Name: The Strangest Implication of Quantum Mechanics @veritasium
Uploaded: 2026-09-28T08:17:00-05:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: The Strangest Implication of Quantum Mechanics

The Strangest Implication of Quantum Mechanics

Veritasium 2026-09-28 | The Strangest Implication of Quantum Mechanics

The real science of black holes

Veritasium 2024-10-16 | What would happen if you fell into a black hole? #astrophysics #einstein #generalrelativity

NASAs Search For Life In A Radiation Death Zone

Veritasium 2024-10-11 | Europa Clipper is looking for signs of alien life in a very deadly place. Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to start planning a career that can help change the world for the better.

A massive thank you to Dr. Robert Pappalardo for his expertise and time.

A huge thank you to Gretchen McCartney and Cynthia B. Phillips at NASA JPL for their help.

For more on hydrothermal vents, check out NaturalWorldFacts on YouTube - @NaturalWorldFacts

00:00 ATTEMPT NO LANDING.
01:06 Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts
03:56 Europa’s secret
06:15 Why Europa isn’t completely frozen
08:03 Effects of tidal flexing
09:13 Why alien life could exist
10:39 How Europa Clipper detects signs of life
11:34 Why not Enceladus?
13:01 Europa Clipper’s instruments
15:13 Launch date and first results

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Shiroyasha, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Europa Clipper via Wikipedia - ve42.co/ECWiki
Magnetosphere of Jupiter via Wikipedia - ve42.co/JupiterMagWiki
Europa Clipper (2024) via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/ECNasa
Extraterrestrial Cycloids - Why Are They on Europa? via minutephysics on YouTube - ve42.co/MinPhysCycloid
Hand, K. P. & Carlson, R. W. (2015). Europa’s surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride. Geophysical research letters - ve42.co/Carlson2015
Dalton, J. B. et al. (2003). Near-Infrared Detection of Potential Evidence for Microscopic Organisms on Europa. Astrobiology - ve42.co/Dalton2003
Europa Clipper: Exploring Jupiter's Ocean World (2024, May 24) via Youtube - ve42.co/PappalardoLec
Carr, M., Belton, M., Chapman, C. et al. (1998). Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa. Nature 391, 363–365 - ve42.co/Carr1998
New Findings Support Prospect of Life on Jupiter’s Moon Europa (2024) via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/NasaEuropaLife
Meitzler, R., Jun, I., Blase, R. et al. (2023). Investigating Europa’s Radiation Environment with the Europa Clipper Radiation Monitor. Space Sci Rev 219, 61 - ve42.co/Meitzler2023

#europaclipper

Images & Video:
2010: The Year We Make Contact - ve42.co/2010Contact
CGI animations via NASA - ve42.co/NasaCGI
NASA Eyes on the Solar System - ve42.co/NasaEyes
Jupiter's magnetosphere via Chandra X-Ray Center - ve42.co/JupiterMagChandra
Io's Volcanoes via BBC Earth Science - ve42.co/IoBBCEarth
Clipper ships via Wikipedia - ve42.co/ClipperShipWiki
Various moon images via NASA - ve42.co/NasaMoons
Hydrothermal vent animation from NaturalWorldFacts - ve42.co/NWFVentAnims
Hydrothermal vent footage by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute - ve42.co/ARIVent
Snotbot footage from VICE News - ve42.co/SnotBotVice
Plate tectonics on Europa by Noah Kroese - ve42.co/KroeseTectonics
JUICE CGI animations via ESA - ve42.co/JUICECGIESA
Arthur C. Clarke photo via ITU Pictures under the CC 2.0 license - ve42.co/ClarkePhoto

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Directed by Gregor Čavlović
Written by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Jack Saxon
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Gregor Čavlović
Additional research by Gabriel Bean
Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Luke Lewis, Barbara Abraul, Gabriel Bean, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, and Jakub Misiek

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

People said this experiment was impossible, so I tried it

Veritasium 2024-10-05 | The world’s first look inside a thermite reaction. Use code veritasium at incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.

A massive thank you to everyone at Goldschmidt for making this possible. With special thanks to Dr. Axel Hoeschen, Christof Gassmann and Claudia Koch.

00:00 What is thermite?
00:51 Hans Goldschmidt and the first thermite reaction
05:55 The reaction as it’s never been seen before
14:57 How thermite welding works
17:43 I destroyed a laptop!
26:44 How thermite is made
31:11 Blow-torching thermite to show how reactive it is

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com

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References:

Archives from Goldschmidt
Thermite via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiThermite
From the past to the present. via goldschmidt.com - ve42.co/Past2Present
Hans Goldschmidt via Wikipedia - ve42.co/HansGWiki
Goldschmidt, H. (1914). Gesammelte Veröffentlichungen (1st Ed.). Springer-Verlag - ve42.co/HGoldschmit1914
Menzies, J. (2015, January 8). Mechanic's Toolbox: Thermite Welding. SFMTA. - ve42.co/ThermiteWelding
Kirshenbaum, A. D., & Cahill, J. A. (1960). The density of liquid aluminium oxide. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry - ve42.co/CahillA1960
Reichstag fire via Wikipedia - ve42.co/ReichstagFireWiki

Images & Video:

Karl Goldschmidt - ve42.co/KGoldschmidt
Goldschmidt Chemical Factory - ve42.co/GSFabrik
Henry Treffry Dunn Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk - ve42.co/Treffry
The Green Gown - ve42.co/GreenGown
Arsenic Green Dress - ve42.co/ArsenicGreenDress
Kersting, Die Stickerin - ve42.co/Fassung
Too Early Tissot Detail - ve42.co/Tissot
Death Skull - ve42.co/Skull
British uniforms - ve42.co/BritishUniforms
Thermit in Practice - ve42.co/SKallee
Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 1 - ve42.co/ShipShaft1
Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 2 - ve42.co/ShipShaft2
Using Incendiary Grenade to Destroy German Antitank Gun by OkraJoe - youtu.be/RTSiq5QYHGo?si=Va_6dPimFuaQfFp5
Reichstagsbrand - ve42.co/RTBrand
Ruins of the Reichstagsbrand - ve42.co/RTBrand2
The Thermite Kettle by colinfurze - youtu.be/mg3bFxdAZsY?si=BmBIYPUlP1Wfpuoj

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

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Directed by Derek Muller
Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Rokas Vikšraitis and Mike Radjabov
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, David Bochmann, Casper Mebius, Luise Dietert, Henning Fischer and Harald Schweiger
Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović and Gabriel Bean
Produced by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard and Tori Brittain

Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley and Casper Mebius
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

How do QR codes work? (I built one myself to find out)

Veritasium 2024-09-30 | How do QR codes work? The checkerboard patterns taking over the world, demystified. Go to https://Saily.com/veritasium and use the code ‘veritasium’ to get an exclusive 15% off your first purchase.

Special thanks to Mashiro Hara and Yuki Watanabe.

00:00 I was wrong
00:49 How Morse Code revolutionized communication
03:57 How barcodes work
10:34 How QR codes store information
18:16 Why damaged QR codes still work
29:54 Why are QR codes so common?
31:21 How safe are QR codes?
32:25 The future of QR codes

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com

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References: ve42.co/O

Images & Video:
1940’s grocery store - H.I.C - ve42.co/1940sShop
Why Americans Are Obsessed With Peanut Butter via Youtube - ve42.co/PeanutButter1
Jif Peanut Butter 90s Commercial (1998) via Youtube - ve42.co/PeanutButter2
Vericode Symbol via Youtube - ve42.co/VericodeSymbol
Oreo introduces Sour Patch Kids cookies via YouTube - ve42.co/OreaSour
BSE - Changes in Behaviour via YouTube - ve42.co/BSE
QR Code with Drones | Firefly Drone Show via YouTube - ve42.co/DroneQRCode
Damaged barcode 1 by christiaangpr via Reddit - ve42.co/DamagedBarcode1
Damaged barcode 2, Midcom service group ve42.co/DamagedBarcode2
Oskana, G and Petkova, A. (2020 July 1). Testing a nano-barcodes marking technology for identification and protection of the mechanical products, Fig. 1 - ve42.co/MatrixCodes
NASA Celebrates 40 Years of the Voyager Mission via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/Voyager40Yr
Apollo footage via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/ApolloFootage
Snake in a QR code by MattKC via mattkc.com - ve42.co/SnakeQR
Scratched CD by Ice3yes via Reddit - ve42.co/ScratchedCD
Alfred Vail Portrait via si.edu - ve42.co/AlfredVail
Bernard Silver Portrait vai invent.org - ve42.co/BernardSilver
Norman Joseph Woodland Portrait via usatoday.com ve42.co/NormanWoodland
Masahiro Hara portrait via denso.com ve42.co/MasahiroPhoto
Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph patents via Wikipedia:
ve42.co/TelegraphPatent1
ve42.co/TelegraphPatent2
ve42.co/TelegraphPatent3
ve42.co/TelegraphPatent4
ve42.co/TelegraphPatent5
ve42.co/TelegraphPatent6
5 needle telegraph via cachesleuth.com- ve42.co/NeedleTelegraph

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

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Directed by Sumeet Kulkarni
Written by Sumeet Kulkarni and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson and Luke Molloy
Animated by David Szakaly, Fabio Albertelli, James Finnemore, Ivy Tello
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright
Filmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Additional Research by Gabriel Bean
Produced by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Emily Zhang

Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley, David Szakaly, Gregor Čavlović, Raquel Nuno
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Exposing The Flaw In Our Phone System

Veritasium 2024-09-21 | Can you trust your phone? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

A huge thank you to Linus Sebastian and the team at Linus Tech Tips - check them out at @LinusTechTips

A massive thank you to Alexandre De Oliveira and Karsten Nohl making this demo possible.

A special thanks to Crofton Black at Lighthouse Reports, Cathal Mc Daid at Enea, and James Hobson at @hacksmith

00:00 I hacked Linus!
00:59 How Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak hacked the telephone network
02:22 Early history of the telephone
07:08 The kidnapping of Sheikha Latifa
08:41 How Signalling System No. 7 works
11:03 Why SS7 is vulnerable to hacking
12:15 How hackers gain access to phones
16:17 How I was able to spy on Linus’ phone
18:09 How hackers can intercept text messages
21:04 How your location can be tracked via SS7
29:03 How to protect your phone from hacking

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Black, C. (2020). Spy companies using Channel Islands to track phones around the world. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism - ve42.co/SpyTBIJ
It is dangerously easy to hack the world’s phones via The Economist - ve42.co/EconHack
Blake, H. (2023). The Fugitive Princesses of Dubai. The New Yorker - ve42.co/DubaiNY
McDaid, C. (2021). How Surveillance Companies Track You Using Mobile Networks. media.ccc.de - ve42.co/McDaid2021
Engel, T. (2014). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate. media.ccc.de - ve42.co/Engel2014
Nohl, K. (2014). Mobile self-defense. media.ccc.de - ve42.co/Nohl2014
How Cell Service Actually Works via WendoverProductions - ve42.co/CellWendover
How Telephone Phreaking Worked via The 8-Bit Guy - ve42.co/8BitGuy
Transmission Lines: Part 1 An Introduction via TheSiGuy - ve42.co/TheSiGuy
The Step-By-Step Switch via AT&T Tech Channel - ve42.co/SwitchATNT
Hacking Your Phone via 60 Minutes - ve42.co/60minHack
Rosenbaum, R. (1971). Secrets of the Little Blue Box. The Esquire Magazine - ve42.co/Rosenbaum1971
Black, C. et. al. (2023). Ghost in the network. Lighthouse Reports - ve42.co/Black2023
Kerr, D. (2019). The step-by-step telephone switching system. dougkerr.net - ve42.co/Kerr2019
Ecall and 2G/3G Network Obsolescence via PFA Plateforme Automobile - ve42.co/PFAAuto2021

Images & Video:
All references can be found here: ve42.co/PhoneSpyingImageVideo

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Directed by Henry van Dyck
Written by Henry van Dyck
Edited by Laura Mills
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller and Linus Media Group Team
Additional research by Gabe Bean
Produced by Derek Muller, Henry van Dyck, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily Zhang
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

What Everyone Gets Wrong About Planes

Veritasium 2024-08-31 | Myths and misconceptions about planes. Go to groundnews.com/Ver to see through media misconceptions and get all sides of every story. Subscribe to save 40% off unlimited access through our link.

If you enjoyed this video and want to go deeper, you'll find extended interviews, deleted scenes, and some of our early thumbnail concepts over on Patreon patreon.com/posts/patreon-what-112039394

A massive thank you to Petter Hörnfeldt for his expertise and time. Check out @MentourPilot.

A huge thank you to Baz Collins, Nick Woods, Val Bukmanis, and everyone at the Queensland Air Museum for hosting us and making this shoot possible - ve42.co/QLDAir

A special thanks to Roddy McNamee for helping out with the script - ve42.co/RMcN

A big thank you to Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius for their help and guidance!

00:00 Can plane doors be opened mid-flight?
00:28 How high do planes fly?
02:31 How do jet engines work?
04:43 Airplanes before cabin pressurization
05:34 Why don’t pressurized planes need door locks?
07:07 Do people fart more in planes?
07:57 The story of Aloha Airlines Flight 243
09:21 The story of Asiana Airlines Flight AA8124
09:57 Is “airplane mode” on phones real?
13:53 Why does airplane food taste bad?
15:07 Why do people drink tomato juice on planes?
16:15 How safe is air travel?

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge via the FAA - ve42.co/LiftandDragEqs
Compressor efficiency by Roddy McNamee - ve42.co/Compressor
Garrido, E. et. al. (2019). Breathless and dying on Mount Everest. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine - ve42.co/Everest3min
Cabin Pressurization via Wikipedia - ve42.co/CabinPressure
B737 door specifications by Chris Brady - ve42.co/737door
Aloha Airlines 243 Accident Report by the NTSB - ve42.co/AlohaAirline
Boeing 737-297 Specifications via the FAA - ve42.co/AlohaCycles
(PED) Aviation Rulemaking Committee via the FAA - ve42.co/AirplaneMode
Ritchie, C. (1996). Potential Liability from Electromagnetic Interference. Journal of Air Law and Commerce - ve42.co/Ritchie1996
FAA restrictions via eCFR - ve42.co/FAArules
Is Phone Interference Phony? via Wired - ve42.co/FCCTesting
Sabatini N. (2005). Statement before the Subcommittee of Aviation. U.S. Department of Transportation - ve42.co/FCCquote
EU rules on Airplane Mode via euronews.com - ve42.co/EUAPM
Mayer, F. et al. (2022). Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Air Transportation. Handbook of Indoor Air Quality - ve42.co/PlaneHumid
Burdack-Freitag, et al. (2010). Odor and taste perception in a simulated aircraft cabin. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety. - ve42.co/SmellTaste

Images & Video:
Passenger Opens Emergency Exit via 10 News First - ve42.co/Jetstar
Airplane-Door OPENS Mid-flight! by Mentour Pilot - ve42.co/MentourAsia
A320 Door by Captain Time - ve42.co/A320Door
B737 Door by Abdulrahman Ismail - ve42.co/B737Door
The Miracle Landing Of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 by Wonder - ve42.co/Wonder243
Terrifying video shows Asiana flight door open in mid-air by National Post - ve42.co/PlaneDoorOpen
Faraday Cage by Radwell International - ve42.co/Faraday
Anatomy of the Inner Ear model by Annie Campbell, Now Medical Studios - ve42.co/EarAnatomy

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Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller
Written by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper Mebius
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jack Saxon Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Chase Brockett, Charles Clement, and Derek Muller
Additional research by Gabriel Bean
Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Owen Maher, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Mike Radjabov, and Igant Barbeci

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

Why Democracy Is Mathematically Impossible

Veritasium 2024-08-27 | Democracy might be mathematically impossible – here’s why. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com

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Massive thanks to Prof. Eric Maskin for helping with the script. Thanks to Chris Dong for inspiring this video. Massive thanks to Latif Nasser for being part of this video. Massive thanks to Curtis Gilberts, and to Radiolab -- listen to their great episode on voting systems here radiolab.org/podcast/tweak-vote

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A few great proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem:
Yu, N. N. (2012). A one-shot proof of Arrow's impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 523-525.- ve42.co/Yu2012
Geanakoplos, J. (2005). Three brief proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 26(1), 211-215. - ve42.co/Geanakoplos2005

References:
Arrow, K. J. (2012). Social choice and individual values (Vol. 12). Yale university press. - ve42.co/Arrow2012
Arrow, K. J. (1950). A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare. Journal of Political Economy - ve42.co/Arrow1950
Black, D. (1948). On the rationale of group decision-making. Journal of political economy, 56(1), 23-34. - ve42.co/Black1948
Black, D. (1969). On Arrow's impossibility theorem. The Journal of Law and Economics, 12(2), 227-248. - ve42.co/Arrow1969
Maskin, E., & Sen, A. (2014). The Arrow impossibility theorem. Columbia University Press. - ve42.co/Maskin2014
Gehrlein, W. V., & Valognes, F. (2001). Condorcet efficiency: A preference for indifference. Social Choice and Welfare - ve42.co/Gehrlein2001
Dardanoni, V. (2001). A pedagogical proof of Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. Social Choice and Welfare, 18(1), 107-112. - ve42.co/Dardanoni2001
McCune, D., & Wilson, J. (2023). Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect. Public Choice, 196(1), 19-50. - ve42.co/McCune2023
Santucci, J. (2021). Variants of ranked-choice voting from a strategic perspective. Politics and Governance, 9(2), 344-353. - ve42.co/Santucci2021
Kaminski, M. M. (2018). Spoiler effects in proportional representation systems: evidence from eight Polish parliamentary elections, 1991–2015. Public Choice, 176(3), 441-460. - ve42.co/Kaminski2018
Brams, S. J., & Fishburn, P. C. (1978). Approval voting. American Political Science Review, 72(3), 831-847. - ve42.co/Brams1978

Other references and election results - ve42.co/IODRefs

Images & Video:
Minneapolis 2013 Debate Images: ve42.co/Minn2013Debate
4 Images from this article: ve42.co/MinnDebateMPR
Arrow Nobel Prize Image from NYT Article: ve42.co/ArrowNYT

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee

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Directed by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek and Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller
Additional Research by Gabriel Bean
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Gabriel Bean, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis
Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound

#democracy #voting #mathematics

What Do You Hear?

Veritasium 2024-08-16 | Hearing is about way more than sound #audioillusion

How Audio Illusions Trick Your Brain

Veritasium 2024-08-14 | Audio illusions show us that hearing is about more than just sensing frequency. Which ones trick you every time? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com

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A big thank you to Titus Grenyer over at Pep Organ for showing us around the Sydney Town Hall Organ, to Dr. Diana Deutsch for providing her illusions and insight into the field, to Casey Connor for advice on building sound illusions, and to Dr. Michael Bach for providing the motion-bounce illusion.

Pep organ: ve42.co/peporgan
Casey Connor’s Psychoacoustics: ve42.co/CaseyConnor

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References: ve42.co/AudioIllusionsRefs

Images & Video:

Aircraft Detection before radar, 1917-1940 - ve42.co/DetectionBeforeRadar
Women’s Auxiliary Air Force operator Denise Miley - ve42.co/ChainHomeRadar
Daventry Experiment Van, operated by “Jock” Herd - ve42.co/ChainHome
Perfect fifth - ve42.co/PerfectFifth
Denge acoustic mirrors - The original uploader was Jksolomon at English Wikipedia. - ve42.co/DengeSoundMirror
Denge sound mirrors | Sound Mirrors ve42.co/SoundMirrorsDenge
Mayer telescope in 1880, US patent number 224199. NAE Website - Acoustic Source Localization Techniques and Their Applications ve42.co/AcousticSoundLocalizationTechniques
Professor Mayer’s Topophone - ve42.co/Topophone
AR_Speaker_v12 - Download Free 3D model by steveMarketscale [6ca6a0a] - Sketchfab ve42.co/ARSpeaker
Ear Phenotypes ve42.co/Earhenotypes

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Directed by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller
Hosted by Derek Muller
Written by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller
Edited by Jack Saxon and Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, David Szakaly, and Ivy Tello
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev, Gregor Čavlović, and Gabe Bean

Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard and Ren Hurley

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and Envato

Music from GarageBand, Virtual Piano, and Epidemic Sound

The Real Reason Robots Shouldn’t Look Like Humans | Supercut

Veritasium 2024-07-31 | The robots of our future may look nothing like humans at all. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Huge thanks to Dr. Elliot Hawkes for giving us the updates on his robots, and for showing them to us over the years!

Our videos in this supercut:
youtube.com/watch?v=qevIIQHrJZg
youtube.com/watch?v=daaDuC1kbds
youtube.com/watch?v=ZMQbHMgK2rw
youtube.com/watch?v=97t7Xj_iBv0
youtube.com/watch?v=058hRtaCWC0

0:00 - Intro
2:04 - Unstoppable Vine Robot
15:13 - Update on Vine Robot!
20:24 - Highest Jumping Robot
32:15 - Update on the Jumper!
38:26 - Micromouse Competition
1:02:15 - Benefit of non-humanoid robots
1:02:48 - Brilliant
1:04:24 - Bendy Machines
1:16:26 - Soft Robots
1:25:55 - Conclusion

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee, and Yar

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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Images & Video:
All New Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - ve42.co/NewAtlas
Farewell to HD Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - ve42.co/HDAtlas
C-3PO via Cinemax on YouTube - ve42.co/C3PO
I, Robot via Movieclips on YouTube - ve42.co/iRobot
I, Robot No via ukery on YouTube - ve42.co/iRobotNo
Big Hero 6 via Flick Society on YouTube - ve42.co/BH6
Big Hero 6 via 茶茶君 on YouTube - ve42.co/2ndBH6
Roomba via iRobot on YouTube - ve42.co/Roomba

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Filmed by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver and Peter Nelson
Produced by Emily Zhang, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, and Emily Taylor
Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound

Why People Prefer More Pain

Veritasium 2024-06-25 | We experimented to see how much pain our volunteers could handle. Go to https://headspace-web.app.link/e/vstm to try Headspace for free using the code VERITASIUM

Studies on Headspace - ve42.co/Headspace

A massive thank you to Rayner Moss for recreating the experiment equipment and making this shoot happen.

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., John Kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, Meg Noah, Michael Krugman, Name, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, Wolfee.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Kahneman, D. et al. (1993). When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End. Psychological Science - ve42.co/Kahneman1993
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux - ve42.co/FastAndSlow
Fredrickson, B. L., Kahneman, D. (1993). Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. Journal of personality and social psychology - ve42.co/Fredrickson1993
Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology - ve42.co/Kahneman1972
Diener, E. et al. (2001). End Effects of Rated Life Quality: The James Dean Effect. Psychological Science - ve42.co/Deiner2001
Redelmeier, D. A. et al. (2003). Memories of colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Pain - ve42.co/Redelmeier2003
Kemp, S. et al. (2008). A test of the peak-end rule with extended autobiographical events. Memory & Cognition - ve42.co/Kemp2008

Images & Video:
Daniel Kahneman via UNSW - ve42.co/ImgKahneman
Barbara Fredrickson via UNC - ve42.co/ImgFredrickson
Stephen Gould via achievement.org - ve42.co/ImgGould
Amos Tversky via LGT - ve42.co/ImgTversky

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy Tello
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller and Bernard Lau
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Owen Maher, David Szasz, Emily Taylor, Gregor Čavlović and Alistair Dann

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

What Jumping Spiders Teach Us About Color

Veritasium 2024-05-30 | How jumping spiders reveal an entire secret world of colors. Let BetterHelp connect you to a therapist who can support you - all from the comfort of your own home. Visit betterhelp.com/veritasium and enjoy a special discount on your first month.

A massive thank you to everyone at Day’s Edge Productions for making this documentary happen. Check them out at daysedge.com/.

You can watch the full-length documentary “Spider Vision: Decoding Color” on Curiosity Stream - coming soon.

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

Production by Day's Edge fully funded by National Science Foundation (Grant #IOS 1831767)

Featuring: Dr. Nathan Morehouse (University of Cincinnati); Olivia Harris (University of Cincinnati), Dr. Megan Porter (University of Hawaii); Dr. Lisa Taylor (University of Florida); Dr. Wayne Maddison (University of British Columbia); and Dr. Emma Alexander (Northwestern University)

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Directed by Neil Losin
Written by Neil Losin
Edited by Neil Losin, Andy Laub, and Alan Saunders
Animated by Root House Studio and David Hutchinson
Filmed by Neil Losin, Nate Dappen, Alex Wiles, Andy Laub, and Barend van der Watt
Produced by Day’s Edge Productions

Repurposed for YouTube by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Peter Nelson, Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Taylor, and Gregor Čavlović

Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard

Video/photos supplied by Day’s Edge Productions and Storyblocks
Music by Adrian Younge, PBS, Epidemic Sound, and Jonny Hyman

This phone trick is IMPOSSIBLE

Veritasium 2024-05-17 | It all depends on the way you flip it.

#science #physics #scienceexperiment

For more videos like this, subscribe to @veritasium.

The Terrifying Real Science Of Avalanches

Veritasium 2024-05-03 | Avalanches are beautiful, majestic, and completely terrifying – this is a video all about the science of avalanches. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

A massive thank you to everyone at Whistler Blackcomb for making this shoot happen – Dane Gergovich, David Iles, Alastair Collis, Erin Taylor, and everyone else on the ski patrol team. Thank you for keeping us safe!

A massive thank you to Bruce Tremper, Niko Schirmer, and Mark Smiley for their expertise and help with this video. We are truly grateful for your time and expertise.

Check out Niko's channel here -- it's easily some of the best skiing content on YouTube. youtube.com/@Nikolai_Schirmer

If you have any intention of going into the backcountry, you have to read Bruce’s book – Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain. It’s the Bible for this stuff, and the book that inspired us to make this video.

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Tremper, B. (2001). Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain. Mountaineers Books. - ve42.co/Tremper2001
McClung, D. & Schaerer, P. (2006). The Avalanche Handbook. Mountaineers Books. - ve42.co/McClung2006
Hopfinger, E. J. (1983). Snow Avalanche Motion and Related Phenomena. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. - ve42.co/Hopfinger1983
Schweizer, J. et al. (2003). Snow avalanche formation. Reviews of Geophysics. - ve42.co/Schweizer2003
Schweizer, J. et al. (2008). Review of spatial variability of snowpack properties and its importance for avalanche formation. Cold Regions Science and Technology. - ve42.co/Schweizer2008
Jamieson, B. (2006). Formation of refrozen snowpack layers and their role in slab avalanche release. Reviews of Geophysics. - ve42.co/Jamieson2006
Schweizer, J. et al. (2016). Avalance release 101. International Snow Science Workshop Proceeding. - ve42.co/Schweizer2016
Schweizer, J. (2008). Snow avalanche formation and dynamics. Cold Regions Science and Technology. - ve42.co/Schweizer2008-2

Images & Video:
Skiing and snowboarding footage by Niko Schirmer - ve42.co/NikoYT
World's Biggest Avalanche (c)Thom Goddard/All Star Films Ltd 2015. Thank you to the Thom Goddard Channel for use - ve42.co/ThomGoddard
Newspaper clippings via Newspapers.com – ve42.co/Newspapers
Video of a snow slab avalanche via Trottet, B. et al. (2022). Transition from sub-Rayleigh anticrack to supershear crack propagation in snow avalanches. Nature Physics. - ve42.co/Trottet2022
Remote Triggered Avalanche via Henry’s Avalanche Talk - Remote Triggering of an Avalanche
WW1 images via Brugnara, Y. et al. (2016). December 1916: Deadly Wartime Weather. Geographica Bernensia - ve42.co/Brugnara2016
Major Avalanches via Geomorphological Hazards - ve42.co/MajorAvi
White Friday avalanche illustration via Avalanches WIllow - ve42.co/WhiteFriday
White Friday aftermath via Lost In History - ve42.co/AviGraves
Field mass on Marmolada via Austrian National Library - ve42.co/AviMass
Yungay disaster via NOAA - ve42.co/Yungay
Yungay aftermath via AMC Museum - ve42.co/YungayAMC
Bruce Tremper Image via utavy - ve42.co/BruceTPic
Snowpack via SnowStudies.org - ve42.co/SnowStudies
Snowpack via Avalanche.org - ve42.co/SnowPackAvi
Snow crystals via Reiweger, I. (2011). Failure of weak snow layers. ETH. - ve42.co/Reiweger2011

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson (Additional editing by James Horsley)
Animated by Jakub Misiek, Fabio Albertelli, Alex Zepherin, and Alex Drakoulis
Additional Research by Gregor Čavloviċ
Filmed by Petr Lebedev and Ryan Regehr
FPV Drone by Mitch Winton
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Han Evans, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Taylor and Gregor Čavloviċ

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Something Strange Happens When You Follow Einsteins Math

Veritasium 2024-04-30 | Einstein was wrong about black holes, what else? Use code veritasium at the link below to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan: incogni.com/veritasium

A massive thank you to Prof. Geraint F. Lewis and Prof. Juan Maldacena for their expertise and help with this video.

A huge thank you to those who helped us understand this complicated topic: Dr. Suddhasattwa Brahma, Prof. Carlo Rovelli, Dr. Hal Haggard, Prof. Martin Bojowald, Dr. Francesca Vidotto, Prof. Andrew Hamilton, and Dr. Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda.

A special thanks to Alessandro Roussel from ScienceClic for his spectacular simulations and feedback on the video. Check out his channel here: ve42.co/ScienceClic

An excellent book on this topic and an inspiration for this video: Cox, B., & Forshaw, J. (2023). Black holes: the key to understanding the universe.

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Join us on Patreon to watch an exclusive bonus video that expands on the topic of white holes ve42.co/PatreonDE

Patrons: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Thorne, K. (1995). Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy.
Relativity Playlist by ScienceClic - ve42.co/SCPlaylist
Hamilton, A. J. S. (2021). General Relativity, Black Holes, and Cosmology - ve42.co/Hamilton2021
Black Hole Events by PBS Space Time - youtu.be/vNaEBbFbvcY?list=PLsPUh22kYmNBl4h0i4mI5zDflExXJMo_x
Newton’s Letters via The Newton Project - ve42.co/NewtonMail
Einstein, A. (1915). Die feldgleichungen der gravitation. - ve42.co/Einstein1915
Why Time and Space Swap by ScienceClic - youtu.be/GQZ3R81iyE0
Schwarzschild, K. (1916). Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie. - ve42.co/Schwarzschild1916
Wali, K. C. (1982). Chandrasekhar vs. Eddington—an unanticipated confrontation. - ve42.co/Wali1982
How to Build a Black Hole by PBS Space Time - youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0
Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. - ve42.co/TOVLimit
Oppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939
Schwarzschild Geometry by Andrew Hamilton - ve42.co/SchwarzGeom
Why all world maps are wrong by Vox - youtube.com/watch?v=kIID5FDi2JQ
Hamilton, A. J., & Lisle, J. P. (2008). The river model of black holes. - ve42.co/HamiltonLisle2008
Mapping The Multiverse by PBS Space Time - youtube.com/watch?v=4v9A9hQUcBQ
Rotating black hole via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiRBH
Wormhole Travel by PBS Space Time - youtube.com/watch?v=ldVDM-v5uz0
Morris, M. S., & Thorne, K. S. (1988). Wormholes in spacetime and their use for interstellar travel. - ve42.co/MorrisThorne1988

Images & Video:
D3 Geo Projection Library by Mike Bostock ve42.co/d3geo
Interrupted Maps by Jason Davies ve42.co/DaviesMaps
Kazmierczak, J. et al. (2021). NASA’s NICER Tests Matter’s Limits. - ve42.co/NasaNICER
Bridgman, T. et al. (2024). M5.1 flare 'Double Whammy', at Active Regions 13559 and 13561. NASA SVS. - ve42.co/NasaFlare
Schnittman, J. et al. (2019). Black Hole Accretion Disk Visualization. - ve42.co/NasaAccrDisk
Wiessinger, S. et al. (2020). A Decade of Sun. NASA SVS. - ve42.co/NasaSunDecade
Skelly, C. et al. (2017). What is a Neutron Star? NASA SVS. - ve42.co/NasaNeutron
What would we see if we fell into a black hole by ScienceClic - youtu.be/4rTv9wvvat8
Earth texture - ve42.co/NASAEarth
First image of Sgr A* - ve42.co/EHT1
Image of M87 - ve42.co/EHT2
Polarized light image of Sgr A* - ve42.co/EHT3

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Will Wood
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Jonny Hyman, and Alessandro Roussel
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Will Wood, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily Taylor

Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and NASA SVS
Music from Epidemic Sound

The most dangerous problem in math

Veritasium 2024-04-24 | The Collatz Conjecture is easy enough for almost anyone to understand but notoriously difficult to solve.

How bikes *actually* work

Veritasium 2024-04-17 | Why are bicycles stable? The most common answer is gyroscopic effects, but this is not right.

I call this the No, You Dont Law

Veritasium 2024-04-10 | Lenz's Law states that the direction of the induced current will oppose the change in flux that created it. Here's how that looks in practice.

For more videos like this, subscribe to @veritasium.

Congress is about to make a huge mistake for astronomy #SaveChandra

Veritasium 2024-04-04 | ...

Why is this number everywhere?

Veritasium 2024-03-28 | The number 37 is on your mind more than you think. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Huge thanks to Tom Magliery for sharing his 37 collection with us. Support http://thirty-seven.org by sharing your own 37 sightings to tom@thirty-seven.org!
Thanks to Dr. Todd Landman, the Academic Magician, for sharing his footage of the 37 Force. - todd-landman.com

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE

Sam Lutfi, Lee Redden, Juan Benet, Richard Sundvall, Paul Peijzel, Gnare, Michael Krugman, Meekay, Ubiquity Ventures, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Bill Linder, Evgeny Skvortsov, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, john kiehl, Blake Byers, Stephen Wilcox, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, TTST, Orlando Bassotto, Anton Ragin, David Johnston, KeyWestr, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Chris Harper, Adam Foreman, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, I. H., Garrett Mueller, Bertrand Serlet, Kyi, wolfee, Matthias Wrobel

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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References:
Simon, W. E. (1972). “Blue Seven Phenomenon” in Elementary and Jr. High Children. Psychological Reports - ve42.co/Simon1972
Trueman, J. (1979). Existence & Robustness of Blue Seven Phenomena. The Journal of General Psychology - ve42.co/Trueman1979
Saito, M. (1999). “Blue and Seven Phenomena” in Japanese Students. Perceptual & Motor Skills - ve42.co/Saito1999
Philbrick, J. L. (1976). Blue seven in East Africa: Preliminary report. Perceptual & Motor Skills - ve42.co/Philbrick1976
Hargreaves, S. (2009). The psychology of randomness. - ve42.co/Hargreaves2009
The 37 Force via The Magician’s Forum - ve42.co/37Force1
Fulves, K. (1979) Self-Working Mental Magic. Dover Publications, Inc. - ve42.co/Fulves1979
Random numbers via The Jargon File at catb.org - ve42.co/Jargon
Random Number Survey by MahoganyForest via Reddit - ve42.co/RedditRndm
Prime number theorem via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPNT
Grossack, C. (2023). A truly incredible fact about the number 37. Grossack.site - ve42.co/Grossack2023
Least prime factor of n via oeis.org - ve42.co/LeastPrime
Fry, H. (2017). When should you settle down? ideas.ted.com - ve42.co/Fry2017
Choosing Toilets by Numberphile - youtube.com/watch?v=XIOoCKO-ybQ
Seaton, R. (2014). The Secretary Problem Explained: Dating Mathematically. rs.io - ve42.co/Seaton2014

Images & Video:
Just 37 by Tom Magliery - ve42.co/Just37
R4000 Processor via Molecular Expressions - ve42.co/micro37
The “37” Cluster by Noel Carboni - ve42.co/NGC2169
Charles Fleischer via Wikimedia - ve42.co/Fleischer

▀▀▀
Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Asst edited by Luke Molloy
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Leigh Williamson
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Emily Zhang, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Michael Cimpher, and David Szasz
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Han Evans, and Emily Taylor

Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

How Japanese Masters Turn Sand Into Swords

Veritasium 2024-03-21 | This is a video about how Japanese samurai swords, aka katanas, are made – from the gathering of the iron sand, to the smelting of the steel, to the forging of the blade. Head over to hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A massive thank you to John McBride for making this entire project happen. This would not have been possible without John. Please check out his japan walking tours walkjapan.com
Massive thanks to Craig Mod, Inoue-san, everyone in the Tanabe family, and Takanashi-san. Also a massive thank you to Kevin Cashen – cashenblades.com

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References:
Tanii, H., Inazumi, T., & Terashima, K. (2014). Mineralogical study of iron sand with different metallurgical characteristic to smelting with use of Japanese classic iron-making furnace “Tatara”. ISIJ international, 54(5), 1044-1050.

Tate, M. (2005). History of Iron and Steel Making Technology in Japan Mainly on the smelting of iron sand by Tatara. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 91(1), 2-10.

Krauss, G. (1999). Martensite in steel: strength and structure. Materials science and engineering: A, 273, 40-57.

Krauss, G., & Marder, A. R. (1971). The morphology of martensite in iron alloys. Metallurgical Transactions, 2, 2343-2357.

Yalçın, Ü. (1999). Early iron metallurgy in Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 49, 177-187.

Kapp, L., Kapp, H., & Yoshihara, Y. (1987). The craft of the Japanese sword. Kodansha International.

Matsumoto, C., Das, A. K., Ohba, T., Morito, S., Hayashi, T., & Takami, G. (2013). Characteristics of Japanese sword produced from tatara steel. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 577, S673-S677.

Inoue, T. (2010). Tatara and the Japanese sword: the science and technology. Acta Mechanica, 214(1), 17-30.

Images & Video:

Great video from NHK – ve42.co/NHK

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr. ,john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver, Jack Saxon, Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, David Szakaly
Filmed by Petr Lebedev and Lui Kimishima
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Han Evans, Giovanna Utichi, Emily Taylor
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound

I buried myself in concrete to explain how it works

Veritasium 2024-03-13 | Concrete = cement + sand + gravel. Cement is the most important man-made material on Earth.

The Oldest Unsolved Problem in Math

Veritasium 2024-03-08 | Do odd perfect numbers exist? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

A massive thank you to Prof. Pace Nielsen for all his time and help with this video.

A big thank you to Dr. Asaf Karagila, Pascal Ochem, Prof. Tianxin Cai, and Prof. William Dunham for their expertise and help.

To try GIMPS out yourself: ve42.co/GIMPS

These sources were particularly helpful:
Perfect numbers via MacTutor - ve42.co/MTPerfect
Cai, T. (2022). Perfect numbers and fibonacci sequences. World Scientific. - ve42.co/Cai2022
Dunham, W. (2022). Euler: The master of us all (Vol. 22). American Mathematical Society. - ve42.co/Dunham2022

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References:
youtube.com/watch?v=T0xKHwQH-4I&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz
youtube.com/watch?v=q8n15q1v4Xo&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz
Dickson, L. E. (1919). History of the Theory of Numbers.. (Vol. 1). Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Knill, O. (2007). The oldest open problem in mathematics. NEU Math Circle, December2. - ve42.co/Knill2007
Perfect number via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPerfect
Introduction to Arithmetic via HalthiTrust - ve42.co/IntroArithmetic
Nicomachus of Gerasa via MacTutor - ve42.co/MTNicomachus
Sonja, B. (1988). The First Perfect Numbers and Three Types of Amicable Numbers in a Manuscript on Elementary Number Theory by Ibn Fellûs. Erdem, c. IV, 11. - ve42.co/Sonja1988
Ibn Fallus via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiFallus
Mersenne prime via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiMP
List of Known Mersenne Prime Numbers - ve42.co/ListOfMP
Marin Mersenne via MacTutor - ve42.co/MTMersenne
Leonhard Euler via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiEuler
Frank Nelson Cole via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiFNCole
GIMPS History via Mersenne.org - ve42.co/GIMPSHistory
EFF Cooperative Computing Awards via EFF - ve42.co/EFFAwards
Jonathan Pace via Primewiki - ve42.co/PWikiPace
Book with just one number sells out in Japan via BastillePost - ve42.co/PrimeBook
Predicted distribution of Mersenne primes via John D. Cook - ve42.co/JDCookMP
Euler’s Odd Perfect Numbers Theorem via Cantor's Paradise - ve42.co/EulerOPN
A Perfect (Math) Mystery via Medium - ve42.co/Machado2024
Brent, R. P., Cohen, G. L., & te Riele, H. J. (1991). Improved techniques for lower bounds for odd perfect numbers. Mathematics of Computation, 57(196), 857-868. - ve42.co/Brent1991
Ochem, P., & Rao, M. (2012). Odd perfect numbers are greater than 10¹⁵⁰⁰. Mathematics of Computation, 81(279), 1869-1877. - ve42.co/Ochem2012
Mathematicians Open a New Front on an Ancient Number Problem via Quantamagazine - ve42.co/QuantaSpoofs
Descartes number via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiDescartesNumber
Andersen, N., Durham, S., Griffin, M. J., Hales, J., Jenkins, P., Keck, R., ... & Wu, D. (2022). Odd, spoof perfect factorizations. Journal of Number Theory, 234, 31-47. - ve42.co/Andersen2022
Pomerance’s Heuristic that Odd Perfect Numbers are Unlikely via OddPerfect.org - ve42.co/Heuristic

Images & Video:
Clip of Piergiorgio Odifreddi - youtube.com/watch?v=y0paHEA8-gA
Euclid’s Elements 1 via Claymath - ve42.co/CM1
Euclid’s Elements 2 via Claymath - ve42.co/CM2
Euclid’s Elements 3 via Claymath - ve42.co/CM3
Diophanti - ve42.co/Diophanti
Gauss book - ve42.co/GaussDis
Euler’s Archive 1 - ve42.co/Euler1
Euler’s Archive 2 - ve42.co/Euler2

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, Alondra Vitae, Alex Drakoulis, and Leigh Williamson
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Peter Nelson
Additional research by Aaron Santos, Camilla Machado, and Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Trillion Dollar Equation

Veritasium 2024-02-27 | How the Black-Scholes/Merton equation made trillions of dollars. Go to eightsleep.com/veritasium and use the code Veritasium for $200 off your Pod Cover.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A huge thank you to Prof. Andrew Lo (MIT) for speaking with us and helping with the script.

We would also like to thank the following:
Prof. Amanda Turner (University of Leeds)
Owen Maher (Electrify Video Partners)

▀▀▀
References:

The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons launched the quant revolution, Gregory Zuckerman. Penguin Publishing Group. - ve42.co/GZuckerman

The Physics of Finance: Predicting the Unpredictable: Can Science Beat the Market? James Owen Weatherall. Short Books. - ve42.co/FinancePhysics

The Statistical Mechanics of Financial Markets, J.Voigt. Springer. - ve42.co/Springer

Black, F., & Scholes, M. (1973). The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of political economy, 81(3), 637-654. - ve42.co/BlackScholes

Cornell, B. (2020). Medallion fund: The ultimate counterexample?. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 46(4), 156-159. - ve42.co/Medallion

Images & Video:
Ed Thorp on The Tim Ferris Show - youtube.com/watch?v=CNvz91Jyzbg
Jim Simons on TED - youtube.com/watch?v=U5kIdtMJGc8
Jim Simons on Numberphile - youtube.com/watch?v=QNznD9hMEh0

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr. ,john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Will Wood and Derek Muller
Written by Will Wood, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Camera operation by Raquel Nuno
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Edited by Jack Saxon and Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly and Will Wood
Produced by Will Wood, Han Evans and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Worlds strongest magnet!

Veritasium 2024-02-21 | The world's strongest magnet is a million times stronger than Earth's magnetic field.

Why It Was Almost Impossible to Make the Blue LED

Veritasium 2024-02-08 | The blue LED was supposed to be impossible—until a young engineer proposed a moonshot idea. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

Huge thanks to the UC Santa Barbara Materials Dept (https://ssleec.ucsb.edu/) for taking us around.
Thanks to Álvaro Bermejillo Seco for reviewing the science.
Thanks to these especially helpful sources:
Nobel Prize Biography - Shuji Nakamura - ve42.co/NakamuraNobel
Johnstone, B. (2015). Brilliant!. Prometheus Books. - ve42.co/Johnstone2015
Nakamura, S., Pearton, S., & Fasol, G. (2010). The Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story. Springer. - ve42.co/Nakamura2010

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References:
youtube.com/watch?v=O8M2z2hIbag
youtube.com/watch?v=TGUteH93xNo
youtube.com/watch?v=idwKHQEw78g
youtube.com/watch?v=yoTALRhAqWc
Touchstone, L. A. (2022). Nick Holonyak Jr. University of Illinois. - ve42.co/Touchstone2022
Perry, T. S. (1995). The Unsung Inventor. IEEE Spectrum. - ve42.co/Perry1995
Chabay, R. & Sherwood, B. (2011). Matter & interactions (4th ed.), S2: Semiconductors. Wiley. - ve42.co/ChabaySherwood
How MOCVD Works via Aixtron - ve42.co/MOCVD
Vangala, S. R., et al. (2019). Epitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs. Journal of Crystal Growth. - ve42.co/Vangala2019
Nakamura, S. (1991). GaN Growth Using GaN Buffer Layer. JJAP. - ve42.co/Nakamura3rd1991
Amano, H., et al. (1989). P-Type Conduction in Mg-Doped GaN w/ LEEBI. JJAP. - ve42.co/Amano1989
Huang, M., et al. (2021). Defects in Mg–H‐Codoped GaN. Physica Status Solidi. - ve42.co/Huang2021
Schubert, E. F. (2006). Light Emitting Diodes, Ch 4: LED basics. Cambridge University Press. - ve42.co/RPI-LEDs
Kitada, C. (2001). Blue About Japan. Japan Inc. - ve42.co/Kitada2001
Whitaker, T. (2002). Nakamura loses Nichia patent battle. Optics.org. - ve42.co/NichiaSales3
Pirates Osaka. (2014). Nakamura awarded Nobel Prize in Physics. Hatena Blog. - ve42.co/NichiaSales1
Growth Bozu via Twitter. - ve42.co/NichiaSales2
Rose, J. (2014). Blue LEDs – Filling the world with new light. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. - ve42.co/Rose2014
Pattison, P. M., et al. (2017). LED lighting efficacy. Comptes Rendus Physique. - ve42.co/Pattison2017
Electricity pricing via EIA - ve42.co/ElectricityPricing
Lane, K., et al. (2023). Lighting. IEA. - ve42.co/LightingIEA
LED Footprint via The Climate Group - ve42.co/ClimateGroupLED
Nichia’s History via Nichia - ve42.co/NichiaHistory
Shuji Nakamura via Wikipedia - ve42.co/NakamuraWiki

Images & Video:
Lighting the World via UCTVInsight on YouTube - ve42.co/UCTVep2 & ve42.co/UCTVep3
Palo Alto Times 1971 Article via Newspapers.com - ve42.co/Newspapers
Nick Holonyak, Jr. and the LED via UIUC on YouTube - ve42.co/HolonyakIllinois
The Original Blue LED via Science History Institute on YouTube - ve42.co/OGBlueLED
Maxfield, M. (2022). Compound Semiconductors. EE Journal. - ve42.co/Maxfield2022
M. Stutzmann, et al. (2001). Playing with Polarity. pss (b). - ve42.co/Stutzman2001
Isamu Akasaki in 1995 via Andrey Nikolaev on YouTube - ve42.co/AsakiNikolaev
Pioneer TX-610 Stereo Tuner via Ian Marino on YouTube - ve42.co/StereoMarino
Shuji Nakamura via EPO on YouTube - ve42.co/NakamuraEPO
Nichia Campus via Nichia on LinkedIn - ve42.co/NichiaHQ
Nichia via TDElektronik on YouTube - ve42.co/NichiaTDE
Violeds Sterilization of COVID-19 via Seoul Viosys - ve42.co/SterilizationUV

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi

▀▀▀
Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang, Ricky Nathvani, and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Ivy Tello, and Alondra Vitae
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Trenton Oliver
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

I waterproofed myself with aerogel!

Veritasium 2024-02-01 | Experiencing the extraordinary properties of aerogel first hand

The Rainiest Place On Earth

Veritasium 2024-01-26 | The rainiest place on earth isn’t where you might expect. Get exclusive NordVPN deal here ➵ https://NordVPN.com/veritasium. It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
Huge thanks to Okouchi-San and Dr. Sakai and everyone at NIED and the Large Scale Rainfall Simulator for their time, expertise and access to this amazing facility.

A big thank you to Prof. Olga Mavrouli and Prof. Bill Schulz for their invaluable expertise on the mechanisms of landslides.

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References:
Ulbrich, C. W. (1983). Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution. Journal of climate and applied meteorology, 1764-1775. – ve42.co/Ulbrich83

Van Boxel, J. H. (1997, November). Numerical model for the fall speed of rain drops in a rain fall simulator. In Workshop on wind and water erosion (Vol. 5, pp. 77-85). – ve42.co/Boxel87

Canuti, P., Focardi, P., & Garzonio, C. (1985). Correlation between rainfall and landslides. Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment, 32(1).

Tsaparas, I., Rahardjo, H., Toll, D. G., & Leong, E. C. (2002). Controlling parameters for rainfall-induced landslides. Computers and geotechnics, 29(1), 1-27. – ve42.co/Tsaparas2002

Nakamura, H., & Oosawa, M. (2021, March). Effects of the underground discharge channel/reservoir for small urban rivers in the Tokyo area. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 703, No. 1, p. 012029). IOP Publishing. – ve42.co/Nakamura21

Guthrie, R. H., & Evans, S. G. (2004). Magnitude and frequency of landslides triggered by a storm event, Loughborough Inlet, British Columbia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 4(3), 475-483. – ve42.co/Guthrie2004

Images & Video:
Miyako, Iwate Tsunami via ANNnewsCH - ve42.co/Miyako2011
Mount Onake Volcano via BBC News - ve42.co/BBCOnake
Typhoon Jebi via Al Jazeera - ve42.co/TyphoonJebi
East Asia Typhoons via CBC News - ve42.co/TyphoonCBC
Atami Landslide via The Quint - ve42.co/Atami2021
Atami Landslide via news.com.au - ve42.co/2ndAtami2021
Sendai Earthquake via ANNnewsCH - ve42.co/SendaiQuake
Nagasaki Mudslide via The Telegrap - ve42.co/NagasakiMudslide
Wajima Landslide via Guardian News - ve42.co/WajimaLandslide
Drone Rainfall Test via AIZAWAchan - ve42.co/DroneRain
Car Rainfall Test via TIER IV - ve42.co/CarRainTest
Rainfall Simulator via NIED - ve42.co/RainfallSim1
External Footage of Simulator via NIED - ve42.co/RainfallSim2
Landslide Simulations via NIED - ve42.co/RainfallSim3
Typhoon Prapiroon via Force Thirteen - ve42.co/TyphoonPrapiroon
Yanohigashi Floods via CNA - ve42.co/YanohigashiFloods
Japan Floods via The Telegraph - ve42.co/TelegraphFlood
Japan Floods via euronew - ve42.co/EuroNewsFlood
Typhoon Hagibis via Guardian News - ve42.co/TyphoonHagibis
Typhoon Hagibis via SCMP - ve42.co/TyphoonHagibisSCMP
Satellite Imagery of Hagibis via Force Thirteen - ve42.co/HagibisSatellite
Tokyo Flood Control System via NikkeiAsia.com - ve42.co/FloodControl
Landslides Footage via Underworld - ve42.co/MonsterLandslides
Norway Landslide via ABC7 - ve42.co/NorwayLandslide
Planet Destruction via BBC - ve42.co/BBCDestruction
B.C. Climate Change Danger via CBC News - ve42.co/BCClimateChange
Canada’s Logging Roads via CBC News - ve42.co/CBCLogging

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi

▀▀▀
Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev
Edited by Peter Nelson
Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović
Animated by Fabio Albertelli
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Gregor Čavlović
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound

Do People Understand The Scale Of The Universe?

Veritasium 2024-01-15 | Do you really know how big the universe is? There’s a data driven way to read the news: go to https://ground.news/veritasium to get 30% off the Vantage plan and see through sensationalized reporting.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to Dr. Ashmeet Singh for his expert feedback on this video.

▀▀▀
References:
Fun video by RealLifeLore about the scale of the Universe - youtube.com/watch?v=Iy7NzjCmUf0&pp=ygUkcmVhbCBsaWZlIGxvcmUgc2NhbGUgb2YgdGhlIHVuaXZlcnNl
Moon Facts via NASA - ve42.co/NASAMoon
Titan Facts via NASA - ve42.co/Titan
Mercury Facts via NASA - ve42.co/Mercury
Why Pluto is no Longer a Planet, BBC News via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=iIk29MnzZWA&pp=ygUYcGx1dG8gbm8gbG9uZ2VyIGEgcGxhbmV0
Pluto, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPluto
Eris, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiEris
Brown, M. E., & Schaller, E. L. (2007). The mass of dwarf planet Eris. Science, 316(5831), 1585-1585. - ve42.co/Brown2007
Trans-Neptunian object, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiTNO
IAU 2006 General Assembly Press Release, via IAU - ve42.co/IAU2006
Solar System Moons via NASA - ve42.co/NASAMoons
Solar System Asteroids via NASA - ve42.co/Asteroids
Solar System, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSolarSystem
How many stars are in the Universe via ESA - ve42.co/ESAStars
Catalog of Exoplanets via exoplanet - ve42.co/ExoplanetCatalog
Crowther, T. W., Glick, H. B., Covey, K. R., Bettigole, C., Maynard, D. S., Thomas, S. M., ... & Bradford, M. A. (2015). Mapping tree density at a global scale. Nature, 525(7568), 201-205. - ve42.co/Crowther2015
Galaxy, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiGalaxy
Counting Galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope via NASA - ve42.co/CountingGalaxies
Conselice, C. J., Wilkinson, A., Duncan, K., & Mortlock, A. (2016). The evolution of galaxy number density at z8 and its implications. The Astrophysical Journal, 830(2), 83. - ve42.co/Conselice2016
Sagan, C., & Druyan, A. (2011). Pale blue dot: A vision of the human future in space. Ballantine books.

Images & Video:
Clip of Titan’s Surface, NASA via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=xn3-0a19sC8
Clips of Pluto Had it Coming, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=5nqT7XrYRPc
Image of Solar System Objects - ve42.co/SolarSystemObjects

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Additional research & fact checking by Gregor Čavlović
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno and Zyan Treadwell
Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, StoryBlocks and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO, NASA JPL, NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA GSFC, NASA HQ, NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio, NCSA, A. Kritsuk, M. Norman

Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

What Game Theory Reveals About Life, The Universe, and Everything

Veritasium 2023-12-23 | This is a video about the most famous problem in Game Theory, the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
A massive thank you to Prof. Robert Axelrod and Prof. Steven Strogatz for their expertise and time.

To read more about Prof. Axelrod’s Passion for Cooperation visit: ve42.co/Axelrod2023

A massive thanks to the wonderful Nicky Case. Nicky’s “The Evolution of Trust” game was a huge inspiration for this video. We highly recommend you play this excellent game yourself, over at: ncase.me/trust

A huge thank you to those who helped us understand and fact check different parts of this topic - Dr. Christian Hilbe, Dr. Vincent Knight, Dr. Jelena Grujic, Prof. Andreas Diekmann, and Dr. Alexander Stewart.

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References:
Excellent game on the evolution of trust by Nicky Case - ve42.co/Case2023
Summary of Axelrod’s work by This Place - youtube.com/watch?v=BOvAbjfJ0x0
How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemma by TED-Ed - youtube.com/watch?v=emyi4z-O0ls&pp=ygUScHJpc29uZXIncyBkaWxlbW1h
Tit for Tat by radiolab - ve42.co/T4T
The Golden Rule by radiolab - ve42.co/GoldenRule
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation.
Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford university press.
Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. William Poundstone.
Nowak, M. A., & Highfield, R. (2011). Supercooperators. Edinburgh: Canongate.
Binmore, K. (2007). Game theory: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford.
Northrup, L. & Rock, D. (1966). The Detection of Joe I. - ve42.co/JOE1
Prisoner’s dilemma, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPD
Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stanford - ve42.co/StanfordPD
Flood, M. M. (1952). Some experimental games. - ve42.co/Flood1952
Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiNWS
Goodwin, I. (1998). The Price of Victory in Cold War - ve42.co/Goodwin1998
Cold war: How it happened. - ve42.co/CW2014
Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(1), 3-25. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980a
Axelrod, R. (1980). More effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(3), 379-403. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980b
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. ve42.co/Axelrod1981
Stanislav Petrov, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSP
Wu, J., & Axelrod, R. (1995). How to cope with noise in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Conflict resolution, 39(1), 183-189. - ve42.co/Wu1995
INF Treaty - ve42.co/INF
START Treaties - ve42.co/START
START I, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSTART

Images & Video:
RAND Historical images via rand.org - ve42.co/RAND
Golden Balls - youtube.com/watch?v=S0qjK3TWZE8
Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research - ve42.co/Stellarium
Newspapers from 1980s via Newspapers.com – ve42.co/Newspapers
Decommisioned nuke image via The Moscow Times - ve42.co/MT2012
Soviet inspection image via Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists - ve42.co/Krzyzaniak2019
Decommissioning nuclear weapon via ShareAmerica - ve42.co/Kaufman2014

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Ashley Hamer
Additional research and fact checking by Gregor Čavlović and Will Wood
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard

Inside Japan’s Earthquake Simulator

Veritasium 2023-12-19 | How does Japan prepare for its devastating earthquakes? With this giant simulator. For a free trial to Shopify go to shopify.com/veritasium.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.

▀▀▀
A massive thank you to everyone at NIED for allowing access to their facility. Massive thanks to Okouchi-san for arranging this shoot.

A huge thank you to Dr. Yohsuke Kawamata for the tour of E-defense and for sharing his deep expertise.

▀▀▀
References:
Nakashima, M., et al. (2018). Experiences, accomplishments, lessons, and challenges of E‐defense. Tests using world's largest shaking table. Japan Architectural Review, 1(1), 4-17. - ve42.co/Nakashima
Suganuma, K. (2005). 3-D Full-Scale Earthquake Testing Facility (E-Defense). NISTEP Science & Technology Foresight Center. - ve42.co/Suganuma
Ohtani, K., et al. (2004). Construction of E-Defense (3-D full-scale earthquake testing facility). In Thirteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Vol. 189). - ve42.co/Ohtani
Horiuchi, T., et al. (2022). Contributions of E-Defense Shaking Table to Earthquake Engineering and its Future. Journal of Disaster Research, 17(6), 985-999. - ve42.co/Horiuchi
Nakamura, I., et al. (2008). E-Defense experiments on full-scale wooden houses. In Proceedings of the 14th World conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China (pp. 12-17). - ve42.co/Nakamura
Japan: The Next Big Quake. Financial Times. - ve42.co/BigQuake

Images & Video:
Kobe earthquake compilation - ve42.co/Kobe

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
carrotcypher, Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

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Directed by Will Wood and Petr Lebedev
Written by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Jack Saxon and Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Leigh Williamson, David Szakaly
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Lui Kimishima and Derek Muller
Produced by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and NIED (E-defense)
Music from Epidemic Sound

The SAT Question Everyone Got Wrong

Veritasium 2023-11-30 | How an SAT question became a mathematical paradox. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

I invented Snatoms, a molecule modeling kit where the atoms snap together magnetically. Try it at ve42.co/SnatomsV

Huge thanks to Dr. Doug Jungreis for taking the time to speak with us about this SAT question.
Thanks to Stellarium, a wonderful free astronomy simulator – ve42.co/Stellarium
Thanks to Newspapers.com, a database of historical newspapers – ve42.co/Newspapers

▀▀▀
References:
Summary of this problem by MindYourDecisions – youtube.com/watch?v=kN3AOMrnEUs
More cool math about this problem by Kyle Hill – youtube.com/watch?v=_zCDbB9wvrc
Discussion of a solar day by MinutePhysics – youtube.com/watch?v=nZMMuv0Ltyo
Murtagh, J. (2023). The SAT Problem That Everybody Got Wrong. Scientific American – ve42.co/SATSciAm
United Press International (1982). Error Found in S.A.T. Question. New York Times – ve42.co/SAT-NYT
Yang (2020). What's the hardest SAT math problem that you've seen? Quora – ve42.co/SATQuora
Coin rotation paradox via Wikipedia – ve42.co/CoinParadox
Simmons, B. (2015). Circle revolutions rolling around another circle. MathStackExchange. – ve42.co/CircleRoll
Sidereal time via Wikipedia – ve42.co/SiderealWiki
Solar Time vs. Sidereal Time via Las Cumbres Observatory – ve42.co/SiderealLCO

Images & Video:
Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research - ve42.co/Stellarium
Newspapers from 1980s - 1990s via Newspapers.com – ve42.co/Newspapers
SAT Practice Test via the College Board – ve42.co/PracticeSAT
Revolution Definition via NASA – ve42.co/RevolutionNASA
Revolution Definition via Merriam-Webster – ve42.co/RevolutionWebster
Earth motion animation via NASA – ve42.co/OrbitNASA
Satellite animation via NASA – ve42.co/SatNASA

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Gregor Čavlović
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Surprising Genius of Sewing Machines

Veritasium 2023-11-22 | How do sewing machines actually work? Get your first month of KiwiCo FREE at kiwico.com/veritasium

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.

▀▀▀
A huge thanks to Prof. Andy Ruina for suggesting this video topic, guiding us in the research, and giving deeply insightful notes.

Massive thanks to Noah Johnson and Tina Vines for teaching Derek how to chain-stitch, and letting us shoot with your embroidery machine! Please check out instagram.com/stitchrite and instagram.com/tina_vines if you're interested in seeing more of their gorgeous chain stitch embroidery.

Thanks to Denny Stanley and the whole crew at Las Vegas Props for building the large replica model of the sewing machine. vegasprops.net

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References:
Parton, J. (1870). History of the Sewing-machine. Howe Machine Company, No. 38, N. Charles St.. -- ve42.co/Patron1870

Gregory, J. M. (2006). A History of the Sewing Machine to 1880. Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 76(1), 127-144. -- ve42.co/Gregory2006

How America Spends Money: 100 Years In the Life of the Family Budget, The Atlantic -- ve42.co/Budget1

Buckman, J. (2016). Unraveling the Threads: The Life, Death and Resurrection of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, America’s First Multi-National Corporation. Dog Ear Publishing.

Lewton, F. L. (1930). The servant in the house: a brief history of the sewing machine (Vol. 3056). US Government Printing Office. -- ve42.co/Lewton1930

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, Gene Nagata and Taylor Cody
Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

What The Ultimate Study On Happiness Reveals

Veritasium 2023-11-15 | How to lead a happier, healthier and longer life. Check out our sponsor: betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.

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A huge thanks to Prof. Robert Waldinger for all his help with this video.

To learn more about what makes for a good life, visit: the-good-life-book.com and youtube.com/watch?v=8KkKuTCFvzI&pp=ygUJd2FsZGluZ2Vy

A special thanks to Prof. Julianne Holt-Lunstad for her expert advice on the importance of social connections and the detrimental effects of loneliness and social isolation.

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Additional Videos:
Family Reacts to Winning CA$1 Million Lotto, NowThisNews via YouTube - ve42.co/CA1Lottery

Woman claims to be $1 billion Powerball winner, KTLA 5 via YouTube - ve42.co/1BilLottery

Old Lottery Winner Meets Young Lottery Winner | The Gap, LADbible TV via YouTube - ve42.co/LADBibleLottery

Why eyewitnesses get it wrong - Scott Fraser, TED-Ed via Youtube - ve42.co/TEDFraser

Surgeon General discusses health risks of loneliness and steps to help connect with others, PBS NewsHour via YouTube - ve42.co/PBS-SG

▀▀▀
References:
Waldinger, R., & Schulz, M. (2023). The Good Life: Lessons from the World's Longest Scientific Study of Happiness. Simon and Schuster.

Lindqvist et al. (2020). Long-run effects of lottery wealth on psychological well-being. The Review of Economic Studies. - ve42.co/Lindqvist2020

Wen et al. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. The lancet. - ve42.co/Wen2011

Nocon et al. (2008). Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. - ve42.co/Nocon2008

Blondell et al. (2014). Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC public health. - ve42.co/Blondell2014

Office of the Surgeon General. (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The US Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. - ve42.co/LonelinessEpidemic

Holt-Lunstad et al. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS medicine. - ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2010

Valtorta et al. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. -
ve42.co/Valtorta2016

Shovestul et al. (2020). Risk factors for loneliness: The high relative importance of age versus other factors. PloS one. - ve42.co/Shovestul2020

Donovan et al. (2017). Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older US adults. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. - ve42.co/Donovan2017

Lara et al. (2019). Does loneliness contribute to mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Ageing research reviews. - ve42.co/Lara2019

Holt-Lunstad et al. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on psychological science. - ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2015

McIntyre et al. (2015). Compulsive Internet use and relations between social connectedness, and introversion. Computers in Human Behavior. - ve42.co/McIntyre2015

Kahneman & Deaton. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. - ve42.co/Kahneman2010

Killingsworth. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - ve42.co/Killingsworth2021

Killingsworth et al. (2023). Income and emotional well-being: A conflict resolved. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - ve42.co/Killingsworth2023

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, and Zyan Treadwell
Produced by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

How Do Night Vision Goggles Work? (Theres 3 types)

Veritasium 2023-11-04 | We visited the US Navy to test the best night vision goggles in the world. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.

Huge thanks to Dr. Ben Conley and the entire team at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division. You can check out more of their work here: https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warfare-Centers/NSWC-Crane/
Or their YouTube channel here: youtube.com/NSWCCraneDivision

▀▀▀
Video References:
Tyson, J. (2001). How Night Vision Works. How Stuff Works. – ve42.co/HSWNightVision
Montoro, H. P. Image Intensification: The Technology of Night Vision. Photonics. – ve42.co/PhotonicsTech
Brain Stuff - HowStuffWorks via YouTube – ve42.co/HSWVideo
Photonis via YouTube – ve42.co/Photonis
Operator Drewski via YouTube – ve42.co/NVGaming
Night-vision device via Wikipedia – ve42.co/NVWiki
Image intensifier via Wikipedia – ve42.co/Intensifier
Lodriguss, J. How Digital Cameras Work. AstroPix. –ve42.co/AstroPix
Kinka-Byo. (2019). What is the physical cause of increasing noise at high ISO? StackExchange. – ve42.co/PhotoISO
Macias, A. (2015). The secret NVGs SEAL Team Six wore on the Bin Laden raid. Business Insider. – ve42.co/BINightVision
Van Dommelen, L. Thermionic Emission. Quantum Mechanics for Engineers. – ve42.co/Thermoionic
Nave, R. (2016). Blackbody Radiation. HyperPhysics. – ve42.co/BlackBody
Night Vision Terminology - Generations. ModArmory. – ve42.co/ModArmory
NASA (2018). X-ray Detectors - Electrical Current Detections. – ve42.co/NASAXRay

Images & Video:
Osama Bin Laden report, via CNN on YouTube - ve42.co/CNNOBL
Sicario Night Raid Scene, via Movieclips on YouTube - ve42.co/Sicario
Splinter Cell footage, via Ubisoft on YouTube - ve42.co/SplinterCell
Step Brothers Night Vision Scene, via masusockvevo on YouTube - ve42.co/StepBrothers
Ukraine report, via CNN on YouTube - ve42.co/CNNUkraine
FLIR K2 Thermal Imaging Camera footage, via Teledyne FLIR on YouTube - ve42.co/FLIRK2
Chandra X-ray Observatory imagery, via NASA - ve42.co/NASAChandra

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Ivy Tello
Filmed by Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Raquel Nuno
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Problem With Science Communication

Veritasium 2023-10-31 | To kickstart your business or online store with a free trial of Shopify, go to http://shopify.com/veritasium

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
Huge thanks to Carlo Rovelli: https://t.co/FF5ohRQB8R
And Geraint Lewis: geraintflewis.com

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Images and references:
Holographic wormhole, via Nature - ve42.co/Holographic

‘Did physicists create a wormhole in a quantum computer?’ by Davide Castelvecchi, via Nature - ve42.co/NatureWormhole

Traversable Holographic Wormhole by Sarag Wells, via Vice - ve42.co/ViceWormhole

‘Quantum teleportation opens a ‘wormhole in space–time’’ by Martijn Boerkamp, via Physics World - ve42.co/PWTeleportation

‘Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole’ by Natalie Wolchover, via Quanta - ve42.co/QuantaWormhole

‘the Smallest, Crummiest Wormhole You Can Imagine’, via The New York Times - ve42.co/NYTWormhole

‘How Physicists Created a Holographic, via Quanta - ve42.co/QuantaYTWormhole

Quantum computer imagery, via Quantumai - ve42.co/Quantumai

‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via Sky News - ve42.co/SkyWormhole

‘NASA scientist explains why images from new telescope astounded him’, via CNN on YouTube - ve42.co/CNNWormhole

‘Neutrino Faster Than Speed of Light’, via Associated Press - ve42.co/APWormhole

‘Michio Kaku on Quantum Computing’, via PowerfulJRE - ve42.co/JRE

AskScience AMA Series, via r/askscience on Reddit - ve42.co/ClimateAMA

‘Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthrough’, via Stanford - ve42.co/AndreiLinde

‘Gravitational waves turn to dust’ by Ian Sample, via The Guardian - ve42.co/Waves2Dust

‘The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor’, Sukbae Lee, Ji-Hoon Kim, Young-Wan Kwon, 2023, via arXiv - ve42.co/Superconductor

‘What's the buzz about LK-99?’, via Global News - ve42.co/GlobalLK99

Meissner effect, via @andrewmccalip on Twitter - ve42.co/Meissner

‘Will LK99 Superconductor CHANGE THE WORLD?’, via Breaking Points on YouTube - ve42.co/BreakingPoints

‘Superconductor Breakthroughs’, via WSJ - ve42.co/WSJSuperconductor

LK99 claims forum post, via Spacebattles - ve42.co/KL99Forum

Copper graph, via Handbook of Electromagnetic Materials - ve42.co/CopperGraph

LK-99 Superconductor showing levitation - ve42.co/Levitation

‘Unreliable social science research’ by Cathleen O’Grady, via Science - ve42.co/SocialScience

Tiny Neutrinos article by Dennis Overbye, via The NYT - ve42.co/NYTNeutrinos

‘The Crisis in Cosmology’ by Astrophysics in Process, via Medium - ve42.co/CosmoCrisis

‘Some scientists speak of a “crisis in cosmology.”’ by Adam Frank, via Big Think - ve42.co/BigThinkCosmo

‘Why is there a 'crisis' in cosmology?’ by Paul Sutter, via Space - ve42.co/SpaceCosmo

‘Breakthrough in nuclear fusion, via PBS NewsHour on YouTube - ve42.co/PBSBreakthrough

DOE National Lab press conference, via U.S. Department of Energy on YouTube - ve42.co/DOEPress

‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’ by Catherine Clifford, via CNBC - ve42.co/CNBCFusion

‘US officials announce nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via CNN - ve42.co/CNNFusion

Nuclear fusion article, via CNN - ve42.co/CNNNuclear

Climate catastrophe article by Robin McKie, via The Guardian - ve42.co/GuardianClimate

Nuclear fusion article by Nicola Davis, via The Guardian - ve42.co/GuardianFusion

Fusion breakthrough article, via Imperial College London - ve42.co/ImperialFusion

Wednesday briefing by Archive Bland, via The Guardian - ve42.co/GuardianBriefing

Sky Sport News Bulletin, via Sky Sport NZ on YouTube - ve42.co/SkyBulletin

Alien Probe Ignored Us article by Ed Maz - ve42.co/AlienProbe

Attempts to scan the mysterious Oumuamua 'comet' article by Shivali Best, via MailOnline - ve42.co/Oumuamua

‘Have Aliens Found Us?’ by Isaac Chotiner - ve42.co/NYTAliens

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Geoff Barrett

How One Line in the Oldest Math Text Hinted at Hidden Universes

Veritasium 2023-10-21 | Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video.

A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology.

Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry.

▀▀▀
Images:
Euclid via Science Museum Group - ve42.co/Euclid

Geodesy survey via ams - ve42.co/Geodesy

John Wheeler via NAS Online - ve42.co/Wheeler

▀▀▀
References:
Dunham, W. (1991). Journey through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons.

Bonola, R. (1955). Non-Euclidean geometry: A critical and historical study of its development. Courier Corporation.

Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. - ve42.co/LibofCongress

Euclid’s Elements, Wikipedia - ve42.co/Elements

The History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Extra History via YouTube - ve42.co/ExtraHistory

We (could) live on a 4D Pringle - Physics for the Birds via YouTube - ve42.co/4DPringle

Parallel Postulate, Wikipedia - ve42.co/Parallel

Prékopa, A., & Molnár, E. (Eds.). (2006). Non-euclidean geometries: János Bolyai memorial volume (Vol. 581). Springer Science & Business Media.

St Andrews, University of. (n.d.). Bolyai. MacTutor History of Mathematics. - ve42.co/Bolyai

Bolyai, J. (1896). The Science Absolute of Space.. (Vol. 3). The Neomon.

Gauss, Wikipedia - ve42.co/Gauss

Singh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. - ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean

Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss' wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. - ve42.co/Landvermessung

Nikolai Lobachevsky, Wikipedia - ve42.co/Lobachevsky

Lobachevskiĭ, N. I. (1891). Geometrical researches on the theory of parallels. University of Texas.

A Problem with the Parallel Postulate, Numberphile via YouTube - ve42.co/NumberphileParallel

Riemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. - ve42.co/Riemann

Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. - ve42.co/Einstein1905

ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. - ve42.co/Einstein1905

Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. - ve42.co/NANOGrav

Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube - ve42.co/PBSCMB

Wood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe's Contents. Quanta Magazine. - ve42.co/AncientLight

Collaboration (2014). Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters. A&A, 571, A16. - ve42.co/Planck2013

WMAP Science Team, NASA. (2014). Matter in the Universe. WMAP, NASA. - ve42.co/WMAP2014

What Is The Shape of Space, minutephysics via YouTube - ve42.co/SpaceShape

Shape of the universe, Wikipedia - ve42.co/UniverseShape

Crocheting Hyperbolic Planes: Daina Taimina by Ted, via YouTube - ve42.co/Hyperbolic

Hyperbolic Crochet model - ve42.co/Crochet

▀▀▀
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Alex Kontorovich
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Mike Radjabov
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, and Han Evans

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, and by courtesy of: NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA’s WMAP science teams, ESO, and ESA/Hubble.
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley

The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions (Clean Version)

Veritasium 2023-10-07 | YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: ve42.co/snatoms1 ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: ve42.co/p

Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world.
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A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us ve42.co/Charles

Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2

Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg

Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.

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References:

The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth –
Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – ve42.co/Smil

Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – ve42.co/Charles

Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – ve42.co/Stoltzenberg

Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – ve42.co/postgate

Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – ve42.co/Miles

Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – ve42.co/Friedrich2017

Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – ve42.co/Silva

Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – ve42.co/rodrigues

Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – ve42.co/Allison

Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – ve42.co/Crookes

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from ve42.co/rice
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound: ve42.co/music

Pushing The Limits Of Extreme Breath-Holding

Veritasium 2023-09-30 | He held his breath for 17 minutes. How can you do the same? Check out our sponsor: betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.

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A huge thanks to Brandon Birchak for all his help with this video. To learn how to hold your breath for 5 minutes, or see one of Brandon’s performances, visit eliteperformancedesign.com and https://Sixfootcreations.com

A special thanks to Juan Valdivia for his expert advice on the science of extreme breath holding.

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References:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). How your body controls breathing. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. - ve42.co/BodyBreathing

Anatomy, autonomic nervous system - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-a). - ve42.co/ANS

Biochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). - ve42.co/ncbiATP

Acidosis. Acidosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). - ve42.co/Acidosis

Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis. Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis - Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). - ve42.co/Alkalosis

Wilmshurst, P. (1998, October 10). Diving and Oxygen. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). - ve42.co/DivingO

López-Barneo, J., Ortega-Sáenz, P., Pardal, R., Pascual, A., & Piruat, J. I. (2008). Carotid body oxygen sensing. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1386-1398. - ve42.co/Barneo2008

Jeff, & Huffy. (2022, November 17). The Bolt score test: Measure your breathing volume capacity. Marathon Handbook. - ve42.co/BOLT

Lindholm, P., & Lundgren, C. E. (2009). The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 284-292. - ve42.co/Lindholm2009

Physiology, lung capacity - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). - ve42.co/LungCapacity

Panneton, W. M., & Gan, Q. (2020). The mammalian diving response: inroads to its neural control. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 524. - ve42.co/Panneton2020

Baković, D., Eterović, D., Saratlija‐Novaković, X., Palada, I., Valic, Z., Bilopavlović, N., & Dujić, X. (2005). Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 32(11), 944-951. ve42.co/Bakovic2005

Gooden, B. (1971). The diving response in man, rat and echidna (Doctoral dissertation). - ve42.co/Gooden1971

Longest duration breath hold - freediving static apnea (male). Guinness World Records. (n.d.). - ve42.co/DivingRecord

What’s the longest a human can hold their breath underwater? BBC Science Focus Magazine. (n.d.). - ve42.co/Southwell2023

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Derek Muller
Written by Felicity Nelson and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

How Close Weve Come to Nuclear War

Veritasium 2023-09-11 | Earth has been closer to Nuclear War more times than you’d think. Head over to
hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.

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References:
List of Broken Arrows -- ve42.co/AtomicArchive ve42.co/BrokenArrowsReport
Declassified Goldsboro Report -- ve42.co/Goldsboro
Operation ChromeDome -- ve42.co/OperationChromeDome
CIA website -- ve42.co/CIA

Cataclysmic cargo: The hunt for four missing nuclear bombs after a B-52 crash -- ve42.co/WoPo
THE LAST FLIGHT OF HOBO 28 -- ve42.co/lastflight
The Voice of Larry Messinger is from this documentary -- ve42.co/Messinger
Even Without Detonation, 4 Hydrogen Bombs From ’66 Scar Spanish Village -- ve42.co/NYTPalomares
Decades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident -- ve42.co/NYTPalomares2
Picture of ReVelle -- ve42.co/JackReVelle1
Great NPR where the audio of ReVelle is from -- ve42.co/JackReVelle2
CIA Website -- ve42.co/CIA

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Insane Math Of Knot Theory

Veritasium 2023-09-03 | There is an entire branch of math simply devoted to knots – and it has changed the world. We’ll rope you in. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

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Huge thanks to Prof. Colin Adams for his excellent help guiding us through the world of knots.
Many thanks to Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, Prof. David Leigh, and Prof. Dorothy Buck for helping us understand applications of knot theory.
Many thanks to Prof. Dan Silver & Prof. Jim Hoste for speaking with us about the history and tabulation of knots.

If you want to learn more about knots and play with them yourself, check out:
The amazing KnotPlot tool — knotplot.com/. Thanks to Rob Scharein for providing technical help as well!
A table of knots and all their invariants — https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/
The Knot Atlas for general info on knots — http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page

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Knot Theory Video References – ve42.co/KnotTheoryRefs

Images & Video:
Alexander Cutting the Gordian Knot by Donato Creti via Fine Art America - ve42.co/GordianCut
Indus Valley tablet via Quora - ve42.co/IndusValley
Pages from the Book of Kells via National Trust of Scotland - ve42.co/BookOfKells
Medieval Celtic designs from @thebookofkellsofficial via Instagram - ve42.co/KellsInsta
Chinese knotwork by YWang9174 via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/Panchang
Quipu cords by Pi3.124 via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/Quipu
Borromeo heraldry via Terre Borromeo - ve42.co/Borromeo
Birman/Jones letter via Celebratio Mathematica - ve42.co/JonesBirman
Molecular trefoil knot by M stone via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/TrefoilMolecule
X-ray structure of trefoil knot by Ll0103 via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/XrayTrefoil
Bacteria animation from Your Body's Molecular Machines by Drew Berry via the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research - http://wehi.tv
Topoisomerase and knots from Orlandini et al. Synergy of topoisomerase. PNAS, vol. 116, no. 17, 2019, pp. 8149–8154. – ve42.co/Orlandini2019
KnotProt 2.0: A database of proteins with knots and slipknots - ve42.co/Knotprot

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Emily Zhang
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci and Mike Radjabov
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

Should Airships Make A Comeback?

Veritasium 2023-08-31 | Blimps and airships might be relics of the past, but could they help save the future? Head to odoo.com/r/veritasium to start building your own website for free.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV

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Thank you to Eli Dourado for letting us explore the argument he describes in his article: ve42.co/Dourado

A huge thank you to Dan Grossman and Nick Allman for their time, help, and expertise.

Also a massive thank you to those who helped us understand the world of modern airships, and provided valuable feedback - Prof. Barry Prentice, Gennadiy Verba, Prof.
Christoph Pflaum, Heather Roszczyk, Dr. Casey Handmer, Richard Van Trueren, & Thibault Proux.

We are also grateful for the collaboration of the companies who are working hard to make this comeback happen - Atlas LTA, Buoyant Aircraft Systems International, Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTA Research, & Flying Whales.

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References:

How Airships Could Overcome a Century of Failure, Bloomberg Originals via YouTube - ve42.co/AirshipsCoF

Why the Airship May Be the Future of Air Travel, Undecided with Matt Ferrell via YouTube - ve42.co/FutureAirships

Airship, Wikipedia - ve42.co/AirshipWiki

Handmer, C. (2020). A quick note on airships. Casey Handmer’s Blog - ve42.co/Handmer2020

UNCTAD (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020 - ve42.co/RMT2020

National Transportation Research Center (2023). Freight Analysis Framework Version 5 (FAF5) - ve42.co/FAF5

Hybrid Air Vehicles (2023). HAV - ve42.co/HAV

LTA Research (2023). Lighter Than Air (LTA) Research - ve42.co/LTAResearch

OceanSkyCruises (2023). North Pole Expedition - OceanSkyCruises - ve42.co/NPExpedition

Flying Whales (2023). Flying Whales - ve42.co/FlyingWhales

Buoyant Aircraft Systems International (2023). BASI - ve42.co/BASI

Atlas LTA (2023). Atlas Electric Airships | Atlas LTA Airships - ve42.co/AtlasLTA

Prentice, B. (2021). Hydrogen gas-fuelled airships could spur development in remote communities. The Conversation - ve42.co/HydrogenAirships

Grossman, D. (2009). The Hindenburg Disaster. Airships - ve42.co/Hindenburg1

Hindenburg Disaster, Wikipedia - ve42.co/HindenburgWiki

What happened to the Hindenburg?, Jared Owen via Youtube - ve42.co/Owen2019

National Museum of the U.S. Navy. USS Akron (ZRS-4) - ve42.co/USSAkron

USS Akron, Wikipedia - ve42.co/USSAkronWiki

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Directed by Casper Mebius
Edited by Jack Saxon
Filmed by Derek Muller, Jamie MacLeod, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno
Animation by Mike Radjabov & Fabio Albertelli
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, & Envato Elements
Music from Epidemic Sound & Pond5
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, & Han Evans

More footage & photos from:
Thermite Rail Welding video by dulevoz via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=rNjosF789X4

O’Rourke, T. (2016). Chronicle Covers: When the Hindenburg burst into flames. San Francisco Chronicle - ve42.co/Hindenburg2

Wind turbine blade transport video by DOLL Fahrzeugbau via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=5aPXuap0LZw

Wind turbine blade transport through mountains video by CGTN via Youtube - youtube.com/watch?v=9dtUrY8_1CM

Former Airship Hangar by Stefan Kühn - ve42.co/Aerium

I Took an IQ Test to Find Out What it Actually Measures

Veritasium 2023-08-03 | IQ is supposed to measure intelligence, but does it? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A huge thank you to Emeritus Professor Cecil R. Reynolds and Dr. Stuart J. Ritchie for their expertise and time.

Also a massive thank you to Prof. Steven Piantadosi and Prof. Alan S. Kaufman for helping us understand this complicated topic. As well as to Jay Zagrosky from Boston University's Questrom School of Business for providing data from his study.

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References:
Kaufman, A. S. (2009). IQ testing 101. Springer Publishing Company.

Reynolds, C. R., & Livingston, R. A. (2021). Mastering modern psychological testing. Springer International Publishing.

Ritchie, S. (2015). Intelligence: All that matters. John Murray.

Spearman, C. (1961). " General Intelligence" Objectively Determined and Measured. - ve42.co/Spearman1904

Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1907). Le développement de l'intelligence chez les enfants. L'Année psychologique, 14(1), 1-94.. - ve42.co/Binet1907

Intelligence Quotient, Wikipedia - ve42.co/IQWiki

Radiolab Presents: G. - ve42.co/RadioLabG

McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence, 33(4), 337-346. - ve42.co/McDaniel2005

Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. - ve42.co/Deary2007

Lozano-Blasco, R., Quílez-Robres, A., Usán, P., Salavera, C., & Casanovas-López, R. (2022). Types of Intelligence and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), 123. - ve42.co/Blasco2022

Kuncel, N. R., & Hezlett, S. A. (2010). Fact and fiction in cognitive ability testing for admissions and hiring decisions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 339-345. - ve42.co/Kuncel2010

Laurence, J. H., & Ramsberger, P. F. (1991). Low-aptitude men in the military: Who profits, who pays?. Praeger Publishers. - ve42.co/Laurence1991

Gregory, H. (2015). McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War; Plus the Induction of Unfit Men, Criminals, and Misfits. Infinity Publishing.

Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-4. - ve42.co/Gottfredson2004

Sanchez-Izquierdo, M., Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Valeriano-Lorenzo, E. L., & Botella, J. (2023). Intelligence and life expectancy in late adulthood: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 98, 101738. - ve42.co/Izquierdo2023

Zagorsky, J. L. (2007). Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence, 35(5), 489-501. - ve42.co/Zagorsky2007

Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401-426. - ve42.co/Strenze2007

Deary, I. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2013). The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: the Lothian birth cohort of 1921. Psychological science, 24(12), 2361-2368. - ve42.co/Deary2013

Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological bulletin, 101(2), 171. - ve42.co/Flynn1987

Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents' | James Flynn, TED via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=9vpqilhW9uI

Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2011). Role of test motivation in intelligence testing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(19), 7716-7720. - ve42.co/Duckworth2011

Kulik, J. A., Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1984). Effectiveness of coaching for aptitude tests. Psychological Bulletin, 95(2), 179. - ve42.co/Kulik1984

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Petr Lebedev
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Derek Muller, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno
Animation by Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Tello
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Han Evans

The Real Story of Oppenheimer

Veritasium 2023-07-18 | J. Robert Oppenheimer forever changed the course of history. He may be the most important physicist to have ever lived. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: wren.co/start/veritasium1 For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!

If you want to learn more about Oppenheimer, I strongly recommend the book “American Prometheus” By Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin. It was the inspiration for Christopher Nolan's 2023 film "Oppenheimer", which won multiple awards, including Oscars in 2024 for Best Picture and Best Actor (Cillian Murphy).

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A huge thank you to Dr. Martin Rohde and Dr. Antonia Denkova from the TU Delft for proofreading the script and providing valuable feedback.

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References:

Bird, K., & Sherwin, M. J. (2021). American Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Atlantic Books.

Smith, A. K., & Weiner, C. (1980). Robert Oppenheimer: letters and recollections. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(5), 19-27. - ve42.co/Smith1980

Combes, J. M., Duclos, P., & Seiler, R. (1981). The born-oppenheimer approximation. Rigorous atomic and molecular physics, 185-213. - ve42.co/Combes1981

Rhodes, R. (2012). The making of the atomic bomb. Simon and Schuster.

Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. Physical Review, 55(4), 374. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939b

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Bemerkung zur Zerstreuung der α-Teilchen. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(5-6), 413-415. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Zur quantenmechanik der richtungsentartung. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(1-2), 27-46. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927b

Born, M., & Oppenheimer, R. (1927). Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln Annalen der Physik, v. 84. - ve42.co/Born1927

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). Three notes on the quantum theory of aperiodic effects. Physical review, 31(1), 66.

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). On the quantum theory of the capture of electrons. Physical review, 31(3), 349.

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1931). Note on light quanta and the electromagnetic field. Physical Review, 38(4), 725.

Furry, W. H., & Oppenheimer, J. R. (1934). On the theory of the electron and positive. Physical Review, 45(4), 245. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1934

Oppenheimer, J. R. (1935). Note on charge and field fluctuations. Physical Review, 47(2), 144. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935

Oppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. Physical Review, 56(5), 455. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939

Oppenheimer, J. R., & Phillips, M. (1935). Note on the transmutation function for deuterons. Physical Review, 48(6), 500. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935b

Malik, J. (1985). Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions (No. LA-8819). Los Alamos National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). - ve42.co/Malik1985

Ignition of the atmosphere with nuclear bombs -- ve42.co/Konopinski46

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev & Derek Muller
Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver & Katrina Jackson
Filmed by Derek Muller
Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, & Mike Radjabov
Illustration by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

The Hidden Science of Fireworks

Veritasium 2023-07-07 | This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free!

If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: snatoms.com

Check out Gene’s channel here -- @PotatoJet

Massive thanks to Mike Tockstein from Pyrotechnic Innovations @PyroInnovations
and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe.

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Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones.

Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials.

Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks.

Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks.

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Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

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Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller, Hunter Peterson, Gene Nagata, Raquel Nuno
Production by Hunter Peterson and Stephanie Castillo
Additional video/photos supplied by Mike Tockstein/Pyrotechnic Innovations
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius

The Most Misunderstood Concept in Physics

Veritasium 2023-07-01 | One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: snatoms.com

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A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic - Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov.

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References:
Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. - ve42.co/Carnot1890

Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube - ve42.co/OrderDisorder

A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube - ve42.co/Mould2016

Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. - ve42.co/Dugdale1996

Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. - ve42.co/Schroeder2021

Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. - ve42.co/Fowler2023

Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News - ve42.co/Chandler2010

Entropy, Wikipedia - ve42.co/EntropyWiki

Clausius, R. (1867). The mechanical theory of heat. Van Voorst. - ve42.co/Clausius1867

What is entropy? TED-Ed via YouTube - ve42.co/Phillips2017

Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft.

Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. - ve42.co/Schneider1994

Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. - ve42.co/Lineweaver2008

Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions" Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. - ve42.co/Michaelian2012

England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - ve42.co/England2013

England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. - ve42.co/England2015

Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine - ve42.co/Wolchover2014

Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy

Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - ve42.co/Bekenstein1972

Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. - ve42.co/Carroll2022

Black hole thermodynamics, Wikipedia - ve42.co/BlackHoleTD

Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube - ve42.co/CarrollTEDx

Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - ve42.co/Carroll2008

The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk + Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube - ve42.co/CarrollLNF

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

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Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Petr Lebedev
Edited by Trenton Oliver & Jamie MacLeod
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel Nuno
Molecular collisions video by CSIRO's Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius

I Vacuum Venom from the Worlds Deadliest Spider

Veritasium 2023-06-21 | Go to our sponsor betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.

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Huge thanks to the Australian Reptile Park for having us over to film – special thanks to Jake Meney for showing us the spiders and Caitlin Vine for organizing the shoot. https://www.reptilepark.com.au

Huge thanks to Dr Timothy Jackson with his help and answering our questions.

Thanks to Seqirus Australia for providing B-roll footage of the antivenom production process.

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References:

Pineda, S. S., Sollod, B. L., Wilson, D., Darling, A., Sunagar, K., Undheim, E. A., ... & King, G. F. (2014). Diversification of a single ancestral gene into a successful toxin superfamily in highly venomous Australian funnel-web spiders. BMC genomics, 15(1), 1-16 - ve42.co/Pineda2014

Isbister, G. K., Gray, M. R., Balit, C. R., Raven, R. J., Stokes, B. J., Porges, K., ... & Fisher, M. M. (2005). Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases. Medical journal of Australia, 182(8), 407-411 - ve42.co/Isbister2005

Herzig, V., Sunagar, K., Wilson, D. T., Pineda, S. S., Israel, M. R., Dutertre, S., ... & Fry, B. G. (2020). Australian funnel-web spiders evolved human-lethal δ-hexatoxins for defense against vertebrate predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(40), 24920-24928 - ve42.co/Herzig2020

Nicholson, G. M., & Graudins, A. (2002). Spiders of medical importance in the Asia–Pacific: Atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 29(9), 785-794 - ve42.co/Nicholson2002

Fletcher, J. I., Chapman, B. E., Mackay, J. P., Howden, M. E., & King, G. F. (1997). The structure of versutoxin (δ-atracotoxin-Hv1) provides insights into the binding of site 3 neurotoxins to the voltage-gated sodium channel. Structure, 5(11), 1525-1535 - ve42.co/Fletcher1997

Australian Reptile Park. (2022). Snake and Spider First Aid - ve42.co/ARPFirstAid

The Australian Museum. (20 ). Spider facts - ve42.co/SpiderFacts

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, and Sam Lutfi

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Written by Katie Barnshaw & Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Jason Tran
Animation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek and Fabio Albertelli
Neuron animation by Reciprocal Space – https://www.reciprocal.space
Additional video/photos supplied from Getty Images, Pond5
B-roll supplied by Seqirus Australia
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang & Katie Barnshaw

The Strange Branch of Math Where a Trillion is Tiny

Veritasium 2023-06-06 | There's a strange number system, featured in the work of a dozen Fields Medalists, that helps solve problems that are intractable with real numbers. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: snatoms.com

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References:

Koblitz, N. (2012). p-adic Numbers, p-adic Analysis, and Zeta-Functions (Vol. 58). Springer Science & Business Media.

Amazing intro to p-adic numbers here: youtu.be/3gyHKCDq1YA
Excellent series on p-adic numbers: youtu.be/VTtBDSWR1Ac
Great videos by James Tanton: @JamesTantonMath

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

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Written by Derek Muller and Alex Kontorovich
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang

The Fastest Maze-Solving Competition On Earth

Veritasium 2023-05-24 | Welcome to Micromouse, the fastest maze-solving competition on Earth. Join Onshape’s community of over 3 million CAD users by creating a free account here: https://Onshape.pro/Veritasium.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
ve42.co/PatreonDEB

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A huge thank you to Peter Harrison for all of his help introducing us to the world of Micromouse – check out ukmars.org & https://micromouseonline.com.
Thank you to David Otten, APEC, and the All-Japan Micromouse Competition for having us.
Thank you to Juing-Hei (youtube.com/@suhu9379) & Derek Hall (youtube.com/@MicroMouse) for usage of their micromouse videos.
Thank you to John McBride, Yusaku Kanagawa, and Katie Barnshaw for their help with Japanese translations.

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References:
Claude Shannon Demonstrates Machine Learning, AT&T Tech Channel Archive - ve42.co/ClaudeShannon
Mighty mouse, MIT News Magazine - ve42.co/MightyMouse
History, Micromouse Online Blog - ve42.co/MMHistory
Christiansen, D. (1977). Spectral lines: Announcing the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 27-27 - ve42.co/Christiansen1977
Allan, R. (1979). Microprocessors: The amazing micromice: See how they won: Probing the innards of the smartest and fastest entries in the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 62-65, - ve42.co/Allan1979
1977-79 – “MOONLIGHT SPECIAL” Battelle Inst. (American), CyberNetic Zoo - ve42.co/MoonlightSpecial
Christiansen, D. (2014). The Amazing MicroMouse Roars On. Spectral Lines - ve42.co/Christiansen2014
1986 - MicroMouse history, competition & how it got started in the USA, via YouTube - ve42.co/MMArchiveYT
The first World Micromouse Contest in Tsubuka, Japan, August 1985 [1/2] by TKsTclip via YouTube - ve42.co/MMTsukubaYT
IEEE. (2018). Micromouse Competition Rules - ve42.co/IEEERules
Tondra, D. (2004). The Inception of Chedda: A detailed design and analysis of micromouse. University of Nevada - ve42.co/Tondra2004
Braunl, T. (1999). Research relevance of mobile robot competitions. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 32-37 - ve42.co/Braunl1999
All Japan Micromouse 2017 by Peter Harrison, Micromouse Online - ve42.co/RedComet
Winning record of the national competition micromouse (half size) competition. mm3sakusya @ wiki (Google translated from Japanese) - ve42.co/JapanFinishTimes
The Fosbury Flop—A Game-Changing Technique, Smithsonian Magazine - ve42.co/FosburyFlop
Gold medal winning heights in the Men's and Women's high jump at the Summer Olympics from 1896 to 2020, Statistica - ve42.co/HighJump
Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Soon, P. L. (2016). Design and realization of two-wheel micro-mouse diagonal dashing. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 31(4), 2299-2306. - ve42.co/Zhang2016
Micromouse Turn List, Keri’s Lab - ve42.co/MMTurns
Green Ye via YouTube - ve42.co/Greenye
Classic Micromouse, Excel 9a. Demonstrate fan suction, by TzongYong Khiew via YouTube - ve42.co/MMFanYT
Vacuum Micromouse by Eliot, HACKADAY - ve42.co/MMVacuum

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

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Written by Tom Lum and Emily Zhang
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello
Coordinated by Emily Zhang
Filmed by Yusaku Kanagawa, Emily Zhang, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley and Ignat Berbeci
References by Katie Barnshaw
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

Why The First Computers Were Made Out Of Light Bulbs

Veritasium 2023-05-13 | How were the first computers made? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

A huge thanks to David Lovett for showing me his awesome relay and vacuum tube based computers. Check out his YouTube channel @UsagiElectric

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References:
Herring, C., & Nichols, M. H. (1949). Thermionic emission. Reviews of modern physics, 21(2), 185. – ve42.co/Herring1949

Goldstine, H. H., & Goldstine, A. (1946). The electronic numerical integrator and computer (eniac). Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 2(15), 97-110. – ve42.co/ENIAC

Shannon, C. E. (1938). A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits. Electrical Engineering, 57(12), 713-723. – ve42.co/Shannon38

Boole, G. (1847). The mathematical analysis of logic. Philosophical Library. – ve42.co/Boole1847

The world’s first general purpose computer turns 75 – ve42.co/ENIAC2

Dylla, H. F., & Corneliussen, S. T. (2005). John Ambrose Fleming and the beginning of electronics. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 23(4), 1244-1251. – ve42.co/Dylla2005

Stibitz, G. R. (1980). Early computers. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (pp. 479-483). Academic Press.

ENIAC’s Hydrogen Bomb Calculations – ve42.co/ENIAC3

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi.

▀▀▀
Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller & Raquel Nuno
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci