A2 Levels Collision Momentum and Impulse @physicspartner

Uploaded September 2020 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

This video is about collision and Momentum
Impulse
Tried to explain with real life examples

A2 Levels Collision Momentum and Impulse

$Spectroscope – Function and applications Please dont hesitate to send an email for comments, advices, recommendation, even for support and classes. My email address is here thephysicspartner@gmail.com Latest Research on this topic https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=1984 https://blogs.iu.edu/sciu/2017/06/13/spectroscopy-astronomy-to-art/ Spectroscopy is the technique of splitting light (or more precisely electromagnetic radiation) into its constituent wavelengths (a spectrum), in much the same way as a prism splits light into a rainbow of colours. However, in general, a spectrum is generally more than a simple ‘rainbow’ of colours. The energy levels of electrons in atoms and molecules are quantised, and the absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation only occurs at specific wavelengths. Consequently, spectra are not smooth but punctuated by ‘lines’ of absorption or emission. Old style spectroscopy was carried out using a prism and photographic plates. These days, modern spectroscopy uses diffraction gratings to disperse the light, which is then projected onto CCDs (Charge Coupled Devices) similar to those used in digital cameras. The 2-dimensional spectra are easily extracted from this digital format and manipulated to produce 1-dimensional spectra like the galaxy spectrum The precise position (wavelength) at which known emission and absorption lines are detected can be used to measure the redshift of the observed object. For example, if the Hβ (486.2 nm) hydrogen line is detected at 487.8 nm, we calculate that the object has a recession velocity of 1,000 km/sec. Apart from measuring distances, this type of analysis can also be used to detect spectroscopic binaries and extrasolar planets. The widths of both the absorption and emission lines can be used to measure the internal velocity dispersion of complex objects (e.g. the average velocity of stars within galaxies). This is achieved through measurement of spectral line broadening from which the velocity broadening can be calculated. Many (indeed most) absorption and emission lines are produced by metals. The depths or heights of these lines can be used to estimate the abundances of the metals responsible. In stars, these also permit the measurement of the temperature and pressure of the stellar atmosphere. In objects such as galaxies, they permit an estimation of age, though the spectra are somewhat susceptible to the age-metallicity degeneracy making this a difficult procedure. Finally, the overall shape of the spectrum contains clues to many other aspects of the observed population including age and interstellar reddening (extinction). The enormous quantities of information contained within a single spectrum makes spectroscopy one of the most powerful tools at an astronomer’s disposal.$ $Demonstrating wave phenomena - The lab activities Please dont hesitate to send an email for comments, advices, recommendation, even for support and classes. My email address is here thephysicspartner@gmail.com Please support me by subscribing my teaching channel as well. https://www.youtube.com/@teachingpartner Demonstrating Wave Phenomena To demonstrate wave phenomena such as refraction, reflection, and diffraction, various lab activities can be conducted using different materials and equipment. Heres how these phenomena can be demonstrated using a glass slab, mirror, and ripple tank: Reflection Reflection occurs when waves bounce off a barrier and change direction, similar to how light reflects off a mirror. In a ripple tank, reflection can be demonstrated by placing a straight barrier (e.g., a metal strip) in the tank. When waves encounter the barrier, they bounce off it and change direction, illustrating the principle of reflection . Refraction Refraction happens when a wave changes direction as it passes through a boundary between different materials, like light bending as it passes from air to water. In a ripple tank, refraction can be demonstrated by showing how waves change speed when traveling from deep water into shallow water or vice versa. Submerging a sheet of glass in the water to provide an area of shallower water can help illustrate this phenomenon. When waves encounter the boundary between deep and shallow water, they change direction, demonstrating refraction . Diffraction Diffraction can be shown in a ripple tank by placing small barriers and obstacles in the tank. When water waves encounter obstacles or barriers, they can be seen to spread out, demonstrating the principle of diffraction. This can be observed as the waves spread out when encountering obstacles or the edge of an obstacle in the tank . In addition to the ripple tank, other materials such as glass slabs and mirrors can also be used to demonstrate these wave phenomena. For example, the focusing of waves by a parabolic mirror can demonstrate the law of reflection, and the change of wavelength with frequency and/or speed can illustrate the concept of refraction Wave phenomena lab activities, Reflection and refraction experiments, Diffraction demonstration, Physics lab activities, Science experiments with waves, Demonstrating wave behavior, Refraction and reflection demo, Learning about wave phenomena, Understanding diffraction in waves, Physics education videos, Exploring wave properties, Hands-on wave experiments, Wave behavior demonstrations, Wave phenomena explained, Lab activities for wave study, Reflection, refraction, diffraction explained, Physics demonstration videos, Teaching wave phenomena, Learning about light and waves, Exploring wave interactions, Physics lab demonstrations, Understanding wave refraction, Demonstrating wave reflection, Diffraction lab activities, Wave phenomena classroom activities, Science experiments with light and waves, Exploring wave patterns, Teaching about wave behavior, Hands-on physics experiments, Understanding wave interference, Physics lab tutorial, Learning wave properties, Demonstrating wave effects, Reflection and refraction explained, Physics classroom demonstrations, Exploring wave refraction, Light and wave phenomena, Physics lab practical, Wave phenomena teaching resources, Understanding wave optics, Demonstrating wave theory, Exploring wave refraction and reflection, Physics lab activities for students, Learning about wave diffraction, Hands-on science with waves, Teaching about wave phenomena, Understanding wave behavior, Exploring wave science, Physics lab experiments, Demonstrating wave principles #WavePhenomena, #labactivities , #physicslab , #scienceexperiments , #RefractionDemo, #ReflectionDemo, #DiffractionDemo, #GlassSlabExperiment, #MirrorExperiment, #RippleTankDemo, #education , #stemeducation , #scienceclass , #physicslessons , #teachingresources , #learningresources , #educationalvideos , #scienceteachers , #physicsstudents , #stemlearning , #handsonscience , #experimentalphysics , #DemonstrationVideos, #youtubeeducationalvideo , #edutainment , #scienceisfun , #PhysicsLabFun, #stemdiscovery , #inquirybasedlearning , #interactivelearning , #scienceexploration , #physicsphenomena , #LabDemonstrations, #ScienceLabFun, #physicsclassroom , #stemcurriculum , #scienceiscool , #physicsisfun , #studentexperiments , #STEMVideos, #scienceedu , #physicseducation , #stemteaching , #scienceisawesome , #PhysicsIsAwesome$

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$The Newtonian Telescope Please dont hesitate to send an email for comments, advices, recommendation, even for support and classes. My email address is here thephysicspartner@gmail.com Please support me by subscribing my teaching channel as well. https://www.youtube.com/@teachingpartner The Newtonian telescope, also known as the Newtonian reflector, is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton. It utilizes a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror to form an image. This design allows the telescope to collect light from a specific region of the sky and redirect it out of the optical axis at a right angle for viewing with an eyepiece . The primary mirror of the Newtonian telescope is usually parabolic in shape, and the secondary mirror redirects the light to the eyepiece . The simple yet effective design of the Newtonian telescope has made it popular among amateur telescope makers and astronomers The Newtonian telescope was developed as an alternative to refractive telescopes to combat chromatic aberrations that occurred in the latter . Unlike refracting telescopes, the Newtonian telescope uses mirrors instead of lenses to capture light, eliminating issues with chromatic aberrations and distortion . This design, first completed in 1668, remains popular due to its effectiveness and simplicity. The Newtonian telescopes design includes a primary concave mirror and a secondary flat diagonal mirror, and it is known for its light-gathering ability . However, like other reflecting telescopes using parabolic mirrors, the Newtonian telescope is subject to coma, an off-axis aberration that affects the imagery #NewtonianTelescope, #TelescopeNerd, #ReflectingTelescope, #astronomy , #opticalinstruments , #SirIsaacNewton, #TelescopeDesign, #AmateurAstronomy, #CelestialViewing, #OpticalEngineering, #HistoricalTelescopes, #spaceexploration , #physics , #science , #TelescopeTechnology, #AstronomicalObservations, #TelescopeInnovations, #TelescopeOptics, #AmateurTelescopeMaking, #TelescopeMirror, #NewtonianReflector, #TelescopeConstruction, #astronomicaldiscoveries , #DeepSpaceObservation, #NewtonianTelescopeMount, #NewtonianTelescopeDesign, #NewtonianTelescopeHistory, #NewtonianTelescopeApplications, #physicsvideos$ $Rutherford Atomic Model – observations, conclusions and limitations Please dont hesitate to send an email for comments, advices, recommendation, even for support and classes. My email address is here thephysicspartner@gmail.com Link for Thomson plum model https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7O-CPFzwUQ Link for Rutherford gold foil experiment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thH092MVs1c Rutherford’s Atomic Model It was a major challenge before the scientists at the end of the 19th century to reveal the structure of the atom as well as to explain its important properties. For this different atomic models were proposed. After Thomson’s model failed to explain certain experimental results, Rutherford, a British scientist conducted an experiment and based on the observations of this experiment gave Rutherford Atomic Model. or his experiment a thin sheet of gold was bombarded with α-particles. He then studied the trajectory of these particles after their interaction with the gold foil. He directed high energy streams of α-particles from a radioactive source at a thin sheet of gold (100 nm thickness). For studying the deflection caused to the α-particles, he placed a fluorescent zinc sulphide screen around the thin gold foil. Thomson’s atomic model was contradicted by the observations made by Rutherford. Observations of Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering Experiment Rutherford’s observation led him to conclude that: A major fraction of the α-particles bombarded by Rutherford towards the gold sheet passed through it without any deflection, and therefore most of the space in an atom is empty. Some of the α-particles were deflected by the gold sheet by very small angles, and hence it was concluded that the positive charge in an atom is not uniformly distributed. It actually concentrated in a very small volume. Only a few of the α-particles had nearly 180o angle of deflection that is very few α-particles deflected backwards. So in comparison to the total volume of an atom the volume occupied by the positively charged particles in an atom is very small. Based on the observations and conclusions of his experiment, Rutherford proposed the atomic structure of elements. According to the Rutherford atomic model: Most of the mass of an atom and the positively charged particles were concentrated in an extremely small volume. This region of the atom was called as a nucleus. His model proposed that the negatively charged electrons surround the nucleus of an atom. He also claimed that the electrons which surround the nucleus revolve around it with very high speed in circular paths. These circular paths were named as orbits by him. Nucleus being a densely concentrated mass of positively charged particles and electrons being negatively charged particles are held together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction. Limitations of Rutherford Atomic Model Rutherford atomic model also failed to explain certain things like Thomson’s Model although it was based on experimental observations. Rutherford model was not in accordance with Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic radiations and it could not explain the stability of an atom. He proposed the electrons to be revolving around the nucleus in fixed paths called orbits. As per Maxwell’s theory, electromagnetic radiations are emitted by accelerated charged particles and hence an electron which revolves around the nucleus should emit electromagnetic radiation. This radiation from the electron would carry energy from the motion of the electron which would come at the cost of shrinking of orbits. Ultimately the electrons would collapse in the nucleus. If this were true, the atom should be highly unstable, and hence matter would not exist in the form that we know. But we know that atoms are quite stable. Rutherford model did not say anything about the arrangement of electrons in an atom which made his theory incomplete. Although the early atomic models like Thomson’s model and Rutherford’s model were inaccurate and failed to explain certain experimental results, they were the base for future developments in the world of quantum mechanics.$

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