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Why Does Salt Change the Taste of Everything?

$You Dont Understand Water (and Neither Does Anyone Else) Water is weird… really weird. We’re gonna dive into the controversial chemistry and heated debates around the science of what gives water it’s super unusual properties, and maybe bust a popular water myth along the way. #H2O #hydrogenbonding #dinosaurpee You might also like: Extracting Gold from Seawater https://youtu.be/j5eomDz4Z0E Why is There Plastic in Our Rain? https://youtu.be/HUAaurZKi6U How Much Water Can Kill You? https://youtu.be/TvcbIXvWl_k Can We Make Ocean Water Drinkable - and Should We? https://youtu.be/q16qpo99JEE Credits: Executive Producers: Hilary Hudson Producers: Elaine Seward Andrew Sobey Darren Weaver Writer/Host: Alex Dainis, PhD Scientific consultants: Michelle Boucher, PhD Xijie Wang, PhD Emiliano Brini, PhD Brianne Raccor, PhD Sources: How Water’s Properties Are Encoded in Its Molecular Structure and Energies: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00259 Why is the maximum density of water at 4°C? https://socratic.org/questions/why-is-the-maximum-density-of-water-at-4-c A Two-State Picture of Water and the Funnel of Life: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.02757.pdf What is life?-lecture: Lars G M Pettersson: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ijHgccuhLE Dipole-Dipole Force: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/dipole-dipole-force/#:~:text=The%20permanent%20dipole%20in%20water,slight%20negative%20charge%20(%CE%B4%2D). Nuclear Quantum Effects in Sodium Hydroxide Solutions from Neural Network Molecular Dynamics Simulations: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06433#:~:text=Nuclear%20quantum%20effects%20(NQEs)%20cause,bonding%20and%20proton%20transfer%20barriers Nuclear quantum effects enter the mainstream: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41570-017-0109 Supercooled water reveals its secrets: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aar3575 Why Water Doesn’t Behave Like a “Normal” Liquid: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/05/water-anomalies/ Direct Evidence in the Scattering Function for the Coexistence of Two Types of Local Structures in Liquid Water: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.9b11211 A mechanism for water splitting and oxygen production in photosynthesis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28368386/ Origin of Water’s Strange Properties: Scientists Capture a “Quantum Tug” Between Neighboring Water Molecules: https://scitechdaily.com/origin-of-waters-strange-properties-scientists-capture-a-quantum-tug-between-neighboring-water-molecules/ SLAC Megaelectronvolt Ultrafast Electron Diffraction Instrument: MeV-UED: https://lcls.slac.stanford.edu/instruments/mev-ued#:~:text=The%20MeV%2DUED%20instrument%2C%20part,chemical%20and%20 Supercritical water anomalies in the vicinity of the Widom line: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51843-0#:~:text=Usually%20the%20locus%20of%20specific,like%20behavior Markov state model of the two-state behaviour of water: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/132025/1/132025.pdf New study provides evidence for decades-old theory to explain the odd behaviors of water: https://www.princeton.edu/news/2020/07/16/new-study-provides-evidence-decades-old-theory-explain-odd-behaviors-water Second critical point in two realistic models of water: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb9796 What is life?-lecture: Lars G M Pettersson: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ijHgccuhLE LDL vs HDL water: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zh1Srcuh2nI$

$The Science of How Life Started How did life get started on Earth? And how are we using what we know to look for it throughout the galaxy? You might also like: Why is Carbon the Key to Life? (On Earth, Anyway) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUiDwrM2YPI Space Mirrors and Other Weird Ways to Fight Climate Change https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9agoVDFJs8A What Meteors Reveal About Earth’s Hidden Past https://youtu.be/3TE1eedWO9w What Does the Moon Smell Like? https://youtu.be/iQod_oYnFTc Credits: Executive Producers: George Zaidan Hilary Hudson Producers: Elaine Seward Andrew Sobey Writer/Host: Sam Jones, PhD Scientific consultants: Michelle Boucher, PhD Jason Dworkin, PhD Lelia Duman, PhD Nicholas Hud, PhD Sources: Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1174-4 Habitable zones of different stars https://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/habitable-zones-of-different-stars The Habitable Zone https://www.planetary.org/articles/what-is-the-habitable-zone#:~:text=Earth%20is%20the%20only%20planet,Sun%20to%20harbor%20liquid%20water.&text=Venus%20may%20have%20once%20had,the%20liquid%20water%20to%20evaporate. Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Eastern_Mennonite_University/EMU%3A_Chemistry_for_the_Life_Sciences_(Cessna)/19%3A_Nucleic_Acids/19.4%3A_Protein_Synthesis_and_the_Genetic_Code#:~:text=The%20genetic%20code%20can%20therefore,seen%2C%20is%20called%20a%20codon. Early life on earth https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200115-what-the-earliest-life-on-earth-looked-like Phosphate backbone https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/phosphate-backbone-273/ Phosphodiester Bond https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/phosphodiester-bond Primordial soup https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a34649466/primordial-soup-theory-origins-of-life-darwin/ Life on Venus? The picture gets cloudier https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/08/science/venus-life-phosphine.html A Biologist Explains: What is Life? https://www.forbes.com/sites/jvchamary/2019/03/27/what-is-life/?sh=42ca4f0e1c77 Alternative Definitions of Life: Perspective Matters https://www.sfu.ca/colloquium/PDC_Top/OoL/whatislife/Vikingmission.html#:~:text=The%20NASA%20Astrobiology%20Institute%20Definition,a%20simple%20test%20for%20life. The Seven Pillars of Life https://science.sciencemag.org/content/295/5563/2215 Darwinian Evolution https://www.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-works.html Water on Mars https://www.space.com/8642-flashback-water-mars-announced-10-years.html Life on other planets? https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/faq/5/is-there-life-on-other-planets/ Exoplanet atmospheres https://www.physics.uu.se/research/astronomy-and-space-physics/research/planets/exoplanet-atmospheres/#:~:text=The%20most%20successful%20method%20for,is%20the%20transit%20spectroscopy%20method.&text=By%20measuring%20the%20fraction%20of,the%20atmosphere%20can%20be%20inferred. Hubble versus James Webb Telescope https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/comparisonWebbVsHubble.html#:~:text=Webb%20will%20primarily%20look%20at,it%20has%20some%20infrared%20capability Ingredients for life in space https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/eight-ingredients-life-in-space.html Habitability on Mars from a Microbial Point of View https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00866015/document Vocabulary of Definitions of Life Suggests a Definition https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/073911011010524992 Goddard Media Studios transit spectroscopy https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11428 Phosphine gas found in Venus’ atmosphere may be ‘a possible sign of life’ https://www.sciencenews.org/article/phosphine-gas-found-venus-atmosphere-possible-sign-life#:~:text=But%20the%20signature%20of%20phosphine,absorbs%20light%20in%20that%20wavelength.&text=Phosphine%20takes%20a%20fair%20amount,is%20found%20in%20Venus%20atmosphere. NASA definition of life https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/research/life-detection/about/#:~:text=The%20NASA%20definition%20of%20life,life%20we%20know%20%E2%80%94Terran%20life. Meteoritic Amino Acids: Diversity in Compositions Reflects Parent Body Histories https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.6b00074 A search for amino acids and nucleobases in the Martian meteorite Roberts Massif 04262 using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/maps.12103 The 1953 Stanley L. Miller Experiment: Fifty Years of Prebiotic Organic Chemistry https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1024807125069 Prebiotic Soup Revisiting the Miller Experiment https://science.sciencemag.org/content/300/5620/745.full Produced by the American Chemical Society. Join the American Chemical Society! http://bit.ly/Join_acsmembership$