Uploaded July 2021 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
Today's video is about a mathematical gem that was discovered 70 years ago. Although it's been around for quite a while and it's super cool and it's super accessible, hardly anybody knows about it.
00:00 Intro
04:58 Chapter 1: Making our own proof
09:55 Chapter 2: Some more amazing facts
13:11 Chapter 3: Post's proof
23:36 Supporters
If after watching this video you'd like to find out more about Moessner's result, the following PhD thesis features a very comprehensive bibliography: https://ebooks.au.dk/aul/catalog/book/213
The proof by Karel Post that I matholologerise in the second half of this video is contained in this paper:
Karel A. Post. Moessnerian theorems. How to prove them by simple graph theoretical inspection. Elemente der Mathematik, (2):46–51, 1990.
Post also proves a couple of generalisations of Moessner's theorem. Another good write-up of the same proof can be found in Ross Honsberger"s 1991 book More Mathematical Morsels. Honsberger says about Moessner that "he was internationally known in the field of recreational mathematics for many spectacular results in arithmetic". Have to have a closer look at some point at what else exactly he did :)
Post's article can be accessed here: https://www.e-periodica.ch (search for "Moessnerian theorems"). Sadly most other articles about Moessner's theorem are located behind paywalls.
Here is another very pretty proof of the basic cubes result by Anthony Harradine and Anita Ponsaing using actual 3d cubical shells qedcat.com/misc/StrikeMeOut.pdf
It's well worth exploring further than what I get around to reporting in this video. If you do, you'll discover interesting connections with super-factorials, higher-dimensional counterparts of Pascal's triangle, and so on.
Challenge for the programmers among you: write a program that turns a sequence of highlighted integers into the corresponding Moessner sequence.
Today's music is "Just Jump" by Ian Post. If you are interested in the t-shirt google "math whisperer t-shirt". If you don't understand the math whisperer bit, you did not watch the video to the end :)
Enjoy!
Burkard
14. Sep. 2021: I just added Russian subtitles prepared by Michael Didenko. Thank you very much Michael.
Today's video is about a mathematical gem that was discovered 70 years ago. Although it's been around for quite a while and it's super cool and it's super accessible, hardly anybody knows about it.
00:00 Intro
04:58 Chapter 1: Making our own proof
09:55 Chapter 2: Some more amazing facts
13:11 Chapter 3: Post's proof
23:36 Supporters
If after watching this video you'd like to find out more about Moessner's result, the following PhD thesis features a very comprehensive bibliography: https://ebooks.au.dk/aul/catalog/book/213
The proof by Karel Post that I matholologerise in the second half of this video is contained in this paper:
Karel A. Post. Moessnerian theorems. How to prove them by simple graph theoretical inspection. Elemente der Mathematik, (2):46–51, 1990.
Post also proves a couple of generalisations of Moessner's theorem. Another good write-up of the same proof can be found in Ross Honsberger"s 1991 book More Mathematical Morsels. Honsberger says about Moessner that "he was internationally known in the field of recreational mathematics for many spectacular results in arithmetic". Have to have a closer look at some point at what else exactly he did :)
Post's article can be accessed here: https://www.e-periodica.ch (search for "Moessnerian theorems"). Sadly most other articles about Moessner's theorem are located behind paywalls.
Here is another very pretty proof of the basic cubes result by Anthony Harradine and Anita Ponsaing using actual 3d cubical shells qedcat.com/misc/StrikeMeOut.pdf
It's well worth exploring further than what I get around to reporting in this video. If you do, you'll discover interesting connections with super-factorials, higher-dimensional counterparts of Pascal's triangle, and so on.
Challenge for the programmers among you: write a program that turns a sequence of highlighted integers into the corresponding Moessner sequence.
Today's music is "Just Jump" by Ian Post. If you are interested in the t-shirt google "math whisperer t-shirt". If you don't understand the math whisperer bit, you did not watch the video to the end :)
Enjoy!
Burkard
14. Sep. 2021: I just added Russian subtitles prepared by Michael Didenko. Thank you very much Michael.


![What does this prove? Some of the most gorgeous visual shrink proofs ever invented
Bit of a mystery Mathologer today with the title of the video not giving away much. Anyway it all starts with the quest for equilateral triangles in square grids and by the end of it we find ourselves once more in the realms of irrationality. This video contains some extra gorgeous visual proofs that hardly anybody seems to know about.
0:00 Intro
0:47 First puzzle
2:24 Second puzzle
3:50 Edward Lucas
4:41 Equilateral triangles
13:15 3d & 3rd puzzle
19:52 30 45 60
29:31 Credits
Here are links to/references of some of the things I mention in the video:
Joel Hamkins blog posts that inspired this video:
http://jdh.hamkins.org/no-regular-polygons-in-the-integer-lattice/
http://jdh.hamkins.org/no-regular-polygons-in-the-hexagonal-lattice/
There is also a whole chapter about all this and much more related maths in his new book
https://www.amazon.com/Proof-Mathematics-Joel-David-Hamkins/dp/0262539799
Here is another really good article which includes a nice characterisation of the triangles that can be found in square grids plus a very good survey of relevant results:
Michael J. Beeson, Triangles with Vertices on Lattice Points, The American Mathematical Monthly 99 (1992), 243-252, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2325060?seq=1
Scherrers and Hadwingers articles:
Scherrer, Willy, Die Einlagerung eines regulären Vielecks in ein Gitter, Elemente der Mathematik 1 (1946), 97-98.
https://tinyurl.com/y45p64t7
https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN378850199_0001?tify={%22pages%22:[101]}
Hadwiger, Hugo Über die rationalen Hauptwinkel der Goniometrie, Elemente der Mathematik 1 (1946), 98-100.
https://tinyurl.com/yx98kkqt
https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN378850199_0001?tify={%22pages%22:[102],%22view%22:%22info%22}
Another, nice paper on rational (and algebraic) cosines
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1006.2938.pdf
Here is a solution to the first puzzle (one way to find the general formula):
https://nrich.maths.org/657/solution
The music in this video is by Chris Haugen, Fresh Fallen Snow (playing in the video) and Morning Mandolin (for the credits)
A couple of remarks:
1. Probably the simplest way to deduce the sin and tan parts of the rational trig ratio theorem is to realise that they follow from the cos part via the trigonometric identities: sin(x)=cos(90-x) and tan^2(x) = (1-cos(2x))/(1+cos(2x)). Note that the second identity implies that if tan(x) is rational, then cos(2x) is rational (if tan(x)=c/d, then tan^2(x)=c^2/d^2=C/D and cos(2x)=(D-C)/(D+C)).
2. Bug report.
a) Here I redefine cos(120◦) = 1.
https://youtu.be/sDfzCIWpS7Q?t=1362
Remarkable :(
b) This transition to the good stuff I clearly did not think through properly.
https://youtu.be/sDfzCIWpS7Q?t=1018
Its possible to make this work for all regular n-gons. There is only one complication that occurs for ns that are of the form 2 * odd. For the corresponding regular n-gons, if you pick up the edges in the order that they appear around the n-gon and assemble them into a star, things close up into (n/2)-stars. For all other n, things work exactly as I showed in the video. Having said that you can also assemble the edges of one of the exceptions into stars. Have a look at this https://imgur.com/68A3fEe and youll get the idea. Anyway lots more nice side puzzles to be explored here if you are interested :)
Enjoy!
Burkard
Two ways to support Mathologer
Mathologer Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/mathologer
Mathologer PayPal: paypal.me/mathologer
(see the Patreon page for details)
14. Sep. 2021: Thank you very much Michael Didenko for your Russian subtitles. What does this prove? Some of the most gorgeous visual shrink proofs ever invented](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sDfzCIWpS7Q/mqdefault.jpg)







