The Austrian Emperor of Mexico : Maximilian I @MLaserHistory

M. Laser History YT 2- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg

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Extra Information and clarifications.

0:15 I just use the flags of the Mexican Republic for the liberals and the flag of the First Mexican Empire for the conservatives as they at least somewhat represent what the two factions where fighting for. Although keep in mind that during the Reform War the flag of the Republic was used by both conservatives and the liberals.

2:10 Since he was seen as a military hero even though he had many loses under his belt, he was very good at covering these up.

3:49 OK technically it wasn't a full default on all the Mexican debt, but I am not an economist nor have the time to explain debt restructuring.
In layman's terms, Britain, France and Spain weren't going to get payed the full amount owned to them.

4:41 It is technically not a "national holiday" in Mexico (but it was in the past) but it is still very much celebrated today. But in the modern era it has gain a more different symbolism specially in the US Mexican community.

5:03 Ok it wasn't as strait forward as this and there was more military maneuvering by both sides and more battles than just one but again I am talking about the grand scheme of things.

5:10 Some have argued "no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force" or that "had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5, 1862, France would have gone to the aid of the Confederate States of America".
But these are very much speculations and I don't think valid arguments can be made for either of them.

5:30 It is important to understand that the conservatives weren't united in their support for installing a French backed European monarch.

5:38 The maps of the Mexican Empire control in Mexico may be wrong. I used (sources in the script) as my sources all of which differ slightly, there are also other websites showing yet another different control of the Mexican empire (ibid.). It is hard to say to what extent and where the Mexican Empire exerted control over the population as it was a mess of roaming gorillas and dissidents on top of the official forces of the Liberals and the Empire.

6:13 He prominently spoke out against the harsh treatment of the minorities within the Austrian Empire specially after the the brutal putting down of rebellions in the middle of the 19th century.

8:50 However he didn't abolish Peonage completely (although it is speculated that he had plans to, after the war).

9:16 And also to raise money for the Mexican peasants in Mexico city living in poverty.

10:01 It is also said that the Indios preferred having a king because they still had strong believes preferring kings over a republic harkening back to the pre-colonial era.

10:27 Charro is a certain kind of person so to be completely accurate he wasn't wearing a charro but a charro style clothing.

11:44 He didn't want to enact the decree but was convinced by his conservative supporters it was the only way to win the war.

13:37 There's a lot of contradiction of what Maximilian said and when on his last day.
Some sources says that Maximilian's last words where these.
"May my blood seal up the misfortunes of my adopted country. Long live Mexico.".
Other sources add to that this "I die in a just cause, that of the independence and liberty of Mexico. May my blood seal up the misfortunes of my adopted country. Long live Mexico."
Yet another source mentions this "May my blood be the last to be spilled as a sacrifice for the country. And if it did require some of its sons, may it be for the good of the Nation and never to betray it."
Yet another account says this “what a glorious day! I have always wanted to die on just such a day".
While other accounts say these words where said by Maximilian before the execution and aren't his last words.
Lastly a romanticized version of his last words exist which most certainly where not his last words.
"Mexicans! Persons of my class and origin are appointed by god, either for the happiness of nations, or to be martyrs. Called by you, I came for the good of the country. I came not in my ambition, but I came animated by the best desires for the future of my adopted country; for that of the brave men to whom, before death, I express my gratitude for their sacrifice. Mexicans! May my blood be the last that is shed, and may it regenerate this unhappy country!"

14:56 Arguments against this usually say that the liberals had to take the jobs as they where the only good paying job in a civil war ridden country.

15:00 Sebastián Lerdo was the president of Mexico after Juarez.
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updated 6 years ago

The Austrian Emperor of Mexico : Maximilian I

M. Laser History 2019-11-03 | YT 2- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg

My Patreon- patreon.com/mlaser

Video scripts with sources are available for free on my Patreon.
_________________________________________________________________
Extra Information and clarifications.

0:15 I just use the flags of the Mexican Republic for the liberals and the flag of the First Mexican Empire for the conservatives as they at least somewhat represent what the two factions where fighting for. Although keep in mind that during the Reform War the flag of the Republic was used by both conservatives and the liberals.

2:10 Since he was seen as a military hero even though he had many loses under his belt, he was very good at covering these up.

3:49 OK technically it wasn't a full default on all the Mexican debt, but I am not an economist nor have the time to explain debt restructuring.
In layman's terms, Britain, France and Spain weren't going to get payed the full amount owned to them.

4:41 It is technically not a "national holiday" in Mexico (but it was in the past) but it is still very much celebrated today. But in the modern era it has gain a more different symbolism specially in the US Mexican community.

5:03 Ok it wasn't as strait forward as this and there was more military maneuvering by both sides and more battles than just one but again I am talking about the grand scheme of things.

5:10 Some have argued "no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force" or that "had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5, 1862, France would have gone to the aid of the Confederate States of America".
But these are very much speculations and I don't think valid arguments can be made for either of them.

5:30 It is important to understand that the conservatives weren't united in their support for installing a French backed European monarch.

5:38 The maps of the Mexican Empire control in Mexico may be wrong. I used (sources in the script) as my sources all of which differ slightly, there are also other websites showing yet another different control of the Mexican empire (ibid.). It is hard to say to what extent and where the Mexican Empire exerted control over the population as it was a mess of roaming gorillas and dissidents on top of the official forces of the Liberals and the Empire.

6:13 He prominently spoke out against the harsh treatment of the minorities within the Austrian Empire specially after the the brutal putting down of rebellions in the middle of the 19th century.

8:50 However he didn't abolish Peonage completely (although it is speculated that he had plans to, after the war).

9:16 And also to raise money for the Mexican peasants in Mexico city living in poverty.

10:01 It is also said that the Indios preferred having a king because they still had strong believes preferring kings over a republic harkening back to the pre-colonial era.

10:27 Charro is a certain kind of person so to be completely accurate he wasn't wearing a charro but a charro style clothing.

11:44 He didn't want to enact the decree but was convinced by his conservative supporters it was the only way to win the war.

13:37 There's a lot of contradiction of what Maximilian said and when on his last day.
Some sources says that Maximilian's last words where these.
"May my blood seal up the misfortunes of my adopted country. Long live Mexico.".
Other sources add to that this "I die in a just cause, that of the independence and liberty of Mexico. May my blood seal up the misfortunes of my adopted country. Long live Mexico."
Yet another source mentions this "May my blood be the last to be spilled as a sacrifice for the country. And if it did require some of its sons, may it be for the good of the Nation and never to betray it."
Yet another account says this “what a glorious day! I have always wanted to die on just such a day".
While other accounts say these words where said by Maximilian before the execution and aren't his last words.
Lastly a romanticized version of his last words exist which most certainly where not his last words.
"Mexicans! Persons of my class and origin are appointed by god, either for the happiness of nations, or to be martyrs. Called by you, I came for the good of the country. I came not in my ambition, but I came animated by the best desires for the future of my adopted country; for that of the brave men to whom, before death, I express my gratitude for their sacrifice. Mexicans! May my blood be the last that is shed, and may it regenerate this unhappy country!"

14:56 Arguments against this usually say that the liberals had to take the jobs as they where the only good paying job in a civil war ridden country.

15:00 Sebastián Lerdo was the president of Mexico after Juarez.
_________________________________________________________________
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#History #Mexico #Empire

The Most Powerful Austrian in History

M. Laser History 2023-05-25 | Please consider supporting my work either on my Patreon- patreon.com/mlaser
or by paying just £1 a month for channel membership on YouTube (you will get some unique custom emojis to use). Patreon is prefered as YouTube takes a much bigger cut than patreon does.

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Thank you to UsefulChart for providing me with the Western Royal Family tree chart to use in this video. Check his channel out @UsefulCharts

0:00 Introduction
2:52 Becoming an Emperor
9:05 Marriage
11:15 Moe Kingdoms Moe Problems
19:29 Health Problems
20:50 The Last Hurrah!
22:32 The Americas
30:21 Transatlantic Slavery
32:00 Abdication
35:27 Conclusion

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4 Years Stranded on an Island

M. Laser History 2023-04-22 | If you want to learn more about history check out my channel- @MLaserHistory

Alexander Selkirk's marooning experience was later published by his fellow crewman from the second ship that picked him up. The book was titled 'A Voyage to the South Sea, and Round the World' by Edward Cooke.

#history #pirates #island

Athenian Democracy & the Conservative Threat (c. 470-465 BCE)

M. Laser History 2023-04-07 | Check out @nothingnewunderthesun
His video on Cleisthenes youtu.be/LKBLSe2sFAs

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0:00 Introduction to Athenian Politics
5:17 Themistocles' Downfall
7:23 More Conquests by Cimon
11:26 Athenian System of Government
16:54 Conservatives Taking Control of Athens
19:09 Resurging Democratic Movement

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Battle of the 300 Champions

M. Laser History 2023-03-03 | If you want to learn more about ancient Greek history or history in general check out my channel- @MLaserHistory

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Introduction to the Slavic Slave Trade

M. Laser History 2022-12-13 | Please consider supporting my work either on my Patreon- patreon.com/mlaser
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0:00 Etymological Introduction
4:25 Beginnings of Slavic Slavery
7:00 Height of the Medieval Slavic Slave Trade
13:38 Etymologically Slavs = Slaves
14:57 Medieval Slavery
16:16 Slavic Slavery Past the Early Middle Ages
17:33 Modern Slavic Denial of Slavic Slavery

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Imperial Elites of Oxford University (Oxford & Empire)

M. Laser History 2022-08-31 | Special Thanks to Uncomfortable Oxford which is a student lead organization at Oxford providing historical tours in the city. Some of their tours focus on the ‘uncomfortable’ imperial legacy of the University of Oxford (hence the name). They were kind enough to provide me two tours, free of charge, in order that I could learn more about this topic for this video. I highly recommend booking a tour on their website if you’re interested- uncomfortableoxford.co.uk

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Creative Commons Videos used in this video
-youtube.com/watch?v=houlHzJNnag
-youtube.com/watch?v=PI7XaeaMCtQ&ab_channel=EtherealSound
-youtu.be/4yVpJFsWwAA
-youtu.be/c6UNV7gJt8Y
Rhodes Must Fall protest video rmfoxford.wordpress.com
Music comes from Epidemic Sounds epidemicsound.com

0:00 Introduction
2:16 Early Empire and the University
11:15 University Finances/Imperial Investments/Artifacts
14:41 Oxford Judges & the Empire
18:38 Imperial Ideology & the University
24:45 University as the Educator of Imperial 'Elites'
29:57 Oxford University Press & the Empire
31:34 Oxford and Southern Africa
36:32 Colonial Students' Experiences at Oxford
39:25 21st Century Oxford
40:20 History vs Memory
45:10 End Card
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University of Oxford & the Empire (All Souls College)

M. Laser History 2022-08-31 | Link to the main video about the history of the British Empire and its connection to the University of Oxford youtu.be/1Pn8r5gOatg

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#university
#oxford
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Centralization of Knowledge at Oxford

Biography of Miklós Horthy

M. Laser History 2022-04-29 | #projectdictator Playlist- youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTZaOylOgJT_SJK0TDVk9rc1tDuJ4Pj8N&jct=EcnFldDEvsTmHs3r3jC3nfOqVjERfg

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0:00 Introduction
1:48 Admiral Horthy
7:22 The Fellowship of the Counter-Revolution
27:37 The Return of the King
36:27 The Two Sides (WW2)

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Putin’s Inaccurate Historical Propaganda : The History of the Russian and Ukrainian Relations

M. Laser History 2022-03-10 | Links to humanitarian organizations helping Ukrainian Refugees.

RESOURCES FOR UKRAINIAN REFUGEES AND SUPPORTERS
-docs.google.com/document/u/1/d/1OlZIz-72A2xI2uUOFE07L5ObQGP4JDcXZ2vdIs2P9BQ/mobilebasic

Polish Government Websites for Refugees seeking help
-https://www.gov.pl/web/ua
-https://pomagamukrainie.gov.pl/

Slovak Government Websites for Refugees seeking help
-https://ua.gov.sk/?csrt=17848135974483993656
-https://pomocpreukrajinu.sk/

Estonian Websites helping refugees
-https://www.pagulasabi.ee/en

Information for Ukrainians escaping to Germany/Switzerland/Poland
-lphr.org/en/info-flucht

Romanian Website helping Ukrainian Refugees
-https://www.gov.ro/ro/ucraina-impreuna-ajutam-mai-mult#english

Hungarian Website helping Ukrainian Refugees
-https://helsinki.hu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/HHC_Ukraine_Guide_2022_03_09_UA.pdf

Websites to help find shelter for Ukrainians across Europe.
-eu4ua.org
-facebook.com/UkrainiansFindAHost
-ukraineshelter.com/en?fbclid=IwAR151Pa0UUvO1ANt-Px39Ybr_4Yophfz8NkgFqvNSOqg9-kFVEwM4ej6I5c
-host4ukraine.com
-everybedhelps.com/?fbclid=IwAR10RsNpeR3TD1sfYLzA7DJzylOSEZSQxbbvMFQ1zhgB1v9E1U0ISccA6Mc
-ukrainenow.org/looking-for-help-abroad
-wunderflats.com/page/ukraine/tenants-in-need-ua

How you can help Ukraine- https://how-to-help-ukraine-now.super.site/
Links to donate to various Ukrainian Institutions- help-ukraine.carrd.co

With the help of my friends and other humanitarian organizations I tried my best to find as many links and as much information as possible. If there are any problems with the information provided or you have extra information you would like to add please share them in the comments.

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Channel Stuff

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0:00 Introduction
1:22 Kievan Rus'
2:54 Polish/Lithuanian/Mongol/Muscovite Period
3:55 Appropriation of the name Rus' & the Legacy of the Kievan Rus' by Muscovy
6:08 Russian Conquest & Russification
9:45 Early 20th Century
15:14 WW2 & Late 20th Century
22:08 21st Century & Language Laws
26:08 Conclusion

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European “Heroic Warrior Women”

M. Laser History 2022-02-01 | Go to curiositystream.com/MLaser to get Curiosity Stream for only $14.99 for the whole year!

Thank you to Jasmine from @Alonglongtimeago for reading some of the quotes in this video. Go check out her channel! youtube.com/c/Alonglongtimeago

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0:00 Introduction
2:15 Medieval Women Warriors
8:17 Early Modern Decline of Women Warriors
10:36 Curiosity Stream Sponsor Spot
11:55 Changing of Modern Gender Roles
14:40 Sophie Krüger & Her Military Exploits
17:10 Other Warrior Women of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Wars
18:50 Gender Roles Evolving yet Remaining

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Medieval Hermits (Public Works Hermits)

M. Laser History 2021-12-24 | This was part of a hidden video link in my Early Medieval Guilds video but since it's Christmas I am making it public for you guys.

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For extra historical information and corrections see the pinned comment.
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Consolidation of Power by Athens (c. 478-470 BCE)

M. Laser History 2021-12-17 | First video in the series- youtu.be/zF6__9jBj3U

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Aztec Human Sacrifices

M. Laser History 2021-11-22 | I originally uploaded two videos. One where I complained about demonetization and one where I didn't. The video where I complained about demonetization was, ironically, monetized and the one without the complaining was demonetized. Hence I am leaving the complaining in the video hoping that it will stay monetized.

Stefan's video has been released but the topic of the video has changed from what it original was supposed to be (about the archaeology of human sacrifices) but it's still a great video and you should check it out. -youtu.be/FVgNulhQ9Fg

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I actually had way more comments for this video than I could fit into the pinned comment (it has a 10k character limit) so, I recommend downloading the script and reading all the extra comments if you're interested.

Since I have not gone into much detail about the actual political history of the Mexica in this video as the video focused on the topic of human sacrifices, I do recommend checking out Invicta's video and QnA podcast on the subject. There are some mistakes (as there always are, nothing is perfect) but over all I think it is a very good introduction into the Mexican history.
Video- youtu.be/8a8SkSYtHXo
QnA- youtu.be/g4mFK5AFP7s

0:00 Introduction
2:52 Intro to "Aztec" Religion
6:04 Intro to "Aztec" Sacrifices
8:15 Heart-Extraction Sacrifice
16:52 God Impersonator Sacrifice
19:15 Intro to the Historical Theories
20:01 Ecological Argument
21:23 Political Argument
23:58 Conclusion to the Sacrifices and Theories
26:20 Problems With the Source Material
33:53 Conclusion

!!!!!!!!!!!!! Extra information and Corrections that didn't fit into the Pinned Comment !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

- For the creation myth I seemed to have confused the fact that Huitzilopochtli, even though being the sun god (maybe), was not the god that sacrificed himself to be the sun in the fifth iteration of the sun. Basically Huitzilopochtli did not sacrifice himself to be the sun as I said in the video. Also the whole celestial battle between the sun and the moon was a bit too oversimplified on my part as to be really accurate. See the long comment I "hearted" in the description by MajoraZ for more information on this.

- For more context into the religious continuum I talk about in the pinned comment see Zuyuano Regime.

- The Itzcoatl quote does not say 'history' but 'paintings' but the Aztecs called their codices paintings as that's partly what they where and in the context of the quote it most definitely means history when it says paintings. That's why for the sake of clarity I amended the quote.
The king was also helped in this or persuaded to do this by the chief Mexica advisor at the time Tlacaelel. It is also argued it was Tlacaelel who helped established the whole imperial cult.
Durán, Diego, Doris. Heyden, and Fernando Horcasitas. The Aztecs : The History of the Indies of New Spain. New York: Orion Press, 1964. p. 141.

Thanks to @AztlanHistorian and MajoraZ for pointing out the mistakes in the video.
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Early Medieval Guilds

M. Laser History 2021-10-22 | Go to nordvpn.com/laserhistory to get a 2-year plan plus 4 additional months with a huge discount!

The "extra" video about the High to Late Medieval Guilds (maybe not, wink wink nudge nudge)- youtu.be/BL6k3YMgATg

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0:00 What are guilds and 'gilds'
1:05 Migration Period & possible connection of gilds to Rome
4:42 Protection Gilds
5:30 NordVPN Sponsor
6:35 Protection Gilds
8:27 Religious Gilds
9:42 Social Gilds
10:53 Conclusion

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For extra historical information and corrections see the pinned comment.
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M. Laser History 100k QnA

M. Laser History 2021-08-25 | My Patreon- patreon.com/mlaser

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0:00 Intro
0:43 Vodka or Rakija?
0:47 UNIVERSITY?
0:55 What events do you think were the biggest game changers for Eastern Europe throughout history?
1:38 What is your favourite area of history to look into? What's your favourite time period of history and why?
3:01 Would you consider doing any alternate history videos?
3:10 How did you get interested into history? What started your love for history?
4:10 Explain historical relativism. Why should/shouldn’t we apply it when evaluating historical figures? In your opinion, what are some pros and cons to historical relativism?
9:39 Lost historical works you'd love the most to get your hands on? I'd love to read the memoirs of Sulla, such an interesting guy!
11:02 Is hot dog a sandwich?
11:05 OMG would you defeat a horse size duck?
11:17 What is your favorite song?
11:48 What books would you recommend about History? (It can be any period/topic)
13:07 Why'd you start, and what helps you keep going?
15:03 What are the books you have used frequently in your videos as reference and/or research? What are some positives and negatives you would personally say about each of them?
17:17 What is one area of history that you would like to learn more about?
17:40 Has your general view of history or worldview changed since you've started doing history youtube? If so, are there any videos you found especially influential, or did these changes come about gradually and in the background?
18:41 Favourite type of cheese?
19:10 What YouTube channels do you watch the most?
19:22 What was your most challenging video to make?
20:12 What type of videos would you like to make but can’t because of lack of views/YouTube disliking it?
22:45 What type of videos would you like to make but can’t because of lack of views/YouTube disliking it?
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Early Medieval Eurasian Nomads were not Pure “Nomads”

M. Laser History 2021-08-09 | Get your Private Internet 3 years subscription with 2 extra free months for only $2.08/Month here -privateinternetaccess.com/MLaserHistory

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0:00 Intro
0:53 Political History of the Steppe
6:23 Private Internet Access Sponsor
8:00 The Life of the Steppe Nomads
15:51 Conclusion

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#History #Nomads #Steppe #Turks #Uyghur

Erfurt Latrine Disaster

M. Laser History 2021-04-13 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/c/MLaser2 where I just upload random videos from game-plays to vlogs and more.

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#History #HolyRomanEmpire #Erfurt

Medieval Slavic Navy & the 626 Avar Siege of Constantinople

M. Laser History 2021-02-06 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/c/MLaser2 where I just upload random videos from game-plays to vlogs and more.

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#Avars #Slavs #Byzantium

When Trotsky, Stalin, & Hitler walked into a Coffee House : Viennese Coffee House History

M. Laser History 2020-12-12 | The first 100 people to use this link can get one week free trial and or 25% off of the full membership: blinkist.com/MLaserHistory
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#History #Coffee #Vienna

The TRUE History of Beer

M. Laser History 2020-10-14 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/c/MLaser2 where I just upload random videos from game-plays to vlogs and more.

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#History #Beer #Brewing

Creation of the Paris Commune & Its Communist Myth

M. Laser History 2020-08-21 | Project France playlist- youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsGkrS0GwoS6ivoJge_lU8dXys0AqIKlK

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Maximilian of Mexico (Austrian Emperor)- youtube.com/watch?v=sZntrKGemBM

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Music- Brian Crain: Song for Sienna

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#History #ProjectFrance #Paris

Dissolution of Hungary : Treaty of Trianon

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The Final Days of Austria-Hungary video- youtube.com/watch?v=fuj2YKsbK3Q

The Dissolution of Austria : Treaty of Saint-Germain video- youtu.be/0RRuENXQ-sY

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Music- Franz Lehár Waltz of the Merry Widow
Brian Crain: Song for Sienna

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#History #Hungary #AustriaHungary

Dissolution of Austria : Treaty of Saint-Germain

M. Laser History 2020-07-16 | The Final Days of Austria-Hungary video- youtube.com/watch?v=fuj2YKsbK3Q

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#History #Austria #AustriaHungary

The Final Days of Austria-Hungary

M. Laser History 2020-06-04 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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#History #TheGreatWar #AustriaHungary

The Slavic Venetic Connection

M. Laser History 2020-04-30 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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#History #Slavs #Slavic

Did Liechtenstein Really Gain a Soldier in a War?

M. Laser History 2020-03-26 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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#Liechtenstein #History #PositiveCasualties

Beginnings of the Athenian Empire (c. 499-478 BCE)

M. Laser History 2020-02-26 | -Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/SyzL30qhwC7
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The next video in this Classical Athens series- youtu.be/nyviLEUbRsI
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The music is from the album Greek Mythology by Derek & Brandon Flechter.
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#History #Greece #Athens

Life of a Hansa Merchant : Hanseatic League History

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5:21 Liquid= being able to be sold or converted into cash.

6:04 Yard Gaard or a Gård.

6:52 The Bergen Kontor had a wast majority of merchants from Lubeck so most but not all Yards where just people from Lubeck. Other Hansa Kontor where actually more diverse than Bryggen was.

7:00 Every Kontor had a different administrative structure plus even the administrative structure of Bryggen shown here is just the early 15th century as the structure changed over time. Also Hansa Cities where completely different from the Kontors in administration.

7:51 Of course everyone in the Kontor also had to go to church every Sunday.

9:19 No it's not a coincidence that the Bergen's red-light district lies so close to the Kontor. The Kontor was the largest customer of the red-light district.

11:48 King Christian IV of Denmark attended one of the initiations (in the 16th century) and found "them so amusing he ordered one of his servants to take part ... he [the servant] was treated so roughly" (during the hazing) that he refused to participate anymore even if the king gave him 100 gold coins. Which was equivalent at the time to 2.7 years worth of tradesman salary.

14:15 This is a suggestive term. Of course some locals hated it and some enjoyed it. It wasn't universally loved at all. There where plenty of locals that despised it.

#History #HanseaticLeague #Bergen #Hazing

50K Subs! Thank you! Here are my mistakes.

M. Laser History 2019-12-25 | Video links to videos mentioned in this video.

Bratislava- youtube.com/watch?v=WfuYdofwZqQ&t=199s
Edinburgh- youtube.com/watch?v=7ndWHf4e8eI&t=262s
Hockey- youtube.com/watch?v=6aMW5mOKxB8&t=69s
College video- youtube.com/watch?v=DAZVEMGCgts&t=161s
Early Slavic History- youtube.com/watch?v=6UVT1sJ3TuU&t=46s
Western Slavs- youtube.com/watch?v=tbXPAt-qXFE&t=511s
Blue Blood- youtube.com/watch?v=1215lWDoYXA&t=79s
New York City- youtube.com/watch?v=p2EM8WUfMFc&t=720s
Columbus- youtube.com/watch?v=wh-d0qyn5F8
Eastern Slavs- youtube.com/watch?v=x8gtU-yQm8M&t=10s
Mexican Independence- youtube.com/watch?v=o026MwWiaIk&t=140s
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Extra Information and clarifications.

0:00 This video doesn't have all my mistakes as A; I don't remember all of them and B; I picked the ones I found the most interesting or pressing. If you think a video has a mistake that isn't addressed in the description of that video then make a comment.

2:12 Ok here I have to explain what I was saying because again it can be misinterpreted as wrong. The modern sport of Hurley is Irish, I am talking about the sport that Hurley evolved from which was a Celtic game played in large variety by all Celtic tribes of the British isles. In the original video I was talking about the predecessor of Hurley not Hurley its self.

4:11 Agh yes, he technically wasn't a king as he wasn't "crowned" but to be fair he's the person who basically turned a slavic tribal area in to a feudal system that became a kingdom.
Anyways the sentence should have been "he was the first none disputed ruler of Poland from the Piast dynasty".

5:24 Also lets take a moment and just think about how unimaginative the name 500 Fifth Avenue is for a building.
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Music used- youtube.com/watch?v=dJ-Su4utvm8

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Making of a State : Czechoslovakia

M. Laser History 2019-12-21 | Project Homecoming link- youtube.com/watch?v=gXmxRZPZsJc&list=PLbGtNUME__2daM37mkM6No_xmgI1epHBQ

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Extra Information and clarifications.

1:02 Large group leaving church services in Bohemia, Czech Republic in 1897.

1:26 The Area of today's Western Slovakia and Eastern Moravia had and still somewhat has a mixed Czech/Slovak population but I don't show that in these maps as A. A lot of People back than identified as Czechoslovak rather than one or the other and B. I am lazy and didn't want to draw it.

1:26 Keep in mind that the area populated by the Czechs is much more densely populated than the area populated by the Slovaks. So even though on the map it doesn't seem like a big difference, population vise the Czechs are far more numerous.

2:18 These are the official colors of the mentioned Czech parties, blue and darker blue. These tow parties weren't the only parties in Czechia at the time but they where the most prominent.

2:44 Most Czech movements at the end of the 19th century where also dictated by anti-westernism, Russophilia and antisemitism.

2:58 (SNS Slovenská národná strana) different from the current SNS, not the same party just the same name.

3:06 It was edited by Svetozár Hurban-Vajanský during the time we are looking at (1899 to the Great War), it had many other editors outside of this time (also a few brief ones during Vajansky's involvement).

4:39 The technical term is the "Eastern Slovak Dialect" (Západoslovenský Dialekt) but I found "Zahoracky Dialect" way more funnier.

4:45 He failed at being a farmer, locksmith, and a blacksmith in part due to his disdain towards those jobs.

4:56 Gymnasium- Type of a Central European grammar school.

6:56 He was later found not guilty and pardon just before the end of the War.

7:03 Masaryk was also quite a hothead with a nack for ending up in fights whether verbal or physical.

7:19 There was also a prominent Old Czech party which had the votes of the Czech higher class and Czech Germans.

8:10 Given the chance, a small majority 51% of Czechs and Slovaks would most likely choose independence, but considering the state of AH, many politicians rather officially supported the federalist state idea instead of a full blown succession.

8:16 There where also suppose to be various autonomous German enclaves throughout the empire.

9:42 "Austrian" here refers to any Austrian recruit not just German Austrian.

#Czechoslovakia #Czechia #Slovakia #ProjectHomecoming

Medieval History of the University of Cambridge

M. Laser History 2019-10-09 | The Oxford video- youtube.com/watch?v=PiXwLUf8lj4&t=423s

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Extra Information and clarifications.

0:36 This map isn't a completely accurate representation of Cambridge in the 16th century as it is an artistic rendition of an 16th century artistic rendition of Cambridge.
It also shows Cambridge as it was in the 16th century even though the video talks about events prior to that date.
This is because I don't think a map of Cambridge that's dated earlier then the 16th century exists or if it does I was unable to find it, hence the 16th century map.

2:06 Milton Keynes didn't exist at this point. Well at least not as it is now. The city was part of a new development project in the 1960s. Before that the area was mostly farmland with very small population. It was inhabited ever since the bronze age it just never was an established city or even a town until the 1960s. I put it in because I simply made a mistake.

2:17 This could have been more than three or even less, it's hard to prove where one was born in the 12th century. Not many birth certificates where printed out at that time.

2:27 Technically he was only a “master of the scholars” since the chancellery didn't exist yet but in practice he basically over saw all the day to day administrations of the University just like a chancellor would.

3:17 Another reason for staying may have been that Cambridge had a presence of ecclesiastical courts for the bishopric of Ely meaning students and specially law students would have had a great opportunity to work in the town as well as learn.

3:48 Joined by the Dominicans in 1238.

5:35 However there where new Universities in Scotland due to the fact that the oath by Cambridge and Oxford pertained only to England.

5:44 Hostels and halls are basically the same thing and the words are used interchangeable for the most part. However the main difference is that the words hostel was mainly used in Cambridge as the word Hall was mainly used in Oxford.
I also show the location of St Bernard's hostel in the video.

5:52 Hostels like St Bernard's or Physwick.

6:09 Starting in around the 15th century.

6:25 M. Laser is an idiot who can't do History.

7:02 Gonville Hall unlike where today's Gonville & Caius College stands was located at what is today the garden of Corpus Chirsti College.

8:35 6 of which survived to this day and King’s Hall and Michaelhouse got absorbed in to today's Trinity College.

9:34 Allegedly one of the leaders of the rioters was the mayor of Cambridge.

9:44 Back then Corpus Christi College was located a bit more up street than it is today.

Music Used- youtube.com/watch?v=YxJp8KFsqY0

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#History #Cambridge #University

Dumbest Battle in History Explained

M. Laser History 2019-09-15 | Get Surfshark VPN at https://Surfshark.deals/mlaser, Enter promo code MLASER to get 83% off and one month free!
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Original Video: youtube.com/watch?v=moXgYEaYW54

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#History #AustriaHungary #MilitaryHistory

Roman Pannonia

M. Laser History 2019-07-27 | Video by Epimetheus about the Huns- youtube.com/watch?v=NQImNDTC4rE&feature=youtu.be

The video by Historigraph about the Hungarian involvement in WW2 will be out later this week as he had some IRL stuff he had to deal with and was unable to finish it on time.

The playlist of Project Pannonia- youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbGtNUME__2eJ5rnffdg3zR-vPyBIUtKW

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1:46 It is most likely that the Italian Boii joined other Celtic tribes that came from Bohemia in to Pannonia.

2:46 The Andizetes where a celtizised Illyrian tribe.

3:03 The Dacian lands at this point where divided in to many small autonomous tribal alliances.

5:43 Or a small fortress used only for strategical (war) purposes rather then living purposes.

6:09 It is undeniable that the Romans played a vital part in the development of today's Bratislava right across the Danube from their border but I didn't count this because it *technically never was part of the Empire.

6:39 Fun fact, when the Magyars arrived to Pannonia they already had their own wine making techniques established. They then combined these with the Roman ones in Pannonia creating the unique style in which the Hungarian wine is made today.

7:47 It is also argued that this is mainly due to the fact that the northern border head more dangerous tribes like the Marcomani and Quadi then the eastern border. However when you look at the frequent Iazyges raids in to Pannonia this theory doesn't seem to hold up.
Other arguments are also that Romans used a lot of auxiliary forts for protection along the border. Hence the two legions where enough. However these forts weren't more numerous in Eastern Pannonia than anywhere else, plus legions where the only "active armies" that could respond to active problems happening, with all this combined eastern Pannonia was still less guarded then other areas in the Roman Empire.

8:02 This was mainly because the 7th legion was still in Viminacium in the south (so when the 4th left there was still one legion to protect the area) but when the 2sc legion was gone there was no protection from the East so the 4th legion had to be transferred to Budapest.
Lastly yes, over all the Pannonian basin had a much larger border force than other areas of the Empire, specially by the later Roman period, but this is the basin considered as a whole. All these legions and forces weren't uniformly divided within the basin and that was the problem I pointed out in the video.

8:15 The Second Legion Adiutrix had both a Capricorn and a Pegasus as a symbol but lets be honest Capricorn doesn't look as cool as a Pegasus plus we thought the Pegasus played nicely in to the nomadic horse theme Pannonia head through out the late antiquity and early medieval period.

9:09 The Second legion participated in all these wars.

9:27 They became a client state due to several small wars they had with the Romans all which they lost, however I didn't have time to mention these or go in to detail about them.

10:05 The Iazyges broke away from Roman control during this time.

11:19 Roman Limes means border regions of the Roman Empire and can mean also a border wall/fortification but doesn't have to necessarily.

13:42 This was a mistake, I didn't want to show the Goths raiding south but the Huns.

13:47 This is was also when the "official Roman port" for trading with the Huns changed from the cities on the Danube to Naissus in Serbia.

#History #Romans #ProjectPannonia #Hungary

Early Hungarian History

M. Laser History 2019-07-27 | Video by Quill & Ink History about the Avars- youtube.com/watch?v=fMsoP6vHqgA&t=

Video by History Time about the christianization of the Hungarians- youtu.be/bmzD_p_6XoY

The playlist of Project Pannonia- youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbGtNUME__2eJ5rnffdg3zR-vPyBIUtKW

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More Information

0:40 Here I show the old Hungarian alphabet which was derived from the old Turkic alphabet. The Hungarians most likely adopted this alphabet from the Khazars.

0:48 I used the Hungarian Turul to symbolize the Hungarians in this video.

0:58 The Kingdom of Doclea technically never fully incorporated its areas so Bosnia, Zahumlje and Rascia principalities acted as semi autonomous areas, however since this would be too hard to draw I just put them under the Kingdom of Doclea which they technically where under.

0:58 The Kieven Rus was technically divided in to three parts during this time but it was still jointly ruled as a single kingdom by the Yaroslavichi triumvirate.

3:14 There are no sources in existence that can tell us the exact (there are some that can tell us roughly) locations of these tribes. We only know they existed in that area around this time, so I try my best in the video to put them where it would make the most sense but remember this may be wrong.

3:50 It is unknown when exactly the Pechenegs crossed the Khazar Khaganate to settle on its western border. However we do know that it happened due to the Khazar joined attack on the Pechenegs by the Ouzes which forced the Pechenegs to march across the Khazar lands somewhere between 830 to 850 to get away from the Ouzes.

4:58 It was more of a gradient to be exact.

5:27 The first certain European written records. There are some very brief mentions of Hungarians in Arabic writings from 810.

6:00 Annales Bertiniani

6:36 Plus to get to Francia the Hungarians had to cross Moravian controlled territory which wouldn't be possible if they didn't get an approval from the Moravians.

7:26 Most sources about this event point to the small Hungarian raid on Frankish Pannonia and wrongly conclude that the Hungarian alliance with the Franks ended and they fought along side the Moravians in 894 but as we see later the Hungarian alliance with the Franks didn't end until Arnulf's death. Meaning this raid was either made up or more likely was conducted accidentally by a not so loyal Hungarian tribe while the Hungarians raided the Moravian lands.

7:12 It is unclear how Svetopluk died but in the Annales Fuldenses the writer implies he had a "most unlucky death" in some kind of a battle.

7:22 I put Predslav in a question mark because it is uncertain whether he really existed but the other two sons are very much known and recorded in Frankish sources.

8:54 Obviously this source is over-exaggerating a bit as some of the Hungarians already started to migrate across the Carpathians in 895 hence not "all" woman and children where killed in the Pecheneg attacks.

9:34 He wasn't trying to subdue the area that was a mistake on my part mixing up dates of HRE conquest of northern Italy. Arnulf was just using the Magyars to fight against the current Italian king Berengar.

10:23 Moravians also became vassals of the Franks for a brief 2 year period during this time.

10:23 We don't know when exactly we just know it was between the years of 901 and 907.

10:26 Or in 905, it is unclear in the sources.

12:12 It is still debated which one was which but I went with the more accepted answer among the Historians.

12:19 To be honest he was a child so even though in the sources it claims it was his idea it most likely was cooked up by his nobles/regency council.

12:58 He did not participate in the battle.

14:50 It is speculated that the Franks had around 60K troops and the Hungarians around 20K troops but these are only speculations based on numbers cited in other Frankish and Hungarian wars/battles.

#Hungary #History #ProjectPannonia

The Mexican War of Independence

M. Laser History 2019-06-08 | Video by Useful Charts about the various Monarchy parties involved in the French Revolution- youtube.com/watch?v=_S31SY-Wqd0
Video by House of History about the Boxer Rebellion- youtube.com/watch?v=2MZWH3mFG6Q

The playlist of Project Revolution- youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0MwcDYjQCaNWvMbxAcLoTxvqOxfC24MW

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More Information

1:14 Which was another colonial role appointed by the monarch.

1:25 Intendencies became used only after the bourbon reforms and mostly took power from the captaincies general.

1:25 Captaincies general was the head of the audiencias but also the head of other governmental powers like local military for example.

In general at the start of the video I am talking about the colony after the Bourbon reforms.

2:46 Of course the people from Spain had usually higher status then the people from elsewhere in Europe but they both where on top of the casta system.

3:00 In the early colonial period the word Criollos was used for all people born in america whether white or native or African however it later became to be used for only European descendence born in America.

5:13 Highest portion of Slaves was in Cordoba at 20 %.

5:14 However even though slavery wasn't really used endangered servitude still was.

7:27 And even though the Bourbon reforms tried to diminish this power of the church it didn't really work.

7:50 OK the French didn't control the whole peninsula but it was just easier to draw it like this.

8:30 City councils where the cabildos mentioned prior in the graphic showing the administration divides of the colony.

10:00 There where insurgencies against Spain before Hidalgo but Hidalgo is counted by historian as the start of the independence movement.

10:39 The reasons Hidalgo may have done this.
1. The terrain of the city he was coming from was mountains and therefor easily defended by the Spanish.
2. Hidalgo feared the mass pillaging, looting and killing that would happen in the city ones his army took it.
3. Hidalgo knew his army drastically outnumbered the Spanish but he also new it was ilequipped, poorly armed and always suffered drastic casualties when fighting trained Spanish troops, and Mexico city had the most skilled Spanish troops in the colony guarding it. He may have thought he just wouldn't be able to win.

14:40 There where actually two main treaties declaring independence the Plan de Iguala (which is the original three guarantees plan) and the Treaty of Córdoba which expended on the Three Guarantees plan. These two are usually cited together as they deal with the same thing and are obviously just an extension of each other.

15:13 He technically didn't escape to Spain but was absolved of his duties by the Royalists who still thought they could fight Iturbide . The royalists however quickly followed him as it became very clear that the revolutionaries had won.

17:05 Ironically these republicans which wanted to enforce the abolishment of the casta system are thought to have been supported by the USA.

18:06 Technically they where allowed the right to determine their own destiny by the Mexican Republican Government (they chose independence) but a majority of Mexicans where against this, calling it an illegitimate declaration of independence.

#Mexico #History #ProjectRevolution

The True Story Behind the War of the Bucket

M. Laser History 2019-05-07 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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1:53 Although in the grand scheme of things Parma had mixed allegiances at that time it was pro church leaning.

2:48 Also the supply lines to the besieging army would be threatened as well.

3:07 He wasn't as much of an Imperial party supporter as he was dissatisfied with the Papal and Bolognese control and governents.

3:40 The English version of Wikipedia.

3:48 To be fare outside of Wikipedia (exceptions apply), you shouldn't be going to any of these pages for source material.

4:56 Also the poem in an of its self had made up some aspects of the war that weren't true.

6:46 All this maneuvering took couple of nights not just one single night.

7:41 Prati di Saletto plateau not Castelletto sorry.

8:49 Even though European infantry war drums are usually seen as a modern era tool they where actually used in battle by the Europeans since the crusades.

10:42 Crespellano, Zola, Samoggia, Anzola, Castelfranco, Piumazzo and the Rhine lock in Casalecchio,

10:44 Locks on the Reno river diverted drinking water to Bologna.

10:49 There are several reasons why the Modenes didn't besiege Bologna and some are still debated to this day. For example Historians are still not sure whether Modena had enough soldiers to even attempt a siege of Bologna on top of that the Modenes supplie lines where already very stretched and it would be hard to have a drawn out siege. Lastly besieging Bologna wouldn't give much direct gains to Modena as they definitely wouldn't be aloud or capable of annexing it.

11:07 It is still debated whether this truly happened or was invented a years later as a funny story/anecdote. However most sources do seem to point towards it actually happening.

12:19 Most of this money was taken by Passerino and Modena it's self didn't see much from it.

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Songs used.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiOjIaoVPVY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4cyGbV4nmw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-16NT6LJzP8
War Preperations (Cinematic Heroic Underscore) from pond5

#WarOfTheBucket #History #Italy #TrueStory #DumbestBattle

Empire vs The Papacy (Guelphs vs Ghibellines)

M. Laser History 2019-03-28 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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8:48 OK technically Charlemagne wasn't the one who "directly" appointed Leo 3rd but his influence and protection was the only reason why Leo became and remained a Pope.

1:01 This practice was done before Charlemagne and some people may argue that it was in fact Justinian who set this precedent but it is without a doubt that Charlemagne had a big part in it and we had to start somewhere.

1:45 This was hardly a short affair. It happened over the course of around 35 years (since 1050) and involved various Popes although the most notable one was Gregory VII.

2:22 Henry was also excommunicated, and he also appointed an anti Pope to fight against the current pope , etc.

2:32 King of the Germans was an elected (by prince electors) ruler of what we know as the Holy Roman Empire. And even though King of the Germans effectively ruled over the HRE he technically was only called the Holy Roman Emperor if the Pope crowned him as such.
So Henry the 4th wasn't crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor (up until now) but he was crowned as the King of the Germans

2:48 Pour choice of words, it was only "dubious" depending on what side you look at it from.

2:52 There's no time to get in to the Investiture Controversy you can read more about it here if you want. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_Controversy

3:48 Although the power struggle between the Papacy and the HRE in the area existed ever since the signing of the Concordat of Worms.

3:45 The Papal States where just that, States. So there existed divisions within the Papal states with varying amount of autonomy. But on the map I only shown the states which had the most autonomy and the rest I just put together in to the Papal States.

4:13 First was the treaty of Venice and then the was the full peace treaty.

4:15 The Lombard league would be rekindled few more times against the the HRE but these where more focused around the church vs the empire struggles that came about later, rather then a true league of most Italian city states, like the first one was.

5:30 Of course the exact reasons for a city to be pro imperial or pro church, varied city by city and it wasn't always as clear cut as to be portrait completely accurately on a map. Therefor my map is "in general" accurate but each city/area is special in how it dealt with the Guelphs vs Ghibellines struggle.

6:07 Ghibellines cut fruit at a table crosswise, Guelphs straight down.

6:25 The interregnum was a period between 1245 and 1312 where the combination of various events from the princess unable to decide on a new king, to multiple pretender kings, plus Papal insurgency, resulted in the 65 year long succession crises.

6:55 Of course each battle had its own unique reasons for happening but all the battles during this period had a continues overarching plot of Church vs the Empire. I am also not showing all the battles that occurred during this era here.

6:51 Even though the legitimate emperor Fredric II didn't die until 1250, the interregnum started during the last 5 years of his reign due to the pope crowning an anti Holy Roman Emperor to take power away from Fredrick.

8:02 Dante also fought in the battle of Campaldino.

8:55 Even though the Pope and the Emperor will through out history support various pro church and pro imperial factions, over all the parties turned too radical for both of them to be able to "fully" control the situation.

#History #Animated #Italy #Guelphs #Ghibellines

Early East Slavic History

M. Laser History 2019-02-11 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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0:27 I am showing the Huns, Finno-Ugric Tribes, Avars and Bulgars, even though there where many more tribes that where in the area at one point or another.

2:12 The Volga Bulgars and Magyars where also vassals of the Khazars at this point.

2:53 The map of different Slavic tribes may well be inaccurate because we have only the Novgorod writings to work with and therefor we can't really pinpoint an exact map of all the different Slavic ethnic groups and where they lived. We just know they existed.

3:53 You may also find some writings where confused authors would use the word Rus' and Varangians interchangeably.

4:04 I actually meant to say crucible steel not Damascus steel as the ulfberht swords never actually where true crucible steel. They where sometimes considered as pattern welded "false Damascus" steel which is a form of crucible steel but isn't actually true Damascus steel.

8:34 It also may have been that Rurik was just a descended of one of the many Varangian chieftains that existed in the area, who than manage to conquer all the other smaller chieftains.

9:00 However he most likely conquered most of the Rus' northern lands before his death.

9:15 I show the Khazars having full control of the area between the years 882 to 912 but this wasn't completely true as the nomadic tribe that would replace them later the Pechenegs already had established a hold on the Khazar Northern lands.

9:19 Oleg also set off on few raiding expeditions and also allegedly besieged Constantinople.

9:41 There are many more interpretations of when Oleg lived, died and what happened during that time but this one seemed to most likely to me.

9:52 And also in to the Khazar lands.

10:12 Laws regarding to collecting tributes, most likely connected to the fact that her husband died while doing that.

10:34 The Pechenegs allied with the Rus' and helped them conquer the Khazars and that is why they where able to establish them self in the lower Ukraine region after the Khazar destruction.

12:25 Vladimir actually conquered Kiev from which Yaropolk ran away. It was while on this run Vladimir killed his brother.

13:09 As told to us through the primary chronicle so whether he actually said it or not we may never no.

#History #Slavs #Rus' #Russian #Ukraine #Belarus

M.Laser QnA

M. Laser History 2019-01-24 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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4:48 Slovakia or Slovak as a term didn't really exist until around the late exploration period. However the Slavic people that we call the Slovaks today lived in then northern Hungary pretty much since the Western Slavic migration.

5:09 It is important to understand that the spectrum of how good or badly Slovaks where treated varied between counties and time periods.

5:46 I am well aware of anecdotal sentencing and imprisonment of pro nationalistic Slovaks however these where very much an exception then the norm when it came to the average person.
-The only major event I can really think of is the Černová massacre and that wasn't even as clear cut as most Slovaks make it out to be. Also Hungarians got under a lot of political pressure and lost a lot of prestige on the world stage because of that event. So that just goes to show how they couldn't really afford to be very "active" in their oppression of Slovaks without having a lot of problems and it not being known about in the rest of the world.

5:35 Also Hungarians would find many Hungarian settlements within today's Slovakia mainly in the southern part.

10:53 Also the Latin text is written in a cursive style tough in Slovak elementary school and it is the cursive style I still write in to this day.

#QnA #Questions #Answers #Animation

Origins of The Good King Wenceslas Carol

M. Laser History 2018-12-18 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
where I just upload random videos from game-plays to vlogs and more.

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0:34 He was declared to be an honorary king and also a saint after his death.
Hence today his name is King Wenceslaus or Saint Wenceslaus.

2:06 He is the translator and or creator of multiple today well known Christmas carols not just of Good King Wenceslas.

3:19 When I say google in this video I mean the online google book database.

6:00 At least according to the myth.

6:51 Same goes for the German version of the poem.

8:58 Vaclav's poem talks about multiple people including children not just a single peasant.

9:18 Also naturally since Vaclav's poem is longer it talks about much more detail and gives more exposition but the over all story stays the same.
____________________________________________________________________

Thanks to Michal Hruška (this guy is amazing and he went above and beyond) who actually scheduled a meeting at the Prague library and took pictures of the original Czech poem, we now have the original Czech version of the Good King Wenceslas poem by Vaclav A. Svoboda.

The poem was too long to put in the description so you can read it (in Czech) and see the pictures of the original at my Patreon for free.
patreon.com/posts/czech-version-of-23824282

#History #Christmas #Wenceslas

Austro-Hungarian Navy in WW1

M. Laser History 2018-11-24 | Operation Odysseus Playlist link- youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDb22nlVXGgd2rdNu1C44t-hoYXA9bL2M

Potential History Video- youtube.com/watch?v=SuSd5TfFOJk

Wartime History Video- youtube.com/watch?v=r9qb88kG-tw

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My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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0:19 I shorten the name here and in the rest of the video to Imperial navy, but the full name of the navy was, "Austro-Hungarian Navy", "Imperial and Royal War Navy", " Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine" or just "k.u.k. Kriegsmarine".

0:31 USA had lots of Heavy ships like dreadnoughts however lacked sufficient light ships like destroyers. Russia on the other hand had lots of light ships but no heavy ships at the start of the war.

1:06 I am rounding up in these calculations.

1:58 Or even prior to then from northern Italy when Venice and the surrounding area was under the Habsburg control.

2:18 The colors represent different ethnicities living in that part of the empire and the black stripes represent sizable German settlements in those areas.

2:29 However anti-air was developed later in the war.

2:32 Stokers- People who stoke the fire, basically add coal in to the engine.

4:07 So fuel isn't wasted.

4:19 However the navy did get a large boost to its budget prior to the outbreak of WW1.

4:32 Plus the Austro-Hungarian Navy was much more balanced.

5:03 Technically the triple alliance never broken up officially until the Italian deceleration of war in 1915. However it was clear by 1910 that Italy wasn't a reliable ally and Germany and Austria-Hungary treated her as such.

5:24 At least that's what the Austro-Hungarian military staff thought.

5:51 Technically the triple alliance was just a defensive pact so Italy didn't break any "promises" as Austria-Hungary and Germany where technically the aggressors in WW1. However they did declare war on them later so you know ...

7:12 Where the Admiral Miklós Horthy later to be the regent of Hungary came to prominence.

7:22 Austria-Hungary was also given some submarines (some even with German crew) from the Germans to use in the Mediterranean.

7:38 There was the naval Cattaro Mutiny before the end of the war but this involved only about 3% of the Imperial naval staff so it can be said there wasn't much support for it.

#History #OperationOdysseus #AustriaHungary #NavalHistory

For anyone wondering: the first song playing in the background is "Unter der Admiralsflagge" by Julius Fucik and the second is "Unter dem Doppeladler Marsch" by Josef Franz Wagner.

Early History of the University of Oxford

M. Laser History 2018-10-12 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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2:01 Although he wasn't the most subtle person in his portrayal of history and definitely had his own set of biases in his writings, specially against the Irish.

2:39 Or just clerical law, which often times superseded the University law as the University was a beneficiary of the catholic church.

3:20 I show them being hanged within the city's wall due to simplicity sake however they where hanged outside of the city. Also it wasn't just the people that declared the students as guilty. The mayor of the city was there as well and he was the one to carry out the official verdict.

4:05 This problem was also prolonged due to the quarrel between the pope and the King of England at the time. As such the church was in no position until 1214 to resolve such problems.

4:15 We know this position existed in one way or another before 1214 but this is the first official mention of it.

5:29 Aularian just means "hall" in latin.

6:08 10 February 1355

7:04 There was no set date of end for this but it ended 470 years later when the Mayor and the University reached an agreement. The City also had to pay the university each year on St Scholastic day.

7:43 Third one being Thomas Aquinas.

7:49 Although Wycliffe is usually credit with the first translation of the bible in to English, this is most likely not the case. However even if he wasn't the first he still did translate the bible in to English and his translation became to be very important.

8:26 The reason why I show Wycliffe there with the calculators is because he along with some of the calculators was the last person of the oxford intellectual movement to die.

#History #Oxford #University

Early South Slavic History

M. Laser History 2018-09-19 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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0:16 There where obviously more towns/cities then just shown on this map.

0:38 Even though the Greek culture and language spread, the Greeks mostly stayed below the line shown before.

1:09 Or any other farmers from the people groups mentioned before.

8:19 Along with some Germanic Farmers like Lombards, Ostrogoths and Franks.

8:47 Even though Carantania would later on become Germanic at this point it was mostly Slavic and there are even records of Slavic farmers staving off Germanic Settlers coming from the West.

10:05 This is not to say that the Huns where Indo-European, this was a pour choice of words on my part. However it is believed that the Huns did control Indo-European tribes whilst in Europe and some of these tribes got then assimilated in to the Bulgar tribes.

12:20 This is just a snapshot of the Bulgar Empire at it's largest expanse, however this doesn't reflect the borders of the Bulgar state throughout most of it's life which where much smaller.

13:56 Boris didn't die in 889, just abdicated, he died in 907.

14:37 The coastal city states shown here under Byzantine control had a very complex political structure and not all of them where under a complete control by the Byzantines but it was simpler to just show them this way on the map.

15:05 It is not completely known whether both where either vassals or part of the empire, but considering the events that followed, I went with the most plausible statement.

15:59 It is still debated if he killed Radoslav or his son Prosigoj.

16:36 With a brief disruption in the middle by the Domagojevic dynasty.

17:40 It is also debated that around the middle 9th century the Serbians may have been forced alias or even vassals of the Bulgars for a while.

Music comes from this video - youtube.com/watch?v=KYA8XGxSHSM&t=2044s

#History #SouthSlavic #Balkans

Destruction of Columbus First Colony

M. Laser History 2018-08-10 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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0:25 - Columbus had three ships on his first voyage. Here I am showing only two as the third one was missing when all of this happened.

0:30 - The exact location of the colony and the way it looked like is unknown. Therefor what you see is just an artistic representation of what it may have looked like.

1:26 = I meant to say mountains in the Cibao region as there is no Cibao mountain range.

1:31 - Plus some extra goods given from the other ship.

1:44 - I forgot to count the leaders of the colony and the fort which where, Diego de Arana, Pedro Gutierrez and Rodrigo de Escobedo. So in total 39 men where left behind.

1:47 - It was named La Navidad due to the fact that it was established around the Christmas holiday. It was also most likely named Fort La Navidad (or Fort Navidad) but in all the writings I read people just called it "La Navidad".

2:19 - Technically the old “Asian” world as Columbus still thought he was somewhere in undiscovered South East Asia.

2:25 - However he took a couple of detours on other islands before finally coming to La Navidad.

3:30 - Later the Europeans accused the chief of Jaragua and not Magua. However this accusation was largely made up as it makes little sense why the Spaniards would go to Jaragua instead of Magua where even Guacangari mentioned the gold comes from. Plus Guacanagari's brother mentions it was Caonabo who organised the attack, which later Columbus finds is the ruler of the Cibao region in Magua not Jaragua.

4:05 - Not shown in the animation was the fact that the Europeans also had several canons with them which they almost certainly used in the defense of the colony.

Music was from Ebunny

victory
celtic-knight
black-rain-dark-epic-horror-ci
dramatic-spanish-ballad

#History #Columbus #Colony

History of New York City

M. Laser History 2018-07-20 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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The drawn maps (by me not the pictures of actual ones) of early New York City I show in the video aren't an exact approximations to the real maps but an artistic representation of how it could have looked like.

1:44 Reprint of 1685 which is not a completely correct representation of the situation at the time. The border with New England had been adjusted to 50 miles (80 km) west of the Fresh River, while the Lange Eylandt towns west of Oyster Bay were under Dutch jurisdiction.

1:52 There was one close call with the natives when the Pavonia Massacre occurred and the Algonquian tribes joined the tribes already fighting the dutch. This however resulted in a Native American defeat after the Dutch sen reinforcements to the city.

1:59 I am calling it a city here however it was still quite small as the entire colony of new Netherlands (including New Amsterdam) had only about 8000 inhabitants,

2:03 Not all of those Africans where slaves by the time of British occupation (small population was free), however how many where free I was unable to find.

2:50 There was a period at the turn of the century that the slave population may have numbered up to 40% (number still very much debated) of the cities population however this changed after the enlightenment era, coming back down to 20%.

4:24 Including freed African Americans by the British during the war, which where technically suppose to be given back to their American owners.

8:00 Named as such because it was signed under a buttonwood tree.

8:02 First attempt in New York City I don't know if it was the first attempt in the whole country.

10:17 Ticker tape is a thin peace of paper holding the information of changing stock prices. Today its mostly confetti that is thrown out on to the parade and not ticker tape.

11:02 Beating out London.

11:16 Speakeasies where illegal/hidden bars that would sell alcohol during the prohibition era.

11:25 It can be argued that the great depression started prior to Black Tuesday in the farming sector and then other areas and the stock market was just an effect of all these other problems.

11:40 To be fare large amounts of anti immigration laws started before the great depression. Spoored up nationalism during and after the great war fueled anti immigrant sentiment. However there where laws extending this immigration block during the great depression as well and that's why I mentioned it.

Martin Fernandez
"The building on the right at 11:59 is not Rockefeller Center it's 500 Fifth Ave. Rockefeller Center is not in the picture."

I am sorry I wasn’t able to cover everything in the history of New York City specially the more recent stuff like the 2008 crash or 9/11 but due to time I can’t possibly cover everything and I recommend going to pick up a book in your local library if you want to know more.

#History #NYC #NewYork

Why Call Them Blue Bloods ?

M. Laser History 2018-06-23 | Vitaj (Slovakia) youtube.com/user/Foxglobeblue21

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1:19 I miss spoke and meant to say Hispania not Hispaniola.

#History #Blueblood #Aristocracy

Dumbest Battle in History: Battle of Karánsebes

M. Laser History 2018-06-14 | My second channel M. Laser Random- youtube.com/channel/UCOEt53JAqyL_OkE5Oq-bIkg
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0:10 100k Was the force of the entire military in this campaign however this was most likely divided up between multiple fronts, key objectives and strategical placements so it wasn't the entire 100k force in Caransebes.

0:41 I say Roma or Wallachians with the bottom right corner showing that sources differ. I am not saying these two groups are the same no they aren't. I am just saying we don't know who exactly sold the alcohol as sources differ.

1:25 Turci actually means Turks not Ottomans however it's what most of the people in the Austrian Empire called the Ottomans.

3:20 The Ottoman source specifies that they used the surprising confusion within the Austrian forces north of the Mehadia Pass (Basically Where Karansebes is Located) in September. However don't say what caused this so it could have well been the Battle of Karansebes.

Most criticism about the battle or the blunder not happening argue that there is no mention of it in the Viennese war archives. However considering the scope of the blunder it is completely not unheard of (specially during that time) for the military staff and even the emperor him self to try everything in their power to sweep it all under a rug or at least down play the scope of the blunder.

Videos used in the making of this video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qvbm23xcFMo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nXrP3kkWGE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPDPpacJSkg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-QriJRgyBg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p79IBaksXU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIPkhziXqu0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypiD7L4RZSQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYgnwKSKOqs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0kl9xFVSnI

#History #AustriaHungary #MilitaryHistory

Fidel Castro and The Cuban Communist Revolution

M. Laser History 2018-06-03 | "YouTube History Podcast" where I talk to various History Youtubers. (you can get it on soundcloud or any other podcast application)- https://soundcloud.com/youtubehistory...

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1:12 There's much more here politically and economically how and why USA acted this way but there was no time to explain it as it is very complicated.

3:07 There where many more events that Castro went through in his life like in Colombia or the planed revolution in Dominican R. but due to time I had to skip through many of these.

3:31 There where also other sides in the conflict but these where either disorganized or too small to take to account in the bigger political/historical picture.

3:39 It's called the Bohemia not Bohemian, my bad.

Just for the record I despise communism and hate Castro. However with that said I still wanted to portray an unbiased (mostly) view of the true facts we have at hand weather they support my ideas or not.

Videos used in the making of this video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5xRho3TauQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dVnxlFyFxA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KztW4BMx-s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nap0u7QEAPU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3Q_d2e6qzc
youtube.com/watch?v=jNixpGx4AV8
youtube.com/watch?v=fSLCR6g2IaE

Everything else was shot by me on location in Havana.

#History #Cuba #FidelCastro