Uploaded August 2025 | Updated September 2026, 3 days ago
The House Carpenter / The Ship Carpenter / James Harris / The Daemon Lover (Child No. 243) - Sung by Mrs. Victoria Shifflett Morris (s.p Shiflett) (1895–1964) of Mount Fair, Albemarle County, Virginia, USA. Recorded by Arthur Kyle Davis Jr. on March 10, 1933.
00:00:00 The House Carpenter - Victoria Shifflett Morris
00:03:37 The House Carpenter - Robert Shiflett
An excellent article by Mike Yates on Cecil Sharp's and Maud Karpeles' Appalachia trip in the 1910s can be read here: mustrad.org.uk/articles/sharp.htm
A selection of 1930s phonograph recordings made by folklorist Arthur Kyle Davis Jr. (1897–1972) of Virginia ballad singers has been digitised and made available for listening online: https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/collections/7m01bk901
We get a chance to listen to some of the very same people Cecil Sharp and Maud Karpeles met and noted songs from in the 1910s.
The audio quality of these recordings is relatively poor, being made with portable equipment at that time, but the songs are interesting and worthy of attention. I had the idea of creating small compilations of related versions of each song for these videos. This is because I noticed that I often had more than one recording of each song available from singers who were related or lived in the same area.
Arthur K. Davis Jr. published the hundreds of Virginia ballads he collected in two books, "Folk-Songs of Virginia" (1949), and "More Traditional Ballads of Virginia" (1960) with the editorial assistance of Paul Clayton Worthington.
Note by Kevin W.:
A traditional Virginia version of The House Carpenter (Child 243). American texts of this ballad are often quite mundane, but they are sung to remarkably attractive tunes. The supernatural elements of Scottish texts are absent in US versions which appear to be derived from the English Ship Carpenter form of the ballad.
Compare Child 243, Version B, "The Distressed Ship - Carpenter" from The Rambler's Garland (1785): http://71.174.62.16/Demo/LongerHarvest?Text=Child_d24302
As with Young Hunting (Child 68) I wonder if the elaborate supernatural elements of a demon with cloven feet have been grafted onto the song by literary Scottish poets at a later date. The only trace of the supernatural found in US texts is a picturesque mention of the Hills of Heaven and Hell.
George Foss' account of the Brown's Cove, Albemarle County singers is well worth a read: klein-shiflett.com/shifletfamily/HHI/GeorgeFoss/whall.html
Song transcription:
"We have met, we have met, my own true love,"
"Well met, well met," said she.
"I have late-lie returned from the salt water sea,
And it's all for the sake of thee.
"I coulda married the king's daughter dear,
And she woulda married me,
But all the crowns of gold I refused,
And it's all for the sake of thee."
"If you coulda married the king's daughter dear,
I am sure you were to blame,
For I am married to a house carpenter,
And they say he's a fine young man."
"Will you forsake on your house carpenter,
And go along with me?
I will take you where the grass grows green,
On the banks of Sweet Willie."
"What do you have to maintain me on,
To keep me from starving?" said she.
"I have a hundred ships on the ocean a-sailin'
And a-sailin' for dry land,
And a hundred and ten of the nicest waiting men,
Shall be at your command."
She picked up her tender little baby,
And the kisses she did give it were three,
"Stay at home, stay at home, my tender little thing,
And keep your papa's company."
She hadn't been a-sailing on the sea two weeks,
I'm sure it were not three.
Before this poor damsel begin for to weep,
And she wept most bitterly.
"Are you a-weepin' for my silver?" says he,
Or are you weepin' for my gold?
Or are you a-weepin' for your house carpenter,
For you'll never see no more?"
"I'm not a-weepin' for your silver," said she,
Nor neither for your gold.
I am weeping for my tender little baby,
That I'll never see no more."
She hadn't been a-sailin' on the sea three weeks,
I'm sure it were not four,
Before this vessel sprung a leakin' floor,
And it sank to rise no more.
The House Carpenter / The Ship Carpenter / James Harris / The Daemon Lover (Child No. 243) - Sung by Mrs. Victoria Shifflett Morris (s.p Shiflett) (1895–1964) of Mount Fair, Albemarle County, Virginia, USA. Recorded by Arthur Kyle Davis Jr. on March 10, 1933.
00:00:00 The House Carpenter - Victoria Shifflett Morris
00:03:37 The House Carpenter - Robert Shiflett
An excellent article by Mike Yates on Cecil Sharp's and Maud Karpeles' Appalachia trip in the 1910s can be read here: mustrad.org.uk/articles/sharp.htm
A selection of 1930s phonograph recordings made by folklorist Arthur Kyle Davis Jr. (1897–1972) of Virginia ballad singers has been digitised and made available for listening online: https://avalon.lib.virginia.edu/collections/7m01bk901
We get a chance to listen to some of the very same people Cecil Sharp and Maud Karpeles met and noted songs from in the 1910s.
The audio quality of these recordings is relatively poor, being made with portable equipment at that time, but the songs are interesting and worthy of attention. I had the idea of creating small compilations of related versions of each song for these videos. This is because I noticed that I often had more than one recording of each song available from singers who were related or lived in the same area.
Arthur K. Davis Jr. published the hundreds of Virginia ballads he collected in two books, "Folk-Songs of Virginia" (1949), and "More Traditional Ballads of Virginia" (1960) with the editorial assistance of Paul Clayton Worthington.
Note by Kevin W.:
A traditional Virginia version of The House Carpenter (Child 243). American texts of this ballad are often quite mundane, but they are sung to remarkably attractive tunes. The supernatural elements of Scottish texts are absent in US versions which appear to be derived from the English Ship Carpenter form of the ballad.
Compare Child 243, Version B, "The Distressed Ship - Carpenter" from The Rambler's Garland (1785): http://71.174.62.16/Demo/LongerHarvest?Text=Child_d24302
As with Young Hunting (Child 68) I wonder if the elaborate supernatural elements of a demon with cloven feet have been grafted onto the song by literary Scottish poets at a later date. The only trace of the supernatural found in US texts is a picturesque mention of the Hills of Heaven and Hell.
George Foss' account of the Brown's Cove, Albemarle County singers is well worth a read: klein-shiflett.com/shifletfamily/HHI/GeorgeFoss/whall.html
Song transcription:
"We have met, we have met, my own true love,"
"Well met, well met," said she.
"I have late-lie returned from the salt water sea,
And it's all for the sake of thee.
"I coulda married the king's daughter dear,
And she woulda married me,
But all the crowns of gold I refused,
And it's all for the sake of thee."
"If you coulda married the king's daughter dear,
I am sure you were to blame,
For I am married to a house carpenter,
And they say he's a fine young man."
"Will you forsake on your house carpenter,
And go along with me?
I will take you where the grass grows green,
On the banks of Sweet Willie."
"What do you have to maintain me on,
To keep me from starving?" said she.
"I have a hundred ships on the ocean a-sailin'
And a-sailin' for dry land,
And a hundred and ten of the nicest waiting men,
Shall be at your command."
She picked up her tender little baby,
And the kisses she did give it were three,
"Stay at home, stay at home, my tender little thing,
And keep your papa's company."
She hadn't been a-sailing on the sea two weeks,
I'm sure it were not three.
Before this poor damsel begin for to weep,
And she wept most bitterly.
"Are you a-weepin' for my silver?" says he,
Or are you weepin' for my gold?
Or are you a-weepin' for your house carpenter,
For you'll never see no more?"
"I'm not a-weepin' for your silver," said she,
Nor neither for your gold.
I am weeping for my tender little baby,
That I'll never see no more."
She hadn't been a-sailin' on the sea three weeks,
I'm sure it were not four,
Before this vessel sprung a leakin' floor,
And it sank to rise no more.
![The Devils Nine Questions (Child 1) - Alfreda M. Peel / Texas Gladden
The Devils Nine Questions / The Devil and the Nine Questions / Inter Diabolus Et Virgo / The Three Sisters / Jennifer Gentle / Juniper, Gentle and Rosemary / There Was an Old Man Lived in the West / Riddles Wisely Expounded (Child No. 1) - Sung by Miss Alfreda Adelaide Marion Peel (1890–1953, she never married) of Salem, Roanoke County, Virginia, USA. Recorded by Arthur Kyle Davis Jr. on August 9, 1932. Miss Alfreda Peel collected the song from Mrs. Rill Martin of Mechanicsburg, Bland County, Virginia, formerly of Giles County, on September 11, 1922, and an additional stanza on October 22, 1933. Miss Peel taught the song to Mrs. Texas Gladden of Salem, the two women were near neighbours and shared a love for old ballads.
00:00:00 The Devil and the Nine Questions (Take 1) - Alfreda M. Peel
00:03:32 The Devil and the Nine Questions (Take 2) - Alfreda M. Peel
00:06:37 The Devils Nine Questions (Old Copy) - Texas Gladden
00:09:29 The Devils Nine Questions (New Copy) - Texas Gladden
00:12:11 The Devils Nine Questions - Mildred Creighton
00:14:46 There Was an Old Man Lived in the West - Harriet Eldredge Eldred
Note by Kevin W.:
A traditional version of Riddles Wisely Expounded (Child 1). This riddle ballad is rare in America with only a handful of genuine versions found. It goes back to at least the 15th century. Under the title Inter Diabolus Et Virgo (Between Devil and Virgin) it is found in the Rawlinson Manuscript of circa 1445.
Modern texts collected in Virginia and Kentucky are astoundingly similar to the 15th century version and one can only wonder if they were kept alive by tradition or reintroduced at a later date via print. The Riddle Song / I Gave My Love a Cherry (Roud 330) is comparable in theme and antiquity, going back to the Sloane Manuscript of circa 1430 under the title I have a yong suster, however, unlike The Devils Nine Questions it is known to have been printed many times over the centuries, so its survival is less surprising.
A secondary form of Child 1 exists where a story of a knight courting the youngest of three sisters has become attached to the riddles. Sometimes the knight turns out to be the devil in disguise, sometimes he has no ill intentions and promises to marry the woman if she can answer his riddles correctly. In its non supernatural variant it was printed on 17th century British broadsides.
I know of only one sound recording of this later form of the ballad. There Was an Old Man Lived in the West, from Mrs. Harriet Eldredge Eldred of Hardwick, Caledonia County, Vermont, USA, recorded by Helen Hartness Flanders on October 6, 1958. Her text leaves no doubt that the suitor is the devil.
Sometimes the riddles got attached to The Fause Knight Upon the Road (Child 3) by similarity of theme. See The False Knight On The Road, sung by Ben Henneberry of Devils Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, collected by Helen Creighton in 1932, for an example.
Song transcription:
There was a knight came riding by,
Sing ninety-nine and ninety,
And there he spied a weavers lass,
And shes the weavers bonny. [*]
If you dont answer me questions nine,
Sing ninety-nine and ninety,
Ill take you off to hell alive,
And youre the weavers bonny.
What is whiter than the milk?
Sing ninety-nine and ninety;
What is softer than the silk?
Say youre the weavers bonny.
Snow is whiter than the milk,
Sing ninety-nine and ninety;
Down is softer than the silk,
And Im the weavers bonny.
What is louder than a horn?
Sing ninety-nine and ninety;
What is sharper than a thorn?
Sing Im the weavers bonny.
Thunders louder than a horn,
Sing ninety-nine and ninety;
Death is sharper than a thorn,
Sing Im the weavers bonny.
What is higher than a tree?
Sing ninety-nine and ninety;
What is deeper than the sea?
Sing Im the weavers bonny.
Heavens higher than a tree,
Sing ninety-nine and ninety;
And hell is deeper than the sea,
Sing Im the weavers bonny.
What is innocenter than a lamb,
Sing ninety-nine and ninety;
What is worse than woman kind?
Say Im the weavers bonny.
A babe is innocenter than a lamb,
Sing ninety-nine and ninety;
She Devils worse than woman kind, [**]
Sing Im the weavers bonny.
You have answered me questions nine,
Sing ninety-nine and ninety,
Oh, you are Gods, youre not my own,
And youre the weavers bonny.
[*] The origin of this opening stanza is left unexplained. Mrs. Martin sang the same text and tune with a different opening stanza:
The Devil went a-courting and he did ride,
Sing ninety-nine and ninety,
A sword and a pistol by his side,
And youre the weavers bonny.
[**] Mrs. Martin sang The Devil. She Devil, amusing as it is, goes back to a misreading of Miss Peels original manuscript. A 78 RPM record by Burl Ives immortalised this mistake in 1944, incidentally enabling us to track later recordings of the song from traditional singers back to the Ives recording if they include the She Devil line. The Devils Nine Questions (Child 1) - Alfreda M. Peel / Texas Gladden](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9HZ4xs73DCI/mqdefault.jpg)








![The Cruel Mother (Child 20) (1940) - Alvoretta Allie Nuzum
Fair Flowers of Fadie-O / Fair Flowers of Holly-O / Fine Flowers in the Valley / Doon By the Greenwood Sidie O / Greenwood Side / Down by the Greenwood Sidey-o / All Alone and a-Lonely-O / Shes Leaned her Back / The Cruel Mither / The Cruel Mother (Child No. 20) - Sung by Mrs. Alvoretta Allie Nuzum Sample (1855–1942) of Coalfax, Marion County, West Virginia, USA. Her maiden name is an Irish form of Newsome. Recorded by Prof. Louis Watson Chappell on September 25, 1940.
00:00:00 Lady In The Lonely - Allie Nuzum
00:02:16 The Cruel Mother - Veach Lambert
00:04:16 The Cruel Mother - Mrs. James Conrad
Note by Kevin W.:
A traditional West Virginia version of The Cruel Mother (Child 20). The ballad is rare in America and texts are often fragmentary. It mustve arrived in Virginia with the early settlers in the 1600s-1700s and was kept alive through generations of singers without the aid of printed texts. As far as I can tell the song was never published in songsters or broadsides in America, likely due to the dark subject matter.
An important detail lost in many American texts and likely not understood by the singers is that the mother kills her babies out of fear of being discovered by her family. She had an illegitimate relationship with her fathers clerk, a man below her standing.
Three of the W. Virginia texts recorded by Louis W. Chappell include a variation on the following stanza:
She went to the brook for to wash her knife
Oh ladies, Im lonely
The more she washed the bloodier it got
All down by the greenwood side
Which preserves an old superstition that the blood from a murderers weapon cant be washed off. This stanza is seldom found in traditional versions collected in the 20th century.
Song transcription:
There was a lady lived in York
Ey lady in the lonely
She fell in love with her fathers clerk
Down by the greenwood sidie
She loved him up and she loved him down
Ey lady in the lonely
She loved him until he filled her arms
Down by the greenwood sidie
She went to see her aunt one morn
Ey lady in the lonely
And on the way two babes were born
Down by the greenwood sidie
She drew her knife both keen and sharp
Ey lady in the lonely
She pierced those two little babes to the heart
Down by the greenwood sidie
She went to the well to wash her knife
Ey lady in the lonely
The more she washed the bloodier it got
Down by the greenwood sidie
[ And though she washed through eternity
And all the waters of Acadia
She can not wash those stains away
Down by the greenwood sidie
The years rolled on and she grew old
Ey lady in the lonely
And all she had was jewels and gold
Down by the greenwood sidie ] [*]
One day she was walking to her grandfathers hall
Ey lady in the lonely
She saw two sweet little babes tossing ball
Down by the greenwood sidie
Oh babes, oh babes, if you were mine
Ey lady in the lonely
Id dress you up in silk so fine
Down by the greenwood sidie
Oh mother, mother, when we were thine
Ey lady in the lonely
You dressed us neither in coarse nor fine
Down by the greenwood sidie
But mother, mother, we are well
Ey lady in the lonely
Up in heaven, and your dooms in hell
Down by the greenwood sidie
[*] These two stanzas are spurious and may be a modern addition. No other version of Child 20 changes the refrain for one stanza. The remainder agrees with the text sung by Mr. Lambert below and appears to be genuine.
Veach Lambert of Riverton, Pendleton County, West Virginia, USA. Recorded by Louis W. Chappell on June 24, 1938.
There was a lady lived in New York
Oh ladies, Im lonely
She fell in love with her fathers clerk
All down by the greenwood side
He loved her up and he loved her down
Oh ladies, Im lonely
He loved her till he filled her arms
All down by the greenwood side
She placed her foot upon an oak
Oh ladies, Im lonely
And first it bent and then it broke
All down by the greenwood side
She placed her foot then on a thorn
Oh ladies, Im lonely
And there her two little babes was born
All down by the greenwood side
She had a knife both keen and sharp
Oh ladies, Im lonely
She pierced them little babes to the heart
All down by the greenwood side
She went to the brook for to wash her knife
Oh ladies, Im lonely
The more she washed the bloodier it got
All down by the greenwood side
As she was a-setting in her fathers hall
Oh ladies, Im lonely
She saw her babes a-playing ball
All down by the greenwood side
Oh babes, oh babes, if you were mine
Oh ladies, Im lonely
Id dress you in your silk so fine
All down by the greenwood side
Oh mother, mother, when we were yourn
Oh ladies, Im lonely
You neither gave us coarse nor fine
All down by the greenwood side
When were in heaven a-doing well
Oh ladies, Im lonely
And you are dooming down to hell
All down by the greenwood side The Cruel Mother (Child 20) (1940) - Alvoretta Allie Nuzum](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/C9GvTPH0vJM/mqdefault.jpg)
