Gold Nanoparticles in Treatment of Prostate Cancer @introtomaterialsscience--g4

Uploaded May 2017 | Updated September 2026, 12 hours ago

Current treatment for prostate cancer is expensive, has numerous side-effects, and has a high mortality rate. It is astonishing how long this ailment has affected humanity without providing a reliable solution. Consequently, our team will examine how gold charged nanoparticles are used to aid the treatment of prostate cancer, specifically via drug delivery. These particles have a gold inner core and are coated with polyethylene glycol. Polyethylene glycol and gold are used due to their relatively inert state and non-toxicity. Gold is also used because, at a nanoscale, it is a catalyst for reactions. The surface chemistry of gold nanoparticles can be altered so that they can be coated with small polymers and other therapeutic agents such as cancer-treating drugs (specifically Docetaxel and Doxorubicin). This also gives the patient's DNA the ability to bond to the nanoparticle’s surface, which allows these nanoparticles to travel through the body without being rejected. These nanoparticles are spherical shaped, and while studies are beginning to show that non-spherical particles are more effective than spherical particles, researchers do not yet fully understand the shape effect non-spherical particles have on cancerous cells. The diameter of these nanoparticles is less than 170nm so that they can effectively fit through and diffuse inside cells and capillaries. Additionally, these nanoparticles are charged. Due to their charge, the nanoparticles repel each other, which prevents them from aggregating. Furthermore, it simply helps nanoparticles interact with cells and diffuse through concentration barriers more efficiently. This method of prostate cancer treatment is still being researched and has yet to be approved for medical use; however, it has the potential to replace current treatment methods, as it could be more effective and safer in practice.

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Gold Nanoparticles in Treatment of Prostate Cancer

$Contact Lenses - Silicone Hydrogel By Michael Shiu, Colin Kim, and Kevin Allman Silicone hydrogels are used for the manufacture of soft contact lenses. In today’s society, which is a highly visual world full of electronic screens, hyperopia (farsightedness) is a growing problem among individuals, especially as they get older. Hyperopia is caused by parallel light rays not bending sufficiently to focus by the time they reach the retina due to weaknesses in the relaxed lens system. Thus, there is a need to improve the technology of contact lenses. A physical property of silicone hydrogels is the ability to refract light; so convex silicone hydrogel lenses can be used to increase the refractive power of the eye to correct the effects of farsightedness. It is, therefore, important that the material used to manufacture contact lenses is able to do this without distortion and maintain clarity. Silicone hydrogels have sufficient elasticity that allows them to conform to slightly different eye surface shapes depending on the person wearing the lenses, maximizing comfort and effectiveness. A key issue with contact lense materials is their oxygen permeability. Oxygen permeability is important because it allows the cornea to receive adequate amounts of oxygen to prevent hypoxia of the eye through the diffusion of oxygen gas through the actual contact lens. When passed through silicone, the oxygen permeability increases. On the other side, wettability, which is measured by the angle of the contact lens, is important because a complete wetting will permit a thick coverage of the tear film, a smooth recovery of the tear layer after the eyes are closed, and adequate visual acuity. This leads to a longer duration of wearing the lenses. This is a limitation to silicone hydrogel lenses, for its hydrophobic nature produces a poorly wettable surface. However, through the complementary use of wetting agents such as eye drops, the limitation becomes negligible. Another limitation is the lipid depositions during wear, which leads to blurry vision and contact lenses. Compared to conventional lenses, the presence of silicone leads to a much greater lipid deposition. Overall, silicone hydrogel contact lenses are a breakthrough technology, increasing oxygen permeability while maintaining wettability to improve comfort. Because silicone hydrogel lenses are fairly new to the market, the costs of these lenses are higher on average, but the costs are expected to decline over time with increased availability. More research needs to be conducted to improve the issue of wettability. Currently, there are products that help re-hydrate the lens to reduce issues with discomfort and lipid deposits, but changes to the structure and composition of silicone hydrogels could eliminate the need for such extraneous products that only add to the total cost of using this kind of contact lens. Moreover, the 3 features (Process/Structure/Properties) of the MSE triangle will be discussed throughout the video. Images/Videos Used 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Av1ZiN9P01s 2) http://opticalvisionresources.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/WB-1930contact_lense.jpg 3) http://www.topconsumerreviews.com/contact-lenses/new-images/header-contact-lenses.jpg 4) http://blog.eyedo.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/sillicon.jpg 5) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoxuBcg7S1o 6) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vinylpyrrolidon.svg/100px-Vinylpyrrolidon.svg.png 7) http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/structure4/061/mfcd00002651.eps/_jcr_content/renditions/mfcd00002651-medium.png 8) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate_structural.svg/160px-Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate_structural.svg.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicone_rubber#/media/File:Pdms.png 9) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kas5v8isarw 10) https://www.google.com/search?q=wettability&espv=2&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinstny1aTTAhWEJCYKHQ11CQwQ_AUIBygC&biw=1163&bih=537#imgrc=H_P6AgnahnNrWM: 11) http://www.tekra.com/resources/tek-tip-white-paper/tek-tip-hydrophilic-vs-hydrophobic-coatings 12) http://www.clspectrum.com/issues/2002/march-2002/silicone-hydrogel-material-and-surface-properties https://www.google.com/search?q=infected+eye+from+contact+lenses&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS710US711&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQz8CdhqPTAhUF6yYKHVh7Df0Q_AUICCgB&biw=1280&bih=591#imgrc=9YM4T87Yb_ht7M 13) http://www.allaboutvision.com/contacts/contact_lenses.htm#materials 14) http://www.clspectrum.com/archive/2002/march/26b.jpg Research Sources https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GDPFO3BJQQb0sly3vr1snuPG-Af2ZeQnvTpqJ3yBpoE/edit?usp=sharing$

$Titanium Implants- Nickel MCV Materials Challenge: Implants I am Titanium For centuries, humans have been searching for materials to replace damaged or failed human tissue. These tissue replacements, or implants, have included everything from bits of shell hammered into the jaw to replace missing teeth to the metal hip and knee replacements we see today. There are many unique challenges in selecting materials for implants, as in addition to having properties similar to the failed biological component the implant must repair or replace, any material used must not be toxic to the human body. Titanium is a commonly used material in implants because it is strong, durable, and bonds with bone. It is not perfect, however, the high Youngs modulus, or stiffness, of titanium can result in stress shielding where the implant bears more of the bodys load than the surrounding bone, causing the bone tissue to weaken and fracture. Our video will provide an introduction to implants by defining the term, giving a brief history of the development of implants, and giving some examples of the types of implants used today. We will then discuss the specific properties required of implants, including strength, durability and biocompatibility. We will then discuss titanium implants specifically the properties of titanium, what makes it work well for implants, as well as some of the challenges associated with the use of titanium and its alloys. We will discuss stress shielding in more detail, and demonstrate cold working a process by which the yield strength of metals can be increased without affecting the Youngs modulus. References: 1. Arsenjev, A. P.; Arsenjev, P. A.; Evdokimov, A. A.; Makaricheva, E. U.; Sheinin, M. J., The processing of surgical implants from pure titanium, Biomedical Engineering Conference, 1996., Proceedings of the 1996 Fifteenth Southern , vol., no., pp.384,385, 29-31 Mar 1996 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=493256&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D493256 2. C.N. Elias, J.H.C. Lima, R. Valiev, and M.A. Meyers. Biomedical Uses of Titanium and its Alloys. JOM, March 2008. Pgs 46-49. http://www.meyersgroup.ucsd.edu/papers/journals/meyers%20316.pdf 3. M. Niinomi and M. Nakai, Titanium-Based Biomaterials for Preventing Stress Shielding between Implant Devices and Bone, International Journal of Biomaterials, vol. 2011, Article ID 836587, 10 pages, 2011. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijbm/2011/836587/ 4. Neailey, K., and Pond, R.C. (1982). Metal implants. Materials & Design, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 470-478. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0261306982901133. 5. Springer Science+Business Media. (2011, July 26). Heavy metal: Titanium implant safety under scrutiny. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 5, 2014 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110725101257.htm 6. Slides from a Materials Science/Biomaterials Course; details processes, properties and uses of metallic biomaterials: http://www.bioen.utah.edu/faculty/pat/Courses/biomaterials2006/Metals%20and%20Applications%20in%20Orthopedics.pdf 7. How Its Made (YouTube clip): Titanium Dental Implants https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4j_GOYFoG8 All unoriginal images were unlicensed and accessed through Wikipedia. Titanium by David Guetta ft. Sia$

Solar Sails - Interstellar and Extraplanetary Necessities

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$MCV-Tellurium-ApplicationOfSteelInLowTemperatureDesalination Low-Temperature Thermal Desalination Today, water scarcity affects one in three people on every continent on the globe. Although Earth is composed of 70% water, only 3% of this is actually drinkable. Further, as the population continues to increase at a rapid pace, water scarcity continues to be a growing problem. Our group sees a large problem developing with respect to world water supply since freshwater is essential to life and its potential depletion threatens all living things on Earth. The depletion of rivers and lakes has led scientists to explore the idea of using desalination techniques to render water fresh. One of the more popular techniques that has arisen in the last decade is low-temperature thermal desalination, which our group has chosen to research for this project. This technique separates salt from ocean water by evaporating the water, leaving salt behind, then cooling the water vapor back into fresh liquid form. The key component of this process is the evaporation stage where the salt is physically separated from the water in large evaporation tanks. Most low-temperature desalination plants use stainless steel as the material that makes up evaporation tanks. Stainless steel helps prevent the evaporation tanks from corroding and helps prevent thesodium in the water from creating cracking or stress fractures in the tanks. The use of stainless steel has reduced production costs, eased maintenance, and improved efficiency of the low-temperature desalination plants since the switch from the previously used carbon steel. However, the cost of this process is a concern and stainless steel does not lower costs enough to make widespread use of low-temperature thermal desalination feasible. The overall desired property of this steel is a material combining chemical inertness and high mechanical strength to sufficiently evaporate salt-water pumped to the tank. The desired structure is a steel with relatively large amounts of chromium present which means many stainless steel components must be exposed to mechanical loads in the processing stage. But what comes along with this is a process that creates high strains inside the material and a structure with grain boundaries that are more sensitive to corrosion. This results in stress corrosion cracking in the steel that can impede the entire LTTD process. Duplex steel a stainless steel with higher amounts of chromium is made to resist corrosion, cracking, and fatigue to even a higher degree by avoiding pits with less chromium concentration. The potential use of Duplex could produce thinner shell walls and also higher resistance to corrosion and erosion, which will lead to more efficient evaporation tanks as they will hold the water vapor instead of letting it escape from the cracks created by stress. The combination of thinner walls and more efficient evaporation tanks will all lead to a more cost-efficient process that in turn may lead to the widespread use of this material and make strides toward correcting the worlds water crisis. Douglas, Elliot P. Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering: A Guided Inquiry. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Duplex Stainless Steel. - Sandvik Materials Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014.http://www.smt.sandvik.com/en-us/products/tube-pipe-fittings-and-flanges/high-performance-materials/duplex-stainless-steel/ Global Water Shortage: Water Scarcity & How to Help - Page 2. The Water Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. http://thewaterproject.org/how-to-give-clean-water Introduction - Microstructures - Low Alloy Steels. Introduction - Microstructures - Low Alloy Steels. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. http://www.georgesbasement.com/Microstructures/LowAlloySteels/Introduction.htm Perkins, Sid. Better Stainless. Science News 161.7 (2002): 99. Print. Scarcity, Decade, Water for Life, 2015, UN-Water, United Nations, MDG, Water, Sanitation, Financing, Gender, IWRM, Human Right, Transboundary, Cities, Quality, Food Security. UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml Sommariva, C., History and Current Status of Material Selection in Thermal Desalination Processes. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems.2014. Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies. Web. 23 April 2014. http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C07/E6-144-35-00.pdf Water Scarcity. WorldWildlife.org. World Wildlife Fund, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.http://worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity Stierle, A. MATERIALS SCIENCE: Tracking Corrosion Cracking. Science 321.5887 (2008): 349-50. Print.$