Uploaded April 2017 | Updated September 2026, 2 weeks ago
This is part 21 of the Blockchain tutorial explaining what a peer-to-peer network is and what propagation and latency means.
These words are often used in the Blockchain ecosystem and for non-technical people it may be helpful to understand the meaning of these words.
In this video series different topics will be explained which will help you to understand blockchain.
Bitcoin released as open source software in 2009 is a cryptocurrency invented by Satoshi Nakamoto (unidentified person or group of persons).
After the introduction of Bitcoin many Bitcoin alternatives were created. These alternate cryptocurrencies are called Altcoins (Litecoin, Dodgecoin etc).
Bitcoin's underlying technology is called Blockchain.
The Blockchain is a distributed decentralized incorruptible database (ledger) that records blocks of digital information. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to a previous block.
Soon people realises that there many other use cases where the Blockchain technology can be applied and not just as a cryptocurrency application.
New Blockchain platforms were created based on the Blockchain technology, one of which is called Ethereum.
Ethereum focuses on running programming code, called smart contracts, on any decentralized application.
Using the new Blockchain platforms, Blockchain technology can be used in supply chain management, healthcare, real estate, identity management, voting, internet of things, etcetera, just to name a few.
Today there is a growing interest in Blockchain not only in the financial sector but also in other sectors.
Explaining how Blockchain works is not easy and for many the Blockchain technology remains an elusive concept.
This video series tries to explain Blockchain to a large audience but from the bottom up.
Keywords often used in Blockchain conversation will be explained.
Each Blockchain video is short and to the point.
It is recommended to watch each video sequentially as I may refer to certain Blockchain topics explained earlier.
Mobilefish.com
mobilefish.com
Global Bitcoin Nodes Distribution
bitnodes.21.co
Check out all my other Blockchain tutorial videos
goo.gl/aMTFHU
Subscribe to my YouTube channel
goo.gl/61NFzK
The presentation used in this video tutorial can be found at:
mobilefish.com/developer/blockchain/blockchain_quickguide_tutorial.html
#mobilefish #blockchain #bitcoin #cryptocurrency #ethereum
This is part 21 of the Blockchain tutorial explaining what a peer-to-peer network is and what propagation and latency means.
These words are often used in the Blockchain ecosystem and for non-technical people it may be helpful to understand the meaning of these words.
In this video series different topics will be explained which will help you to understand blockchain.
Bitcoin released as open source software in 2009 is a cryptocurrency invented by Satoshi Nakamoto (unidentified person or group of persons).
After the introduction of Bitcoin many Bitcoin alternatives were created. These alternate cryptocurrencies are called Altcoins (Litecoin, Dodgecoin etc).
Bitcoin's underlying technology is called Blockchain.
The Blockchain is a distributed decentralized incorruptible database (ledger) that records blocks of digital information. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to a previous block.
Soon people realises that there many other use cases where the Blockchain technology can be applied and not just as a cryptocurrency application.
New Blockchain platforms were created based on the Blockchain technology, one of which is called Ethereum.
Ethereum focuses on running programming code, called smart contracts, on any decentralized application.
Using the new Blockchain platforms, Blockchain technology can be used in supply chain management, healthcare, real estate, identity management, voting, internet of things, etcetera, just to name a few.
Today there is a growing interest in Blockchain not only in the financial sector but also in other sectors.
Explaining how Blockchain works is not easy and for many the Blockchain technology remains an elusive concept.
This video series tries to explain Blockchain to a large audience but from the bottom up.
Keywords often used in Blockchain conversation will be explained.
Each Blockchain video is short and to the point.
It is recommended to watch each video sequentially as I may refer to certain Blockchain topics explained earlier.
Mobilefish.com
mobilefish.com
Global Bitcoin Nodes Distribution
bitnodes.21.co
Check out all my other Blockchain tutorial videos
goo.gl/aMTFHU
Subscribe to my YouTube channel
goo.gl/61NFzK
The presentation used in this video tutorial can be found at:
mobilefish.com/developer/blockchain/blockchain_quickguide_tutorial.html
#mobilefish #blockchain #bitcoin #cryptocurrency #ethereum






![LoRa/LoRaWAN tutorial 8: Link Budget and Link Margin
If you like this video and want to support me, go this page for my donation Paypal or crypto addresses:
https://www.youtube.com/c/mobilefish/about
This is part 8 of the LoRa/LoRaWAN tutorial.
In this video series different topics will be explained which will help you to understand LoRa/LoRaWAN.
It is recommended to watch each video sequentially as I may refer to certain LoRa/LoRaWAN topics explained earlier.
In this video I will explain what link budgets, maximum link budgets and link margins are.
If an input signal (=message) is imposed onto a carrier signal this process is called modulation.
The modulated signal is broadcasted to the receiver.
Demodulation is the opposite, where the original signal (= message) is recovered from the modulated carrier wave.
A link budget is the sum of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the medium (aka free space), to the receiver in a telecommunication system.
It is a way of quantifying the link performance.
Transmitter
The radio transmitter value must be specified in dbm, otherwise you do not know its absolute value.
Gains
Antenna (Unit: dbi)
Losses
Cables, connectors, signal propagating thru the medium (Unit: db)
When a signal propagates thru the medium, the signal loses strength.
This is called the path loss or path attenuation.
A simple link budget equation looks like this:
Received Power = Transmitted Power + Gains − Losses
For example: Received Power = 20 - 5 + 10 - 115 + 12 - 2 = -80 dBm
The receiver sensitivity is the lowest power level at which receiver can receive or demodulate the signal.
For example: Receiver sensitivity = -90 dBm
The link margin is the difference between the received power and receiver sensitivity.
Link margin = Received power - Receiver sensitivity
Link margin in dBm
Received power in dBm
Receiver sensitivity in dBm
For example:
Received power = -80dBm
Receiver sensitivity = -90
dBmLink margin = -80 - (-90) = 10 dBm = 10 mW
Question:
There are two receivers:
Receiver A with receiver sensitivity = -120 dBm
Receiver B with receiver sensitivity = -130 dBm
Which receiver is better?
Answer:
Receiver B is better because it can demodulate a RF signal at a lower power level.
If the link margin is too big, or too small, corrective actions can be applied to ensure the system will operate satisfactorily.
The link margin must be positive (Received Power must be greater than the Receiver sensitivity) and should be at least a few dB for the receiver to successfully demodulate the signal.
LoRa receivers are very sensitive and are offering a sensitivity down to -148 dBm [2], due to the use of Chirp Spread Spectrum.
More information:
https://www.semtech.com/products/wireless-rf/lora-transceivers/SX1276
The maximum link budget can be used as a baseline value to compare one radio to the next.
Maximum link budget = Maximum transmitter power - Lowest receiver sensitivity
Maximum link budget in dBm
Maximum transmitter power in dBm
Lowest receiver sensitivity in dBm
For example:
Max transmitter power = 20 dBm [2]
Lowest receiver sensitivity = -148 dBm [2]
Max link budget = Max transmitter power - Lowest receiver sensitivity
Max link budget = 20 - (-148) = 168 dBm [2]
Check out all my other LoRa/LoRaWAN tutorial videos:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmL13yqb6OxdeOi97EvI8QeO8o-PqeQ0g
Subscribe to my YouTube channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCG5_CT_KjexxjbgNE4lVGkg?sub_confirmation=1
The presentation used in this video tutorial can be found at:
https://www.mobilefish.com/developer/lorawan/lorawan_quickguide_tutorial.html
#mobilefish #lora #lorawan LoRa/LoRaWAN tutorial 8: Link Budget and Link Margin](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jMFa3AiDbcI/mqdefault.jpg)



