Uploaded May 2017 | Updated September 2026, 1 hour ago
Abstract:
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are currently being researched as semiconductors in perovskite solar cells . This class of materials has come to attention for remarkable properties that have resulted in an increase in efficiency from under 4% when they were first discovered in 2009, to the current world record of about 22%. Perovskites are crystalline compounds of the general formula ABX3, where A is a cation, B is a metal, and X is a halide. They can have various forms, but the most common perovskite studied for use in solar cells is methylammonium lead iodide. The varied properties of this material lead to solar cells with different strengths and weaknesses that can be governed by processing methods. Perovskite solar cells have shown great promise, as they are inexpensive to produce, relative to conventional silicon solar cells, and are very thin and lightweight. Currently, perovskites cannot be used in large-scale applications due to stability issues, but with more research, they may soon become a viable source of alternative energy.
Works Cited:
eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=us_energy_home
eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3
epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions
epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#electricity
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4563667
cleantechnica.com/solar-power
ossila.com/pages/perovskites-and-perovskite-solar-cells-an-introduction
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.201501354/full
www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/solutions/technologies/solar.html
global.kyocera.com/prdct/solar/spirit/about_solar/cell.html
science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6221/522.full
pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00452
http://yylab.seas.ucla.edu/papers/C4TA05246C.pdf
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4563667/#ref80
pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2015/ta/c4ta05246c
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4563667/#ref80
pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2015/ta/c4ta05246c
nature.com/articles/srep18721
atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=8
cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/water.htm
nature.com/articles/srep18721
atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=8
cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/water.htm
nature.com/articles/srep18721
researchgate.net/publication/282349935_Stability_of_Metal_Halide_Perovskite_Solar_Cells
nature.com/news/make-perovskite-solar-cells-stable-1.21807
solarpoweristhefuture.com/problems-with-solar-energy.shtml
Abstract:
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are currently being researched as semiconductors in perovskite solar cells . This class of materials has come to attention for remarkable properties that have resulted in an increase in efficiency from under 4% when they were first discovered in 2009, to the current world record of about 22%. Perovskites are crystalline compounds of the general formula ABX3, where A is a cation, B is a metal, and X is a halide. They can have various forms, but the most common perovskite studied for use in solar cells is methylammonium lead iodide. The varied properties of this material lead to solar cells with different strengths and weaknesses that can be governed by processing methods. Perovskite solar cells have shown great promise, as they are inexpensive to produce, relative to conventional silicon solar cells, and are very thin and lightweight. Currently, perovskites cannot be used in large-scale applications due to stability issues, but with more research, they may soon become a viable source of alternative energy.
Works Cited:
eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=us_energy_home
eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3
epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions
epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#electricity
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4563667
cleantechnica.com/solar-power
ossila.com/pages/perovskites-and-perovskite-solar-cells-an-introduction
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.201501354/full
www3.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/solutions/technologies/solar.html
global.kyocera.com/prdct/solar/spirit/about_solar/cell.html
science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6221/522.full
pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00452
http://yylab.seas.ucla.edu/papers/C4TA05246C.pdf
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4563667/#ref80
pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2015/ta/c4ta05246c
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4563667/#ref80
pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2015/ta/c4ta05246c
nature.com/articles/srep18721
atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=8
cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/water.htm
nature.com/articles/srep18721
atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=8
cdc.gov/nceh/lead/tips/water.htm
nature.com/articles/srep18721
researchgate.net/publication/282349935_Stability_of_Metal_Halide_Perovskite_Solar_Cells
nature.com/news/make-perovskite-solar-cells-stable-1.21807
solarpoweristhefuture.com/problems-with-solar-energy.shtml
