Uploaded December 2016 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
Welcome to BOGObiology! This channel covers a wide range of topics; everything from the macro to the micro. Outside of Youtube, I'm a teacher. I get to test drive new ideas in the classroom and I know where students tend to get stuck. I believe in combining key scientific information with humor in order to make learning relevant, fun and engaging! Every cartoon character you see in the videos was suggested by my students. Even with their constant requests to light things on fire or blow things up (...in the name of science!) I stil think I have the best job in the world. I try to make videos that are both helpful and relevant, and I'm always looking for new material. I hope you'll leave suggestions for scientific topics or cartoon characters in the comments section! Thanks for watching and don't forget to subscribe!
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology!
[BOGObiology]. (2016, December 12). Channel Trailer [Video File]. Retrieved from youtu.be/ZHmJPCJ6b7Y
Welcome to BOGObiology! This channel covers a wide range of topics; everything from the macro to the micro. Outside of Youtube, I'm a teacher. I get to test drive new ideas in the classroom and I know where students tend to get stuck. I believe in combining key scientific information with humor in order to make learning relevant, fun and engaging! Every cartoon character you see in the videos was suggested by my students. Even with their constant requests to light things on fire or blow things up (...in the name of science!) I stil think I have the best job in the world. I try to make videos that are both helpful and relevant, and I'm always looking for new material. I hope you'll leave suggestions for scientific topics or cartoon characters in the comments section! Thanks for watching and don't forget to subscribe!
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology!
[BOGObiology]. (2016, December 12). Channel Trailer [Video File]. Retrieved from youtu.be/ZHmJPCJ6b7Y
![Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions and The Calvin Cycle
Summary Of Photosynthesis: This video covers all the steps of photosynthesis from start to finish! Plants perform photosynthesis to create sugars. The reagents of photosynthesis are photons of light, water and carbon dioxide. The products are Oxygen, Glucose (a sugar) and a bit of water vapor.
Detailed BOGOnotes Study Guide available for download here! https://etsy.me/2M9R8ak
0:00-1:05 Introduction to Photosynthesis
1:05-1:25 Reagents and Products of Photosynthesis
1:26-2:43 Location of Photosynthesis
2:43-3:25 Proteins of the Light Dependent Reactions
3:25-4:32 Photolysis
4:33-7:50 The Electron Transport Chain (aka the Light Dependent Reactions)
7:51-12:50 The Calvin Cycle (aka the Light Independent Reactions)
12:51-13:32 Summary
The Light Dependent Reactions take place across the Thylakoid membrane in the inner compartment of the chloroplasts. These reactions take in sunlight and water and generate ATP, NADPH and Oxygen. Oxygen is released through the plants’ stomata, and the ATP and NADPH are used later in the Calvin Cycle.
In the Light Dependent Reactions, photons of light strike two photosystems, as well as molecules of water. The water molecule splits into oxygen, protons and electrons in a process called “photolysis”. The oxygen diffuses out, the protons are used to establish an electrochemical gradient, and the electrons enter the electron transport chain. In the ETC, an electron is transferred from protein to protein, causing more and more protons to be pumped into the thylakoids. The electrons are ultimately transferred to NADP+ and then moved to the Calvin Cycle. The proton gradient is exploited to generate ATP using ATP synthase. The ATP will also be used later in the Calvin Cycle.
The Calvin Cycle (aka the Light Independent Reactions) takes place in the stroma; the open space inside the chloroplasts. The process combines RuBP and Carbon Dioxide using an enzyme called RuBisCo, a process we call “Carbon Fixation”. Then, it adds Hydrogen and electrons from NADPH and uses energy from ATP to reshuffle the molecules into Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, aka “G3P” aka “PGAL”. Two PGAL molecules are set aside to produce Glucose, while the remaining 10 are “reinvested” into the Cycle to keep it turning. The chemical reactions use both the ATP and NADPH that were generated in the Light Dependent Reactions.
C3, C4, CAM Plants Video Tutorial: https://youtu.be/HbLg4lMpUa8
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology! Copy and Paste the Following APA Citation:
[BOGObiology]. (2018, January 14). Photosynthesis. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/rMa9MzP19zI
#photosynthesis #lightdependentreactions #calvincycle #electrontransportchain #carbonfixation
NGSS: HS-LS1-5 Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions and The Calvin Cycle](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ZKC_aRrf1Rg/mqdefault.jpg)

![Mendelian Genetics: Genotypes, Phenotypes and Punnett Squares
An overview of Mendelian Genetics!
Genetics can be complex; knowledge of genotypes and phenotypes allow us to predict the probability of offspring displaying certain characteristics or traits. Dominant and recessive traits are passed from parent to offspring in the form of alleles; each offspring receives one allele from each parent. The offspring may be homozygous or heterozygous for a given trait.
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology!
[BOGObiology]. (2017, September 11). Mendelian Genetics. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/_478UemZ-2E
#genetics #genotype #phenotype #hybrid Mendelian Genetics: Genotypes, Phenotypes and Punnett Squares](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/_478UemZ-2E/mqdefault.jpg)
![Leaf Structure and Function
Leaves come in many shapes and sizes. This video walks through the major internal cell types, including the waxy cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundle, xylem, phloem, bundle sheath cells, stomata and trichomes. It reviews the structure and function of each component, and connects each back to the process of photosynthesis, including the specialized C4 Pathway.
Photosynthesis Study Guide: https://etsy.me/2M9R8ak
Chapters:
00:00-00:19 Introduction
00:19-00:32 Reagents and Products of Photosynthesis
00:32-00:44 Types of Leaves
00:44-1:01 Waxy Cuticle
1:02-1:22 Upper Epidermis
1:22-1:47 Palisade Mesophyll/Palisade Parenchyma
1:48-2:11 Spongy Mesophyll/Spongy Parenchyma
2:12-2:33 Vascular Bundle: Xylem
2:33-2:46 Vascular Bundle: Phloem
2:47-3:07 Vascular Bundle: Bundle Sheath Cells
3:08-3:17 Lower Epidermis
3:18-3:49 Stomata & Guard Cells
3:50-4:14 Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle
4:14-4:41 C4 Pathway: Dry Climate Adaptations
4:41-5:27 Trichomes & Terpenes
5:28-5:33 Review Questions
Waxy Cuticle:
Hydrophobic waxy layer that minimizes water loss via transpiration
Upper Epidermis:
Tightly packed translucent cells to minimize water loss via transpiration
Palisade Mesophyll:
Tightly packed column shaped cells, which are the main site of photosynthesis. They contain many chloroplasts.
Spongy Mesophyll:
Loosely packed irregular cells containing a few chloroplasts. The air space in between allows for gas exchange.
Vascular Bundle:
Set of tissues that transport products around the plant
Xylem:
Upward flowing tubes that transport water from the roots to the leaves
Phloem:
Up and down flowing tubes that transport glucose and other products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
Bundle sheath cells:
Tightly packed cells surrounding the vascular bundle, which can play a key role in photosynthesis in hot dry environments
Stomata:
These openings allow gas exchange in and out of the leaf. The guard cells open and close in response to the environment.
Trichomes:
Tiny hair-like protrusions on leaf surfaces. These can deter insects, and some contain strong-smelling compounds known as terpenes. Some common terpenes include those found in citrus fruits, pine, lavender and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology! Copy and Paste the Following APA Citation:
[BOGObiology]. (2021, May 11). Leaf Structure and Function. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/_y-HCi7mJjM
NGSS: HS-LS1-5 Leaf Structure and Function](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/_y-HCi7mJjM/mqdefault.jpg)
![Viruses and Virus Replication
This video reviews the fundamental concepts surrounding viruses. It covers viral structure, the Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycles of virus replication, types of vaccines, antiviral drugs and, of course the coronavirus SARS CoV-2.
Video Chapters
0:00-0:38 Introduction
0:38-1:28 What are viruses?
1:28-2:19 Virus Morphology
2:19-2:45 Viral Capsids
2:45-3:05 Viral Hosts
3:05-3:47 COVID-19
3:47-3:58 Viruses Hijacking Cells
3:58-4:22 Are Viruses Alive?
4:22-5:41 Lytic Cycle of Viral Replication
5:41-6:39 Lysogenic Cycle of Viral Replication
6:39-6:58 Preventing Infections
6:58-8:14 Types of Vaccines
8:14-9:18 Antiviral Medications (e.g. Tamiflu and NRTIs)
Virus structures include helical viruses, polyhedral viruses, spherical viruses (which includes coronaviruses) and complex viruses. Helical viruses include the tobacco mosaic virus. Polyhedral viruses include polio, hepatitis A, B & C, and adenoviruses. Spherical viruses include the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, in addition to influenza. Complex viruses include the T4 bacteriophage.
Replication can involve the lytic cycle either independently or in conjunction with the lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, a virus attaches to a host, replicates, then the cell bursts and releases still more viruses. The lysogenic cycle includes adding a piece of bacterial genetic material into the host cells genome.
This video also reviews the principles behind vaccines and antiviral medications, such as Tamiflu.
SOME OF THE SOURCES I USED TO MAKE THIS VIDEO:
VIRUSES:
CDC: Antigenic Characterization https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/professionals/antigenic.htm
UC Berkeley
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/virus.html
Scientific American
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-viruses-alive-2004/
VACCINES:
CDC: “How do Vaccines help babies fight infections” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7DGeWlKu0Q
Medline.gov:
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002024.htm
ANTI-VIRALS:
Harvard: What you should know about antiviral drugs https://www.health.harvard.edu/drugs-and-medications/what-you-should-know-about-antiviral-drugs
Contents of this video:
00:00 - Intro
00:39 - What is a Virus?
01:34 - Virus Morphology
2:45 - COVID 19
3:47 - Virus Replication Lytic Cycle
5:49 - Virus Replication Lysogenic Cycle
6:39 - Combatting Viruses
6:58 - Introduction to Vaccines
7:20 - Types of Vaccines
8:14 - Anti-Viral Drugs
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology! Copy and Paste the Following APA Citation:
[BOGObiology]. (2020, March 29). Going Viral: Viruses, Replication and COVID-19. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/b1_pWNUDxSo Viruses and Virus Replication](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/b1_pWNUDxSo/mqdefault.jpg)
![ATP in Photosynthesis
This is an introduction to the concept of ATP, a key molecule in many areas of biology. Here, we liken ATP to a rechargeable energy currency. ATP is the currency used by cells, but it is not the energy we get from food. Food energy cannot be directly used to power cells; instead it is broken down and that energy is harnessed to recharge spent ATP molecules.
ATP is recharged in a cycle. Its high energy form is called ATP and stores energy within its bonds. After the molecule has had some of the bonds broken, it releases energy and becomes its low energy form called ADP. ADP can be recharged through the process of cellular respiration for later use.
Dont plagiarize! Cite BOGObiology!
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology!
[BOGObiology]. (2015, June 19). Photosynthesis 1 ATP Introduction. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSycFsWyxbM ATP in Photosynthesis](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/bSycFsWyxbM/mqdefault.jpg)
![Mendelian Genetics: The Dihybrid Cross
Another key topic in Mendelian Genetics is the DiHybrid Cross; working on the probability that TWO traits will be inherited. This video tutorial covers gametes, alleles and several example crosses.
00:00- Introduction
0:14-0:32 Mendelian Genetics
0:32-1:02 Haploid Gametes, Diploid Offspring
1:03-1:57 Homozygous vs Heterozygous
1:57-2:44 Homozygous Dominant x Homozygous Recessive Punnet Square
2:44-3:50 DiHybrid Cross
3:50-4:07 Genotypes from Dihybrid Cross
4:07-4:32 Phenotypes from Dihybrid Cross
4:33-5:43 Practice Punnet Square
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology!
[BOGObiology]. (2017, September 18). Mendelian Genetics: The Dihybrid Cross. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkk 2G2Zw&feature=youtu.be
#genetics #dihybridcross #punnetsquare Mendelian Genetics: The Dihybrid Cross](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/bkk__-2G2Zw/mqdefault.jpg)
![Easy How to Use the Flipped Classroom Teaching Method!
I started flipping my classroom a few years ago after seeing some of my amazing colleagues tinkering with the approach. I love how much more time it gives me to do more project based learning, inquiry and differentiation during the class day! This student-centered approach is also more engaging for the students AND more fun for me, the teacher.
Below are the steps I use when I flip a lesson:
1) Decide which content to flip
2) Create or select an appropriate video
3) Decide where to place it in the unit and assign the video
4) Check for understanding
5) Engage in an interesting follow up activity
Please leave a comment and share your favorite way of flipping the classroom and/or your most effective student-centered activities!
Avoid plagiarism! Cite BOGObiology!
[BOGObiology]. (2017, January 4). Easy How to Use the Flipped Classroom Teaching Method!. [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/eplhNzbjeMk Easy How to Use the Flipped Classroom Teaching Method!](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/eplhNzbjeMk/mqdefault.jpg)


