The Ling SpaceWe're really excited to have gotten to interview Steven Pinker recently! Dr. Pinker is a professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard, and a best-selling author whose books, including The Language Instinct, the Stuff of Thought, and the Sense of Style, help to broaden knowledge about linguistics, language, and cognitive psychology.
We got to ask him about a lot of great topics, including: - the role of social media in promoting science - the unifying themes under all of his work - the ongoing resistance to the idea that language is innate - the role of emoticons and emoji in discourse - the videos he watches on YouTube - three questions from our followers on machine learning, advice for starting out in research, and social media's influence on language
And much more! We even have an extra video this week, posted Thursday, that has a book recommendation and news about Dr. Pinker's next book.
Interview with Steven PinkerThe Ling Space2015-11-11 | We're really excited to have gotten to interview Steven Pinker recently! Dr. Pinker is a professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard, and a best-selling author whose books, including The Language Instinct, the Stuff of Thought, and the Sense of Style, help to broaden knowledge about linguistics, language, and cognitive psychology.
We got to ask him about a lot of great topics, including: - the role of social media in promoting science - the unifying themes under all of his work - the ongoing resistance to the idea that language is innate - the role of emoticons and emoji in discourse - the videos he watches on YouTube - three questions from our followers on machine learning, advice for starting out in research, and social media's influence on language
And much more! We even have an extra video this week, posted Thursday, that has a book recommendation and news about Dr. Pinker's next book.
Looking forward to next week!How Does If Work? The Semantics of ConditionalsThe Ling Space2019-03-06 | What's in our minds when we throw an if/then sentence out there? How do we work out what worlds we may be talking about? In this week's episode, we talk about the semantics of conditionals: what an "if" looks like logically, why a simple logical arrow isn't enough to capture the complexities of conditionals, and how we change what possibilities we allow ourselves to think of based on what our "if" clause holds.
Last episode: How do we understand missing words? The syntax of Ellipsis: youtu.be/WXhn1tdZ_os
Other of our semantics videos: Thinking vs. Knowing: Presuppositions and Anti-presuppositions: youtu.be/-iQ7XrehKdw How Do We Signal What's Important When We Talk? Information Structure: youtu.be/gZ6o8yFvJYI How Can One Greek Letter Help Us Understand Things? Lambda Calculus: youtu.be/BwWQDzXBuwg
The presentation was based mostly on some of the usual semantic suspects: http://web.mit.edu/fintel/fintel-heim-intensional.pdf, Seth Cable's course notes: http://people.umass.edu/scable/LING620-SP18/Handouts/12.Conditionals.pdf http://schoubye.org/teaching/Formal-Semantics/FormalSemanticsNotes2014.pdf.
There's also a series of videos on YouTube that explores the topic from a more philosophical point-of-view, and arrives at a different conclusion, but might still be of interest, starting here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Zxp2-_pLCE
#linguistics #semantics #TheLingSpace
Looking forward to next time!How Do We Understand Missing Words? EllipsisThe Ling Space2018-12-13 | What can silence tell us about the syntax of a sentence? How do we know what meaning to fill in when words are missing? In this week's episode, we talk about ellipsis: what rules are at work to tell us how to use it, how sentence structure plays into what words we can leave out, and whether words are even missing at all, or just hiding.
Other of our morphosyntax videos: What Does Possession Tell Us About Syntax? The DP Hypothesis: youtu.be/gWy7QdZJg9E What Kinds of Pieces Do We Use to Build Words? Derivation and Inflection: youtu.be/BTZCozhneKA What Changes in a Sentence When We Swap Verbs? Raising vs. Control: youtu.be/SYoYNeaSYrU
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Much of the discussion here is based on Andrew Carnie's Syntax: A Generative Introduction, 3rd edition, as well as his dissertation, which can be found at: http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~carnie/publications/Thesishome.html
We also used Jason Merchant's survey of different approaches to ellipsis: http://home.uchicago.edu/merchant/pubs/ellipsis.revised.pdf
We also consulted Brendan Gillon's upcoming book, Natural Language Semantics: http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/natural-language-semantics
Looking forward to next time!More People Have Learned about Linguistics than I Have: The Comparative IllusionThe Ling Space2018-03-07 | How do some sentences trick us into thinking they're good, when really they're not? And what can that tell us about how we process language? In this week's video, we take a look at the comparative illusion, a tricky kind of sentence that seems meaningful, but falls apart when we consider it further. And then we look at what exactly it is about them that confuses our minds.
This is a shorter format video that we'd been toying with making for a while! Do you like this length? We'll be making more of our regular length videos coming up soon!
Last episode: Who Is She? The Syntax and Semantics of Pronouns: youtu.be/fvohHpylRkY
Other of our psycholinguistics videos: Why Are There So Many Meanings? Ambiguities: youtu.be/E5Pp_wE14HU Do Sounds Carry Their Own Meaning? Arbitrariness of the Sign: youtu.be/CcSCq8XDTaY What Can Our Eyes Tell Us about Language? Eye-Tracking: youtu.be/uXx73W0uyCg
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: The material for this video came most from: http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/wellwood/downloadables/wphp2017revised.pdf and http://ling.umd.edu/~wellwood/downloadables/whpp2009cuny.pdf
Looking forward to next time!Who Is She? The Syntax and Semantics of PronounsThe Ling Space2017-11-29 | How do we know who "he" is? And how does "he" differ from "himself" when we interpret it? In this week's episode, we talk about the syntax and semantics of pronouns: how we can place them in sentences, how they link up to variables, and the role of context in how we interpret them.
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Most of the information for this episode was taken from Heim and Kratzer's 1998 book, Semantics in Generative Grammar, and from Yasutaka Sudo's dissertation, available here: https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/77805
Looking forward to next time!How Do We Match Verbs and Times? Event SemanticsThe Ling Space2017-10-06 | How do events factor into our mental linguistics? How can we adjust our logic to capture different sentence permutations? In this week's episode, we take a look at event semantics: what problems they're meant to solve, how they help us limit time and place in our sentences, and what evidence we have that events are real.
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Davidson's original paper on event semantics: http://verbs.colorado.edu/~mpalmer/Ling7800/Davidson.pdf A useful handout that gets into the entailment patterns: http://people.umass.edu/partee/RGGU_2005/RGGU05Lec12.pdf A handy and short summary of the topic: http://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/jFhNWM2M/eventbasedsemantics.pdf
Looking forward to next time!The Evolution of Language: An Interview with Dr. Tecumseh FitchThe Ling Space2017-08-24 | We were really excited to get a chance to talk with Dr. Tecumseh Fitch! Dr. Fitch is an evolutionary biologist and cognitive scientist who received his PhD from Brown University, and is now a professor in the Department of Cognitive Biology at the University of Vienna. He’s published extensively on the evolution of speech, language, and music, and is the author of the 2010 book The Evolution of Language.
In our interview, we discussed the following topics: - his recent research on whether it's anatomy or neurology holding back monkeys from speech - his thoughts on Darwin's hypotheses about how language may have evolved - how to come up with good hypotheses about how language evolved, given that it doesn't leave fossils - what he believes is different about humans that led to the development of language
... and more! Thanks again to Dr. Fitch for speaking with us.
We also have forums to discuss this interview, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next time!How Do We Bend the Truth? The Linguistics of Propaganda and CensorshipThe Ling Space2017-07-22 | How do we try influencing what other people think about the world? What techniques get used for bending the truth? In this week's episode, we take a look at some of the linguistics around propaganda and censorship: what people can try beyond just outright lying, how using conversational rules can get you to think things that aren't said, and how we can use bias to influence people's views.
This is Topic #91!
This week's tag language: Mongolian!
Last episode: A Whole New World: The Semantics of Modality - youtu.be/vtYdrzdU2dY
Other of our sociolinguistics videos: Linguistic Pride and Prejudice: Languages vs. Dialects - youtu.be/uEabSWeO02E When Tongues Collide: Pidgins and Creoles - youtu.be/Fjd5rj9Ata8 Watch What You Say: Taboo and Euphemisms - youtu.be/Y4HW0tOCoQM
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next time!Can We Define Must? The Semantics of ModalityThe Ling Space2017-06-29 | How do we capture the meaning of "may" or "can"? What kinds of linguistic math do we need to understand them? In this week's episode, we take a look at modality: where words like "must" fit in our meanings; how we consider many ways the world could be to account for their semantics; and how the same string of sounds can have a lot of flavours.
This is Topic #90!
This week's tag language: Cornish!
Related videos: Logical Connections: How Logical Is Language? youtu.be/lw4ykgRtv3Q Let's Talk About Sets: How Do We Build Meaning with Math? youtu.be/M96aiDk2ePw Quantifying Sets and Toasters: What Does "Most" Even Mean? youtu.be/U1l3C_hmjqM
Last episode: Relatively Close: How Can Sentences Work Like Adjectives? youtu.be/Bra5gExyPbY
Other of our semantics and pragmatics videos: Topic of Focus: How Do We Signal What's Important When We Talk? youtu.be/gZ6o8yFvJYI Downward Spiral: Why Can't "Any" Go Just Anywhere? youtu.be/vd8cjyxHQdw Building Common Ground: How Do We Build Shared Worlds in Conversation? youtu.be/gQqXmhqM13U
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: A good portion of the presentation was based off of Kai von Fintel's Intensional Semantics notes (http://web.mit.edu/fintel/fintel-heim-intensional.pdf)
We also consulted Angelika Kratzer's papers from 1977, 1981, and 1991, where all these ideas about modality originally come from:
The 1977 paper: http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/s08/semantics2/kratzer77.pdf
The 1981 paper: http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/classes/s08/semantics2/kratzer81.pdf
The 1991 paper: https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/kratzer/kratzer-modality.pdf
For background -- historical and otherwise -- we consulted Basic Concepts in Modal Logic (https://mally.stanford.edu/notes.pdf) and William Starr's lecture notes: (http://williamstarr.net/teaching.html).
Finally, we drew some inspiration from Seth Cable's recent (and wonderfully lucid) Formal Semantics notes: http://people.umass.edu/scable/LING620-SP17/Handouts/
Looking forward to next time!How Can Sentences Work Like Adjectives? The Syntax and Semantics of Relative ClausesThe Ling Space2017-06-01 | We can put whole clauses inside other phrases, but what does that do to their structure and their meaning? In this week's episode, we take a look at the syntax and semantics of relative clauses: how these clauses kind of look like adjectives; how using them creates islands from which words can't escape; and how moving things around in them throws semantic variables into the sentence setup.
Last episode: How Do Verbs Cause Things? Splitting the Verb Phrase: youtu.be/lY1X2BnjmNI
Other of our syntax videos: How Can We Tell What Roles Nouns Play? Case Theory: youtu.be/8Xi81H80J-w What Changes in a Sentence When We Swap Verbs? Raising and Control Verbs: youtu.be/SYoYNeaSYrU How Do Pronouns Even Work? Binding Theory: youtu.be/9sqm_cex4kA
Looking forward to next time!Interview with Sali TagliamonteThe Ling Space2017-05-11 | We're really excited to have gotten to interview Sali Tagliamonte at the Linguistic Society of America meeting in January! Dr. Tagliamonte is a full professor at the University of Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. She's written a bunch of books and articles about sociolinguistics, and how languages shift and vary over time. You can find out more about her and her work at http://individual.utoronto.ca/tagliamonte
In our interview, we discussed the following topics: - why it's so important to investigate how teens use language, and what facets of adolescent speech she finds most interesting - what differences we can find in spoken vs. online language use - the Toronto English Project, and the changes we see in people's language use over the course of their lives - how language might look in the future - how to better inform people about how language variation works - the role of social media in telling people about linguistics, and in language change
... and more! Thanks again to Dr. Tagliamonte for speaking with us.
A couple of videos related to this interview: Linguistic Pride and Prejudice: Sociolinguistics, Languages, and Dialects - youtu.be/uEabSWeO02E Word Crimes and Misdemeanors: Linguistic Descriptivism vs. Prescriptivism - youtu.be/eFlBwBwL_iU
We also have forums to discuss this interview, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next time!How Do Verbs Cause Things? Splitting the Verb PhraseThe Ling Space2017-04-27 | How do verbs like "give" and "put" juggle more than one object? Is there an element that lets verbs cause things to happen? In this week's episode, we talk about splitting up the verb phrase: how our basic syntactic theory has a hard time with verbs with more than one object; how the syntax of causation shows us why we should expand our trees; and how once we break the phrase up, we can capture all sorts of facts, from two-object verbs to ambiguities.
This is Topic #88!
This week's tag language: Kajin M̧ajeļ!
Related videos: Happy Little Trees: The Syntax of X' Theory - youtu.be/7UOcoQr0hvg Referential Treatment: Pronouns and Binding Theory - youtu.be/9sqm_cex4kA Up, Up, and Away: The Verb Phrase Initial Subject Hypothesis - youtu.be/EJoUyPIdu18
Last episode: Worlds Between Us: The Pragmatics of Presuppositions - youtu.be/-iQ7XrehKdw
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Much of the basic argument found in the video can be found in this set of slides: https://apps.carleton.edu/people/cussery/assets/7._Introducing_little_v.pdf
Some of the original work proposing splitting the VP includes Angelika Kratzer's 1996 paper "Severing the external argument from its verb" in Rooryck & Zaring, eds., "Phrase structure and the lexicon, 109-137". (https://people.ucsc.edu/~mcclosk/Teaching/severing-external-arg.pdf) and Richard Larson's 1988 paper "On the double object construction" in Linguistic Inquiry 19(3), 335-391.
Looking forward to next time!Thinking vs. Knowing: The Semantics and Pragmatics of PresuppositionsThe Ling Space2017-03-30 | What's the difference between "thinking" and "knowing"? What rules do we follow for adjusting our conversational worlds? In this week's episode, we delve into the semantics and pragmatics of presuppositions: which words come equipped with them, how presuppositions depend on the situation and our mental worlds, and what antipresuppositions can tell us about the mechanics of interpreting sentences.
Last episode: How Do We Put Sentences Inside Other Sentences? Complementizer Phrases - youtu.be/q9g77Wj5wr0
Other of our semantics and pragmatics videos: How Do We Create a Shared World in Conversation? Common Ground - youtu.be/gQqXmhqM13U How Does One Greek Letter Help Us Understand Language? Lambda Calculus - youtu.be/BwWQDzXBuwg How Do We Signal What's Important in Conversation? Information Structure - youtu.be/gZ6o8yFvJYI
For more information on scalar implicatures, we also used: https://web.stanford.edu/class/linguist236/implicature/materials/ling236-handout-04-23-scalars.pdf
Looking forward to next time!How Do We Put Clauses Inside Other Clauses? Complementizer PhrasesThe Ling Space2017-03-17 | How do sentences fit inside other sentences? Where can we put words like "that", "whether", and "if"? In this week's episode, we take a look at complementizer phrases: what exactly they are, how they account for embedded sentences and questions, and what they can let us do to capture word order in languages like German and Dutch.
Last episode: Building Baby Trees: The Stages of Child Syntax - youtu.be/zmghbKNiI1k
Other of our syntax videos: Just in Case: Case Theory and Where We Can Put Nouns - youtu.be/8Xi81H80J-w Mark of Possession: Determiners, Nouns, and the DP Hypothesis - youtu.be/gWy7QdZJg9E Desert Island Words: Islands and Where You Can't Move - youtu.be/01uH4XfJx3g
Our website also has extra content about this week's topic, discussing the nuts and bolts of how embedded clauses work, at: http://www.thelingspace.com/episode-86
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Most of the information for this episode came from Andrew McIntyre's short online syntax textbook (https://www.angl.hu-berlin.de/department/staff/1685901/unterrichtsmaterialien/fundamental-engl-syntax-2014-online-einseitig.pdf), David Adger's Core Syntax (which also talks about German), and Andrew Carnie's Syntax: A Generative Introduction (2nd Edition). There's also a good set of slides on the topic at http://www1.pu.edu.tw/~jason/UMS_i(DPs,%20CPs,%20NegPs%20&%20TPs).pdf .
For the German section, we used this handout by Sten Vikner: http://www.hum.au.dk/engelsk/engsv/handouts/vikner-ho-2016-V2-cP-CP-Cambridge.pdf
Looking forward to next time!How Do Babies Build Sentences? The Stages of Child SyntaxThe Ling Space2017-03-02 | What kinds of sentences do we hear from babies and toddlers? How much grammar can we find in their language use? In this week's episode, we take a look at child syntactic stages: what characteristics kids display as they progress from one to two to many words, whether their grammars are similar to those of adults, and how their linguistic interpretation may tell us more than just their speech.
This is Topic #85!
This week's tag language: Maltese!
Related videos: The Youngest Experiments: Testing Language in Babies - youtu.be/3-A9TnuSVa8
Other of our language acquisition videos: Conservative Babies: Why Kids Don't Speak Until They Know - youtu.be/IbyO2D1A83E Flipping Switches: Changing Your Grammar for a Second Language - youtu.be/2E839gb4OwQ Kids Be Frontin': Child Phonological Mistakes - youtu.be/EDymvzP0uac
Our website also has extra content about this week's topic, discussing how kids learn how to use negation, at: http://www.thelingspace.com/episode-85 (Or it will by Friday afternoon.)
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: To be listed shortly!
Looking forward to next time!Interview with Anne Charity HudleyThe Ling Space2017-02-18 | We're really excited to have gotten to interview Anne Charity Hudley at the Linguistic Society of America meeting in January! Dr. Charity Hudley is an associate professor at the College of William and Mary, and the inaugural William and Mary Professor of Community Studies. She's co-authored two books on English language variation in classroom settings, and also wrote the section on language and racialization in the Oxford Handbook of Language and Society. She's a great sociolinguistic researcher who's doing a lot of work on dialectal variation, linguistic justice, and more. You can find out more about her and her work at annecharityhudley.com
In our interview, we discussed the following topics: - the importance of attending to language variation in the classroom - what teachers and students have to learn from linguists, and vice versa - the role language and linguistics has played in racialization, and how to get away from that - how to work to convince people of the importance of interacting with language variation and linguistic justice - why we should do more to get younger people involved in linguistics and research
... and more! Thanks again to Dr. Charity Hudley for speaking with us.
A couple of videos related to this interview: Linguistic Pride and Prejudice: Sociolinguistics, Languages, and Dialects - youtu.be/uEabSWeO02E Word Crimes and Misdemeanors: Linguistic Descriptivism vs. Prescriptivism - youtu.be/eFlBwBwL_iU
We also have forums to discuss this interview, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next time!How Can We Tell What Roles Nouns Play? Case TheoryThe Ling Space2017-01-19 | What roles do nouns play in sentences? How can we figure out those roles when they get moved around? In this week's episode, we talk about case: how nouns get case, how it explains why some sentences are okay and others not, and how it can even help account for different word orders between languages.
This is Topic #84!
This week's tag language: Malayalam!
Related videos: How Can We Tell How Sentences Are Built? Traces and Movement - youtu.be/x5iBbSkp8rk Why Do Verbs Differ In Their Construction? Theta Theory - youtu.be/thFkoo1YmW0 What Changes in a Sentence When We Swap Verbs? Raising and Control - youtu.be/SYoYNeaSYrU
Last episode: How Do We Capture the Truth of Beliefs? Type Theory - youtu.be/CWE9ycOxCEQ
Other of our syntax videos: What Does Possession Tell Us About Syntax? The DP Hypothesis - youtu.be/gWy7QdZJg9E Where Do Subjects Start Out in Sentences? The VP Internal Subject Hypothesis - youtu.be/EJoUyPIdu18 What Questions Can't We Ask? Syntactic Islands - youtu.be/01uH4XfJx3g
Our website also has extra content about this week's topic, discussing how we deal with passive constructions, at: http://www.thelingspace.com/episode-84
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Most of the information for this episode came from Beatrice Santorini and Anthony Kroch's 2007 online textbook The Syntax of Natural Language: http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook/
We also drew on Syntax: A Generative Introduction (2011) by Andrew Carnie. The Hungarian case # (about which there is some dispute) came from this paper: http://endeavour.essex.ac.uk/399/1/Comrie-Fest.pdf. The Irish data came from this paper: https://www.uni-due.de/~lan300/45_Modals_in_English_and_Irish_(Hickey).pdf. It's by Raymond Hickey, who is himself Irish.The inception of Case Theory can be attributed to Chomsky's Lectures on Government and Binding (1981).
Looking forward to next time!How Do We Capture the Truth of Beliefs? Type TheoryThe Ling Space2016-12-15 | How do we combine words to build full propositions? How do we account for what people believe, not just what's definitely true? In this week's episode, we talk about type theory: how we can define terms by how they relate to the world and each other, what the difference is between sense and reference, and how we can use possible worlds to work out what people believe.
Last episode: The Optimal Solution: Constraints on Sounds and Optimality Theory - youtu.be/rxsbPDjL9ds
Other of our semantics and pragmatics videos: Topic of Focus: How to Structure Information - youtu.be/gZ6o8yFvJYI Building Common Ground: Connecting in Conversation - youtu.be/gQqXmhqM13U Scoping Out the Truth: Semantic Scope Ambiguities - youtu.be/XC-MGuj75zQ
Our website also has extra content about this week's topic, discussing how kids learn how to rank their constraints, at: http://www.thelingspace.com/episode-83 (This link should be operating by Thursday evening.)
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: The three main sources for this episode: Irene Heim & Angelica Kratzer's textbook, Semantics in Generative Grammar Anders Schoubye's online lecture notes (http://schoubye.org/teaching/Formal-Semantics/FormalSemanticsNotes2014.pdf) Kai von Fintel's Intensional Semantics online textbook/lecture notes (http://web.mit.edu/fintel/fintel-heim-intensional.pdf).
Looking forward to next time!The Language Conservancy - Project for Awesome 2016The Ling Space2016-12-09 | We're supporting the Language Conservancy this year in the Project for Awesome! You can click over here to go vote on our video: http://projectforawesome.com/watch?v=kIUgdyEcRvg
If you don't know about the Project for Awesome, it's a yearly charity and awareness raising campaign on YouTube aimed at decreasing world suck. Find out more at www.projectforawesome.com!
The Language Conservancy does a lot of really interesting and amazing work for helping revitalize and raise awareness about Native American languages, and they're worthy of your time and support, even outside the P4A. Check out their website, which has a ton of info about their activities, at http://www.languageconservancy.org
And we at the Ling Space make videos to help explain how language works, every Wednesday. Find out more at www.thelingspace.com, or watch the rest of our videos on this channel.
DFTBA!What Constraints Are There on Linguistic Sounds? Optimality TheoryThe Ling Space2016-12-01 | How can we try to capture the commonalities and differences between linguistic sound systems? What makes one language sound different from another? In this week's episode, we take a look at Optimality Theory: how we can use constraints to describe how phonology behaves, how we rank which rules we care most about breaking, and how changing our priorities leads to totally different sound outcomes.
This is Topic #82!
This week's tag language: Hidatsa!
Related videos: Rhymes and Reasons: The Shapes of Syllables - youtu.be/YON1pOcEhrA
Last episode: Words from Another World: The Linguistics of Alien Languages - youtu.be/QVqDpY-11UM
Other of our phonology and phonetics videos: The Melody of Feet: Stress Patterns in Phonology - youtu.be/MdId9wnMNg8 Phonation States: How We Vibrate to Make Sounds - youtu.be/edYLoMRgaFw Nosing Around Phonetics: The Acoustics of Sonorants - youtu.be/g8BgfHEDbFY
Our website also has extra content about this week's topic, discussing how kids learn how to rank their constraints, at: http://www.thelingspace.com/episode-82 (This link should be operating by Thursday evening.)
The World Atlas of Linguistic Structures Online is a great resource for learning more about linguistic typology! Our specific source on syllable structure is http://wals.info/chapter/12 , but it's a good place to poke around and learn things.
Looking forward to next time!The Linguistics of ArrivalThe Ling Space2016-11-16 | The film Arrival came out last week, with a linguist as its hero! The movie deals with xenolinguistics and how we could learn to communicate with aliens. The studio asked linguists from McGill University to consult on the movie, and we recently got a chance to talk with professors Jessica Coon, Morgan Sonderegger, and Lisa Travis about their experiences! We discussed:
- their involvement in the movie - their thoughts on analyzing alien speech and writing - the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and linguistic determinism - linguistic fieldwork - language variation and finding it in sci-fi
And much more! There are some spoilers for the movie, but nothing major.
If you want to know more about what alien languages look like, check our previous video: youtu.be/QVqDpY-11UM
Captions coming soon! And we'll see you next time with a regular topic video.What Could Alien Languages Look Like?The Ling Space2016-11-03 | What basic properties do all human languages have in common? How might languages from other worlds differ? In this week's episode, we take a look at potential alien languages: how we can categorize them differently from how our languages work, how they could potentially make sounds and compose meanings, and how imaginative we may have to be to understand what other species might have to say to us.
This is Topic #81!
This week's tag language: Na'Vi!
Last episode: Nosing Around Phonetics: The Acoustics of Sonorant Consonants - youtu.be/g8BgfHEDbFY
Our previous Halloween videos: Braaaaaaains: The Basics of Neurolinguistics - youtu.be/Yq7ozVixqDs Future Tense: Predictions for the Future of Language - youtu.be/5hibYoYwGko
Mark Liberman and his speculation on the limits of alien language: http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=28159
A discussion of novel quantifiers & the problems with schmevery: http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hunter/conservativity/journal.pdf https://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~zimmermann/teaching/ALS2009/Session%20III.pdf
Looking forward to next week!Interviews from NerdCon Stories 2016The Ling Space2016-10-27 | Our director Adele was at NerdCon: Stories in Minneapolis on October 14 and 15. She met a lot of cool authors and creators, and took the opportunity to interview some of them about their favourite words. They had some interesting choices to share!
Thanks to all the people who appeared in our video: Paolo Bacigalupi, Writer: http://windupstories.com
Or maybe you are interested in other ways we use language, like for wordplay: youtu.be/AT7Xd2tC62k Or about actually how approach processing language: youtu.be/2A-FDN7-gyo
And we'll be back next week with a regular episode! A regular Halloween episode, no less. ^_^
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next week!What Do Nasal Sounds Look Like? Sonorant AcousticsThe Ling Space2016-10-19 | How can we tell apart different sonorant consonants - your [n]s and [m]s, [l]s and [ɹ]s? What do their sound waves look like? In this week's episode, we take a look at the acoustics of nasal and approximant consonants: how opening up your nose influences your speech, how close some consonants are to being vowels, and why it can be hard for some people to tell apart the English l and r.
Related episodes: Minding Your Manners: Places and Manners of Articulation - youtu.be/zEaPQP3pXQc Forming Formants: Acoustic Resonance and Formants - youtu.be/jl4zGRSYqkE
Other of our phonetics and phonology videos: The Melody of Feet: Stress and the Rhythm of Language - youtu.be/MdId9wnMNg8 Good Vibration: Phonation States and Our Vocal Folds - youtu.be/edYLoMRgaFw Uncommon Sounds: Making Consonants Without Your Lungs - youtu.be/JKP10ARLnzM
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Much of the information in this episode came from Henry Rogers's book The Sounds of Language, and Kenneth Stevens's book Acoustic Phonetics.
Looking forward to next week!What Does Possession Tell Us About Syntax? Determiner PhrasesThe Ling Space2016-10-05 | How do we show possession in our syntax? And what does that tell us about representing nouns in our trees? In this week's episode, we take a look at determiner phrases: why we need them on top of noun phrases, how they turn some of our ideas about syntax inside out, and what they let us display in trees that we couldn't before.
This is Topic #79!
This week's tag language: Danish!
Related episodes: What's the Structure Beneath a Sentence? X' Theory - youtu.be/7UOcoQr0hvg What Makes a Basic Sentence? A History of Clauses - youtu.be/980meOhBGR8
Last episode: What Do You Start with in a Third Language? L3 Acquisition - youtu.be/9F5Bq_uvbcM
Other of our syntax videos: Where Do Subjects Start Off in Sentences? The VP Internal Subject Hypothesis - youtu.be/EJoUyPIdu18 What Questions Can't We Ask? Syntactic Islands - youtu.be/01uH4XfJx3g What Changes in a Sentence When We Swap Verbs? Raising vs. Control Verbs - youtu.be/SYoYNeaSYrU
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Much of the inspiration for the episode comes from Andrew McIntyre's mini syntax textbook: https://www.angl.hu-berlin.de/department/staff/1685901/unterrichtsmaterialien/fundamental-engl-syntax-2014-online-einseitig.pdf
The DP hypothesis itself is usually attributed to Steven Abney's 1987 MIT thesis 'The English Noun Phrase and its Sentential Aspect' (http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/dm/theses/abney87.pdf or http://www.vinartus.net/spa/87a.pdf)
The Dutch example came from this paper here: the Dutch example, there's this chapter http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic66274.files/NPtoDP.pdf.
See you all in two weeks!What Do You Start with in a Third Language? L3 AcquisitionThe Ling Space2016-09-21 | What knowledge do you start off with when you learn a third (or fourth, or fifth...) language? Do the languages you already have in your head help or interfere? In this week's episode, we talk about third language acquisition: whether you have to transfer from your first language, how you can build from the languages you already know, and what we still don't know about this new field.
This is Topic #78!
This week's tag language: Kazakh!
Related episodes: What Do You Start with in a Second Language? L2 Acquisition - youtu.be/UB18y2ZYBiY
Last episode: What Makes a Basic Sentence? A History of Clauses - youtu.be/980meOhBGR8
Other of our language acquisition videos: How Do Kids Avoid Saying Things Incorrectly? Grammatical Conservatism - youtu.be/IbyO2D1A83E How Much Do We Adjust Our Second Language Grammars? Parameter Resetting - youtu.be/2E839gb4OwQ Is Correcting Your Kid's Mistakes Helpful? Negative Evidence - youtu.be/a7Un06tDOn0
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: The Chinese/English/Norwegian study: Jin, F. (2009). Third Language Acquisition of Norwegian Objects: Interlanguage Transfer or L1 Influence? In Third Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar, Y.-K. I. Leung (ed), 144-161. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
The Romance/English aspect study: Foote, R. 2009. Transfer in L3 acquisition: The role of typology. In Third Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar, Y.-K. I. Leung (ed), 89-114. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
The English/Spanish/Brazilian Portuguese study: Montrul, S., Dias, R. & Santos, H. 2011. Clitics and object expression in the L3 acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese: Structural similarity matters for transfer. Second Language Research 27(1): 21-58.
Other useful reading: Really, the whole book Third Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar, edited by Yan-Kit Ingrid Leung is worth it. Lots of good studies. We also consulted: Rothman, J., & Cabrelli Amaro, J. (2010). What variables condition syntactic transfer: A look at the L3 initial state. Second Language Research, 26, 189–218. Rothman, J. (2011). L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinacy: The Typological Primacy Model. Second Language Research, 27, 107–127. Rothman, J. (2015). Linguistic and cognitive motivation for the Typological Primacy Model of third language (l3) transfer: Considering the role of timing of acquisition and proficiency in the previous languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, 2, 179–190. Slabakova, R. (2016) The Scalpel Model of third language acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism. Slabakova, Roumyana and Garcia Mayo, Maria del Pilar (2015) The L3 syntax-discourse interface. Bilingualism Language and Cognition, 18, (2), 208 -226.
See you all in two weeks!Outtakes #4The Ling Space2016-09-15 | Some outtakes from episodes 10-13 of the Ling Space! We hope you enjoy these - we think they're pretty fun!
Or maybe you're interested in some of our more recent episodes: What Makes a Basic Sentence? A History of Clauses - youtu.be/980meOhBGR8 How Do We Signal What's Important When We Talk? Topic and Focus - youtu.be/gZ6o8yFvJYI Why Are There So Many Meanings? Ambiguity - youtu.be/E5Pp_wE14HU
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next week!What Makes a Basic Sentence? A History of ClausesThe Ling Space2016-09-01 | What goes into making a sentence? How has our view of the sentence changed over time? In this week's episode, we look at the history of clauses: what our first conceptions of them were, how we came to view inflection as the key to the sentence, and why we then broke inflection down further and made tense central.
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Pollock, J-Y. (1989) Verb Movement, Universal Grammar, and the Structure of IP. Accessed from http://babel.ucsc.edu/~hank/pollock.pdf Much of the presentation's structure was inspired by Paul Hagstrom's course notes: http://www.bu.edu/linguistics/UG/course/lx523-s01/handouts/SyntaxII.1.IP.Pollock.pdf Andrew McIntyre's condensed syntax text is also a big help: https://www.angl.hu-berlin.de/department/staff/1685901/unterrichtsmaterialien/fundamental-engl-syntax-2014-online-einseitig.pdf We also consulted Denis Bouchard's The Semantics of Syntax: A Minimalist Approach to Grammar; and Lillian Haegeman's Introduction to Government and Binding Theory.
See you all in two weeks!How Do We Stack Up Our Nouns? Compound NounsThe Ling Space2016-08-17 | How do we put words together to build more complex noun phrases? What do the structures of sentences and noun phrases have in common? In this week's episode, we talk about compound nouns: what they look and sound like, how big we can make them, and how they can let us delve into some deeper questions about syntax.
This is Topic #76!
This week's tag language: Polish!
Related episodes: Goldilocks and the Three Nouns: Theta Roles - youtu.be/thFkoo1YmW0 Some Assembly Required: Derivational and Inflectional Morphology - youtu.be/BTZCozhneKA
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Most of the information for this episode came from Mark Baker and Jonathan Bobaljik's textbook on morphology.
See you all in two weeks!How Do We Signal Whats Important When We Talk? Information StructureThe Ling Space2016-07-27 | How do we focus on crucial information in our conversations? What methods do we have for moving things into the center of discussion? In this week's episode, we talk about information structure: how we build up the common ground in discussion, what we do to bring up topics and signal our focus, and how different languages use varying strategies to bring new ideas to the fore.
Other of our semantics and pragmatics videos: Sheepish Semantics: The Lambda Calculus - youtu.be/BwWQDzXBuwg Operation Relevance: Relevance Theory - youtu.be/yRv1agt776c Quantifying Sets and Toasters: Generalized Quantifiers - youtu.be/U1l3C_hmjqM
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: A couple of papers: Krifka (2006): http://amor.cms.hu-berlin.de/~h2816i3x/Publications/Krifka_InformationStructure.pdf Féry and Krifka: http://amor.cms.hu-berlin.de/~h2816i3x/Publications/Fery_Krifka_InformationStructure.pdf
See you all in two weeks!Interviews from VidCon 2016The Ling Space2016-07-20 | We had a great time again at VidCon this year! And we talked with a bunch of other YouTubers about their favourite language stories, or their favourite facts about language. We got a lot of great replies, and we're happy to share them with you here! ^_^
Here's our video on whether correcting kids' mistakes is helpful: youtu.be/a7Un06tDOn0
We also have forums to discuss linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next week!Why Cant Any Go Just Anywhere? NPIsThe Ling Space2016-07-14 | Why can't we just use "ever" or "at all" in any sentence we want? What do we have to change about how a sentence works to let words like those in? In this week's episode, we talk about negative polarity items, or NPIs: when they can show up, why their name is misleading, and how changing what a sentence entails changes everything for these little terms.
This is Topic #74!
This week's tag language: Khmer!
Related episodes: Clues to Meaning: Implicatures, Entailments, and Presuppositions - youtu.be/N9OdeDQKnR4 Let's Talk about Sets: Set Theory and Adjectives - youtu.be/M96aiDk2ePw Quantifying Sets and Toasters: Generalized Quantifiers - youtu.be/U1l3C_hmjqM
Last episode: So Many Meanings, So Little Time: Ambiguities - youtu.be/E5Pp_wE14HU
See you all in two weeks!Why Are There So Many Meanings? AmbiguityThe Ling Space2016-06-30 | Why do so many words and sentences have multiple meanings? How do we deal with all of the overlaps? In this week's episode, we talk about ambiguity: where it comes from, how we deal with processing it, and how children pick meanings from the menu of semantic possibilities they're presented with.
Sources: The basis for much of this episode are various discussions of ambiguity in Eva Fernández and Helen Smith Cairns's book, Fundamentals of Psycholinguistics.
The linked meanings vs. different meanings lexical ambiguity study: Rodd, J., G. Gaskell, and W. Marslen-Wilson. (2002). Making sense of semantic ambiguity: Semantic competition in lexical access. Journal of Memory and Language 46: 245-66. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X01928104
On kids' difficulties in recovering from erroneous or weird interpretations: Trueswell, J.C. (2008). Using eye movements as a developmental measure within psycholinguistics. In Sekerina, Fernandez, and Clahsen (eds), Developmental Psycholinguistics: On-line Methods in Children's Language Processing, 73-96. Kidd, E., A. Stewart, & L. Serratrice (2011). Children do not overcome lexical biases where adults do: The role of the referential scene in garden path recovery. Journal of Child Language, 38, 222 - 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0305000909990316
Kids and ambiguity detection: Hirsh-Pasek, K., L.R. Gleitman, & H. Gleitman. (1978). What did the brain say to the mind? A study of the detection and report of ambiguity by young children. In Sinclair, Jervella, and Levelt (eds), The Child's Conception of Language, 97-132. Peters, A.M. & E. Zaidel. (1980). The acquisition of homonymy. Cognition 8, 187-207. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(80)90012-8
It's worth noting that kids' ability to learn and recognize homonyms is still a matter of ongoing research, although there does seem to be something there. For more discussion, see: Backscheider, A.G. & Susan A. Gelman. (1995). Children's understanding of homonyms. Journal of Child Language, 22, 107-127. doi:10.1017/S030500090000965X. Doherty, M.J. (2004). Children's difficulty in learning homonyms. Journal of Child Language, 31, 203-214. doi:10.1017/S030500090300583X.
Kids' reading skills and ambiguity detection: Wankoff, L. & H. Cairns. (2009). Why ambiguity detection is a predictor of reading skill. Communication Disorders Quarterly 30 (3), 183-92. Cairns, H.S., D. Waltzman, & G. Schlisselberg. (2004). Detecting the ambiguity of sentences: Relationship to early reading skill. Communication Disorders Quarterly 27 (4), 213-20.
Relative clause processing: Jun, S.-A. (2003). Prosodic phrasing and attachment preferences. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 32: 219-249. Fernández, E. (2002). Bilingual sentence processing: relative clause attachment in English and Spanish.
See you all in two weeks!What Kinds of Pieces Do We Use to Build Words? Derivational and Inflectional MorphologyThe Ling Space2016-06-15 | How do we put our words together? What varieties of building blocks do we stack up to create bigger meanings? In this week's episode, we talk about derivational and inflectional morphology: what roles each of them play, how to tell them apart, and how differences in how we string them together can lead to ambiguity.
Other of our morphology and syntax videos: Why Do Some Words Change So Much? Allomorphy - youtu.be/UyDsU_wqk5g How Do Languages Organize Their Words? Morphological Typologies - youtu.be/Ts2DS0ZsTyo
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: This work was mainly derived from Mark Baker and Jonathan Bobaljik's textbook / course notes, Introduction to Morphology.
See you all in two weeks!Where Do Subjects Start Out in Sentences? Word Order and VPISHThe Ling Space2016-06-01 | Why do different languages slot their words into sentences in different sequences? Do the subjects of sentences have to start off at the beginning of the sentence? In this week's episode, we talk about word order and the Verb Phrase-Internal Subject Hypothesis, or VPISH: how much variation in orders we see across languages, why having the subject start out lower down in the syntactic tree helps us capture these differences, and what other evidence we have that the subject might not start exactly where it appears.
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: You can find a good discussion of this topic in Andrew Carnie's Syntax: A Generative Introduction (3rd edition).
The specific examples from Irish are taken from Carnie's dissertation, which you can find here: http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~carnie/publications/Thesishome.html
Looking forward to next week!How Do We Tell Apart Consonants? Obstruent AcousticsThe Ling Space2016-05-11 | How do we wade through hissing or silence to tell consonants apart? Which cues do we grab onto to get us on top of these sound waves? In this week's episode, we take a look at obstruent acoustics: how they differ from vowels or other sonorous sounds, how the way we make fricatives influences the way they sound to us, and how we latch onto lightning-quick changes to tell us what stop we just heard.
This is Topic #70!
This week's tag language: Nepali!
Related episodes: Minding Your Manners: Places and Manners of Articulation - youtu.be/zEaPQP3pXQc Forming Formants: Acoustic Resonance and Formants - youtu.be/jl4zGRSYqkE
Other of our phonetics and phonology videos: The Melody of Feet: Stress, Iambs, and Trochees - youtu.be/MdId9wnMNg8 Good Vibrations: Phonation States, Breathy and Creaky Voice - youtu.be/edYLoMRgaFw Uncommon Sounds: Ejectives, Implosives, and Clicks - youtu.be/JKP10ARLnzM
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Much of the information in this episode comes from Henry Rogers's book The Sounds of Language, and Peter Ladefoged's book A Course in Phonetics. Here are some webpages that are helpful for getting more info: Robert Mannell and Felicity Cox: http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/acoustics/speech_spectra/fricatives.html http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/acoustics/speech_spectra/oral_stops.html
Finally, we really encourage you to download Praat, and just talk into it so you can look at your own spectrograms! Praat's free and powerful, and it's always more fun when it's your own voice: http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/download_win.html
We're taking a couple of weeks off, but we'll be back posting videos on June 1. Looking forward to seeing you then!How Can One Greek Letter Help Us Understand Language? Lambda CalculusThe Ling Space2016-05-04 | How can we capture the meanings of transitive sentences? How do we match our syntax trees to our semantics? In this week's episode, we talk about lambda calculus: why we need it to explain what our other semantic machinery can't, how to work out its math, and what it can show us about how words move around in sentences.
This is Topic #69!
This week's tag language: Lakota!
Related episodes: Meaning Predicated on Logic: What Makes a Sentence True or False? - youtu.be/al5SJSbIyvM Let's Talk About Sets: How Do We Build Meaning with Math? - youtu.be/M96aiDk2ePw Quantifying Sets and Toasters: What Does "Most" Even Mean? - youtu.be/U1l3C_hmjqM
Last episode: Watch What You Say: What Makes Bad Words Bad? - youtu.be/Y4HW0tOCoQM
Other of our semantics and pragmatics videos: Operation Relevance: How Do We Decide What's Relevant in Conversations? - youtu.be/yRv1agt776c Building Common Ground: How Do We Create a Shared World in Conversation? - youtu.be/gQqXmhqM13U Logical Connections: How Logical is Language? - youtu.be/lw4ykgRtv3Q
Looking forward to next week!What Makes Bad Words Bad? Taboo Language and EuphemismsThe Ling Space2016-04-20 | What kinds of words are off-limits in different languages? How deeply does profanity affect us? In this week's episode, we talk about taboo language and euphemisms: how they work, when we're allowed to use what, how psychologically deep they go, and why we can't run on the same euphemisms forever.
Last episode: Finding Sense in Sounds: Do Sounds Carry Their Own Meanings? - youtu.be/CcSCq8XDTaY
Other of our socio- and historical linguistics videos: Recovering History: How Can We Know What Language Used to Look Like? - youtu.be/p7ppktfdNCk Gender on the Brain: How Do We Process Language and Gender? - youtu.be/jtMUE-RLeII Linguistic Pride and Prejudice: What's the Difference between a Dialect and a Language? - youtu.be/uEabSWeO02E
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: More detailed sources to come tonight, but much of the information contained in this video comes from Steven Pinker's The Stuff of Thought, and Ronald Wardhaugh's An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Fifth Edition.
Looking forward to next week!Interview with Lisa PearlThe Ling Space2016-04-13 | We're really excited to have gotten to interview Lisa Pearl recently! Dr. Pearl is an Associate Professor at the University of California, Irvine, and the director of their Computation of Language Laboratory. She’s published numerous articles on how to use statistical models to check different hypotheses about what kids do to learn language, as well as about natural language processing and textual analysis. We’ve been talking about her work since our very first episode!
We got to ask her about a lot of great topics, including: - what statistical models can tell us about how kids acquire language - what's under our control in our writing, and what we unconsciously show as our write-print - why computers are so bad at detecting tone and picking out the right meanings of words - how statistical models and Universal Grammar interact - a question from one of our viewers about how to approach modeling for second language acquisition
And more! Hope you all enjoy it, and thanks to Dr. Lisa Travis and the Department of Linguistics at McGill University for letting us film there.
We also have forums to discuss this interview, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next week!Do Sounds Carry Their Own Meanings? Onomatopoeia and Arbitrariness of the SignThe Ling Space2016-04-06 | How much meaning is there just in sounds? How much are words alike across languages? In this week's episode, we talk about the arbitrariness of the sign: how our sounds don't have to connect to the meanings they do, how much cases like onomatopoeia serve as a counter to the random matching of words, and whether individual sounds or syllables carry their own semantic punch.
This is Topic #67!
This week's tag language: Māori!
Related videos: Following the Signs: How Do We Learn Words? - youtu.be/Ci-5dVVvf0U
Last episode: Desert Island Words: What Questions Can't You Ask? - youtu.be/01uH4XfJx3g
Other of our psycholinguistics videos: Follow My Eyes: What Can Our Eyes Tell Us About Language? - youtu.be/uXx73W0uyCg Walking the Garden Path: How Do We Interpret Sentences? - youtu.be/2A-FDN7-gyo Prime Time: How Are Words Connected in Our Minds? - youtu.be/NGrxUp0pvVo
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Spanish subtitles by Federico Falletti
Sources: The initial discussion of the arbitrariness of the sign is from: de Saussure, F. (1916). Course in General Linguistics. Translated by Roy Harris, 1983. There's a good discussion of the concepts on the Wikipedia page regarding the book: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_in_General_Linguistics
The Dutch/Japanese ideophone study: Lockwood, G., M. Dingemanse, & P. Hagoort (2016). Sound-symbolism boosts novel word learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. (Full paper available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000235)
The initial studies for the sound symbolism / phonesthetics with molmo and ikitik: Köhler, W (1929). Gestalt Psychology. (We consulted the 1947 second edition.)
These shapes are often known as "kiki" and "bouba", from the following study: Ramachandran, V. S., and E. M. Hubbard. (2001). Synaesthesia—a window into perception, thought and language. Journal of Consciousness Studies 8, 3–34.
There's a good and accessible overview of the state of this research in: Lockwood, G. & M. Dingemanse. (2015). Iconicity in the Lab: A Review of Behavioral, Developmental, and Neuroimaging Research into Sound-Symbolism. Language Sciences, 1246. (full paper to be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01246)
Looking forward to next week!What Questions Cant We Ask? Syntactic IslandsThe Ling Space2016-03-30 | How do we know what questions we can ask? What keeps us from moving words around into whatever order we want? In this week's episode, we talk about syntactic islands: what they are, what rules can allow us to move some words across long distances in a sentence and not others, and what evidence we have from different languages to back these rules up.
This is Topic #66!
This week's tag language: Sinhala!
Related videos: Trace Evidence: Syntactic Movement - youtu.be/x5iBbSkp8rk A Principled Approach: Principles and Parameters in Universal Grammar - youtu.be/GbK0ls7YVN4
Other of our morphology and syntax videos: Raising the Bar: What Changes in a Sentence When We Swap Verbs? - youtu.be/SYoYNeaSYrU Organizing Meanings: Morphological Typology - youtu.be/Ts2DS0ZsTyo Referential Treatment: Pronouns and Binding Theory - youtu.be/9sqm_cex4kA
If you're taking part in our little April 1st quiz, try to tell us where Kanji has gone - the first person who tells us in the comments will get a free mug of their choice!
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Most of the information in this episode comes from Andrew Radford's Minimalist Syntax -- Exploring the Structure of English (2004) & Andrew Carnie's Syntax -- A Generative Introduction (2007). We also refer to John R. Ross's dissertation from 1967, Constraints on Variables in Syntax, as well as Noam Chomsky's Conditions on Transformations (1973) and The Minimalist Program (1995).
Looking forward to next week!Outtakes #3The Ling Space2016-03-24 | Some outtakes from episodes 6-9 of the Ling Space! We hope you enjoy these. We think they're pretty fun. Particularly the zombie parts.
Or maybe you're interested in some of our more recent episodes: The Magic of Words: Performative Language - youtu.be/uCR3_7-lun4 Conservative Babies: Why Do Kids Make So Few Mistakes? - youtu.be/IbyO2D1A83E A Finite State of Affairs: How Complex is Natural Language? - youtu.be/5-uOijZ5mRo
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next week!How Can Words Change the World? Performative LanguageThe Ling Space2016-03-16 | How does our speech affect the world around us? How can we measure the changes that our words make? In this week's episode, we take a look at performative language: what you need for your words to work their magic, what different parts make up our speech acts, and how our word choices can change the way we perceive and remember events.
This is Topic #65!
This week's tag language: Hausa!
Last episode: Conservative Babies: How Do Kids Avoid Saying Things Wrong? - youtu.be/IbyO2D1A83E
Other of our general linguistics videos: Future Tense: How Will Language Change in the Future? - youtu.be/5hibYoYwGko Why So Sirious: How Do Computers Understand Our Speech? - youtu.be/FI9IJteS-5Y Plays on Words: Is Wordplay Universal? - youtu.be/AT7Xd2tC62k
Looking forward to next week!How Do Kids Avoid Saying Things Incorrectly? Grammatical ConservatismThe Ling Space2016-03-09 | What kinds of mistakes do kids make in their sentences? Why do we see them leaving things out so much more often than putting things in wrong? In this week's episode, we talk about grammatical conservatism: what it means, some ways it shows up, and what it can tell us about language and how kids use it.
This is Topic #64!
This week's tag language: Mongolian!
Related topics: Negative Space: Is Correcting Your Kid's Language Helpful? - youtu.be/a7Un06tDOn0
Last episode: A Finite State of Affairs: The Chomsky Hierarchy and the Complexity of Language - youtu.be/5-uOijZ5mRo
Other of our language acquisition videos: Flipping Switches: Parameter Resetting and Second Language Acquisition - youtu.be/2E839gb4OwQ Kids Be Frontin': Children's Phonological Mistakes - youtu.be/EDymvzP0uac Child Actors and Child Judges: How To Test Young Kids' Language - youtu.be/NJ5lLNBabGc
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
If you're curious about the analysis of the Compounding Parameter and what underlies it that lets it capture both verb-particle constructions and creative compounding, take a look at section 5 of William Snyder's 2011 paper here: http://web.uconn.edu/snyder/papers/BUCLD35_Plenary.pdf
Sources: Much of the discussion of grammatical conservatism comes from William Snyder's work, on his own and with various colleagues. We used the following sources: - Maratsos, Michael (1998). The acquisition of grammar. In Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 2, 421–466. - Rodríguez-Mondoñedo, Miguel (2008). The acquisition of Differential Object Marking in Spanish. Probus 20:111–145. - Snyder, William (2001). On the nature of syntactic variation: Evidence from complex predicates and complex word-formation. Language 77: 324-342. - Snyder, William (2007). Child Language: The Parametric Approach. OUP. - Snyder, William (2008). Children’s Grammatical Conservatism: Implications for linguistic theory. In T. Sano et al. (eds.), An Enterprise in the Cognitive Science of Language: A Festschrift for Yukio Otsu. Tokyo: Hituzi Shobu. - Snyder, William. (2011). Children's Grammatical Conservatism: Implications for syntactic theory [Plenary Address]. In Nick Danis, Kate Mesh & Hyunsuk Sung (eds.) BUCLD 35: Proceedings of the 35th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, Volume I, 1-20. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. - Sugisaki, Koji and Miwa Isobe (2000). Resultatives result from the compounding parameter: On the acquisitional correlation between resultatives and N-N compounds in Japanese. In Proceedings of the 19th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, 493-506. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. - Sugisaki, Koji & William Snyder. (2003) Do parameters have default values? Evidence from the acquisition of English and Spanish. In Yukio Otsu (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth Tokyo Conference on Psycholinguistics, 215-237. Tokyo: Hituzi Shobo.
Looking forward to next week!How Complex is Natural Language? The Chomsky HierarchyThe Ling Space2016-03-02 | How can we describe the complexity of linguistic systems? Where does natural language fit in? In this week's episode, we talk about the Chomsky hierarchy: what it captures, what characterizes different kinds of grammars on the hierarchy, and whether we can find grammars that sit higher on the scale than human language.
Also, if you'd like to know more about the Chomsky Hierarchy and its impact on computer science, Computerphile's had a few videos about them: - Their episode on the hierarchy: youtube.com/watch?v=224plb3bCog. - Their episode about finite-state machines: youtube.com/watch?v=vhiiia1_hC4. - And their episode about how finite-state machines relate to grammar: youtube.com/watch?v=RjOCRYdg8BY.
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: (1) I-Language (1st Edition, Daniela isac & Charles Reiss) (2) Introduction to the Theory of Computation (3rd Edition, Michael Sipser) (3) Mathematical Logic for Computer Science (3rd Edition, Mordechai Ben-Ari) (4) Evidence Against the Context-Freeness of Natural Language (Stuart Shieber - http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~shieber/Biblio/Papers/shieber85.pdf) (5) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy (6) Syntactic Structures (Noam Chomsky) (7) Mathematical Methods in Linguistics (Barbara Partee, Alice G. ter Meulen, Robert Wall)
Proof regarding crossing dependencies (adapted from the first edition of Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, by John Hopcroft and Jeffrey Ullman. Note where carets appear that the following character should be taken as superscript):
We first capture the general pattern of embedded clauses in Swiss German with the language a^nb^mc^nd^m . We then treat this as the result of intersecting Swiss German with the regular language a*b*c*d*.
Now, let L = {a^nb^mc^nd^m | n ≥ 1 and m ≥ 1}. Suppose L is a context-free language, and let p be the pumping length referred to in the pumping lemma for context-free languages (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_lemma_for_context-free_languages). Consider the string z = a^pb^pc^pd^p. Let z = uvwxy satisfy the conditions of the pumping lemma. Then as |vwx| ≤ p, vx can contain at most two different symbols. Furthermore, if vx contains two different symbols, they must be consecutive, for example, a and b. If vx has only a’s, then uwy has fewer a’s than c’s and is not in L, a contradiction. We proceed similarly if vx consists of only b’s, only c’s, or only d’s. Now suppose that vx has a’s and b’s. Then uwy still has fewer a’s than c’s. A similar contradiction occurs if vx consist of b’s and c’s or c’s and d’s. Since these are the only possibilities, we conclude that L is not context-free.
Since context-free languages are closed under intersection with regular languages, and the above intersection is not context-free, Swiss German must be non-context-free.
Q.E.D.
A proof of the pumping lemma itself can be found in Introduction to the Theory of Computation (among other places). For a discussion of the closure properties of context-free languages, see Mathematical Methods in Linguistics (among other places).
Looking forward to next week!What Does Most Even Mean? Generalized QuantifiersThe Ling Space2016-02-24 | How can we tell what words like "few" and "many" do in our sentences? What's the right way to represent these words in our minds? This week, we talk about generalized quantifier theory: what the math for quantifiers should look like, what properties natural language quantifiers seem to all share, and what that means for how kids can learn them.
Other of our semantics and pragmatics videos: Building Common Ground: Shared Worlds in Conversation - youtu.be/gQqXmhqM13U Clues to Meaning: Implicatures, Entailments, and Presuppositions - youtu.be/N9OdeDQKnR4 Scoping Out the Truth: Semantic Scope Ambiguity - youtu.be/XC-MGuj75zQ
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: Barwise, J. and R. Cooper. (1981). Generalized quantifiers and natural language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4:159–219. von Fintel, K. (1994). Restrictions on Quantifier Domains. PhD Thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Hunter, T. and A. Conroy. (2009). Children's restrictions on the meanings of novel determiners. Proceedings of BUCLD 2008; file found here: http://www.tc.umn.edu/~timh/conservativity/bu2008-paper.pdf Westerståhl, Dag, "Generalized Quantifiers", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/generalized-quantifiers/
Looking forward to next week!How Do We Decide Whats Relevant in Our Conversations? Relevance TheoryThe Ling Space2016-02-17 | How can we tell what's relevant when we try to work out what other people mean? What can experiments tell us about how much we'll consider when puzzling out meaning? In this week's episode, we talk about relevance theory: how it can help us more scientifically approach relevance in our discussions, how it interacts with the rest of our understanding of the rules of conversations, and how we can play with relevance in experiments to make people more or less likely to behave in logical ways.
Other of our semantics and pragmatics videos: Building Common Ground: Shared Worlds in Conversation - youtu.be/gQqXmhqM13U Let's Talk about Sets: Set Theory and Adjectives - youtu.be/M96aiDk2ePw Clues to Meaning: Implicatures, Entailments, and Presuppositions - youtu.be/N9OdeDQKnR4
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Sources: The information for this video was largely taken from Ira Noveck and Daniel Sperber's 2006 book entitled Experimental Pragmatics, primarily chapters 1 and 7, and Paul Grice's 1975 paper, Logic and Conversation.
Looking forward to next week!Interview with Daniel Dennett - RemasteredThe Ling Space2016-02-11 | This is an updated version of our interview with Daniel Dennett from last month, now with remastered audio! The original video is here: youtu.be/U57TQEOWxg8
We're really excited to have gotten to interview Dr. Dennett recently! He holds the title of University Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Tufts University, as well as the co-director of their Center for Cognitive Studies. He's also the author of a number of books on evolution, consciousness, memes, language, and more, including Consciousness Explained, Darwin's Dangerous Idea, and Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking.
We got to ask him about a lot of great topics, including: - the role of language in spreading culture - what linguists and philosophers can learn from each other - whether the gap between linguists and the general public is closing - computers and whether they'll be able to use language in a human-like way - a question from one of our followers about whether we have a dedicated mental language
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next week!How Do We Stress Our Words? Foot StructureThe Ling Space2016-02-03 | How do different languages play with pitch to create differences in meaning? How do we tell where stress falls? In this week's episode, we look at stress and foot structure: how languages use tone, pitch, and stress; how we can build different kinds of feet; and how where we place our stress can change the way we emphasize our sounds.
Other of our phonetics and phonology videos: Good Vibrations: Phonation States - youtu.be/edYLoMRgaFw Forming Formants: Resonance and Sound Waves - youtu.be/jl4zGRSYqkE Uncommon Sounds: Consonants without Using Our Lungs - youtu.be/JKP10ARLnzM
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next week!What Can Our Eyes Tell Us About Language? Eye TrackingThe Ling Space2016-01-27 | What do our eyes do while we read written language? What can their movements tell us about our processing? In this week's episode, we look at eye tracking: how we can measure these small movements, what following how people read shows us about processing, and how even just studying how we look at pictures can unlock how our brains approach incoming words.
This is Topic #59!
This week's tag language: Malay!
Related topics: Walking the Garden Path: Parsing Strategies - youtu.be/2A-FDN7-gyo
We also have forums to discuss this episode, and linguistics more generally.
Looking forward to next week!Interview with Daniel DennettThe Ling Space2016-01-20 | We have an updated version of this interview with Daniel Dennett, now with remastered audio: youtu.be/30eOI6pL-lU
We're really excited to have gotten to interview Daniel Dennett recently! Dr. Dennett is a University Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Tufts University, as well as the co-director of their Center for Cognitive Studies. He's also the author of a number of books on evolution, consciousness, memes, language, and more, including Consciousness Explained, Darwin's Dangerous Idea, and Intuition Pumps and Other Tools for Thinking.
We got to ask him about a lot of great topics, including: - the role of language in spreading culture - what linguists and philosophers can learn from each other - whether the gap between linguists and the general public is closing - computers and whether they'll be able to use language in a human-like way - a question from one of our followers about whether we have a dedicated mental language