Dan Davis HistoryThis Yamnaya warrior was buried in a kurgan (burial mound) on the steppe with this mighty weapon from prehistoric warfare. Is it the mythical weapon of Indra; the cudgel Vajra? What does it have to do with Hercules and Thor?
We discuss the mythology of the Striker-Thunderer and talk about Yamnaya burial practices and how this image of the Yamnaya warrior inspired my work.
The Indo-European myth of the Striker / Thunderer is seen in the forms of Thor, Herakles, and Indra. He is a thunder god - the sun of the sky father - who strikes with a hammer or an axe or club / cudgel. He makes thunder, sends lightning bolts crashing to earth, and he is a wandering hero who slays the serpent and other monsters.
Elements of the Striker / Thunderer merged with the figure of the sky father in the form of Zeus while the heroic deeds and monster slaying elements found expression in his sons Herakles and Perseus. Thor has a short handled hammer while Herakles famously has his wooden club.
This deity's name amongst the ancient steppe herders may have been Perkwunos meaning 'the Striker' or 'the Lord of Oaks' because of the way lightning tends to strike oak trees. In the most cosmic version of his myth the god uses his celestial weapon to strike down the monster who is holding back the life giving waters.
***I've been astonished by the number of people enraged by the running joke, a visual gag intended to add amusement.***
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics - Calvert Watkins ➜ amzn.to/3yeyXXe Myth, Ritual, and the Warrior in Roman and Indo-European Antiquity - Roger D. Woodard ➜ amzn.to/3w9sYB3 A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project Report ➜ amzn.to/3bvqp4v An Indo-Iranian Symbol of Power in the Earliest Steppe Kurgans - P. Kuznetsov https://www.academia.edu/3836804/An_Indo_Iranian_Symbol_of_Power_in_the_Earliest_Steppe_Kurgans Murphy, E., & Khokhlov, A. (2016). "Biocultural Analysis of the Prehistoric Populations of the Volga Region." In D. Anthony, D. Brown, A. Khokhlov, P. Kuznetsov, & O. Mochalov (Eds.), A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project. (pp. 149-216): pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/42562597/CHAPTER_8_Murphy_and_Khokhlov_pdf.pdf
The 5,000-Year-Old Yamnaya Copper ClubDan Davis History2021-05-16 | This Yamnaya warrior was buried in a kurgan (burial mound) on the steppe with this mighty weapon from prehistoric warfare. Is it the mythical weapon of Indra; the cudgel Vajra? What does it have to do with Hercules and Thor?
We discuss the mythology of the Striker-Thunderer and talk about Yamnaya burial practices and how this image of the Yamnaya warrior inspired my work.
The Indo-European myth of the Striker / Thunderer is seen in the forms of Thor, Herakles, and Indra. He is a thunder god - the sun of the sky father - who strikes with a hammer or an axe or club / cudgel. He makes thunder, sends lightning bolts crashing to earth, and he is a wandering hero who slays the serpent and other monsters.
Elements of the Striker / Thunderer merged with the figure of the sky father in the form of Zeus while the heroic deeds and monster slaying elements found expression in his sons Herakles and Perseus. Thor has a short handled hammer while Herakles famously has his wooden club.
This deity's name amongst the ancient steppe herders may have been Perkwunos meaning 'the Striker' or 'the Lord of Oaks' because of the way lightning tends to strike oak trees. In the most cosmic version of his myth the god uses his celestial weapon to strike down the monster who is holding back the life giving waters.
***I've been astonished by the number of people enraged by the running joke, a visual gag intended to add amusement.***
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics - Calvert Watkins ➜ amzn.to/3yeyXXe Myth, Ritual, and the Warrior in Roman and Indo-European Antiquity - Roger D. Woodard ➜ amzn.to/3w9sYB3 A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project Report ➜ amzn.to/3bvqp4v An Indo-Iranian Symbol of Power in the Earliest Steppe Kurgans - P. Kuznetsov https://www.academia.edu/3836804/An_Indo_Iranian_Symbol_of_Power_in_the_Earliest_Steppe_Kurgans Murphy, E., & Khokhlov, A. (2016). "Biocultural Analysis of the Prehistoric Populations of the Volga Region." In D. Anthony, D. Brown, A. Khokhlov, P. Kuznetsov, & O. Mochalov (Eds.), A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project. (pp. 149-216): pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/42562597/CHAPTER_8_Murphy_and_Khokhlov_pdf.pdf
Koryos: youtu.be/LbIwi1HxmpE Trepanation: youtu.be/ic8jxFYIV6g Indra's Cudgel: youtu.be/cYEBxo6ZEy4 Thor's Hammer: youtu.be/X1PduS2ocl8 First Berserkers: youtu.be/zEXXA0naXkk Army of the Dead: youtu.be/oqOp81KQO4AThe Most Famous Knight Who Ever Lived: El CidDan Davis History2024-10-05 | Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar known as El Cid is called the greatest knight in history and master of the battlefield. He became icon not only for his feats of arms but also his many virtues. Widely regarded as the ideal medieval knight, he was strong and brave in battle, and just and pious in peace. He was respected by his enemies and loved by the loyal knights who flocked to his banner.
In the centuries since his death, the life and deeds of Rodrigo were told and retold, until his story grew into legend. But if he’s a symbol of the Reconquista, - the long reconquest of Iberia from the Moors - why did he spend part of his career fighting for Muslim rulers? This is the incredible story of Spain’s greatest hero, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, the Campeador, the knight known to history as El Cid.
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00:00 The Life of El Cid 02:08 Part 1 Rodrigo Diaz 13:09 Part 2 The Campeador 25:46 Part 3 El Cid 35:11 Part 4 Prince of ValenciaThe Strange Truth About Phallic Imagery in the Nordic Bronze Age (History Documentary)Dan Davis History2024-08-29 | Artists of the Nordic Bronze Age in prehistoric Denmark and Sweden carved tens of thousands of incredible petroglyphs on the landscape. Many of the figures feature phallic imagery. But what were the meanings of this rock art? How much of what is depicted shows real events and real individual people and how much is meant to convey mythological stories or metaphorical concepts? Is it possible that these ancient warriors conducted rites and even went to war without clothing? Exploring this subject can provide insights into this ancient culture and help us to better understand the nature of masculinity and warfare in the societies of the Nordic Bronze Age.
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Trade before Civilization: amzn.to/4cJLogD Elevated Rock Art: amzn.to/47dxEcY Rock Art and Seascapes in Uppland: amzn.to/4cQEeqS Creating an Archaeological Matrix of Late Prehistoric Rock Art: amzn.to/3MpiB6h The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age: amzn.to/3ZXIGh0 Sex And War in Ancient Polynesia by Michael Reilly. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 110, No. 1 (March 2001) Phallic Representations in Bronze Age Scandinavian Rock Art by Joanna M. Lawrence 2015 Bengtsson, B., Artursson, M., & Wehlin, J. (2024). Evidence of Large Vessels and Sail in Bronze Age Scandinavia. Norwegian Archaeological Review, 57(1), 59–84. doi.org/10.1080/00293652.2024.2357135 Museum of Denmark: https://en.natmus.dk/
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00:00 Nordic Bronze Age Rock Art 04:30 Please Support the Channel 05:05 Bronze Age Petroglyphs 07:05 Bronze Age Ships 07:47 Ritual vs Reality 09:00 Phallic Imagery 10:56 Weapons and Warfare 12:37 Clothing and Armor 15:28 Male Physiology 17:28 Polynesian WarriorsAncient Hunter-Gatherer Horsemen: The Botai CultureDan Davis History2024-07-07 | Sign up for a 14-day free trial and enjoy all the amazing features MyHeritage has to offer bit.ly/DanDavisHistoryMH
In Central Asia, 3500 BC, five and a half thousand years ago, lived sedentary hunter-gatherers who specialised in the hunting of horses. For centuries, generation after generation lived on almost nothing but horse meat. It’s also possible that they domesticated horses here, keeping them in corrals in their villages, for their milk and meat. They might even have ridden these horses and used them for hunting the wild horse populations, riding on their backs with spears and bows and arrows in hand. If so, this would be an independent horse domestication process from that which led to our domesticated horses today. So who were these people? Where did they come from and how did they live? What is the evidence that they managed and domesticated horses? And what ultimately happened to them? This is the story of the incredible horse hunters of prehistoric Central Asia, the Botai culture.
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The Oxford Handbook of the Archeology of Hunter-Gatherers: amzn.to/4f72WWz Peter de Barros Damgaard et al. ,The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia.Science360,eaar7711(2018) Jeong, C. et al. The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia (2019) Alan K. Outram et al. ,The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking (2009) Gaunitz et al, Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses (2018) Wilkin, S., Ventresca Miller, A., Fernandes, R. et al. Dairying enabled Early Bronze Age Yamnaya steppe expansions. Nature 598, 629–633 (2021) Librado, P., Tressières, G., Chauvey, L. et al. Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2,200 BCE in Eurasia. Nature (2024) Alan K. Outram, Horse domestication as a multi-centered, multi-stage process: Botai and the role of specialized Eneolithic horse pastoralism in the development of human-equine relationships (2023) Peter de Barros Damgaard et al. ,The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia (2018) Jeong, C., Balanovsky, O., Lukianova, E. et al. The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia. (2019) Zhang, F., Ning, C., Scott, A. et al. The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies. (2021) Fages et al., Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series (2019) Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, G., Lightfoot, E., Liu, X. et al. Archaeobotanical investigations at the earliest horse herder site of Botai in Kazakhstan (2019) Taylor, W.T.T., Barrón-Ortiz, C.I. Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai. (2021) Librado, P., Khan, N., Fages, A. et al. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes. Nature 598, 634–640 (2021) Librado, P., Tressières, G., Chauvey, L. et al. Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2,200 BCE in Eurasia. Nature (2024) Charleen Gaunitz et al. ,Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses.(2018)
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00:00 The Botai Culture 01:48 MyHeritage 03:16 Where did they come from? 05:15 Botai settlements 10:15 Horse domestication evidence 16:40 Ancient horse DNA evidence 21:46 The Late 4th Millennium BC WorldThe Gravettian Culture: Ice Age Mammoth HuntersDan Davis History2024-05-11 | Claim your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://sponsr.is/magellantv_dandavis Start your free trial TODAY so you can watch Sapiens, the New Origins about human evolution: magellantv.com/series/sapiens-the-new-origins
In the depths of the ice age in Europe, at the end of the Upper Paleolithic, the Gravettian saw incredible societies of mammoth hunters thriving across Europe. They lived in caves, rock shelters, and open-air settlements in mammoth bone houses and developed surprisingly complex and sophisticated societies. Their burials at sites like Dolní Věstonice and Sungir could include grave goods like ivory beads in enormous quantities, suggesting the emergence of social inequality. They were the first people in the world to use ceramics, making small figurines of animals and people. They also made the world-famous Venus figurines in stone, ivory, and moulded from clay. So who were these people? Where did they come from? Where and how did they live? How could they create so much art in the depths of the ice age? And what ultimately happened to them? This is the awe-inspiring story of the lords of the mammoth steppe; the Gravettians.
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Palaeolithic Europe: A Demographic and Social Prehistory by Jennifer C. French amzn.to/4dCRRf8 The People of Sunghir by Erik Trinkaus et al amzn.to/3JXhDgo Growing Up in the Ice Age by April Nowell amzn.to/4aid9vB Posth, C., Yu, H., Ghalichi, A. et al. Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers. Nature 615, 117–126 (2023) Bennett, E.A., Parasayan, O., Prat, S. et al. Genome sequences of 36,000- to 37,000-year-old modern humans at Buran-Kaya III in Crimea. Baker, J., Rigaud, S., Pereira, D. et al. Evidence from personal ornaments suggest nine distinct cultural groups between 34,000 and 24,000 years ago in Europe The Death and Burial of Sunghir 1 - E. Trinkausa and A. P. Buzhilova 2010 The origin of the Gravettian - Janusz K. Kozlowski 2014 The symbolism of breast-shaped beads from Dolní Věstonice - Martina Lázničková-Galetová 2017 Upper Paleolithic ceramic figurines - Pamela B. Vandiver 2022 A Critical Reassessment of Pavlovian Art and Society - Rebecca Farbstein 2013 Identity and fear – burials in the Upper Palaeolithic - Simona Petru 2019 Upper Paleolithic Venus Figurines and Interpretations of Prehistoric Gender Representations – Vandewettering 2015 The Gravettian burials at Grotta Paglicci – Ronchitelli et al 2015 Self-Representation in Upper Paleolithic Female Figurines - LeRoy McDermott 1996 Hunters of the Ice Age: The Biology of Upper Paleolithic People - Holt & Formicola 2008 Venus figurines history: stoneageherbalist.com/p/trying-to-make-sense-of-the-venus
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00:00 The Gravettians 01:50 MagellanTV 03:00 The First Europeans 05:38 Gravettian Origins 08:50 Gravettian physiques 11:23 Gravettian mobility 14:00 Venus Figurines 18:00 Personal ornaments and culture 19:18 Dolní Věstonice 22:44 The burials at Sungir 25:05 Gravettian social inequality 26:47 The last GravettiansKings of Bronze Age Europe: The Únětice CultureDan Davis History2024-04-14 | Buy a DNA kit here: bit.ly/DanDavisHistory_DNA Use the coupon code DAVIS for free shipping. As an added bonus, you can start a 30-day free trial of MyHeritage's best subscription for family history research.
Over four thousand years ago in the early bronze age, great princes emerged to rule over central Europe. They controlled copper and tin production, creating vast amounts of bronze that made them rich. These powerful rulers also facilitated the amber trade along the so-called Amber Road, transporting the precious material from the Baltic to the civilisations of the Near East. They were so rich they could afford grand burials beneath enormous barrows, their tombs laden with gold weapons and jewellery. To protect their wealth they had standing armies of axe wielding warriors and officers bearing halberds and huge daggers. And they created the incredible Nebra Sky Disc, oldest depiction of astronomical phenomena in the world. This is the story of the Únětice Culture.
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The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age: amzn.to/3ZXIGh0 Papac et al, Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe (2021) Haral Meller, Princes, Armies, Sanctuaries the Emergence of Complex Authority in the Central German Únětice Culture (2019) Penske et al, Kinship practices at the early bronze age site of Leubingen in Central Germany (2024) Nicklisch et al, Bioarchaeological investigations of the princely grave at Helmsdorf attesting to the violent death of an Early Bronze Age leader (2022) André Spatzier, The enclosure complex Pömmelte–Schönebeck (2019) Pavol Jelínek, Interpretation possibilities of the so-called collective graves in the milieu of the Únětice culture
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00:00 The Únětice Culture 02:32 MyHeritage 04:20 Origins of the Únětice Culture 07:45 Houses and settlements 09:00 Únětice burial traditions 10:05 DNA and Family Structure 10:58 Pömmelte “Germany’s Stonehenge” 13:04 The Princely Graves 16:52 Bronze Hoards 22:22 Trade and the Amber Road 24:52 Early Bronze Age Europe 26:39 the Nebra Sky Disc 28:09 The Únětice legacyThe Minoan Civilization Was NOT PeacefulDan Davis History2024-03-28 | Let BetterHelp connect you to a therapist who can support you - all from the comfort of your own home. Visit betterhelp.com/dandavis and enjoy a special discount on your first month #advert
The Minoan Civilisation of Bronze Age Crete is world famous for the enormous building complexes we know as palaces - and for its exquisite art - expressed in lovely pottery, figurines, and in frescoes of the most exquisite beauty.
Many believe that the Minoan civilisation of Bronze Age Crete was a remarkably peaceful society. But what does the evidence tell us? Were there fortified settlements? Does Minoan artwork show weapons and warriors? And what about all those Minoan daggers, swords, spears, and axes in the archaeological record? This is the story of Weaponry and Warfare in Bronze Age Crete.
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Oxford Handbook of Aegean Bronze Age: amzn.to/3xd4VH9 The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age: amzn.to/3ZXIGh0 Early Aegean Warrior 5000–1450 BC: amzn.to/4a82dkT Bronze Age Greek Warrior 1600-1100 BC: amzn.to/4a1hPqh Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete: amzn.to/43yQoBA Malice in Wonderland by Barry Molloy from Warfare and Society in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean Martial Minoans? War as Social Process, Practice and Event In Bronze Age Crete by Barry Molloy Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans: nature.com/articles/nature23310 Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean: nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01952-3 Excavations in the Hagios Charalambos Cave - Betancourt et al 2008
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00:00 Minoan Cvilization 03:25 Neolithic Aegean Warfare 05:02 Peaceful Minoans? 07:48 Settlement fortifications 10:40 Settlement destruction 11:56 Warriors in Minoan Art 15:15 Votive weapons 16:15 Warrior burials and war wounds 18:18 Minoan Weapons 20:17 Minoan armour and shields 21:48 The Double-axeRulers of Bronze Age Iberia: The Argaric CultureDan Davis History2024-02-18 | Buy a DNA kit here: bit.ly/DanDavisHistoryDNA Use the coupon code DAN for free shipping. As an added bonus, you can start a 30-day free trial of MyHeritage's best subscription for family history research.
In Bronze Age Iberia there was a powerful society that dominated the region for over six hundred years. This was a strictly hierarchical society ruled by powerful chieftains, or perhaps kings and queens, supported by a wealthy aristocracy, a labouring class, and slaves. They interred their dead with standardised grave goods that marked their age, sex, and social rank. The elite men were given copper and bronze weapons while the elite women wore gold or silver jewellery and sometimes beautiful silver diadems. They had trade links that extended across the Mediterranean to North Africa, the Aegean, and the Near East, and all the way across Europe to the Baltic. This is the amazing story of the bronze age rulers of Spain – what some have called the first state society in Western Europe - the El Argar culture.
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The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age: amzn.to/3ZXIGh0 The Archaeology of Bronze Age Iberia- Argaric Societies: amzn.to/3utMNbb Political collapse and social change at the end of El Argar -Lull, Micó, Herrada and Risch The La Bastida fortification: new light and new questions on Early Bronze Age societies in the western Mediterranean - Lull, Micó, Herrada and Risch Bell Beaker Settlement of Europe: The Bell Beaker Phenomenon from a Domestic Perspective amzn.to/49gANc7 Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age–Bronze Age transition in southern Iberia: science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abi7038 Kinship practices in the early state El Argar society from Bronze Age Iberia: nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25975-9 la-bastida.com elargar.com
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00:00 The Argaric culture 02:12 Sponsorship 04:02 Where did they come from? 06:01 What is the El Argar culture? 11:03 El Argar burial customs 13:42 El Argar kinship practices 15:05 Women and leadership in Argaric society 18:08 Decline and fall of El ArgarEuropes First Civilization: the Vinča CultureDan Davis History2024-01-27 | 💥 https://wtplay.link/dandavishistory — Download War Thunder for FREE and get your bonus!
Over 8,000 years ago, the first farmers of Europe moved into the fertile lands of the central Balkans. These people would develop complex societies and advanced technologies, as well as sophisticated artistic and ritual practices expressed in part through astonishing ceramic figurines. They were cattle herding crop growing farmers who lived in large settlements and they also developed the first metal working in Europe.
They may also have been warriors, waging war with stone maces and copper axes on their enemies. And they may have developed the earliest writing anywhere in the world. This is the incredible story of Europe’s first civilisation - the Vinča Culture.
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The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe: amzn.to/47R6Duo Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective: amzn.to/42dzwja The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective: amzn.to/3wNDcqA Enclosing the Neolithic World: A Vinča Culture Enclosed and Fortified Settlement in the Balkans - Dušan Borić et al Osseous Raw Materials in the Vinča Culture - Selena Vitezović Copper Artefacts and Their Social Role in the Vinča Culture - Radmila Balaban Malachite finds in Vinča culture: evidence of early copper metallurgy in Serbia - Dragana Antonović The Late Neolithic settlement mound Borđoš near Novi Bečej - Alexander Medovic A Group Find of Neolithic Figurines of the Vinča Culture from Stubline, Serbia - Miloš Spasić Group Portrait of the Early Agricultural Era - Ilia Palaguta Fortifications and Enclosures in European Prehistory - William Arthur Parkinson Warfare in Neolithic Thessaly: A Case Study - Curtis N. Runnels et al Warfare in the European Neolithic - Jonas Christensen Arrangement of Vinca culture figurines - Adam Crnobrnja Group identities in the Central Balkan Late Neolithic - Adam Crnobrnja Vinca Culture Settlement at Crkvine In Stubline: Household Organization and Urbanization In the Late Vinca Culture Period - Adam Crnobrnja & Marko A. Janković The social organisation of the Vinča culture settlements - Rassmann et al The Lives of Houses: Duration, Context, and History at Neolithic Uivar, Romania - Florin Draşovean et al Are there cities and fairs in the Neolithic? - G. & C-M. Lazarovici The End of the Vinča World - Dušan Borić Vinca Symbols: omniglot.com/writing/vinca.htm Old European Script: https://www.prehistory.it/ftp/winn2.htm
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00:00 The Vinča Culture 01:10 Sponsorship 02:31 the First Farmers 03:51 Early Vinča and Vinča-Belo Brdo 06:26 Vinča houses and settlements 08:38 Vinča burials and DNA 10:06 Vinča figurines 12:48 Vinča metallurgy 14:24 Vinča symbols - the first writing? 15:57 Vinča fortifications and warfare 18:29 Vinča warrior figurines 21:23 the Vinča legacyThe SHOCKING True Story of the Witchfinder GeneralDan Davis History2023-12-10 | In the 1640s in England, Matthew Hopkins worked as a witch-finder, discovering and torturing hundreds of women in eastern England. His evil work sent perhaps a hundred people to the gallows to be hanged. More than all the other witch hunters in England. The effects of this brutal witch hunt reverberated for years afterwards throughout England and even across the sea in the Salem witch trials of Massachusetts.
But who was this evil man? Why did he hunt witches? How did he find these people and what horrors did he inflict on them with his cruel investigations? How did he get away with it for years and what finally put an end to his campaign of terror? This is the horrifying story of the loathsome con man and fanatical witch hunter, the self-styled Witchfinder General, Matthew Hopkins.
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Witchfinders: A Seventeenth-century English Tragedy by Malcolm Gaskill: amzn.to/3Rx9kwh The Last Witches of England by John Callow: amzn.to/4apHwl4 The Witch by Ronald Hutton: amzn.to/48d0WI2 The Triumph of the Moon by Ronald Hutton: amzn.to/3RdrlhT The Discovery of Witches by Matthew Hopkins A Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft by John Stearne
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00:00 Who was Matthew Hopkins? 01:57 Puritan England 03:07 Witches in 16th century England 05:48 The Manningtree Witches 09:46 The Tendring Hundred witch hunt 12:45 Witch finding techniques 15:09 Victim profile of witches 16:54 Earning money as a witch finder 18:06 East of England witch hunt 18:36 Opposition to the witch hunters 21:09 The Death of Matthew Hopkins 22:31 The End of English Witch HuntsSir Francis Drake: Englands Greatest HeroDan Davis History2023-11-07 | Get an exclusive @Surfshark Black Friday deal! Enter promo code DDHISTORY to get up to 6 additional months for free at https://surfshark.deals/ddhistory
Sir Francis Drake's attacks on Spanish ships, towns, and ports in the Caribbean, the Pacific, and on Iberia itself frustrated and terrorised Spanish governors, admirals, King Phillip II himself and even the Pope in Rome. He robbed the Spanish gold and silver from the jungles of Panama, seized laden treasure ships from the Azores to the Pacific and helped save England from the terrifying Spanish Armada.
The first captain to successfully circumnavigate the globe, he was without doubt the finest navigator, most accomplished explorer, and wealthiest pirate of his age. But who was this man really? What caused him to sail around the world and spend a lifetime seeking fame and fortune at sea? And why was he so motivated to wage an endless personal war against the entire Spanish Empire?
This is the incredible story of England’s greatest hero, Sir Francis Drake.
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Sir Francis Drake by John Sugden: amzn.to/49qrEht In Search of a Kingdom by Laurence Bergreen: amzn.to/49kKRBj The World Encompassed by Francis Drake: amzn.to/3QLfatx Sir Francis Drake's Famous Voyage Round the World by Francis Pretty: amzn.to/3u11wcZ Elizabethan Sea Dogs 1560–1605 by Konstam and McBride: amzn.to/47070TP Tudor Warships (2): Elizabeth I’s Navy by Konstam and McBride: amzn.to/40o5FDY The Defeat Of Spanish Armada by Garrett Mattingly: amzn.to/3shLTNR
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00:00 The Life of Francis Drake 02:04 Video Sponsorship 03:08 Drake's Early Voyages 13:24 The Battle of San Juan de Ulúa 18:27 Drake Steals Treasure in Panama 27:18 The Rathlin Island Massacre 28:44 The Circumnavigation Begins 39:29 The Great Pirate Raid in the Pacific 49:10 Nova Albion 51:50 Completing the Circumnavigation 56:00 The Great Raid on the Spanish West Indies 01:05:17 Drake's Attack on Cadiz 01:12:03 The Spanish Armada 01:18:57 Drake's Final YearsMale Grooming and the Warrior Aristocracy of Ancient EuropeDan Davis History2023-07-23 | Be sure to use the code "dandavis" to get 100 free blades when you purchase your Henson razor here: http://hensonshaving.com/dandavishistory
The warrior aristocracy of Bronze Age Europe were buried in warrior graves with his personal weaponry - like daggers, swords, and spears. But there were other objects in these graves like hair combs, bronze razors and tweezers, cloak pins, and awls for tattooing the skin, that all speak to a profound interest in clothing, personal grooming and in adorning the warrior. So what can this all tell us about this aristocracy, the beliefs and practices of these elite men, and the nature of masculinity in prehistory?
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The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age: amzn.to/3ZXIGh0 The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean: amzn.to/3zJYU2B The Rise of Bronze Age Society - Kristiansen & Larsson: amzn.to/3r0xkdU Warfare in Bronze Age Society - Christian Horn & Kristian Kristiansen ➜ amzn.to/3z6ZtBN Elevated Rock Art - Johan Ling ➜ amzn.to/2WAffqd Rock Art and Seascapes in Uppland Johan Ling ➜ amzn.to/3mFB4jd The Warrior's Beauty - Paul Treherne: https://www.academia.edu/29528216/The_Warriors_Beauty_The_Masculine_Body_and_Self_Identity_in_Bronze_Age_Europe Looking Sharp - Dutch Bronze Age razors and tweezers in context Arnoldussen & Steegstra: DOI: doi.org/10.21827/5beaafc5f0505 Nordic Late Bronze Age Razors - Very Like a Whale - E. Warmenbol Shaving the Warrior - Mikkel Nørtoft
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00:00 Bronze Age Warrior Graves 01:41 Sponsorship 03:04 The Rise of the Warrior Aristocracy 05:04 Warrior Journeying 06:17 Warrior Drinking 07:13 Warrior Clothing 07:55 Warrior Grooming 08:32 Origins of Bronze Razors 09:26 Why was it so important? 11:07 Ritual Grooming as Transformation 12:04 Nordic Bronze Age razors 13:21 Shaving as a rite of passage 14:40 Warrior tattoos 15:20 the Nature of the Bronze Age WarriorThis is the Oldest Family Tree in the World (From the Tombs of Neolithic Britain)Dan Davis History2023-06-30 | Sign up for a 14-day free trial and enjoy all the amazing features MyHeritage has to offer. If you decide to continue your subscription, you’ll get a 50% discount: bit.ly/DanDavisHistory
Long barrows are the earliest great monuments of the British Isles. They could be over 100m/330ft long and there are hundreds of them, dating from 3800 BC.
But what were they? But who built them? Why did they put so much effort into making them?
And what can the latest studies on ancient DNA tell us, about the family relationships of the people buried inside them and the societies that they lived in?
This is the story of the mysterious Long Barrows of Neolithic Britain.
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A high-resolution picture of kinship practices in an Early Neolithic tomb: nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04241-4 Radiocarbon dates from the chambered tomb at Hazleton - Saville et al (1987) Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society - Sánchez-Quinto (2019) Rites of Passage: Mortuary Practice, Population Dynamics, and Chronology at the Carrowkeel Passage Tomb Complex - Kador et al (2018) East Anglian early Neolithic monument burial linked to contemporary Megaliths - Scheib et al (2019) Diversity, lifestyles and rites: new biological and archaeological evidence from British Earlier Neolithic mortuary assemblages - Wysocki & Whittle (2000) ‘In this Chambered Tumulus were Found Cleft Skulls …’: an Assessment of the Evidence for Cranial Trauma in the British Neolithic - Wysocki & Schulting (2005) Serious Mortality: the Date of the Fussell's Lodge Long Barrow - Wysocki & Bayliss (2007) William Cunnington and the Long Barrows of the Wylye Valley - Eagles & Field The Fussell's Lodge Long Barrow Excavations 1957 - Ashbee (1966)
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00:00 Neolithic Long Barrows 01:20 Video Sponsorship 02:43 What are long barrows? 05:07 Symbolic meanings 06:57 Houses of the dead? 11:32 Who was buried inside them? 15:14 Neolithic patriarchy 16:05 Neolithic violence 17:24 DNA analyses 21:15 The Story of the Long BarrowsThe Warriors of Britains Bronze Age RevolutionDan Davis History2023-05-31 | Archaeologists found the burial of a man who died in about 2,300 BC at Amesbury in Wiltshire, England, just three miles from the famous ancient site of Stonehenge.
The grave dates to the early Bronze Age in Britain, a time of great change that brought new people to these islands from northern Europe. With them came new technologies like metalworking in and new traditions, involving pottery vessels that archaeologists call Bell Beakers.
Most of these Bell beaker era graves contain few burial goods. But this one is different. It contained the richest array of items ever found in a grave from this period in Britain.
The astonishing number and richness of the finds also led to the British media calling him “The King of Stonehenge.”
So who was this man? Where did he come from and why was he buried here? Did he really have anything to do with the building of Stonehenge or ruling over the area? And what was happening here and in the rest of Britain at this time of immense change?
This is the story of the Amesbury Archer.
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*Artworks*
Wessex Man and Bush Barrow Chieftain by Ancient Europeans twitter.com/AncientEuropea1 Archer reconstruction by Greg Harlin Archer reconstruction by Jane Grayne
00:00 Who was the Amesbury Archer? 02:25 The Discovery and Excavation 03:57 The Bell Beaker burial tradition 05:40 Why was the Archer's burial special? 09:25 The earliest gold in Britain 11:08 The Amesbury Archer had a disability 12:04 Where did he come from? 12:50 The Bell Beaker culture 15:53 The Bell Beaker colonisation of Britain 21:00 Who was the Archer's Companion? 22:20 Who were the Boscombe Bowmen? 23:06 The King of Stonehenge?The Beautiful Women of Bronze Age EuropeDan Davis History2023-04-11 | Thanks to FOREO for partnering with me on this video: https://foreo.se/967g
Bronze Age Europe saw the increasing expression of individual and group identity through clothing, hairstyles, and objects of personal ornamentation.
But it’s in the artistic tradition of the civilisations of the Aegean that we most clearly see the emergence of ideals of beauty that we well recognise even today.
So how was female beauty represented? What jewellery and clothing did they wear? How did women enhance and emphasise their beauty?
How were women represented in Minoan and Mycenaean art? And what did beauty mean to the people of Bronze Age Europe?
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The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean: amzn.to/3zJYU2B The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age: amzn.to/3ZXIGh0 Women in Mycenaean Greece - Barbara A Olsen: amzn.to/40QsDms
Reflections on the Social Status of Mycenaean Women - Helene Whittaker Women in Mycenaean Pictorial Vase Painting - Louise Steel “Little women”: Gender, performance, and gesture in Mycenaean female figurines - Louise Steel Special women and extraordinary creatures - Iphiyenia Tournavitou Women, Children, and the family in Late Aegean Bronze Age - Barbara A. Olsen The Aesthetic Archetype of Female Beauty in the Mycenaean Age - Vassiliki Pliatsika Reflections of Eternal Beauty - Constantinos Paschalidis
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 Ancient Beauty 01:49 Video Partnership 02:54 Interpreting Burials 04:10 Nordic Bronze Age Clothing 04:40 Unetice culture jewellery 05:14 Tumulus culture female identity 06:43 Urnfield culture burial practices 08:10 Ancient Aegean female figurines 09:37 Minoan Snake Goddess figurines 10:46 Women on the Akrotiri frescoes 12:33 Women and Aegean mirrors 15:28 Women in Mycenaean art 17:53 Mycenaean plaster face goddess 19:52 The female aesthetic ideal 20:14 The idealised female roleThe Delicious Diets of Prehistoric Europe (Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age)Dan Davis History2023-03-16 | For 60% off with HelloFresh PLUS free shipping, use code DANDAVISHISTORY60 at bit.ly/3ILuWAx
What did ancient Europeans eat between 10,000 BC and 3000 BC? In the Mesolithic era, the hunter gatherers of Europe were thriving in a range of environments across the Continent. From 7,000 BC Neolithic farmers spread across Europe bringing a new way of life, new languages, beliefs and social structures. Then around 3,000 BC, another great change came with the spread of cattle and horse herders from their homelands on the Pontic steppe all the way to the furthest corners of Europe, heralding the beginning of the European bronze age.
These three eras saw huge social, linguistic, and genetic changes but what exactly did prehistoric Europeans eat?
*Artwork*
Artistic reconstructions of the ancient European people are by The Beaker Lady in collaboration with The Chad Pastoralist.
For more reconstructions and information about early Indo-European culture, history, and genetics, please follow their work on Instagram:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony: amzn.to/3aD3Rhu The Rise of Bronze Age Society - K. Kristiansen & T. B. Larsson: amzn.to/3r0xkdU The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective - Stephen Shennan: amzn.to/3wNDcqA
Plant Use in the Mesolithic: Evidence from Staosnaig, Isle of Colonsay, Scotland - Steven Mithen (1999) Irish Cepaea nemoralis Land Snails Have a Cryptic Franco-Iberian Origin That Is Most Easily Explained by the Movements of Mesolithic Humans – Grindon & Davison (2013) Plant Use in the Mesolithic and its Role in the Transition to Farming – Zvelebil (1994) Hazelnut economy of early Holocene hunter gatherers: a case study from Mesolithic Duvensee, northern Germany – Holst (2010) Experimental archaeological exploration of Mesolithic techniques for hazelnut roasting – Lage (2011) A drowned Mesolithic shell midden complex at Hjarnø Vesterhoved, Denmark and its wider significance – Astrup et al (2021) A late Mesolithic shell midden at Kilnatierny – Murray (2011) Diet and Mobility in the Corded Ware of Central Europe - Sjögre, Price, Kristiansen – (2016)
(and more)
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 What did ancient people eat? 01:25 Video Sponsorship 02:56 The Mesolithic Diet 06:24 Mesolithic Hazelnut Processing 07:50 Mesolithic Proto-Farming 11:38 The Neolithic Diet 13:29 Neolithic Dairy Consumption 14:57 A Fish Eating Taboo? 16:49 Neolithic Feasting 18:05 What did Steppe Herders eat? 20:16 Broader Bronze Age DietsThe Greatest Knight That Ever Lived: William MarshalDan Davis History2023-02-23 | Thank you to Wondrium for sponsoring today's video! Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/GWB050MERPB
When William Marshal died in 1219, he was the Earl of Pembroke, and the regent for the young Henry III, after defeated a great rebellion of English lords and thrown back a devastating invasion by the French.
Archbishop Stephen Langton called him “the greatest knight in the world.”
His talent as a knight, on the battlefield and as a tournament champion, won him renown and riches through hundreds of victories.
For 51 years he loyally served King Henry II, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, their sons Henry the Young King, Richard the Lionheart, King John, and their grandson Henry III.
But was he really the greatest knight who ever lived?
This is the incredible life story of William Marshal.
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 The Greatest Knight 01:25 Video Sponsor 02:42 Part 1 - A Child at War 09:43 Part 2 - Tournament Champion 17:45 Part 3 - The Young King 24:45 Part 4 - Royal Service 33:16 Part 5 - The Death of the King 41:58 Part 6 - Guardian of the RealmThe Nuragic Civilisation of Bronze Age SardiniaDan Davis History2022-12-18 | Three thousand years ago, on the island of Sardinia, flourished a remarkable society.
Right across the island, between about 1800 BC to 800 BC, they constructed around ten thousand astonishing stone structures called nuraghes. The ruins of around 7,000 of these structures can be seen today.
Evidence for the kind of society this was, is also seen in the unique bronze figurines and models that they left behind. Hundreds of these show armoured warriors bearing bows, swords and shields, along with the horned helmets they wore into battle.
This society reached its peak in the late bronze age when their influence spread beyond their home island. Sardinian material culture from this era is found as far away as Crete while at the same time Mycenaean pottery and Cypriot bronzes appear all over Sardinia.
So who were these people? Why did they build thousands of these enormous, complex structures? Were they really as warlike as their figurines suggest? And what happened to them?
This is the story of the Nuragic Civilisation.
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00:00 The Nuragic Civilisation 01:15 Neolithic Sardinia 03:28 The Bell Beaker Invasion 05:49 The Nuraghe Towers 09:10 Nuragic Warrior Figurines 12:35 Nuragic Temples 13:20 Giant's Tombs 16:41 The End of the Nuragic CivilisationThe First Kings of Europe: The Varna CultureDan Davis History2022-10-16 | Play World of Tanks here: tanks.ly/3rTk8Hq Thank you World of Tanks for sponsoring this video. During registration use the code TANKMANIA to get for free: 7 Days Premium Account 250k credits Premium Tank Excelsior (Tier 5) 3 rental tanks for 10 battles each: Tiger 131 (Tier 6), Cromwell B (Tier 6), and T34-85M (Tier 6) The promo code is only for new players during the registration. Check out the WoT merch on Amazon: amzn.to/3HhfIkG
The Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria contains the earliest gold treasure in the world, dating to 4500 BC.
These Chalcolithic graves of Old Europe contained more than 3,000 gold artefacts weighing over six kilograms. That's more than anywhere else in the fifth millennium BC, including Mesopotamia and Egypt. Instead of the glorious civilisations of the near east, the world's first goldsmiths lived on the shores of the Black Sea.
But what was the Varna Culture? How did they accumulate so much treasure? And what happened to them?
--- If you enjoy my videos please consider supporting the channel ---
The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC ➜ amzn.to/3S0PuGJ Prehistoric Copper Mining in Europe - William O'Brian ➜ amzn.to/3vw0Omp A History of Metallurgy - RF Tylecote ➜ amzn.to/3s2Go1Y The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective - Stephen Shennan ➜ amzn.to/3wNDcqA On the Invention of Gold Metallurgy - Verena Leusch et al (2014) The genomic history of southeastern Europe - Mathieson et al (2018) Varna culture: an autonomous phenomenon or a local version of the Kodzhadermen-Gumelnitsa-Karanovo VІ cultural complex - Viktoria Petrova (2016)
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--- Video Chapters ---
00:00 The Varna Culture 01:26 Video Sponsorship 02:27 Varna Necropolis burials 07:40 Cenotaph symbolic burials 11:10 Old Europe 13:22 Varna Trade Networks 14:18 Varna Chiefs 15:22 The Varna King 16:50 Varna culture DNA 18:27 the Fall of the Varna cultureBaron Gilles de Rais: The Medieval Serial KillerDan Davis History2022-10-02 | Gilles de Rais was a war hero and a Marshal of France, who fought alongside Joan of Arc to drive out the English invaders. He was also a serial killer.
During his trial he confessed to the most terrible crimes imaginable. The court heard stories of alchemy, demon summoning, heresy, and the admission that the great lord and his accomplices had abducted, abused, and murdered countless children.
But how did he spiral so completely out of control? How was he finally caught and prosecuted? And what about those who claim that he was, in fact, an innocent man - framed by a conspiracy of powerful lords who wanted his wealth for themselves?
This is the shocking story of the famous knight, wealthy baron, and medieval serial killer Gilles de Rais.
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In 1246 an Italian friar journeyed 5,000 miles from France to Mongolia carrying a letter from the Pope to the Great Khan of the Mongols.
After the Mongol Invasion of Europe, Pope Innocent IV sent Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (often called John of Plano Carpini by English speakers) on a mission to request peace and to find out whether the terrifying horsemen of the Mongol Empire were about to return.
This Franciscan Friar would journey from Christendom across the Pontic Steppe to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde and on eastwards all the way to the Mongol Court near Karakorum where the Kurultai would elect a new ruler; Güyük Khan, son of Ögedei and grandson of Genghis Khan.
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The Mongol Empire by John Man ➜ amzn.to/3QbsTXH Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World by Jack Weatherford ➜ amzn.to/3QooHE7 The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion Of Europe by James Chambers ➜ amzn.to/3PQApaG The Journey of Friar John of Pian de Carpine to the Court of Kuyuk Khan, 1245-1247 translated by William Woodville Rockhill
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 The Mongol Invasion of Europe 02:11 Babbel Sponsorship 03:18 The Pope's Mission 04:41 The Journey Begins 06:48 Cumania and the Pontic Steppe 09:08 Batu Khan and the Golden Horde 11:50 The Kazakh Steppe 14:21 The Kurultai at Karakorum 17:48 Güyük Khan 20:44 Letter from Güyük Khan to the PopeThe Magnificent Hairstyles of Bronze Age EuropeDan Davis History2022-07-17 | Thanks to Keeps for sponsoring - Head to keeps.com/dandavishistory to get 50% off your first order of hair loss treatment!
In Scandinavia and the Aegean during the Bronze Age there is evidence of the hairstyles people wore three and a half thousand years ago.
In Nordic Bronze Age Denmark oak coffin burials at Borum Eshøj, the Skrydstrup Woman, and the world famous Egtved Girl have preserved their hairstyles.
While in Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece there are remarkable frescoes in the palaces at Knossos, Akrotiri on Thera (Santorini), Mycenae, Pylos, and Thebes.
But what can these hairstyles tell us about the people of Bronze Age Europe and their societies?
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The Rise of Bronze Age Society - K. Kristiansen & T. B. Larsson ➜ amzn.to/3r0xkdU Warfare in Bronze Age Society - Christian Horn & Kristian Kristiansen ➜ amzn.to/3z6ZtBN Elevated Rock Art - Johan Ling ➜ amzn.to/2WAffqd Rock Art and Seascapes in Uppland Johan Ling ➜ amzn.to/3mFB4jd Ritual Significance in Mycenaean Hairstyles - Florence Sheng-chieh Hsu Bronze Age Identities - Sophie Bergerbrant The Warrior's Beauty - Paul Treherne
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 Hairstyles and culture 01:23 Men's Hairstyles in the Nordic Bronze Age 10:12 Video Sponsorship 11:20 Women's Hairstyles in the Nordic Bronze Age 15:21 Scandinavian Rock Art 16:32 Evidence from Europe 17:24 Minoan Hairstyles 18:59 Mycenaean HairstylesAncient Mesopotamian Warfare in Sumer and AkkadDan Davis History2022-07-03 | Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring the video. Go to curiositystream.com/DanDavis and enter the promo code ‘DanDavis’ for 25% off an annual plan.
Warfare was an essential part of the Akkadian Empire, especially under its conquering founder Sargon, and his grandson the god-king Naram-Sin. Their armies were the source of their power.
But they were not the first kings of Mesopotamia to wage war on their enemies.
The city states of ancient Sumer clashed with one another for centuries before the rise of Akkad.
But what did this early warfare look like? How were the forces raised, and how were they armed and armoured? Who led them, when and how often did they fight?
This is the story of Mesopotamian warfare in ancient Sumer and Akkad.
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Ancient Mesopotamia (Audio) - Amanda H. Podany ➜ amzn.to/3AnqhkP Between the Rivers (Audio) - Alexis Q. Castor ➜ amzn.to/3uk6Y83 Sumer and the Sumerians - Harriet Crawford ➜ amzn.to/3bFBhj3 Armies of the Ancient Near East - Stillman & Allis ➜ amzn.to/3OEOg3f Against the Grain - James C Scott ➜ amzn.to/3P294kR The First Armies - James Doyne Dawson ➜ amzn.to/3bLe5QC
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 Mesopotamian Warfare 01:25 Video Sponsorship 02:40 Ancient Mesopotamia 03:30 The Ubaid Period 04:30 Types of Evidence 07:23 Conflict in the Ubaid Period 09:16 Did conflict drive urbanisation in the Uruk Period? 12:11 Conflict in Uruk Expansion 15:21 Hamoukar - The First Siege? 21:54 Warfare in the Early Dynastic Period 22:48 The Stele of the Vultures 29:01 The Lagash - Umma Wars 35:16 The Standard of Ur 39:44 Lugal-zagesi the First Conqueror 42:40 Sargon of Akkad 50:26 Naram-sinÖtzi the Iceman and the Copper Age WorldDan Davis History2022-05-22 | Enter at omaze.com/dandavis for your chance to win a trip of a lifetime on the Venice Simplon-Orient-Express, and support a great cause, International Medical Corps.
Over five thousand years ago in the Tyrolean Alps, a hunter was shot to death in a high mountain pass. His body would be covered by a glacier and preserved until its discovery in 1991.
What can this unprecedented level of preservation tell us about not only Ötzi the Tyrolean Iceman… but the Copper Age world that he came from?
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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age - Anthony Harding and Harry Fokkens ➜ amzn.to/3lBEKkc
New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman’s origin - A. Keller et al (2011) Land use in the eastern alps during the bronze age - A. Schmidl (2005) Neolithic and Bronze Age Archery Equipment from Alpine Ice - Junkmanns et al (2019) Mobility in the Mountains: Late Third and Second Millennia Alpine Societies’ Engagements with the High-Altitude Zones in the Southern French Alps - K. Walsh and F. Mocci (2011) The Iceman’s Last Meal - Maixner et al (2018) Prehistoric landscapes of the Dolomites - Visentin (2015) Seventy-five mosses and liverworts found frozen with the late Neolithic Tyrolean Iceman - James Dickson (2019) Therapeutic Tattoos and Ancient Mummies - Dario Piombino-Mascali and Lars Krutak (2020) Metal Casting Equipment in the Bronze Age Burials in Europe - А. V. Batasova (2021) The Iceman’s lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use - Ursula Wierer et al (2018) The Late Neolithic settlement of Latsch, Vinschgau, northern Italy: subsistence of a settlement contemporary with the Alpine Iceman, and located in his valley of origin - Daniela Festi et al (2011)
(... and many more research papers)
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 Ötzi the Iceman 03:26 Sponsorship 04:30 Who was Ötzi? 05:07 Ötzi's Clothing 06:16 Ötzi's Gear 07:45 How old was Ötzi? 07:55 How big was Ötzi? 09:00 Ötzi's Diet 10:18 Ötzi's Medical Conditions 11:17 Ötzi's Tattoos 11:54 Ötzi's Health 14:05 What did Ötzi look like? 16:31 Was Ötzi a metalworker? 20:22 Was Ötzi a shepherd? 22:36 Was Ötzi vegetarian? 22:55 The Neolithic diet 24:37 Was Ötzi a hunter? 26:16 Was Ötzi a warrior? 27:50 Copper Age Europe 29:31 Where did Ötzi live? 31:00 What culture did Ötzi come from? 34:24 Ötzi's DNA 35:07 Copper use in Neolithic Europe 36:06 the Oldest Wheels in the World 36:52 Ötzi's relatives 37:47 Ötzi's last hours - what actually happened?These Ancient Mines Transformed Prehistoric EuropeDan Davis History2022-05-01 | There are many Bronze Age mines in the Old World that collectively produced thousands of tons of copper, enough to make millions of tools, weapons, and decorations for Europe and the Near East.
This is the story of the origins of copper mining and its development through the Bronze Age.
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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu The Rise of Bronze Age Society - K. Kristiansen & T. B. Larsson ➜ amzn.to/3r0xkdU Prehistoric Copper Mining in Europe - William O'Brian ➜ amzn.to/3vw0Omp A History of Metallurgy - RF Tylecote ➜ amzn.to/3s2Go1Y Metals Make the World Go Round: the Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe - Ed. C.F.E. Pare ➜ amzn.to/3KtR9B4
Arsenical Copper in Minoan Crete - Alessandra Giumlia-Mair and Fulvia Lo Schiavo Bronze Age Beginnings: a Scalar View from the Global Outskirts - H. Vandkilde (2019) Bronze Age Metallurgy in the Peloponnese - Maria Kayafa (1999) Chrysokamino in the History of Early Metallurgy - James D. Muhly (2006) Early Bronze Age Copper Smelting on Seriphos (Cyclades, Greece) - O. Philaniotou, Y. Bassiakos, and M. Georgakopoulou (2011) Early bronze age metal trade in the eastern Mediterranean. New compositional and lead isotope evidence from Cyprus - JM. Webb, D. Frankel, ZA Stos And N. Gale (2006) Further Evidence for Bronze Age Production of Copper From Ores in the Lavrion Ore District, Attica, Greece - Noel H Gale (2009) Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations - HW Nørgaard, E. Pernicka, H Vandkilde (2021) Ösenringbarren and the Classical Ösenring Copper M. Junk, R. Krause and E. Pernicka (2001) (And many more)
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*Relevant Videos on the Old Copper Culture of North America*
Muddy Banjo - Humans Win Western Renegade - Humans Win Deep Mind - Atlantis Music & Sound Float - Geographer Singularity - Michael Vignola Bulgarian Spirit - Psystein Tuvan Throat Singers - Psystein Falling Sun - Atlantis Music & Sound Electra to the Baltic Sea - Guiseppe Rizzo Mystica - Atlantis Music & Sound
*Video Chapters*
00:00 Neolithic Copper Mines 02:31 Ancient Copper Mining on Cyprus 04:25 Lead Isotope Analysis 05:27 Copper Trade in the Amarna letters 06:09 Oxhide Ingots 06:31 Mycenaean Copper Use 07:04 Copper mining on the Cycladic islands 07:36 Early Metalworking on Crete 07:57 Early Balkan mining and metallurgy 09:44 Yamnaya culture steppe miners of the Volga 11:18 Middle and Late Bronze Age European Mining 11:47 Unetice culture miners 13:33 Nordic Bronze Age Copper Imports 15:37 Mining in Bronze Age Britain and Ireland 16:28 Bronze Age Copper Mines of EuropeThe Ancient Copper Mine that Transformed BritainDan Davis History2022-03-27 | Get the exclusive NordVPN deal here: nordvpn.com/dandavis. It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee! Thanks to NordVPN for sponsoring this video. The Bronze Age copper mine on the Great Orme in North Wales, is one of the most important prehistoric archaeological sites in Britain. Since excavations began here in 1987, a vast network of tunnels dating to the Bronze Age has been uncovered.
The copper from this mine helped transform bronze age Britain and Ireland – and even more distant lands.
But who were the people who dug these incredible tunnels? Why did they work so hard down here in the darkness and for so many centuries? Who were the wealthy and mighty chiefs who ruled over them?
And what did they do with the hundreds of tons of copper they excavated here?
This is the remarkable story of the largest and most important copper mine of bronze age Britain.
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00:00 the Largest Prehistoric Mine 00:48 Video Sponsorship 02:00 The Great Orme Copper Mine 05:14 Prehistoric Mining Tools 06:45 19th Century Discovery 07:37 Fire Setting to Weaken Rock 08:20 Lighting in Ancient Mines 09:22 Mining in Bronze Age Britain 10:21 The Great Orme Miners 11:00 The Great Chiefs of the Mine 12:33 The Mold Cape 13:17 Where did all that copper go?Vlad the Impaler: The True Story of Dracula (History Documentary)Dan Davis History2022-03-20 | This is the incredible story of Vlad the Impaler from his youth in Wallachia and childhood as a hostage to his wars against the Ottoman Turks and his great passion for impaling his enemies.
Vlad Dracula was born into a time of great conflict between the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans and Central Europe and the Ottoman Turks who were determined to conquer them.
Vlad III Dracula was the son of a Voivode of Wallachia yet he had to fight all his life for his throne and his people.
Please note this is not about Bram Stoker’s Dracula or vampires of any kind – just the real history of Vlad Țepeș and his wars against the Saxons of Transylvania and the Ottomans.
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 The Life of Vlad Dracula 01:40 Dracula's Father 07:45 Dracula's Childhood 18:47 Becoming Vlad the Impaler 29:10 Vlad's War Against the Saxons 40:25 The Ottoman Invasion of Wallachia 51:52 The Death of Vlad the ImpalerPirate Tomb Raiders of the Late Bronze Age CollapseDan Davis History2022-02-23 | Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring the video. Go to curiositystream.com/DanDavis and enter the promo code ‘DanDavis’ for 25% off an annual plan.
Pirates of the Bronze Age Mediterranean raided ships and settlements throughout the era but especially during the period of the Late Bronze Age Collapse.
In fact, the mysterious Sea Peoples who invaded and raided the civilizations of the Near East were themselves pirates based on the islands of the eastern Mediterranean.
These pirates also raided the tombs of more ancient peoples around the Mediterranean and took the wealth within back to their bases in the Aegean, the Adriatic and even further afield.
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Of Odysseys and Oddities- Ed. by Barry Molloy ➜ amzn.to/3H5NsjQ Warfare in Bronze Age Society - Ed. by C. Horn & K. Kristiansen ➜ amzn.to/3o0f6aD The Rise of Bronze Age Society - by K. Kristiansen & T. B. Larsson ➜ amzn.to/3r0xkdU Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe - Robert Drews ➜ amzn.to/3tYtFiD The Sea Peoples - NK Sanders ➜ amzn.to/3r1Sbh2 The Gurob Ship-Cart Model - Shelley Wachsmann ➜ amzn.to/3LTrSC4 Seagoing Ships & Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant - Shelley Wachsmann ➜ amzn.to/3v7EzDv The Philistines and Aegean Migration - Assaf Yasur-Landau ➜ amzn.to/3vavFoF
Yo-ho, yo-ho, a seren’s life for me! - Hitchcock & Maeir (2014)
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 Bronze Age Pirates 01:43 Bronze Age Trade 07:40 Video Sponsorship 08:52 The Sea Peoples as Pirates 12:50 Bronze Age Tomb RaidersThe European Mercenaries of the Bronze Age CollapseDan Davis History2022-01-26 | Could these warriors be related in some way to the Sea Peoples? And if so were they to blame for the Bronze Age Collapse?
Bronze Age mercenaries emerged in Europe in the 13th century BC. These men were part of a new highly mobile warrior class, equipped with innovative weapons and armour. They came from as far afield as Scandinavia, central Europe, Italy and the Balkans and they took service across Europe but especially in Mycenaean Greece, the eastern Mediterranean and even beyond.
Their emergence heralded a new militarism in Europe which immediately preceded the devastation of the twelfth century BC.
NB: the map at 3.20 is incorrect. It is not Sund, Sotra but Sund, Inderøy, Nord-Trøndelag
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Of Odysseys and Oddities- Ed. by Barry Molloy ➜ amzn.to/3H5NsjQ Warfare in Bronze Age Society - Ed. by C. Horn & K. Kristiansen ➜ amzn.to/3o0f6aD The Rise of Bronze Age Society - by K. Kristiansen & T. B. Larsson ➜ amzn.to/3r0xkdU Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe - Robert Drews ➜ amzn.to/3tYtFiD The Sea Peoples - NK Sanders ➜ amzn.to/3r1Sbh2 Local and foreign males in a late Bronze Age cemetery at Neckarsulm - Wahl & Price (2013) Society and Violence in the Early Bronze Age - Hilde Fyllingen (2010) Mycenaean Greece and Bronze Age Italy: Cooperation, Trade Or War? - Jung & Mehofer (2013) Origins of the Flange-Hilted Sword of Bronze in Continental Europe - JD Cowen (1966)
**The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.**
*Video Chapters*
00:00 Bronze Age Mercenaries 01:15 Warrior Societies of Bronze Age Europe 05:29 Understanding Relationships with Archaeology 07:37 The Nau II Type Sword and Warrior Culture 12:04 Mercenaries and the Bronze Age Collapse 17:13 Were these Mercenaries the Sea Peoples?The Most Disturbing Ancient Indo-European RitualDan Davis History2022-01-14 | The Indo-European warrior initiation rite of passage often included the sacrifice of a dog or a wolf. A boy might have to kill his own beloved dog in order to become a man. But why did they do this?
This ritual was not only carried out on the bronze age steppe. Similar rites were practiced from the Atlantic coasts of Europe all the way to the Ganges in India for thousands of years, the acts themselves and meanings behind them changing in descendant populations over the millennia.
What was its purpose? And what does it have to do with the famed warriors of Sparta and the founding of Ancient Rome?
This is the story of the Indo-European warrior initiation ceremony, the koryos, and the midwinter dog sacrifice.
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Late Bronze Age midwinter dog sacrifices and warrior initiations at Krasnosamarskoe, Russia - Dorcas R. Brown and David W. Anthony The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu The One-eyed God: Odin and the (Indo-) Germanic Männerbünde - Kris Kershaw ➜ amzn.to/3dRk8kW The Myth of the Eternal Return: Cosmos and History - Mircea Eliade ➜ amzn.to/2SgJmS7 Rites and Symbols of Initiation: The Mysteries of Birth and Rebirth - Mircea Eliade ➜ amzn.to/3zk1xXq Ancient Germanic Warriors - Michael P. Speidel ➜ amzn.to/3zZSqMD
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 What is the Midwinter Dog Sacrifice? 01:16 Why did they sacrifice dogs? 07:11 What was the initiation ritual like? 12:19 Historical examples of the rites 15:24 Archaeological evidence in RussiaThe Terramare Culture and the Bronze Age CollapseDan Davis History2021-12-23 | In Bronze Age northern Italy the Terramare culture thrived for centuries until one day in about 1200 BC, the population of 120,00 people disappeared.
This was the same era as the Late Bronze Age collapse, when the mysterious Sea Peoples invaded the Near East and destroyed so many ancient civilisations, leading to the first great dark age in history.
Were the people of the Terramare culture involved in some way? Were they also the victims of climatic changes and foreign invasions that wiped them out?
Or were they perhaps one of the perpetrators? Could they in fact be one of the Sea Peoples?
This is the mystery of the Terramare culture.
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The Rise of Bronze Age Society by Kristiansen & Larsson ➜ amzn.to/2XhlH6v Protecting the Body in War and Combat by Marianne Mödlinger ➜ amzn.to/3BXTtfS Globalization, Battlefields & Economics by Helle Vandkilde ➜ amzn.to/3aHL2cI Bronze Age Voyaging and Cosmologies in the Making - Helle Vandkilde
The Collapse of the Terramare Culture And Growth Of New Economic And Social Systems During The Late Bronze Age In Italy By Andrea Cardarelli (2009) New Research on rhe Terramare Of Northern Italy By Mark Pearce (1998) Terramare Sickles by Primož Pavlin (2014) Smiths and Smithing in Bronze Age Terramare by Christiano Iaia (2013) Remote Sensing, Archaeological, and Geophysical Data to Study the Terramare Settlements: The Case Study of Fondo Paviani (Northern Italy) R. Deiana et al (2020) The “Tabina 1” Arrowhead -- An Early Bronze Age Weapon Found In A Northern Italian “Terramare” Village Site by Vittorio Brizzi (2011) Bronze Age Terramare Pottery From Northern Italy – Exercises In Experimental Reproduction by Y. Brodà et al Bronze Age Textile & Wool Economy: The Case of the Terramare Site of Montale, Italy by Serena Sabatini, Timothy Earle and Andrea Cardarelli (2018) Terramare, Mycenaean Centers and The Role Of The Adriatic During the Late Bronze Age By Stavros Oikonomidis (2016) Stone Moulds from Terramare (Northern Italy): Analytical Approach and Experimental Reproduction Barbieri M., Cavazzuti C. (2014) The SUCCESSO-TERRA Project: a Lesson of Sustainability from the Terramare Culture, Middle Bronze Age of the Po Plain (Northern Italy) by Mauro Cremaschia et al (2018) Environment, human impact and the role of trees on the Po plain during the Middle and Recent Bronze Age: Pollen evidence from the local influence of the terramare of Baggiovara and Casinalbo by Mercuri et al (2014)
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 The Mystery of the Terramare culture 01:13 What is the Terramare culture? 07:30 Late Bronze Age Trade Networks 13:21 The Terramare and the Late Bronze Age collapse 15:48 The Sea Peoples 18:40 Why did the Terramare people leave the Po Valley? 21:03 Where did the Terramare people go?Bronze Age Chariot Warriors: The Sintashta CultureDan Davis History2021-11-21 | The people of the Sintashta culture were Bronze Age chariot warriors of the Northern steppes. A people who changed the world.
Highly patriarchal and warlike, they were also bronze workers who built huge fortified settlements like Arkaim east of the Ural mountains. They invented the chariot and bred the best horses the world had ever seen.
But where did they come from? And what happened to them?
This is the story of the Sintashta culture.
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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu Early Riders: The Beginnings of Mounted Warfare in Asia and Europe - Robert Drews ➜ amzn.to/36in9pS The Rig Veda (English Translation) ➜ amzn.to/3FFdcmh
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 What is the Sintashta culture? 03:35 Origins of the Sintashta culture 07:23 Sintashta fortified settlements 11:30 What happened to the Sintashta culture?The First Horse Warriors | Bronze Age WarfareDan Davis History2021-11-10 | The first 1,000 people to use this link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare: https://skl.sh/dandavisauthor11211 Who were the first people to fight on horseback? Horses were domesticated on the Eurasian steppe thousands of years ago and were first used for their milk, meat, and hides.
And at some point, people began riding them. But when were they first used in warfare? Where was mounted combat first practiced and who were the first people to perfect it?
In this video we're looking at the late Neolithic Yamnaya and Corded Ware cultures, the Bronze Age Sintashta and Andronovo cultures, and the Iron Age Assyrians, Scythians, Saka, and Cimmerians.
This is the story of the first horse warriors.
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Early Riders: The Beginnings of Mounted Warfare in Asia and Europe - Robert Drews ➜ amzn.to/36in9pS The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu The Scythians - Barry Cunliffe ➜ amzn.to/3wxnrp8
The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.
*Video Chapters*
00:00 New Horse Domestication Studies 03:56 Mounted Yamnaya Raiders 05:00 Sintashta Horse Breed 06:50 Video Sponsorship 07:51 The Sintashta Culture 11:00 Sumerian Battle Wagons 12:15 Bronze Age Chariot Warfare 17:40 Iron Age Horse Riding 23:58 Assyrian Cavalry 27:09 The Rise of the Skythians 29:53 Women WarriorsBronze Age Armor of Europe | Ancient History DocumentaryDan Davis History2021-10-26 | When did metal armour first emerge in Europe? Where was it first developed? What about the first metal helmets and shields? And what can all this armour tell us about its users and the societies they came from?
The Dendra Panoply of Mycenaean Greece is famous, as is the boar's tusk helmet. But bronze armour was worn right across Europe and warriors defended themselves with circular bronze shields and bronze helmets.
This is the story of European Bronze Age armour.
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Protecting the Body in War and Combat by Marianne Mödlinger➜ amzn.to/3vT4Un1 Warriors and Weapons in Bronze Age Europe - Anthony Harding ➜ amzn.to/383sToE Warfare in Bronze Age Society - Horn & Kristiansen (Editors) ➜ amzn.to/3bah8hJ The Rise of Bronze Age Society by Kristiansen & Larsson ➜ amzn.to/2XhlH6v Globalization, Battlefields & Economics by Helle Vandkilde ➜ amzn.to/3aHL2cI
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Note on sources:
If you're looking for more detail on this subject look for books, articles and research papers by; Marianne Mödlinger, Barry Molloy, Anthony Harding, Helle Vandkilde, Kristian Kristiansen, Christian Horn
You can support these researchers by purchasing their books.
*Video Chapters*
00:00 Historical European Armor 00:52 Bronze Age Armor 05:12 Bronze Age Helmets 12:38 Bronze Age Greaves and Pauldrons 15:44 Bronze Age Shields 20:21 Bronze Age Cuirasses 21:34 The Dendra Panoply 23:05 Late Bronze Age Cuirass 25:25 Bronze Age Warrior's ArmorThe Mysterious Horned Helmets of Bronze Age EuropeDan Davis History2021-10-17 | Horned Helmets of the Bronze Age. Figures wearing horned helmets are depicted in Scandinavian rock art, on stelae in the Iberian Peninsula, and menhirs on Corsica. And horned helmets feature on statuettes from Zealand, Sardinia, and Cyprus, on wall decorations of the Sea People on reliefs in Egypt before the Bronze Age collapse, and on the Mycenaean Warrior Vase.
Clearly, horned helmets were widely distributed during this period of the Bronze Age.
But why? What do they mean? And are they connected in some way?
In this video we’re taking an epic voyage through the European Bronze Age in the 12th century BC from Scandinavia to the Iberian Peninsula and across the Mediterranean to the east in search of the horned helmets of traders, warriors, kings, and gods.
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The Rise of Bronze Age Society by Kristiansen & Larsson ➜ amzn.to/2XhlH6v Protecting the Body in War and Combat by Marianne Mödlinger ➜ amzn.to/3BXTtfS Globalization, Battlefields & Economics by Helle Vandkilde ➜ amzn.to/3aHL2cI
Bronze Age Voyaging and Cosmologies in the Making - Helle Vandkilde
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 Horned Helmets 0:54 The Veksø helmets 03:36 The Horse Twins and Twin Chiefs of the Nordic Bronze Age 04:47 Horned Chiefs in Scandinavian Rock Art 05:46 Bronze Age Rock Art of Galicia 07:31 Iberian Warrior Stelae 08:47 Bronze Figurines of the Nuragic Civilization 11:15 Sea Peoples Images at Medinet Habu 13:16 Horned Helmets of the Near East 14:26 Bronze Figurines from Enkomi 15:36 Bull Iconography of Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece 16:06 Horns at Dendra and the Mycenaean Warrior Vase 17:08 Central European Trade Links 18:25 The Meanings Behind Horned Helmets 21:39 Interconnectivity in the Bronze AgeTollense Valley | Europes First Battle (Bronze Age History Documentary)Dan Davis History2021-09-26 | The Battle of the Tollense Valley took place in Bronze Age Germany c.1250 BC. Was this Europe's first battle?
Archeological discoveries in the Tollense Valley in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Northeast Germany suggest this was the site of a conflict in the 13th century BC. (Closest dates might be 1230 - 1240 BC) This was the European Middle Bronze Age.
As well as weapons and other artefacts, thousands of bones representing at least 140 individuals have been found here and most are men of fighting age. Some bones show injuries received at the point of death.
There might have been between 3000 and 7000 participants which if true is a truly enormous prehistoric battle.
So was this a great pitched battle? An ambush? A series of small skirmishes?
Despite all the evidence, piecing together exactly who these people were, how many there were, where they came from and what happened here… is not so simple.
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Warriors and Weapons in Bronze Age Europe - Anthony Harding ➜ amzn.to/383sToE Warfare in Bronze Age Society - Christian Horn & Kristian Kristiansen ➜ amzn.to/3z6ZtBN Die Welt der Himmelsscheibe von Nebra - Harald Meller ➜ amzn.to/3ERYbh7
An early Bronze Age causeway in the Tollense Valley - Jantzen (2014) Bronze Age tin rings from the Tollense valley - Krüger (2012) Low Prevalence of Lactase Persistence in Bronze Age Europe - Burger (2020) Flint arrowhead embedded in a human humerus from the Bronze Age site in the Tollense valley - Flohr (2015) Instrumental investigation of oxygen isotopes in human dental enamel from the Bronze Age battlefield site at Tollense - Price (2019) Perimortem Lesions on Human Bones from the Bronze Age Battlefield in the Tollense - Brinker (2018) A Bronze Age battlefield? Weapons and trauma in the Tollense Valley - Jantzen (2010)
Tollense Battle Ancient DNA, they had hunter gatherer roots by Genos Historia ➜ youtu.be/8Grj-Gg5iLo
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Note: There is DNA evidence that some of these people had high proportion of Western Hunter Gatherer DNA. I have a post about this on Patreon linked in the comments.
*Video Chapters*
00:00 Prepare for Battle 02:32 The Tollense Valley Battlefield 06:26 Bronze Age Europe 08:18 Bronze Age Warrior Aristocracy 10:01 Material Evidence 13:14 Isotope Analysis 14:08 DNA Evidence 15:35 What Actually Happened? 16:48 Alternative TheoriesThe Truth About Cannibalism in Neolithic EuropeDan Davis History2021-09-14 | Cannibalism in Neolithic Europe - what's the evidence? Cannibalism is seen in many cultures around the world, including in prehistoric Europe (eg the Upper Paleolithic / Mesolithic Magdalenian site of Gough's Cave in Cheddar Gorge). But the Neolithic is a time of settled farmers and herders. Were these people really cannibals?
In this video we're looking at three sites: Herxheim, Germany; El Toro Cave in Malaga, Spain; and Fontbrégoua Cave in Provence, France.
Were these prehistoric Europeans desperate people facing starvation? Were they honouring their own people in complex mortuary rites? Or were they feasting on their enemies?
And were they even practicing cannibalism at all?
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Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective - Edited by Rick J. Schulting and Linda Fibiger ➜ amzn.to/3tDYwNI Cannibalism in the Linear Pottery Culture: The Human Remains from Herxheim - Bruno Boulestin ➜ amzn.to/2Xddb8F Cannibalism: A Perfectly Natural History - Bill Schutt ➜ amzn.to/3lmm0ol Mass cannibalism in the Linear Pottery Culture at Herxheim - Bruno Boulestin et al (2009) The LBK enclosure at Herxheim: theatre of war or ritual centre? - Joerg Orschiedt & Miriam Noel Haidle Aggressive or funerary cannibalism? Skull-cup and human bone manipulation in Cueva de El Toro - Jonathan Santana et al Cannibalism in the Neolithic - Paola Villa (1989) ➜ researchgate.net/publication/6045087_Cannibalism_in_the_Neolithic
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*Video Chapters*
00:00 Starvation Cannibalism 00:58 Endocannibalism 01:42 Exocannibalism 04:10 Video Sponsorship 05:37 Journey to Herxheim 6:46 Herxheim - Mass Cannibalism? 9:23 How to Spot Cannibalism 10:44 The Herxheim Debate 14:03 El Toro Cave - Endocannibalism? 18:20 Fontbrégoua Cave - Exocannibalism? 20:28 Neolithic Mortuary RitesPrehistoric Sea Raiders in Nordic Bronze Age Rock ArtDan Davis History2021-08-29 | Prehistoric Scandinavian rock art displays scenes of warriors and long, narrow boats. Are these figures showing some kind of Bronze Age Vikings?
The world famous ancient petroglyphs in Sweden, dating to the Nordic Bronze Age, portray a world of sword-wielding warriors and their ships. But these figures - holding aloft axes and spears and shields - are usually said to be carrying out rituals, not warfare.
Is that true? Are there any scenes of violence here amongst the thousands of weapon-bearers?
If this is about ritual then what were the rituals for?
And what can all this tell us about the lives of these seaborne Nordic warriors who lived 3500 years ago?
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Warfare in Bronze Age Society - Christian Horn & Kristian Kristiansen ➜ amzn.to/3z6ZtBN Warriors and Weapons in Bronze Age Europe - Anthony Harding ➜ amzn.to/383sToE Elevated Rock Art: Towards a maritime understanding of Bronze Age rock art in northern Bohuslän, Sweden - Johan Ling ➜ amzn.to/2WAffqd Rock Art and Seascapes in Uppland Johan Ling ➜ amzn.to/3mFB4jd Researchers papers by Andreas Toreld ➜ https://independent.academia.edu/AndreasToreld
The rock art even in this one region is so complex it defies a single explanation. The truth is there is a huge amount going on, there are so many interpretations that I didn't have time to touch on.
For one thing there is the obvious tumescence of many of the warriors. This is partly what leads researchers to conclude these are fertility rites and shows these figures are not engaging in combat - unless we are to believe they did so in a state of undress and arousal. Which is possible of course. However, this could also be interpreted as a sign of masculinity. These are not boys or old men but men in the prime of their virility. It is a sign of their strength and power.
The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.
*Chapters*
00:00 Prehistoric Rock Art 03:10 Depictions of Warfare 05:30 The Nordic Bronze Age 06:18 Real Life Violence 07:58 Bronze Age War Canoes 09:45 Rituals for Maritime Warriors 12:00 Were they like Vikings? 15:37 Chiefs and KingsThe First Warriors of Europe | Bronze Age WarfareDan Davis History2021-08-22 | Who were the first warriors of Europe? In the Neolithic, violence was sporadic but by the Bronze Age warfare and warriors were a core part of society.
In the late Neolithic and Copper Age, clans from the Yamnaya, Corded Ware, and Bell Beaker cultures raided others. They were armed with bows, copper daggers, and battle axes but the extent to which these men were "warriors" is debated.
By the time of the Late Bronze Age, warriors served chiefs and kings from Mycenaean Greece to Nordic Bronze Age Sweden and Denmark.
They guarded trade routes like the so-called Amber Road and fought pitched battles like at the Tollense Valley battlefield.
So when and where did a class of dedicated warriors emerge? What weapons did they use? And how and why did they fight?
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Warriors and Weapons in Bronze Age Europe - Anthony Harding ➜ amzn.to/383sToE Warfare in Bronze Age Society - Christian Horn & Kristian Kristiansen ➜ amzn.to/3z6ZtBN
The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.
*Video Chapters*
00:00 The First Warriors 00:36 Ötzi and Neolithic Violence 02:41 Alpine Copper Age Proto-Warriors 03:30 Corded Ware Culture 06:43 Bell Beaker Culture 11:28 The Rise of the Warrior 15:41 The Concept of the WarriorDid a Deadly Plague Destroy Neolithic Europe?Dan Davis History2021-08-15 | What caused the Neolithic Decline in Europe? Was it the first great plague in history? And if so, did it cause a Neolithic apocalypse?
In the 4th Millennium BC, Neolithic Europe experienced a sustained decline. By about 3000 BC Western Steppe Herders like the Yamnaya and related groups migrated west into Europe, changing the genetics and culture forever, and bringing about the Bronze Age.
The male lineages of Neolithic Europe came to an end as the steppe herders had offspring with the Neolithic farmer women. Did this only happen because the settled farmers had already been brought to their knees by waves of plague?
In this video we look at the first recorded samples of the plague - Yersinia Pestis - the same bacterium that caused the Black Death and the Plague of Justinian and Bronze Age plagues.
Did the disease first become dangerous in the vast proto-cities of the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture in Eastern Europe?
The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.
Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague - Spyrou et al (2018) ➜ ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5993720
*Video Chapters*
00:00 The Black Death in History 02:02 The Plague of Justinian 02:46 Neolithic Plague 04:49 How the Plague Kills You 06:43 Plague Emerges in Cucuteni-Trypillia 11:21 Historical Cause and Effect 13:01 Did Plague Depopulate Neolithic Europe?Richard the Lionheart: The Greatest King of England? | Medieval History DocumentaryDan Davis History2021-08-10 | Is Richard the Lionheart England's greatest king? Or its worst?
Richard I was a soldier all his life, fighting against rebels in the ancestral lands of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. His father Henry II never expected Richard to be King of England and Richard rebelled against him more than once.
Richard is accused of not caring about England, preferring instead to run off to the Third Crusade to face Saladin in battles to save Acre and Jerusalem and the other Crusader States. After all, his greatest achievement is arguably the Battle of Arsuf, thousands of miles away from England.
But are these accusations fair or accurate? Is Richard merely England's crusader king?
This medieval history documentary covers his whole life and separates the history from the legend that is Richard the Lionheart.
The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.
*Chapters*
0:00 Introduction 0:53 Richard's Birth 2:22 Video Sponsorship 3:33 Richard's Youth 14:53 Heir to the Throne 24:05 King Richard 33:32 Conquering Cyprus 39:15 Siege of Acre 47:29 Battle of Arsuf 53:00 End of the Third Crusade 57:06 Imprisoned 1:01:58 Richard's Revenge 1:07:26 The Death of Richard the Lionheart 1:09:16 Richard's LegendThe Entire History of Neolithic Britain and Ireland (4000 - 2500 BC) | Ancient History DocumentaryDan Davis History2021-07-18 | The entire history of Neolithic Britain and Ireland from the migration and rise of the first farmers to the fall of their civilisation.
Who were the first farmers of the British Isles? Where did they come from and why did they migrate to these islands?
And why did they build all those incredible megalithic monuments that we see in the landscape today?
This documentary covers the history of the Neolithic in Britain from around 4000 BC to the arrival of the Bell Beaker people in about 2500 BC.
We will look at the first farmers of Europe and their migrations across the continent, as well as their interactions with the Mesolithic Western Hunter Gatherers who were already there.
And we will dispel some of the biggest popular misconceptions about these amazing people.
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Multiple tracks by Lombus ➜ lombus.bandcamp.com Away - Patrick Patrikios The Awakening - Patrick Patrikios Metamorphosis - Quincas Moreira Dawn of Man - Quincas Moreira Familiar Things - The Whole Other Thunderbird - Kevin MacLeod Hidden Past - Kevin MacLeod Sunrise in Paris - Dan Henig Medieval Astrology - Underbelly & Ty Mayer Nocturnally - Amulets Voices - Patrick Patrikios The Plan's Working - Cooper Cannell
*Video Sources*
The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective - Stephen Shennan ➜ amzn.to/3wNDcqA Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans - Francis Pryor ➜ amzn.to/3eyDsn5 Stonehenge - Mike Parker Pearson ➜ amzn.to/3ri4Wm4
The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.The First Horse Riders | Horse Domestication on the Eurasian SteppeDan Davis History2021-07-06 | Who were the first horse riders in history? We know about horse domestication but knowing who were the first horsemen is more difficult.
The idea of the Yamnaya Bronze Age horse warrior riding down a fleeing Neolithic farmer is a powerful image but is it true?
Were the people of the Botai culture the first horsemen? Was it those of the Sredny Stog or perhaps the Khvalynsk culture? Or was it even the people of Bronze Age Mesopotamia?
Well, there is a view that the first horse warriors did not emerge until the Iron Age.
In this video we will explore both sides of the argument using the most up to date evidence available.
Watch the follow up video based on new 2021 horse domestication studies here: youtu.be/dYw8NnQ1tpk
*If you like these videos please consider supporting the channel *
Multiple tracks by Lombus: lombus.bandcamp.com Away - Patrick Patrikios Broken Drum Machine - Godmode Familiar Things - The Whole Other Opium - Kevin MacLeod Wolf Mother - Loopop To Pass Time - Godmode Voices - Patrick Patrikios Mysterious Strange Things - Yung Logos Blacksmith - Godmode
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony: amzn.to/3aD3Rhu Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe - Robert Drews: amzn.to/3dNqoKg Early Riders: The Beginnings of Mounted Warfare in Asia and Europe - Robert Drews: amzn.to/36in9pS The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia - Damgaard et al 2018 science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6396/eaar7711
The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.William of Cassingham: the Commoner Who Saved EnglandDan Davis History2021-06-27 | Is the English hero William of Cassingham the real Robin Hood?
In the reign of King John, one man stood alone against the tyranny of an unwanted king. Fleeing the authorities for the protection of the deep woods, he raised a band of bowman and launched cunning ambushes on the corrupt knights and lords who travelled through the trees.
Does this sound like the Robin Hood legend to you?
In fact, this is the story of William of Cassingham, a man known as Willikin of the Weald. A forgotten English hero and a man often named as the historical Robin Hood.
But is this true?
Find out all about William’s life and his heroic exploits in the war against Prince Louis and his army of French knights and rebel English barons and discover for yourself if it's anything like the legend of Robin Hood.
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The folk story of the Wild Hunt is reflected in diverse festivals across the Indo-European world, in Pagan and later Christian societies such as Yule and Carneval, Saturnalia and Compitalia, and Anthesteria and Dionysia.
Elements of these folk stories and the festive cultural practices come from earlier traditions relating to the koryos and the cultic Visitation of the Ancestors at special times of the year. By the time the Host and the Hunt folk tales are recorded in history, the original meanings were changed, lost, and forgotten. But the practices themselves like the masked processionals bringing annual blessings continue even today all around the world.
The One-eyed God: Odin and the (Indo-) Germanic Männerbünde - Kris Kershaw ➜ amzn.to/3dRk8kW The Myth of the Eternal Return: Cosmos and History - Mircea Eliade ➜ amzn.to/2SgJmS7 Rites and Symbols of Initiation: The Mysteries of Birth and Rebirth - Mircea Eliade ➜ amzn.to/3zk1xXq On Kings - David Graeber & Marshall Sahlins ➜ amzn.to/2UiRodJ
The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.The First Berserkers: the Bronze Age KoryosDan Davis History2021-06-10 | The berserker Viking warrior is famous but the tradition can be traced back to the early Bronze Age warband called the koryos.
The berserkers fought like madmen, in a trance-like state of fury that struck fear into the hearts of their enemies. But why did they act in this way? And why were they associated with wolves and bears?
In this video we travel back thousands of years into the history of Bronze Age Europe and find out why the youths of Indo-European cultures transformed into wolves and other animals during their rites of passage.
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The One-eyed God: Odin and the (Indo-) Germanic Männerbünde - Kris Kershaw ➜ amzn.to/3dRk8kW The Myth of the Eternal Return: Cosmos and History - Mircea Eliade ➜ amzn.to/2SgJmS7 Rites and Symbols of Initiation: The Mysteries of Birth and Rebirth - Mircea Eliade ➜ amzn.to/3zk1xXq Germania - Tacitus ➜ amzn.to/3zbt0uB The Histories - Tacitus ➜ amzn.to/3cxhUGi The Prose Edda - Snorri Sturluson ➜ amzn.to/2TiQInY
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These weapons were used for a thousand years by peoples from the Baltic to the Atlantic. But where and when were they invented, who were the people who wielded them, and how were they used?
And are they the real Mjölnir, the weapon wielded by the Norse thunder god, Thor?
Lombus ➜ lombus.bandcamp.com Kevin McLeod Patrick Patrikios Dan Bodan Amulets Godmode
Maps by https://indo-european.eu/maps/
*Video Sources*
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World - JP Mallory ➜ amzn.to/3t8zqX2
A miniature in amber of a battle-axe from the Battle-Axe Culture - Lars Larsen (2017) The Battle Axe Culture in Western Norway - Jostein Aksdal (1999) The Use and Significance of Early Bronze Age Stone Battle-axes and Axe-hammers from Northern Britain and the Isle of Man - Amber Sofia Roy (2020) Stone axes as tools, valuables and symbols - Jan Turek Pottery stylistics of the Sofievka type, genetic-cultural qualification, Baltic-Pontic Studies - Sławomir Kadrow (1995) The Germanic Thunder Weapon - Lotte Motz The Thunderweapon in Religion and Folklore - CHR. Blinkenberg The Scandinavian Battle-Axe: An Assessment - Amber Sofia Roy ‘(Stone)Axe’ and ‘Sky’ in I-E/Battle-axe Culture - JP Mayer (1973) The Weaponry of the Pastoral Societies in the Context of the Weaponry of the Steppe - Forest-steppe Communities 5000BC - 2350BC - Victor I Klochko (1994)
Arya Akasha ➜ aryaakasha.com/2021/03/09/indra-herakles-trita-iolaus-vak-athena-against-hydra-vritra-a-distillation-arya-akasha-arka
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When the famous Maykop Chieftain's kurgan was excavated in 1897 it was almost 11m high and more than 100m in diameter. Inside were astonishing treasures of gold, silver, arsenical bronze, and precious stones from distant lands.
This ancient king of the northern mountains was wealthy beyond belief. His tunic had 68 golden lions and 19 golden bulls applied to its surface. He wore necklaces with 60 beads of turquoise, 1,272 beads of carnelian, and 122 golden beads. Under his skull was a diadem with five golden rosettes of five petals each on a band of gold pierced at the ends.
How did this remote kingdom acquire such wealth? What did they eat, what weapons and tools did they use, and what language did they speak?
Who were the mysterious people Soviet archeologists called the Steppe Maykop (or Steppe Maikop)?
And how did the Maykop culture influence the Yamnaya culture to their north?
Lombus: lombus.bandcamp.com Kevin McLeod Patrick Patrikios Dan Bodan Amulets Godmode
*Video Sources*
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu The Archaeology of the Caucasus - Antonio Sagona ➜ amzn.to/2St3IqQ In Search of the Indo-Europeans - JP Mallory ➜ amzn.to/3gX7dQp The Oxford Introduction to the Proto-Indo-European World - JP Mallory ➜ amzn.to/3t8zqX2
The Archaeology of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Anatolian - Kristian Kristiansen ➜ https://www.academia.edu/41587006/The_Archaeology_of_Proto_Indo_European_and_Proto_Anatolian_Locating_the_Split Chronology of the Maikop Culture - Mariya Ivanova ➜ https://www.academia.edu/2543641/The_chronology_of_the_Maikop_culture_in_the_Northern_Caucasus_changing_perspectives The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus - Wang et al ➜ biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/322347v1.full.pdf Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard - David Anthony ➜ https://www.academia.edu/39985565/Archaeology_Genetics_and_Language_in_the_Steppes_A_Comment_on_Bomhard Excavations of Soyugbulaq Kurgans of Azerbaijan - Najaf Museyibli ➜ archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-1057-1/dissemination/pdf/Phase_3_and_4_Mitigation/432_Soyuqbulaq/432_Soyuqbulaq.pdf Diet and subsistence in Bronze Age pastoral communities from the southern Russian steppes and the North Caucasus - Corina Knipper and Sabine Reinhold ➜ journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0239861
The above links include affiliate links which means we will earn a small commission from your purchases at no additional cost to you which is a way to support the channel.Are These Skulls Evidence of Bronze Age Brain Surgery?Dan Davis History2021-05-10 | Trepanation (trepanning) was a kind of ancient medical surgery practiced in the Early Bronze Age of Northern Europe.
You might be familiar with the famous trepanation of skulls in the Americas, specifically trepanning in Mesoamerica and most famously perhaps in the Andes but trepanning is seen throughout Neolithic Europe too and continues into the Bronze Age and beyond.
A number of trepanned skulls were discovered in the megalithic tombs of the Neolithic peoples of northern Europe and were long assumed to belong to the people who built them.
New evidence shows that isn't the case and they are from a later period. So who do they belong to and what can it tell us about violence, medical practices and ancient surgery in Early Bronze Age Europe?
Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones: Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective - Edited by Rick J. Schulting and Linda Fibiger ➜ amzn.to/3tDYwNI Earliest Animal Cranial Surgery: from Cow to Man in the Neolithic: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5908843
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They are one the of most impressive civilisations of Neolithic Europe.
The culture extended from the Danube river basin to the Black Sea and the Dnieper. It encompassed the central Carpathian Mountains as well as the plains, steppe and forest steppe on either side of the range. Its historical core lay around the middle to upper Dniester, in modern Ukraine.
More than 3,000 cultural sites have been identified, ranging from small villages to the largest settlements in the world.
The people of the late / post-Cucuteni–Trypillia culture appear in my Bronze Age fantasy novel Godborn ➜ amzn.to/3nm2au1
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language - David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/3aD3Rhu The Living Goddesses - Marija Gimbutas ➜ amzn.to/3eSXhVF In Search of the Indo-Europeans - JP Mallory ➜ amzn.to/3gX7dQp The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World - JP Mallory ➜ amzn.to/3t8zqX2 The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC - Edited by David Anthony ➜ amzn.to/336SPgy The First Farmers of Europe An Evolutionary Perspective - Stephen Shennan ➜ amzn.to/2Ssqcbw
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00:00 The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 02:30 Foundation and Growth of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 06:33 Cucuteni–Trypillia pottery 09:27 Neolithic Female Figurines 12:03 Expansion throughout Ukraine to the Black Sea 13:48 Decline and Fall of the Cucuteni-Trypillia Culture 17:00 Europe's First Cities - Super Towns and Proto-Cities