See the Pattern | Io's Plasma Gun Volcanoes @SeethePattern | Uploaded April 2022 | Updated October 2024, 5 days ago.
Many will be familiar with the concept that the volcanoes on Io are not really volcanoes but instead caused by an electrical phenomenon. How exactly does this mechanism work and why does it produce the shapes it does? In order to understand this, we must examine a paper published by Anthony Peratt who worked at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and Alexander Dessler who founded the space science department at Rice University. Let's dive in and find out more.

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References:
Peratt IO paper
plasmauniverse.info/downloads/Peratt.Dessler.pdf
Gold IO paper
science.org/doi/10.1126/science.206.4422.1071

everythingselectric.com/forum/index.php?topic=97.msg240#msg240
everythingselectric.com/electric-volcano-magma-evidence
thunderbolts.info/tpod/2004/arch/041213io-series-1.htm
https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6770&context=masters_theses
thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/IO_Images_01.html