Uploaded April 2025 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago

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Content:
0:00 Introduction
00:57 Bones of the Skull
02:01 Bones of the Skull Cap
02:17 Parietal Bone
05:10 Frontal Bone
10:30 Occipital Bone
15:12 Bones of the Cranial Base
15:34 Temporal Bone
21:18 Sphenoid Bone
24:08 Ethmoidal Bone
25:42 Foramina of the Skull

This video is about the neurocranium Anatomy
Bones of the skull:
Neurocranium: forms the protective case around the brain
Viscerocranium: forms the facial skeleton

Neurocranium:
Skullcap (calvaria):
Frontal bone – os frontale
Parietal bones (paired) – ossa parietalia
Occipital bone – os occipitale

Cranial base (basis cranii):
Temporal bones (paired) – ossa temporalia
Sphenoid bone – os sphenoidale
Ethmoid bone – os ethmoidale

Frontal bone
Coronal suture – sutura coronalis
Supraorbital margin – margo supraorbitalis
Supraorbital notch – incisura supraorbitalis
Frontal notch – incisura frontalis
Zygomatic process – processus zygomaticus
Frontal eminence – tuber frontale
Superciliary arches – arcus superciliares
Glabella
Frontal crest – crista frontalis
Groove for superior sagittal sinus – sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris
Temporal lines – lineae temporales (also on parietal)
Lacrimal fossa – fossa glandulae lacrimalis
Trochlear fovea/spine – fovea trochlearis / spina trochlearis
Nasal spine
Ethmoidal grooves (anterior/posterior) – sulci ethmoidales anterior et posterior
Frontal sinus – sinus frontalis

Parietal bones
Sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, squamous sutures
Angles: frontal, occipital, sphenoidal, mastoid – anguli frontalis, occipitalis, sphenoidalis, mastoideus
Parietal eminence – tuber parietale
Parietal foramen – foramen parietale
Grooves: superior sagittal sinus, sigmoid sinus, middle meningeal artery – sulci sinus sagittalis superioris, sigmoidei, arteriae meningeae mediae
Temporal lines (also on frontal)

Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Hypoglossal canal – canalis nervi hypoglossi
External/internal occipital protuberance – protuberantia occipitalis externa/interna
External occipital crest – crista occipitalis externa
Nuchal lines – lineae nuchales suprema, superior et inferior
Cruciform eminence – eminentia cruciformis
Cerebral/cerebellar fossae – fossae cerebrales et cerebellares
Clivus
Pharyngeal tubercle – tuberculum pharyngeum
Sinus grooves: transverse, occipital, sigmoid, superior sagittal – sulci sinuum
Inferior petrosal sinus groove – sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris
Jugular notch – incisura jugularis, intrajugular process – processus intrajugularis
Sutures: lambdoid, occipitomastoid; spheno-occipital synchondrosis

Temporal bone
Squamous part:
Zygomatic process – processus zygomaticus
Mandibular fossa – fossa mandibularis, articular tubercle – tuberculum articulare
Supramastoid crest – crista supramastoidea

Tympanic part:
External acoustic meatus – meatus acusticus externus
Tympanic ring – anulus tympanicus
Petrotympanic fissure

Petrous part:
Apex – apex partis petrosae
Arcuate eminence – eminentia arcuata, tegmen tympani
Trigeminal impression – impressio trigeminalis
Grooves: greater/lesser petrosal nerves, superior/inferior petrosal sinuses
Internal acoustic meatus – meatus acusticus internus
Subarcuate fossa – fossa subarcuata, jugular notch – incisura jugularis

Mastoid part:
Mastoid process – processus mastoideus, mastoid notch – incisura mastoidea
Groove for occipital artery – sulcus arteriae occipitalis
Stylomastoid foramen – foramen stylomastoideum
Styloid process – processus styloideus
Facial canal – canalis facialis

Sphenoid bone
Body – corpus ossis sphenoidalis, sella turcica with hypophyseal fossa, dorsum sellae, clinoid processes, tuberculum sellae
Prechiasmatic sulcus – sulcus chiasmatis, carotid sulcus – sulcus caroticus

Wings:
Greater wings – alae majores: foramina rotundum, ovale, spinosum
Lesser wings – alae minores: optic canal – canalis opticus
Superior/inferior orbital fissures – fissurae orbitales

Pterygoid processes – processus pterygoidei
Medial/lateral plates – laminae medialis et lateralis
Pterygoid hamulus – hamulus pterygoideus, pterygoid/scaphoid fossae
Sphenoidal crest – crista sphenoidalis, conchae – conchae sphenoidales, sinuses – sinus sphenoidales, rostrum

Ethmoid bone
Cribriform plate & foramina – lamina / foramina cribrosa, crista galli
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoidal labyrinths (ethmoidal cells: anterior, middle, posterior)
Superior/middle nasal conchae
Uncinate process
Orbital plate
Ethmoidal foramina: anterior/posterior

Sources:
Standring S. (2020). Gray's Anatomy, 42nd ed.
Tubbs RS, Shoja MM, Loukas M. (2016). Bergman's Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation.
White TD, Folkens PA. (2005). The Human Bone Manual.

Programs: Complete Anatomy, Biorender, PPT