Mel Andrews: Ontology of the Free Energy Principle and the Philosophy of Machine Learning @RahulSam

Rahul Sam | Mel Andrews: Ontology of the Free Energy Principle and the Philosophy of Machine Learning @RahulSam | Uploaded July 2024 | Updated October 2024, 4 hours ago.
Mel Andrews is a philosopher of science who primarily focuses on machine learning and the role of mathematical and computational methods in scientific modelling. Mel is currently a predoctoral research associate at the Department of Machine Learning at Carnegie Mellon University and doing a PhD in philosophy of science at the University of Cincinnati. They are also a visiting scholar at the Australian National University and the University of Pittsburgh. In this episode, we discuss the philosophy of artificial intelligence and machine learning, AI ethics and safety, scientific and mathematical realism, the ontology of the free energy principle and critical theory's relationship to AI research.

You can find more of Andrews' work at mel-andrews.com and https://x.com/bayesianboy

RSam Podcast #43

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{Podcast}
Substack: rsampod.substack.com
Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le
Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake
Available on other platforms at link.chtbl.com/PDBAf9Zd

{Website}
rahulsam.me

{Social Media}
instagram.com/name_is_rahul
substack.com/@trsam
https://x.com/trsam97
linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b

{Reference Links}
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10539-021-09807-0
researchgate.net/profile/Mel-Andrews

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If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting theunhappyman.substack.com
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Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research.

Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing.

If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at trahulsam@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.

$Mel Andrews: Ontology of the Free Energy Principle and the Philosophy of Machine Learning Mel Andrews is a philosopher of science who primarily focuses on machine learning and the role of mathematical and computational methods in scientific modelling. Mel is currently a predoctoral research associate at the Department of Machine Learning at Carnegie Mellon University and doing a PhD in philosophy of science at the University of Cincinnati. They are also a visiting scholar at the Australian National University and the University of Pittsburgh. In this episode, we discuss the philosophy of artificial intelligence and machine learning, AI ethics and safety, scientific and mathematical realism, the ontology of the free energy principle and critical theorys relationship to AI research. You can find more of Andrews work at https://mel-andrews.com/ and https://x.com/bayesianboy RSam Podcast #43 {Podcast} Substack: https://rsampod.substack.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake Available on other platforms at https://link.chtbl.com/PDBAf9Zd {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ https://substack.com/@trsam/ https://x.com/trsam97 https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ {Reference Links} https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10539-021-09807-0 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mel-Andrews If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at trahulsam@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.$ $Todd McGowan: Hegel, Contradiction and Embracing Alienation Prof. Todd McGowan is a professor of English at the University of Vermont and Professor and Director of Film and Television Studies. He’s authored numerous books on Hegelian philosophy, Lacanian psychoanalysis, existentialism and film studies, including Emancipation After Hegel, Capitalism and Desire, Enjoyment Right & Left and Embracing Alienation. He also hosts the superlative Why Theory podcast and co-organises the Lack conference. Prof. McGowan is in continuous dialogue with his fellow travellers Slavoj Žižek, Alenka Zupančič, Adrian Johnston and others in contemporary Hegelian-Lacanian theory. In this episode, we discuss the Hegel renaissance, Hegelian contradiction, Dialetheism and Paraconsistent logic, ontology from Kant to Hegel, coupling Lacanian psychoanalysis and existentialism, universalism and alienation, Peter Rollins Church of the Contradiction. You can find more of Prof. McGowans work at https://www.uvm.edu/cas/english/profile/todd-mcgowan⁠ RSam Podcast #47 {Podcast} Substack: https://rsampod.substack.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake Available on other platforms at https://link.chtbl.com/PDBAf9Zd {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ https://substack.com/@trsam/ https://x.com/trsam97 https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ {Reference Links} https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/740010/embracing-alienation-by-todd-mcgowan/ https://cup.columbia.edu/book/emancipation-after-hegel/9780231192705 If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at trahulsam@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.$ $Effective Java By Joshua Bloch Item 10: Obey The General Contract When Overriding Equals (Part 1) Part 1 of my disquisition on Item 10 of Effective Java by Joshua Bloch: Obey The General Contract When Overriding Equals. I also cover logical equality tests and bi-conditional truth tables. Part 2: https://youtu.be/ay5VioknoJA GitHub repository: https://github.com/TRahulSam1997/Effective-Java-Joshua-Bloch/tree/main/src/main/java/chapter3/item10 Joshua Blochs GitHub repository: https://github.com/jbloch/effective-java-3e-source-code/tree/master/src/effectivejava/chapter3/item10 Book: https://www.amazon.com.au/Effective-Java-Joshua-Bloch/dp/0134685997/ Full playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcJ6nqGscKrd2UxeLTY-fIr0dzdMIOHAK {Podcast} Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://twitter.com/trsam97 https://www.minds.com/trahulsam/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ https://trahulsam.medium.com/ https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ Facebook Group: https://goo.gl/JoL9CA {Reference Links} https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-and-equals-method-in-java/ https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Thread.html https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/ap-computer-science-principles/programming-101/x2d2f703b37b450a3:logical-equivalence/a/introducing-logical-equivalence https://medium.com/i-math/intro-to-truth-tables-boolean-algebra-73b331dd9b94 http://users.csc.calpoly.edu/~gfisher/classes/102/info/howToOverrideEquals.html https://www.baeldung.com/regular-expressions-java https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/collections-in-java-2/ https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/collections/reference.html If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at mrrahulmaxcontact@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you. The description may contain affiliate links to products. I receive a commission for purchases made through these links. I only recommend products that have genuinely helped me.$ $What the Eddington Experiment Tells Us About Science Arthur Eddingtons Experiment gave conclusive empirical evidence that Einsteins theories were right over Newtons. Or did it? Watch the full episode with Michael Strevens here: https://youtu.be/776USUOinX0?si=Dlhz2Xvj0gxYda9c {Podcast} Substack: https://rsampod.substack.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://twitter.com/trsam97 https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at trahulsam@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.$ $Effective Java By Joshua Bloch Item 12: Always Override ToString My disquisition on Item 12 of Effective Java By Joshua Bloch: Always Override ToString. I also cover value classes and good documentation standards. GitHub repository: https://github.com/TRahulSam1997/Effective-Java-Joshua-Bloch/tree/main/src/main/java/chapter3/item12 Joshua Blochs GitHub repository: https://github.com/jbloch/effective-java-3e-source-code/tree/master/src/effectivejava/chapter3/item12 Book: https://www.amazon.com.au/Effective-Java-Joshua-Bloch/dp/0134685997/ Full playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcJ6nqGscKrd2UxeLTY-fIr0dzdMIOHAK {Podcast} Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://twitter.com/trsam97 https://www.minds.com/trahulsam/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ https://trahulsam.medium.com/ https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ Facebook Group: https://goo.gl/JoL9CA {Reference Links} https://openjdk.org/jeps/8277163 https://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather/Documentation/EclecticTutorial/node7.html If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at mrrahulmaxcontact@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you. The description may contain affiliate links to products. I receive a commission for purchases made through these links. I only recommend products that have genuinely helped me.$ $Anna Riedl: The Historical Development of Cognitive Science Anna Riedl is a cognitive scientist who researches rationality under radical uncertainty. She completed her undergraduate degree in psychology at the University of Vienna and did the Middle European interdisciplinary masters programme in Cognitive Science. Anna was a researcher at the Viennese Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support and a member of the Global Shapers Community organised by the World Economic Forum, serving as curator for the Vienna Hub. You can find more of Riedls work at https://www.riedlanna.com/ and https://x.com/AnnaLeptikon. CogSci map: https://www.riedlanna.com/cognitivesciencemap.html CogSci millennium: https://cognitivescience.substack.com/p/the-cognitive-science-millennium RSam Podcast #44 {Podcast} Substack: https://rsampod.substack.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake Available on other platforms at https://link.chtbl.com/PDBAf9Zd {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ https://substack.com/@trsam/ https://x.com/trsam97 https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ {Reference Links} https://youtu.be/0aQebCENIjg?si=Ed0aiOSKHEhCndlv https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230307827 https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24113.G_del_Escher_Bach https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/695429.G_del_s_Proof https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34848865-exact-thinking-in-demented-times https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Question_Concerning_Technology https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262540568/being-in-the-world/ https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262540674/what-computers-still-cant-do/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus%27s_views_on_artificial_intelligence https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-009-8947-4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_of_Perception https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5299/Active-InferenceThe-Free-Energy-Principle-in-Mind https://academic.oup.com/book/36527 https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262514620/vision/ https://study.sagepub.com/friedenberg3e https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262701099/mind/ If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at trahulsam@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.$ $Chomsky vs. Skinner: The Linguistics Debate of the Century The difference between Noam Chomskys and B. F. Skinners beliefs can be simply put as such: Skinner believes that language is learned, whereas Chomsky believes that language is innate and developed. Prof. Iris Berent elucidates how this linguistics debate is ongoing and what it tells us about language. Watch the full podcast episode here: https://youtu.be/y9PDvtHeDY0 {Podcast} Substack: https://rsampod.substack.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://twitter.com/trsam97 https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ {Reference Links} https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/48930049 If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at trahulsam@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.$ $Karl Popper, Falsifiability and Its Discontents Prof Michael Strevens elucidates Karl Poppers falsifiability principle, which supposedly demarcates science from non-science, and subsequently highlights its shortcomings as a theory of scientific truth. Watch the full podcast here: https://youtu.be/776USUOinX0?si=rwxoTrXR7IoNjuW5 {Podcast} Substack: https://rsampod.substack.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake Available on other platforms at https://link.chtbl.com/PDBAf9Zd {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://twitter.com/trsam97 https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ https://substack.com/@trsam/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at trahulsam@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.$ $Love Is Violent; Love Is Mundane As we saw from André and Dorine Gorz, love is violent, violent to the point of suicide. But also, as we saw in my grandparents, love is mundane, mundane to the of being unnoticeable. Original piece: https://theunhappyman.substack.com/p/love-is-violent-love-is-mundane {Podcast} Substack: https://rsampod.substack.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://twitter.com/trsam97 https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ {Images & Videos used} James Cameron - Titanic (1997) If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at mrrahulmaxcontact@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.$ $Effective Java Item 7: Eliminate Obsolete Object References My disquisition on Item 7 of Effective Java by Joshua Bloch: Eliminate Obsolete Object References. I also cover garbage collection, WeakHashMaps and Weak References. GitHub repository: https://github.com/TRahulSam1997/Effective-Java-Joshua-Bloch/tree/main/src/main/java/Item7 Joshua Blochs GitHub repository: https://github.com/jbloch/effective-java-3e-source-code/tree/master/src/effectivejava/chapter2/item7 Book: https://www.amazon.com.au/Effective-Java-Joshua-Bloch/dp/0134685997/ Full playlist: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcJ6nqGscKrd2UxeLTY-fIr0dzdMIOHAK {Podcast} Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://twitter.com/trsam97 https://www.minds.com/trahulsam/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ https://trahulsam.medium.com/ https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ Facebook Group: https://goo.gl/JoL9CA {Reference Links & Resources For Further Study} https://java-programming.mooc.fi/part-5/4-objects-and-references https://www.baeldung.com/java-int-char-cannot-be-dereferenced Garbage Collection Algorithms: Mark Sweep, Generation Hypothesis and JIT code injection - https://youtu.be/ZhbIReLe-r8 Garbage Collection Algorithms: Concurrent Mark Sweep, Fragmentation and Compaction, Lost Writes - https://youtu.be/trkYGEGT6_w C Programming: What does Dereferencing a Pointer Mean? - https://youtu.be/VvHDY5STNhU https://stackoverflow.com/a/67656111/6367109 https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/ref/WeakReference.html https://stackoverflow.com/questions/299659/whats-the-difference-between-softreference-and-weakreference-in-java https://wiki.c2.com/?CanonicalizedMapping https://www.philosophicalgeek.com/2014/09/03/practical-uses-of-weakreference/ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/scheduledthreadpoolexecutor-class-in-java/ https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/LinkedHashMap.html#removeEldestEntry-java.util.Map.Entry- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/asynchronous-synchronous-callbacks-java/ How to garbage collect callbacks with weak references in Java? - https://stackoverflow.com/q/74373440/6367109 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65967486/android-difference-between-callback-and-listener https://www.baeldung.com/java-profilers If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at mrrahulmaxcontact@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you. The description may contain affiliate links to products. I receive a commission for purchases made through these links. I only recommend products that have genuinely helped me.$ $Leon Brenner on Lacan, Language and Autism in Psychoanalysis Dr. Leon S. Brenner is a psychoanalyst & psychoanalytical theorist. His work focuses on the integration of philosophical and linguistic frameworks in the psychoanalytic theory of subjectivity and the understanding of the relationship between culture and psychopathology. He is the co-founder of Unconscious Berlin, and his latest book on the psychoanalysis of autism is called ‘The Autistic Subject: On the Threshold of Language,’ where he presents a novel account of autistic subjectivity from a Lacanian psychoanalytic perspective. In this episode, we discuss Lacan and language, ego psychology-inspired forms of therapy (e.g. CBT, relational psychotherapy, etc.) in contrast to Lacanian psychoanalysis and scientific epistemology vs Lacanianism. You can find more of Dr Brenners work at https://leonbrenner.com/ The Autistic Subject: https://leonbrenner.com/book/ RSam Podcast #29 {Podcast} Substack: https://rsampod.substack.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://twitter.com/trsam97 https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ {Reference Links} https://youtu.be/l-ACMcTjj6U?si=6Izo1tW3pGlWjO7j https://youtu.be/vO4ztWebQEE?si=ossoPIgWM27LpJJ2 https://youtu.be/UKCmefQdplI?si=LD9FuYadLRVqpf3A If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at trahulsam@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.$ $Sin Can Be Overcome; Its Not Constitutive | Treydon Lunot on Žižeks Death Drive Treydon Lunot (@telosbound) explains how negativity, death drive and our self-relation can be overcome through Christ. Watch the full podcast here: https://youtu.be/b-TnZFslmR8?si=GRov7VlPTu_BxxB2 {Podcast} Substack: https://rsampod.substack.com/ Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4ryEqjut4r6SMtfxLdM1Le Anchor: https://anchor.fm/rahul-samaranayake {Website} https://rahulsam.me/ {Social Media} https://twitter.com/trsam97 https://www.instagram.com/name_is_rahul/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rahul-samaranayake-981a9315b/ If the ideas I discuss in this channel evoke your interest, consider visiting https://theunhappyman.substack.com/ Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. If you are or represent the copyright owner of materials used in this video and have a problem with the use of the related material, please email me at trahulsam@gmail.com, and we can sort it out. Thank you.$