvaerts, Sonata für zwei Klaviere, 2. Satz(K.Goeyvaerts & Karlheinz Stockhausen, Klavier)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gDDFbMKde-c/mqdefault.jpg)






![Artur Schnabel, String Quartet No. 4 - i Molto moderato
Despite his performing repertoire being concentrated largely on the works of Beethoven, Schubert, Mozart and Brahms, almost all of Artur Schnabels own compositions (none of which are in the active repertoire) are atonal. (It is interesting, in this regard, to note that Schnabel was a close friend of Arnold Schoenberg, his Austrian-American compatriot, who was famous as a pioneering composer of atonal and twelve-tone music.) They are difficult yet fascinating and complex works, and are marked by genuine originality of style. Composers Ernst Krenek and Roger Sessions have commented that they show signs of undoubted genius (see biography of Schnabel by Cesar Saerchinger). Schnabels list of compositions eventually included three symphonies, a piano concerto, a piano sonata (premiered by Eduard Erdmann at the 1925 Venice ISCM Festival[10]) and five string quartets, amongst various smaller works.
Harmonically, the first movement of Artur Schnabels fourth string quartet (dating from 1924) is by far the most complex of the quartet, making extensive use of unordered aggregates one per measure or, in other words, the use of all twelve pitches (or more properly pitch classes) in each of the initial measures for quite an extended period. Indeed, one could speculate that this use of all pitch classes per measure is the factor which determines the placement of the barlines.
From 1925 Schnabel taught at the Berlin State Academy, where his masterclasses brought him great renown. Among Schnabels many piano pupils were Clifford Curzon, Rudolf Firkušný, Adrian Aeschbacher, Lili Kraus, Leon Fleisher, Carlo Zecchi, Claude Frank, Leonard Shure, Alan Bush, Nancy Weir, Konrad Wolff, Jascha Spivakovsky, Eunice Norton, Henry Jolles, and radio personality Karl Haas. His last and favourite pupil was Maria Curcio. Artur Schnabel, String Quartet No. 4 - i Molto moderato](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jJjtOvJtM2k/mqdefault.jpg)
![René Koering, Quatuor No 2nd mouvement, largo [second movement of two]
On dit et on répète à tous les compositeurs depuis Beethoven que la forme du quatuor à cordes est la chose la plus difficile (les vrais pervers, après vous avoir asséné cette vérité historique, vous font savoir que la vraie difficulté est le trio à cordes mais que ce divertissement nest réservé quà la catégorie quatre étoiles des compositeurs).
Je pense au contraire quil y a dans laustère (et brillante) gymnastique de quatuor une première « facilité* qui est celle des vois intermédiaires (situées entre le dessus et la basse) nécessaires à tout épanouissement. Et que ces deux voix (voies), tellement indispensables à la plénitude du discours ne sont vraiment exploitables que dans la formule du quatuor à cordes. En effet, le répartitions sur lambitus sont parfaites entre le do grave du violoncelle et lut ultime du violon, en passant par le second violon et le bienheureux alto. De là extrême confort du compositeur, libéré du handicap des deux mains au piano ou des innombrables pièges des jeux de cache cache à lorchestre. Là, tout est clair, chaque note est entendue et la virtuosité est lenfant de Bohême dont rêve limpétrant.
Cest pourquoi je me pose souvent le question des multiples et inutiles séductions ajoutées à la musique, depuis le piano jusquà lorchestres « gurreliederien », il existe, je le sais, le pur raffinement de la beauté « quartetisante ». Alors pourquoi hésiter ?
Parce quil est difficil dimaginer un audimat que satisfasse un éditeur, même passionné de quatuor, marié à un compositeur fécond seulement dans ce domaine. La carrière internationale et triomphante de Georges Onslow est là pous nous le rappeler. (Nata : Onslow est lauteur de 35 quatuors et 34 quintettes dans la continuité rare et appréciable de Schubert.)
Finalement je conclus, à titre personnel, que le quatuor à cordes simpose sans discussion possible au moment où la nostalgie du pays perdue ou égaré sempare de moi et que remonter à la surface, aborder les plages aux franges de lexistence, ne peut se faire quà la condition « quartettane ».
René Koering René Koering, Quatuor No 2nd mouvement, largo [second movement of two]](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jbpD3mJL9O8/mqdefault.jpg)

![Arnold Schoenberg, String Quartet No. 1 in d minor, op. 7 (Kohon St. Qt.)
...I abandoned program music and turned in the direction that was much more my own than all the preceding. It was the First String Quartet, Opus 7, in which I combined all the achievements of my time (including my own) such as: the construction of extremely large forms; greatly emancipated melodies based on a richly moving harmony and new chord progressions; and a contrapuntal technique that solved problems offered by superimposed, individual parts which moved freely in more remote regions of tonality and met frequently in vagrant harmonies.
In accommodation to the faith of the time, this large form was to include all the four characters of the sonata type in one single, uninterrupted movement. Durchführungen (development) should not be missing and there should be a certain degree of thematic unity within the contrasting sections.
The great expansion of this work required careful organization. It might perhaps interest an analyst to learn that I received and took advantage of the tremendous amount of advice suggested to me by a model I had chosen for this task: the first movement of the Eroica Symphony. Alexander von Zemlinsky told me that Brahms had said that every time he faced difficult problems he would consult a significant work of Bach and one of Beethoven, both of which he always used to keep near his standing-desk (Stehpult]. How did they handle a similar problem? Of course the model was not copied mechanically, but its mental essence was applied accordingly. In the same manner I learned, from the Eroica, solutions to my problems: how to avoid monotony and emptiness; how to create variety out of unity; how to create new forms out of basic material; how much can be achieved by slight modifications if not by developing variation out of often rather insignificant little formulations. From this masterpiece I learned also much of the creation of harmonic contrasts and their application.
Brahms advice was excellent and I wish this story would persuade young composers that they must not forget what our musical forefathers have done for us.
Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg, String Quartet No. 1 in d minor, op. 7 (Kohon St. Qt.)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/kpTXZDVe5Wg/mqdefault.jpg)