Uploaded September 2020 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago
This is the tenth unit in the Remote Online Sessions for Emerging Seismologists (ROSES), an online course for graduate students. ROSES is hosted by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Seismology Section. This unit on Optimal Interpolation (or kriging) is provided by Tony Lowry, Utah State University.
This is the tenth unit in the Remote Online Sessions for Emerging Seismologists (ROSES), an online course for graduate students. ROSES is hosted by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Seismology Section. This unit on Optimal Interpolation (or kriging) is provided by Tony Lowry, Utah State University.






![3 Basic Fault Types:Normal, Reverse, Strikeslip (educational 2021)
This clip includes selected excerpts from the more-in-depth animation, Earthquake Faults, Plate Boundaries, & Stress
https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/635
Normal fault—the block above the inclined fault moves down relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by extensional forces and results in extension. [Other names: normal-slip fault, tensional fault or gravity fault] Examples include Basin & Range faults. Reverse fault—the block above the inclined fault moves up relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by compressional forces and results in shortening. A reverse fault is called a thrust fault if the dip of the fault plane is small. [Other names: reverse-slip fault or compressional fault.] Examples include the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayan Mountains. Strike-slip fault—movement of blocks along a fault is horizontal and the fault plane is nearly vertical. If the block on the far side of the fault moves to the left, as shown in this animation, the fault is called left-lateral (Figure 2). If it moves to the right, the fault is called right-lateral. The fault motion of a strike-slip fault is caused by shearing forces. [Other names: trans current fault, lateral fault, tear fault or wrench fault.] Examples include the San Andreas Fault, California; Anatolian Fault, Turkey. 3 Basic Fault Types:Normal, Reverse, Strikeslip (educational 2021)](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/f0N4uaykxy4/mqdefault.jpg)


![March 11, 2011 Japan Earthquake—10th Anniversary—Lessons Learned
It has been 10 years since the magnitude 9.1 earthquake and resulting tsunami hit Japan, on March 11, 2011 [Errata: Miyagi is misspelled. Apologies.]
Scientific lessons learned and described here include:
1. Tsunami geology can extend the earthquake record by centuries or millenia.
2. Earthquake Early Warning can mitigate damage and save lives, but the 2011earthquake revealed limitations of a system using only seismometers.
3. Adding Global Positioning System observations of earthquake ground motion improves accuracy of earthquake early warning, and is essential to tsunami warnings.
Errata: spelling of Miyagi. March 11, 2011 Japan Earthquake—10th Anniversary—Lessons Learned](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gcSI8fBZsY0/mqdefault.jpg)
