Uploaded May 2025 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
In 1268, it was time to select a new pope. This took way longer than anyone thought, resulting in quitting, deaths, and the creation of the conclave system still in use today.
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Music used:
"Gregorian Chant" and "The Pyre" by Kevin MacLeod. Found at incompetech.com
Note: There may or may not have been a 21st cardinal who could have voted named Bernard Ayglier, however there are disputes on whether he was an actual cardinal or not due to lack of definitive records. If he was a cardinal, he was never there during the election regardless.
Sources:
- Adams, John P. “Sede Vacante.” CSUN, August 29, 2016. https://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1268.html.
- Baldwin, Philip Bruce. Pope Gregory X and the Crusades. United Kingdom: Boydell Press, 2014.
- Baumgartner, F.. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
- Franchi, Antonino. Il conclave di Viterbo (1268-1271) e le sue origini: saggio con documenti inediti. Italy: Porziuncola, 1993.
In 1268, it was time to select a new pope. This took way longer than anyone thought, resulting in quitting, deaths, and the creation of the conclave system still in use today.
➤ Support this channel with my Patreon!: patreon.com/emperortigerstar
Music used:
"Gregorian Chant" and "The Pyre" by Kevin MacLeod. Found at incompetech.com
Note: There may or may not have been a 21st cardinal who could have voted named Bernard Ayglier, however there are disputes on whether he was an actual cardinal or not due to lack of definitive records. If he was a cardinal, he was never there during the election regardless.
Sources:
- Adams, John P. “Sede Vacante.” CSUN, August 29, 2016. https://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1268.html.
- Baldwin, Philip Bruce. Pope Gregory X and the Crusades. United Kingdom: Boydell Press, 2014.
- Baumgartner, F.. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
- Franchi, Antonino. Il conclave di Viterbo (1268-1271) e le sue origini: saggio con documenti inediti. Italy: Porziuncola, 1993.






![Western New York: The Burned-Over District
During the 19th century, Western New York had a perception of being so radical, it was a burned-over district. How true was this?
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Music used:
Americana by Kevin MacLeod
found at www.incompetech.com
Sources:
- Bushman, Richard Lyman., Woodworth, Jed. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. United States: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007.
- Dorsey, Jennifer and McBride, Spencer W.. New Yorks Burned-over District: A Documentary History. United Kingdom: Cornell University Press, 2023.
- Finney, Charles G.. Memoirs of Rev. Charles G. Finney. United States: A. S. Barnes, 1876.
- Gladden, Washington. Recollections. United States: Houghton Mifflin, 1909.
- Hauptman, Laurence M.. Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State. United Kingdom: Syracuse University Press, 2001.
- Olin Jr., Spencer “The Oneida Community and the Instability of Charismatic Authority,” Journal of American History 67, no. 2 (September 1980): 285–300.
- Pritchard, Linda K. “The Burned-over District Reconsidered: A Portent of Evolving Religious Pluralism in the United States.” Social Science History 8, no. 3 (1984): 243–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/1170853.
- Sernett, Milton C.. Abolitions Axe: Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black Freedom Struggle. United States: Syracuse University Press, 2004.
- Strong, Susan R. Thought knows no sex: Women’s rights at Alfred University. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. Western New York: The Burned-Over District](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/pbFnhmhryFk/mqdefault.jpg)



