The Overview Effect | Can We Simulate the Overview Effect on Earth? ARTexplains Science and History 2019-06-24 | The overview effect is a self-transcendent experience that can change the way that a person thinks about life and their place in the universe permanently. If this is such a positive feeling, shouldn't we all try to experience the overview effect? Unfortunately, it is usually described as a consequence of going into outer space and looking down at the planet Earth from above. Because the cost of sending all people into orbit would be prohibitive, is there an easier way to experience it? Can we simulate the overview effect in a laboratory?Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyWhitney ToftnessMr. Freddo RentonWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/10hEVS2miAHM95kie-wfrd6BV8op7aeNN0UdSW5IsIGc/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:Space Shuttle Launch From Multiple Views HDby step insideyoutube.com/watch?v=KsJYjyj7xHYShuttle Earth Views, 1994, Part 1by NASA STI Programyoutube.com/watch?v=ceKZ9lV5-PY Earth Departure Movieby NASAhttp://messenger.jhuapl.edu/Explore/Videos.htmlAdditional Earth images from NASA
Alice in Wonderland case study (Golden, 1979, case 2) #brain #neuroscience #psychology #brainscience ARTexplains Science and History 2024-07-22 | Based on Story 1 from the Alice in Wonderland chapter of my book, "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways Your Brain Can Break" (book link: https://a.co/g70uHDj).Reference for further reading about this case: Golden, G. S. (1979). The Alice in Wonderland syndrome in juvenile migraine. Pediatrics, 63(4), 517–519.Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Alexia case study (Ohno et al., 2002) #brain #casestudy #neuroscience #braininjury ARTexplains Science and History 2024-07-10 | Based on Story 2 from the Alexia chapter of my book, "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways Your Brain Can Break" (book link: https://a.co/g70uHDj).Reference for further reading about this case: Ohno, T., Takeda, K., Kato, S., & Hirai, S. (2002). Pure alexia in a Japanese-English bilingual: dissociation between the two languages. Journal of Neurology, 249(1), 105–107. doi.org/cs4f47Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Cluster Headache case study (Turkewitz et al., 1992) #brain #casestudy #neuroscience #braininjury ARTexplains Science and History 2024-06-13 | Based on Story 2 from the Cluster Headaches chapter of my book, "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways Your Brain Can Break" (book link: https://a.co/g70uHDj).Reference for further reading about this case: Turkewitz, L. J., Wirth, O., Dawson, G. A., & Casaly, J. S. (1992). Cluster headache following head injury: A case report and review of the literature. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 32(10), 504–506. doi.org/dkbxjmThanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Sleeping Beauty Syndrome case study (Critchley & Hoffman, 1942) #neuroscience #casestudy #brain #psy ARTexplains Science and History 2024-06-11 | Based on Story 2 from the Sleeping Beauty Syndrome chapter of my book, "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways Your Brain Can Break" (book link: https://a.co/g70uHDj).Reference for further reading about this case: Critchley, M., & Hoffman, H. L. (1942). The syndrome of periodic somnolence and morbid hunger (Kleine-Levin syndrome). British Medical Journal, 1(4230), 137–139. doi.org/dgp2b3Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
We dont know why sleep is necessary #brain #science #neurosciencefacts #neuro #neuroscience #psych ARTexplains Science and History 2024-06-10 | We don't know why everything needs sleep, but we have a theory. See the full video here: Sleep Facts That Will Keep You Up At Night youtu.be/i8-Z_9lBgUw?si=mSvHtI6aEz5AOC55 Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy book: https://a.co/g70uHDjPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Akinetopsia case study (Zihl et al., 1983) #casestudy #neuroscience #brain #psychology ARTexplains Science and History 2024-06-06 | Based on Story 3 from the Akinetopsia chapter of my book, "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways Your Brain Can Break" (book link: https://a.co/g70uHDj).Reference for further reading about this case: Zihl, J., Von Cramon, D., & Mai, N. (1983). Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage. Brain, 106(2), 313–340. doi.org/fjr2bsSee also: Zihl, J., & Heywood, C. A. (2015). The contribution of LM to the neuroscience of movement vision. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 9, Article 6. doi.org/gs4vThanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Charles Bonnet Syndrome case study (Ashwin & Tsaloumas, 2007) #neurosciencefacts #casestudy #brain ARTexplains Science and History 2024-06-04 | Based on Story 2 from the Charles Bonnet Syndrome chapter of my book, "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways Your Brain Can Break" (book link: https://a.co/g70uHDj).Reference for further reading about this case: Ashwin, P. T., & Tsaloumas, M. D. (2007). Complex visual hallucinations (Charles Bonnet syndrome) in the hemianopic visual field following occipital infarction. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 263, 184–186. doi.org/cvzd8gThanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Did you know bats cant get drunk? #funfacts #animalfacts #animalbrains ARTexplains Science and History 2024-06-03 | I wish my job was building obstacle courses for bats, giving them alcohol, and then seeing if they can navigate. That's at least one person's job! From the video "Which Animals Do Drugs?" youtu.be/dxSpL6R4Wd8?si=vjsN65gfbe1TyMWm Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy book: https://a.co/g70uHDj Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsReference: Orbach, D. N., Veselka, N., Dzal, Y., Lazure, L., & Fenton, M. B. (2010). Drinking and flying: Does alcohol consumption affect the flight and echolocation performance of phyllostomid bats? Plos one, 5(2), Article e8993. doi.org/dhrmbv
Akinetic Mutism case study (Sinden et al., 2018) #neuroscience #psychology #casestudy #brain ARTexplains Science and History 2024-05-30 | Based on Story 1 from the Akinetic Mutism chapter of my book, "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways Your Brain Can Break" (book link: https://a.co/g70uHDj).Reference for further reading about this case: Sinden, R., Wilson, B. A., Rose, A., & Mistry, N. (2018). Akinetic mutism and the story of David. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 28(2), 234–243. doi.org/gs4pThanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Aphantasia case study (Brain, 1954, case 1) #neuroscience #psychology #casestudy #brain ARTexplains Science and History 2024-05-28 | Based on Story 3 from the Aphantasia chapter of my book, "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways Your Brain Can Break" (book link: https://a.co/g70uHDj).Reference for further reading about this case: Brain, R. (1954). Loss of visualization. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 47(4), 288–290.Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Can you draw Garfield from memory? #drawingchallenge #notmygarfield ARTexplains Science and History 2024-05-27 | I thought I drew Garfield pretty well, but... apparently not!Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy book: https://a.co/g70uHDjPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Achromatopsia case study (Sacks & Wasserman, 1987) #neuroscience #psychology #brain #casestudy ARTexplains Science and History 2024-05-26 | Based on Story 1 from the Achromatopsia chapter of my book, "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways Your Brain Can Break" (book link: https://a.co/g70uHDj).Reference for further reading about this case: Sacks, O., Wasserman, R. (1987, November 19). The case of the colorblind painter. New York Review of Books, 34, 25–34.See also: Sacks, O. (1995). An anthropologist on Mars. Knopf.Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
My cat hasnt read these five FREE books, but YOU could! ARTexplains Science and History 2024-05-24 | Recommended perspective-shifting books that you could read for free right now:The Metamorphosis of Prime Intellect by Roger Williams: http://localroger.com/prime-intellect/mopiidx.html [WARNING: Very graphic violence and other adult themes are included in this book!]17776 by Jon Bois: sbnation.com/a/17776-football [Please trust me and go read this one—it'll be weird, but push through!]20020 by Jon Bois: sbnation.com/c/secret-base/21410129/20020/chapters-indexFlatland by Edwin Abbott Abbott: gutenberg.org/ebooks/201 [Or use this link for direct html gutenberg.org/cache/epub/201/pg201-images.html]Name of Author by Title of Book: http://tom7.org/novelForbidden Colors: The Caffeine Wyrm: youtu.be/UYHcPVAaHBw?si=HjUpVR8K-kkfHdMCForbidden Colors: Be Thankful if You're One of the Ones Awake: youtu.be/XrccKGwvkt4?si=IpjpC-6B06KsUmM2 Forbidden Colors [purchase link]: https://a.co/d/1qziF7r Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy brain science book: https://a.co/g70uHDj Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsMusic was from tams_kp: "evil entrance chords (good).mp3" freesound.org/people/tams_kp/sounds/653663 (License: Creative Commons 0)
Did you know that the average human spends his entire life within a few meters of a spooky skeleton? ARTexplains Science and History 2024-05-22 | From The History of Organ Transplantation (Director's Cut). Full episode link: youtube.com/watch?v=us1wQ2IWWmIWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy book: https://a.co/g70uHDj Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains
Environmental Tilt - When Your World Turns Upside Down - The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2024-05-22 | It is possible to break the part of your brain that lets you see which way is up, rotating your perception of the visual world — allow me to explain! This symptom/condition goes by a variety of names, including visual allesthesia, the room tilt illusion, upside down reversal of seeing, the floor-on-ceiling phenomena, reversal of vision metamorphopsia, and my favorite: tortopia.Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy book: https://a.co/g70uHDj Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsIntro music is courtesy of Colin Mansfield, titled "My Brain Hurts" from the eponymous album "Fine Art" (1978) -- colinmansfield.bandcamp.comScript and References for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1suulhqNAbJE2q2RSAyTCeFA-cQkxSpWUg1zFmZ-b8aU/edit?usp=sharing
Toy works fine but cat is broken ARTexplains Science and History 2024-05-21 | In which Sabrina tries out a toy in a creative fashionThanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy book: https://a.co/g70uHDjPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplains
AI in Education: A New Chapter in Learning? ARTexplains Science and History 2023-10-13 | In this talk, I apply cognitive psychology concepts to the recent developments in artificial intelligence. Specifically, I discuss advancements in AI tutoring as related to Theory of Mind, Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development, and Instructor Fluency & Student Overconfidence.Presentation given as part of the Fall Faculty Series 2023: "The Future of Education" on October 10th at Mount Mercy University. Special thanks to Joe Hendryx, who organized the series and introduced me at the beginning of this video.Generative AI was used for slide backgrounds (Stable Diffusion) and several graphics (DALL-E 3 where marked in the presentation). Images were created in September and October, 2023.Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy book: https://a.co/g70uHDjPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsReferences for this presentation:Bubeck, S., Chandrasekaran, V., Eldan, R., Gehrke, J., Horvitz, E., Kamar, E., ... & Zhang, Y. (2023). Sparks of artificial general intelligence: Early experiments with gpt-4. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.12712. doi.org/j35s Carpenter, S. K., Mickes, L., Rahman, S., & Fernandez, C. (2016). The effect of instructor fluency on students’ perceptions of instructors, confidence in learning, and actual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22, 161–172. doi.org/f8sp95 Carpenter, S. K., Northern, P. E., Tauber, S., & Toftness, A. R. (2020). Effects of lecture fluency and instructor experience on students’ judgments of learning, test scores, and evaluations of instructors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 26(1), 26. doi.org/gjqf6n Carpenter, S. K., Wilford, M. M., Kornell, N., & Mullaney, K. M. (2013). Appearances can be deceiving: Instructor fluency increases perceptions of learning without increasing actual learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 1350-1356. doi.org/f5kq6w Coggins, M. (2023, September 22). Will AI end education as we know it? Economist predicts schools, teachers could become ‘obsolete.’ Fox News Media. foxnews.com/media/will-ai-end-education-economist-predicts-schools-teachers-could-become-obsolete Guernsey, L. (2000, January 9). O.K., schools are wired. Now what? New York Times. nytimes.com/2000/01/09/education/ok-schools-are-wired-now-what.html?smid=url-share Heath, R. (2023, October 5). AI threatens to dethrone the 4-year college degree. Axios. axios.com/2023/10/05/linkedin-ai-college-degree Khan Academy’s AI for Education Course. (n.d.) New tools for a new age: FAQ. Khan Academy. Retrieved October 10, from khanacademy.org/college-careers-more/ai-for-education/x68ea37461197a514:ai-for-education-unit-1/x68ea37461197a514:ai-welcome-to-the-future-of-education/a/ai-faq Kosinski, M. (2023). Theory of mind may have spontaneously emerged in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.02083. doi.org/grsp8r New York Times (1997, April 23). Students' class work available on line. nytimes.com/1997/04/23/us/students-class-work-available-on-line.html?smid=url-share Perner, J., Leekam, S. R., & Wimmer, H. (1987). Three‐year‐olds' difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5(2), 125-137. doi.org/b3q3f6 Serra, M. J., & McNeely, D. A. (2020). The most fluent instructors might choreograph for Beyoncé or secretly be Batman: Commentary on Carpenter, Witherby, and Tauber. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 9(2). doi.org/kxsx Slocum, B. (1996, January 14). Modem instruction goes to grade school. New York Times. nytimes.com/1996/01/14/nyregion/modem-instruction-goes-to-grade-school.html?smid=url-share Shapira, N., Levy, M., Alavi, S. H., Zhou, X., Choi, Y., Goldberg, Y., ... & Shwartz, V. (2023). Clever Hans or neural theory of mind? Stress testing social reasoning in large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.14763. doi.org/kxsv Toftness, A. R., Carpenter, S. K., Geller, J., Lauber, S., Johnson, M., & Armstrong, P. I. (2018). Instructor fluency leads to higher confidence in learning, but not better learning. Metacognition and Learning, 13, 1-14. doi.org/gc799r Toner, R. (2000, February 27). The right to click. New York Times. nytimes.com/2000/02/27/books/the-right-to-click.html?smid=url-share Ullman, T. (2023). Large language models fail on trivial alterations to theory-of-mind tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.08399. doi.org/kxst Wilford, M. M., Kurpad, N., Platt, M., & Weinstein‐Jones, Y. (2020). Lecturer fluency can impact students' judgments of learning and actual learning performance. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(6), 1444-1456. doi.org/gh76pj
Cotard Syndrome is Walking Corpse Syndrome - The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2023-04-14 | A person who believes themselves to be dead is experiencing a condition known as Cotard Syndrome, or Walking Corpse Syndrome, or a Delusion of Negation if you prefer. Of course, believing that you are dead is not the only possible manifestation of this disorder, and the enclosed case studies will demonstrate just that. You may be surprised to learn that most people recover from Cotard Syndrome, and that we think it happens--at least in some people--because of changes in emotional areas of the brain.Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy book: https://a.co/g70uHDj Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsIntro music is courtesy of Colin Mansfield, titled "My Brain Hurts" from the eponymous album "Fine Art" (1978) -- colinmansfield.bandcamp.comScript and References for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/1NgAa45akOvGUIr3fEEf5O3epMZqCjANci5cO82pQdIw/edit?usp=sharing
Denying Blindness - Anton-Babinski Syndrome - The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2022-12-22 | When a person is blind (or partially blind), they aren't always aware of that fact... which can lead to the symptoms of Anton Syndrome, where the person may try to prove that they can see by confabulating with their imagination about what they believe that they can see!Thanks to patrons:RødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite: alexandertoftness.comMy book: https://a.co/g70uHDj Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsIntro music is courtesy of Colin Mansfield, titled "My Brain Hurts" from the eponymous album "Fine Art" (1978) -- colinmansfield.bandcamp.comScript and References for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1FoZh6jFs6pivhygP_2abw1phdv8nv7bZ9mcnyoaatlo/edit?usp=sharing
Why writing a PhD thesis sucks ARTexplains Science and History 2022-06-13 | Why does everyone end up hating their dissertation project? Is writing a PhD thesis really that bad? Yes, and here's why it sucks so much.Order my book "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways your Brain can Break": amzn.to/3sycRxlThanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyRødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of DustWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsIntro music is courtesy of Colin Mansfield, titled "My Brain Hurts" from the eponymous album "Fine Art" (1978) -- colinmansfield.bandcamp.comReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1cP2bUmHCJhYaH-KSxOTvds5OXPkDy0rR6mG6riEs-Qc/editCreative Commons Sounds:Angelic ChoirTuneHntr_2DaySeptember 22nd, 2008freesound.org/people/TuneHntr_2Day/sounds/60600 This work is licensed under the Sampling+ License.Bunch of FliesHerbertBolandJuly 5th, 2009freesound.org/people/HerbertBoland/sounds/75189 This work is licensed under the Attribution 3.0 License.FLS - 8j.mp3SynBioTecMay 24th, 2021freesound.org/people/SynBioTec/sounds/572476This work is licensed under the Attribution 4.0 License. Consort for Brass - Classical Rousing by Kevin MacLeod http://incompetech.comCreative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0Free Download / Stream: bit.ly/consort-for-brassMusic promoted by Audio Library youtu.be/t_LgRsV-pcA"Stay the Course" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2022-06-01 | Common in young people with migraines and seizures, Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is a disorienting collection of symptoms. People may experience macropsia and micropsia, in which things appear larger or smaller than they are supposed to be. People may have unusual perceptions of time and their own bodies. Let's explore this remarkable disorder in this episode of The Ways Your Brain Can Break.Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyRødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpeck of Dust(This video is a re-upload to fix minor issues with the old version, especially a pair of typos)Website:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsIntro music is courtesy of Colin Mansfield, titled "My Brain Hurts" from the eponymous album "Fine Art" (1978) -- colinmansfield.bandcamp.comReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1dBUDp1Qq0sW6g92JUbfKP3g6AmQEPbKldAZvEkpd8SA/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:youtube.com/watch?v=1OQuaAKk1n4Giant Henry (Ant Man Effect)by Kyle KettPublished on Jul 22, 2018Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=154KRWBZzZAEffet Antmanby laurent DELPASPublished on Jan 13, 2017Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed) youtube.com/watch?v=HotOjWiAAW0Optical illusionsby Canada Science and Technology MuseumPublished on Dec 7, 2012Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=GcbclaT61MADolly Zoom in Blenderby Light BWKPublished on Jan 9, 2015Image CC BY 2.0Juanedc from Zaragoza, Españaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball#mediaviewer/File:Beach_Volley_(8143063908).jpgCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)flickr.com/photos/libertasacademica/7104078935 Figure 4 from Pharmacotherapy of Seizures Associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (Published in Clinical Medicine Insights: Therapeutics) via Libertas Academica http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/figure/10.4137/CMT.S2014? creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 flickr.com/photos/silly_little_man/5132242358 and flickr.com/photos/silly_little_man/5132239872Ames Roomby Ian StannardCC creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0By Francesco Gasparetti from Senigallia, Italy - Giza: Carlo accarezza la sfinge, CC BY 2.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10459396 youtube.com/watch?v=kHtb0ilujdQIncreasing Public Knowledge about Brain Injuriesby U.S. NavyPublished on Mar 15, 2016Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)flickr.com/photos/mattring/15298018117Big and SmallPhoto by Matty RingCC creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 Rear-view-mirror-caption, By Pratheep P S, www.pratheep.com, CC BY-SA 3.0, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16035503flickr.com/photos/sermoa/2767894958Moon over Corfe Castleby Aimee RiversCC creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 youtube.com/watch?v=2rSeVHAnxY4Detroit Metro Airport Foggy Morning Operations Time Lapseby Andrew KalatPublished on Sep 2, 2015Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Im writing a book! (please excuse the cat) ARTexplains Science and History 2021-12-06 | I've been writing! Announcing "Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury: The Ways your Brain can Break" coming to corporeal book form in the not-so-distant future!Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyNick WelthaRødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsIntro music is courtesy of Colin Mansfield, titled "My Brain Hurts" from the eponymous album "Fine Art" (1978) -- colinmansfield.bandcamp.com
Exploding Head Syndrome. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2021-07-28 | With one of the most metal names, this brain disorder is surprisingly not dangerous at all. It will rudely wake you up from time to time with an explosion, however. Allow me to explain!Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyNick WelthaRødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsIntro music is courtesy of Colin Mansfield, titled "My Brain Hurts" from the eponymous album "Fine Art" (1978) -- colinmansfield.bandcamp.comReferences for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/1LoJpD8nciN4kexxItyOF8FUBGwqfJVufzCRWVkBkzOo/edit?usp=sharing
Ataxia - Uncoordinated Muscles - The Ways Your Brain Can Break. ARTexplains Science and History 2021-05-25 | It is possible to break the part of your brain that coordinates the movements of your muscles. Allow me to explain!Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyNick WelthaRødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsIntro music is courtesy of Colin Mansfield, titled "My Brain Hurts" from the eponymous album "Fine Art" (1978) -- colinmansfield.bandcamp.comAtaxia is the difficulty of coordinating muscle movements.References and Script for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/1by6b0RWfvRcR5ZzkMACxwWo7aJpUMTpkuLSestfv2wU/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:1421 Sensory Homunculus.jpgBy OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Website. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=301480081412 Extraocular Muscles.jpgBy OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Website. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6, Jun 19, 2013., CC BY 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30147999
Optical Illusions Explained by a Psychologist ARTexplains Science and History 2021-04-26 | How do optical illusions work in the brain? I gave this science communication talk to the general public in December 2019 as part of the Nature at Noon series at Reiman Gardens.View the optical illusions packet here: docs.google.com/document/d/1jJEZ6nNs99WbpDHTGyDUkDQVqB4znC0C9A_nfyGpx5M/edit?usp=sharingThanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyNick WelthaRødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode:Agrillo, C., Gori, S., & Beran, M. J. (2015). Do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) perceive illusory motion? Animal Cognition, 18(4), 895-910.Anderson, B. L., & Winawer, J. (2005). Image segmentation and lightness perception. Nature, 434(7029), 79-83.Bååth, R., Seno, T., & Kitaoka, A. (2014). Cats and illusory motion. Psychology, 5(09), 1131-1134.Bertamini, M., Herzog, M. H., & Bruno, N. (2016). The Honeycomb illusion: Uniform textures not perceived as such. i-Perception, 7(4), 1-15.Gori, S., Agrillo, C., Dadda, M., & Bisazza, A. (2014). Do fish perceive illusory motion? Scientific Reports, 4(6443).Kanai, R. (2005). Healing Grid. Annual best illusion of the year contest.Kitaoka, A. (2006). The effect of color on the optimized Fraser-Wilcox illusion. Gold prize at the 9th L’OR+ AL Art and Science of Color Prize.Kitaoka, A. (2014). Color-dependent motion illusions in stationary images and their phenomenal dimorphism. Perception, 43(9), 914-925.Kitchener, N. (2004). Alice in Wonderland syndrome. The International Journal of Child Neuropsychiatry, 1(1), 107-112.Lents, N. H. (2018). Human Errors: A Panorama of Our Glitches, from Pointless Bones to Broken Genes. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Pinna, B. (2009). Pinna illusion. Scholarpedia, 4(2), 6656.Martinez-Conde, S., & Macknik, S. (2017). Champions of Illusion: The Science Behind Mind-boggling Images and Mystifying Brain Puzzles. Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Necker, L. A. (1832). Observations on some remarkable phenomenon which occurs in viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid. London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 3, 329-337.rasmusab (2013). My cat can see the rotating snake illusion! Retrieved from youtube.com/watch?v=CcXXQ6GCUb8 on 12-2-19.Ropper, A. H. (1983). Illusion of tilting of the visual environment. Report of five cases. Journal of Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 3(2), 147-151.Rubin, E. (1915). Synsoplevede figurer.Russell, R. (2009) A sex difference in facial pigmentation and its exaggeration by cosmetics. Perception, (38)1211-1219.Shepard, R. N. (1990). Mind sights: Original visual illusions, ambiguities, and other anomalies, with a commentary on the play of mind in perception and art. WH Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.Sierra-Hidalgo, F., de Pablo-Fernández, E., Herrero-San Martín, A., Correas-Callero, E., Herreros-Rodríguez, J., Romero-Muñoz, J. P., & Martín-Gil, L. (2012). Clinical and imaging features of the room tilt illusion. Journal of Neurology, 259(12), 2555-2564.Toftness, A. R. (2018). 3 AMAZING Optical Illusions Demonstrated and Explained. youtu.be/fLmQRjmHLvYToftness, A. R. (2018). Alice in Wonderland Syndrome. The Ways Your Brain Can Break. youtu.be/r1RxTbAZybc
The Truth About the Toba Catastrophe Theory. Did humans almost go extinct? ARTexplains Science and History 2020-12-14 | Much has been written about the catastrophe that was the Mt. Toba supervolcano eruption about 74,000 years ago. But was the supereruption really as bad as some people claim? In this episode, we go over the claims that people have made about the Toba Supervolcano, and then evaluate the Toba Catastrophe Theory to try and determine which parts may have actually happened.Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyNick WelthaRødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnSpecial thanks to Funky!twitch.tv/funkykong245twitter.com/Funky_245Website:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sScript for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1tKvMMqA0AKUQV1z4DBFl4njGoYi03cIhNvtOxgV8fyY/edit?usp=sharingSupplemental article and References for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1Y4LqqJl9hi243Okt7NJDofib3gcQhpMgRqzHB2BUQkY/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:Map Data: Google Earth, SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO.LAVA FALLS 20ft In LAVA RAPIDS- MIND BLOWN! HAWAII VOLCANOby TheCodesearcher dotcomyoutube.com/watch?v=t22tFG5YsTU&ab_channel=TheCodesearcherdotcom Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)Bass triggers car alarm in Murmansk [CC]by Medulla Oblongatayoutube.com/watch?v=woEUaBxv-tU&ab_channel=MedullaOblongata Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)To learn more about the role of sulphuric compounds in the atmosphere:Geoengineering: A Horrible Idea We Might Have to Doby Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshellyoutube.com/watch?v=dSu5sXmsur4upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Shallow_ice_core_drilling_%28danish_Hans_Tausen_drill%29_2.jpgby Helle Astrid Kjær, CC BY 4.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
The Most Painful Headache - Cluster Headaches. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2020-08-31 | The cluster headache is fortunately rare. It's much more painful than the other varieties of headaches, like migraines. Is there any relief from a cluster headache? Let's discuss a couple cluster headache case studies and the typical features of this disorder.Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyWhitney ToftnessNick WelthapafijohnRødalWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences and script for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/1XijjVjj8ImwLpIOmoNgFhneEqwRxfW4ycXrYJugOs0Q/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:By Images are generated by Life Science Databases(LSDB). - from Anatomography, website maintained by Life Science Databases(LSDB).You can get this image through URL below. 次のアドレスからこのファイルで使用している画像を取得できますURL., CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7848292By Dr. Craig Hacking, A. Prof Frank Gaillard - http://radiopaedia.org/articles/deep-brain-stimulation, CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48376692
How Humans Conquered Lightning ARTexplains Science and History 2020-07-25 | Lots of people used to be killed by lightning strikes. Now, roughly 37 times fewer people are killed in this way. What's changed? Allow me to explain! Watch the rest of the WeCreateEdu "Good News" playlist here! youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlt1h57yoMAGmIlHeUCCzQ8H1IG6CZ_RA Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyNick WelthaRødalWhitney ToftnesspafijohnWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/1SV0GE5x1xxKc3gmJWowPRtId2bsH51I5JiN7Ry76uSk/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:Flavor Flavby Back9NetworkAttribution 2.0 Licenseflickr.com/photos/75611642@N08/6774618076
Why Did Doctors Spin People Around? Centrifuge Therapy Explained ARTexplains Science and History 2020-06-10 | In the early 1800s, doctors in mental asylums used centrifuge therapy on their patients. It's pretty much what it sounds like: spinning a person around and around. It was also sometimes called rotational therapy, spin therapy, or swinging therapy. The history of psychiatry be like that sometimes. Who were these mad doctors, and why did they do it? Allow me to explain!Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyNick WelthaWhitney ToftnesspafijohnWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sAlso watch my episodes about:Bloodletting: youtu.be/_1eD3o2OFkALobotomies: youtu.be/zkwKprabF8IFocal Sepsis Theory: youtu.be/USPCg07Y5VEReferences and Script for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/18soVPkCJhfZNFoUIO5JzjPbceE_E-Gh7KqHh1c7WV2g/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Forms_of_restraint_for_the_mentally_ill_Wellcome_L0014223.jpgSee page for author / CC BY (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)youtube.com/watch?v=NrSyRUQhJRIF-16 Fighter Jet Cockpit • Takeoff To Landing HD Military videosby U.S. Military CacheCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=R-sl95NDRmkPhysiology of Flight: Spatial Disorientation, Part 1by PublicResourceOrgCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=Qk94_mHq90QSeth Green visits NASA Goddard during a test of our centrifugeby James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)freemusicarchive.org/music/Yakov_Golman/Piano_album_1/Yakov_Golman_-_PeacefulPeaceful by Yakov Golmanlicensed under an Attribution LicensePeaceful is used during the baby rocking scene at 7:38 until 8:04youtube.com/watch?v=pVQAbA6W7sYidionymby Daniel BlatherwickCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)idionym is used from 3:47 to 4:44All other music used is public domainAdditional footage is licensed royalty-free from videoblocks.com
Aphasia - Broken Language - The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2020-05-08 | Aphasia is one of the most common brain disorders that can result from a stroke. It is also one of the most complex! In this video, I will answer these questions: What are the types of aphasia? What are some examples of case studies of aphasia? How are global aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia, and Broca's aphasia related?Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyNick WelthaWhitney ToftnesspafijohnWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences and script for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1JlWeYNxS7aAtU4DLSSJrSUDEBeO5EdAz_4cRHgR4d6k/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Anaplastisches_Ependymom_-_MRT_-_T2_axial_-_015.jpg Hellerhoff / CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)youtube.com/watch?v=9MONn0GkO4UAwake craniotomy for resection of Broca-sited cerebral cav. malform. w/ venous anomalyby AANSNeurosurgeryCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=gzHuNvDhVwENIH Stroke Scale Training - Part 2 - Basic Instructionby PublicResourceOrgCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=5-2T0AsZHz4 Patients Speak Out With The "LOUD Crowd" Speech Therapy Programby Lakeland PBSCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=xsf214Ebd-4Large Artery Occlusion - MCAby TheStrokeChannelCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Willpower - How to stay motivated by structuring your environment ARTexplains Science and History 2020-04-04 | The world needs some more positive, motivational psychology right about now. Here are seven ways that you can structure your environment in order to improve your motivation and willpower, right from the comfort of your own home.Thanks to patrons: Joey PeasleyNick Weltha Whitney Toftness pafijohn Website: alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplains Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplains Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains Shop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here): alexandertoftness.com/shop/s References for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/19-X5l_bEVqAs_tOkd-wkwOWUPdZB-MTCE9RpjUSTOF4/edit?usp=sharing Creative Commons:35 Things To Do Post-Story in Breath of the Wild | Austin John Plays The Legend of Zeldayoutube.com/watch?v=tJUgslDa2sAby Austin John PlaysBrick roadyoutube.com/watch?v=Qfc7M9cqsP0by Wieslaw SyposzI did the HIGHEST Bungy jump in Africa!!!youtube.com/watch?v=vGiipq3atTQby Calvin Rowley
Imagination Blindness - Aphantasia. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2020-02-29 | Can you visualize things in your imagination? People who can't have aphantasia. People on the Internet have been obsessed with the topic since the condition was named in 2015, but there has been research into mental imagery going back as far as the 1880s. There's also more than one kind of aphantasia, with people who could never use mental imagery (congenital aphantasics) compared with people who once had the ability but then lost it because of brain damage (acquired aphantasics).Thanks to patrons: Joey Peasley Whitney Toftness Nick Weltha Special thanks to Crystal Jewell for finding the Huxley passage!Also special thanks to Sabrina the cat for the unexpected cameo. My office door was closed and locked, but she headbutted her way into the room anyway and jumped at my drawing setup. I had to grab her and move her to prevent her from knocking over the camera, which is why you can see my hand hefting her when she first appears. 100% her idea, and if her goal was to make it into the video, she was successful! Website: alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplains Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplains Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains Shop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here): alexandertoftness.com/shop/s References for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/1Xnvy5v29rVdIsvFruAX9g0EpGvsNWd3w4zsrs7pGwqs/edit?usp=sharing
The Caffeine Wyrm ARTexplains Science and History 2020-01-31 | This is the narrated story of an advertising executive who accidentally created a miracle machine to make advertisements stick in people's heads... forever.Thanks to patrons: Joey Peasley Whitney Toftness Nick Weltha Website: alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplains Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplains Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains Shop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here): alexandertoftness.com/shop/s Script and References: docs.google.com/document/d/1s0vJ25yBAh6B0if7XQyOa4ZsQzv0FW2gfNsCvMfKWDw/edit?usp=sharing
Can people make their own vitamin B12? ARTexplains Science and History 2019-12-28 | If you don't eat animal products, you have to get your vitamin B12 from somewhere else. What's really strange about that is that your body actually makes its own vitamin B12. So why can't you just use that? People make their own vitamin B12, but badly. Allow me to explain!Thanks to patrons: Nick WelthaJoey Peasley Whitney Toftness Mr. Freddo Renton Website: alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplains Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplains Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains Shop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here): alexandertoftness.com/shop/s References and script for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1EldnfuhXOriZ_G3kiXapXdIQMadz63jWES6qBhBazP0/edit?usp=sharing
They Named a Human Body Part After Me!? The Xander Ligament ARTexplains Science and History 2019-11-30 | This is the story of how I accidentally tricked the world into believing in "The Xander Ligament"*UPDATE* I have published a letter to the editor about the Xander Ligament in the Journal of Anatomy with the Wikipedia editor who fixed the median umbilical ligament's page as a co-author! onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joa.13195*UPDATE 2* Xander's ligament has now made its way into a 2019 medical textbook, which I just found out about today ( April 16th 2020). Page 60 of "Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: A Life Course Approach." worldcat.org/title/textbook-of-obstetrics-and-gynaecology-a-life-course-approach/oclc/1083341473 Thanks to patrons: Joey Peasley Whitney Toftness Mr. Freddo Renton Website: alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplains Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplains Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplains Shop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here): alexandertoftness.com/shop/s
Amnesia Types: Failures of Memory. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2019-09-03 | Memories are something that people hold quite dear, but unfortunately, brain damage can not only take away old memories, but it can even remove the ability to create new ones. In this episode of The Ways Your Brain Can Break, we discuss a few types of memory and the disorders of Amnesia that pop culture has been misrepresenting for decades.Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyWhitney ToftnessMr. Freddo RentonWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/1qgsBk2cJ-VaoFFbf55M5Ut-DlVC-9XhemcJqj2akJa8/edit?usp=sharingWatch "Man with a 7 Second Memory Still Plays the Piano but Doesn't Know How | Only Human"youtube.com/watch?v=SO-3Ruw61Sg
Biophilia in Space? Can plants make astronauts happier? (ft. Sheryl from The Roving Naturalist) ARTexplains Science and History 2019-08-29 | Sheryl from The Roving Naturalist and I explore some of the ways that the positive mental effects of nature could be useful in outer space during long-distance spaceflight.Videos from The Roving Naturalist:Biophilia: youtube.com/watch?v=1GqdShUJNSASpace Park: youtube.com/watch?v=VnjjqOPrHgAAnimal Handedness: youtube.com/watch?v=0KvoIQDiSYwFace Perception in Animals: youtu.be/wD5w3O0PSw4 Video From Neurotransmissions:Why is Nature Good for you? youtube.com/watch?v=jSgCo3bvaX0My video on The Overview Effect:youtube.com/watch?v=gCBln1nMDekThanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyWhitney ToftnessMr. Freddo RentonWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/1AIGpashVVEbc-hyFc0mPmAHdAPqB4pFaHLATw-97d6U/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:Free HD videos - no copyrightPublished on Sep 25, 2018“Beauty Of Nature Time Lapse | Free HD Video - No Copyright”youtube.com/watch?v=CmCIZ_aUAeQ Aliyan worldPublished on Jul 13, 2019“4K Nature & Landscapes Free Stock Footage no copyright”youtube.com/watch?v=roWvJMnYqgkUWyoExtensionPublished on Sep 28, 2015“High Elevation Gardening Tips | From the Ground Up”youtube.com/watch?v=5A3Z-fGjDcw Timofey TimofeevPublished on Jun 8, 2016“Walk in the Woods FREE Stock Video”youtube.com/watch?v=Xzf1EPsdjfYNASA STI ProgramPublished on Jan 22, 2013“STS-72 Flight Day 5”youtube.com/watch?v=Ksa5NWHxREk PsychoTechCZPublished on Jul 24, 2018“Sony DSC-W800 - Walk in nature (Cinematic)”youtube.com/watch?v=oPMyTqYZP9c
Be Thankful if Youre One of the Ones Awake ARTexplains Science and History 2019-07-01 | This is the narrated story of a neurosurgeon's dream to discover something new about the human brain. What he got was a nightmare.Website:alexandertoftness.com Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyWhitney ToftnessMr. Freddo RentonPatreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sThe written version of this story can be found here: medium.com/@artexplains/be-thankful-if-youre-one-of-the-ones-awake-fc89f9cc7cFurther Reading:Phantoms in the Brain by V. S. Ramachandran & Sandra Blakesleegoodreads.com/book/show/31555.Phantoms_in_the_BrainAwakenings by Oliver Sacksgoodreads.com/book/show/14456.AwakeningsThe Diving Bell And The Butterfly by Jean-Dominique Baubygoodreads.com/book/show/193755.The_Diving_Bell_and_the_ButterflyBlindsight by Peter Wattsgoodreads.com/book/show/48484.BlindsightTop Ten Unbelievable Types Of Illusions And Hallucinationslistverse.com/2019/01/08/top-10-unbelievable-types-of-illusions-and-hallucinationstheguardian.com/science/2010/feb/03/vegetative-state-patient-communicationSchnakers, C., & Majerus, S. (2018). Behavioral Assessment and Diagnosis of Disorders of Consciousness. In Coma and Disorders of Consciousness (pp. 1–16). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55964-3_1
Anosognosia: Disorder Blindness. When the Paralyzed Think They Walk. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2019-05-21 | How is it possible that there are paralyzed people who think that they can walk, and blind people who believe that they can see? In this episode, we discuss anosognosia, a condition in which a person is unaware of or denies their own disorder. When the brain breaks in just the right way, people can become incapable of updating their own consciousness with the correct details of their own capabilities. It's a bit complicated, so allow me to explain...Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyWhitney ToftnessMr. Freddo RentonWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1G1GinOApSmVq2muaiAUs7dQGAUL8CrD81nO0FfzCcZY/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:Brain region imageOriginal Brain image By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23232786Brain hemisphere imageBy Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23212746
Radithor | The Killer Radioactive Energy Drink ARTexplains Science and History 2019-04-22 | The story of Ebenezer McBurney Byers is the tale of a rich man killed by overspending on trendy healthcare products that he thought would improve his health. Instead, these products contained radium, such as the radioactive tonic called Radithor. It was marketed as a sort of expensive energy drink, because it contained the very trendy element of radium, which was also being sold in other products across America. In this episode, we explore this tragic and more than a little bizarre series of events that killed Eben Byers.Thanks to patrons:Joey PeasleyWhitney ToftnessMr. Freddo RentonWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shopRadium therapy for tumors before/after pictures (begins page 162):books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fOnnLk39CnAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA17&ots=Vp6lBOe16R&sig=TV3SX6paJ-sVTmnb85h_XSrrv7g#v=onepage&q&f=false References for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/18eyjbUEXXGqTlfUqBuBCqYxuKRVGFYAJ2D8ceLxonsc/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:Creative Commons:Radithorby Sam LaRussaPhoto taken at the National Museum of Nuclear Science and History in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on March 7, 2016.flickr.com/photos/blueshift12/25799475341creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 Market - Making Artisan Cheese at LoveTree Farmby MySPNNPublished on Oct 24, 2012Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=ft1vRGg4a5sMetalwork, abandoned US Steel iron millby Roy LuckTaken on May 22, 2013Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Genericflickr.com/photos/21550937@N03/8907655571commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Byers-LyonsHouse.jpgAuthor: Lee Paxton at en.wikipedia [CC BY-SA 4.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)]
Sleep Facts That Will Keep You Up At Night ARTexplains Science and History 2019-03-20 | This video dives deep into sleep to retrieve the most interesting facts about something we all do pretty much every day. Did you know that it's possible to lose the ability to sleep? Did you know that some sleeping pills work a little too well?Thanks to patrons:LibgovJoey PeasleyWhitney ToftnessMr. Freddo RentonWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1hpd8JkK853A-EGMWZSgr63rZUwHgsQKMLJJ1mRgcKiU/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:Baby Sleepingby Enrique SerranoMarch 4th, 2019Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=p0Vsl6GffocRed revolving lightJaxen RossPublished on Feb 10, 2015Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=4zeg-OE2qc4Basket Full of Sleeping Puppiesby HuskymagPublished on Nov 1, 2018Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=n9hsiC_fRDgPuppy Nap Timeby HuskymagPublished on Nov 5, 2018Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=sLvQ6RTFFw4Bizkit the Sleep Walking DogMarinaHD2001February 10th, 2009Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=z2BgjH_CtIA
Akinetopsia APA 2-minute PsycShort Entry ARTexplains Science and History 2019-02-24 | Transcript:It is possible to break the part of your brain that perceives motion. Allow me to explain!Akinetopsia gets its name from “a” meaning without, and kinetic, referring to motion. When you have akinetopsia, you are motion blind, meaning that you can still see, but you don’t see things move.This is possible because the movement you see around you is an illusion created by your brain. Movement is created in your brain based only on what your eyes pick up, which are small pieces of two-dimensional light patterns—it is your brain’s job to stitch them together into a moving picture. This is similar to how a movie is made up of individual still frames. Movement only appears because of the changes that happen in between images.The most classic akinetopsia case was published in 1983, and it tells of a woman who developed akinetopsia after brain damage to both hemispheres of her brain. When she tried to pour herself a drink, she would often overfill the cup because she couldn’t see the level of the liquid rising. She complained of difficulties in crossing the street, because she could not tell where the cars were at any given moment. She could successfully describe the color, model, and even the license plate number of each car, but instead of moving smoothly across her vision, they seemed to jump from place to place (Zihl, Von Cramon, & Mai, 1983; referenced on-screen).Akinetopsia seems to occur because of damage or disruptions to a part of the brain’s visual cortex called V5, located in the occipital lobe (Zeki, 1991). Research has shown that using a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, on this V5 region produces temporary motion blindness, so this area is probably responsible in medical cases as well (Beckers & Hömburg, 1992; referenced on-screen).------Hey ARTizens, I was encouraged to submit an entry to the American Psychological Association's PsycShort competition. Essentially, you need to make a video 2 minutes or less in length, and use empirical research for the video. Here is my entry!Thanks to patrons:LibgovWhitney ToftnessMr. Freddo RentonJoey PeasleyWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1W4jkhJ8DwzHLHlhvnYsz1g78ALeCh1d3ItMBuBnz5Jk/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons:Rugby passing and receiving in slow motionby Eva ChaoPublished on Jan 7, 2018Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=VZkzWs4wBDwWorking flour windmill in Hollandby edmondhollandvideoPublished on Dec 20, 2011Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=7_xdmzvCSw8Creepy Watson 2- The Return Trailerfrom MTSGamesLive, originally created by Focus Home Interactive and Frogwares StudioPublished on Apr 1, 2013Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=VMjydUpr6FQ Rotating_globe.gifBy AzaToth, Own work.CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=582153The Gold Rush - 1925 (Public Domain)
Uncontrolled Limbs - Alien Hand Syndrome. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2019-01-28 | In Alien Hand Syndrome, people experience their limbs taking actions such as moving without the person to which the limb is attached intending to have done so. Let's discuss some interesting alien hand case studies, and where in the brain this problem arises.Thanks to patrons:LibgovWhitney ToftnessMr. Freddo RentonWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode: docs.google.com/document/d/1v9HpzDlj1LRbLGpVwKEG2fFBb8V5wsjodwGE4dfndJs/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons for this episode:Animated Hand Reaching For Knife ~ Green Screenby Crude Animation; Published on Jan 26, 2015youtube.com/watch?v=bhmuOmkZkAUCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Will English be the Language of Space Travel? ARTexplains Science and History 2018-12-22 | This video is part of the 2018 We CreateEDU Holiday Gif Swap! Click this playlist link to see the other videos: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlt1h57yoMAGu0kUH0550siK5QHGUmBT6When humans finally make it out into space to explore new planets, a standardized unchanging language will become very important. The question is, will that language be English? Allow me to explain.Thanks to patrons:LibgovWhitney ToftnessWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1lBpr_vigt9RyxBWzXmTfuvUBzkoKoeiRG0qpQYOpFN0/edit?usp=sharing
Why do Knuckles Crack? Knuckle Cracking Science and History ARTexplains Science and History 2018-11-30 | In which your biggest knuckle-cracking questions are answered: Why do knuckles crack? Is cracking knuckles bad for you? We journey across science and history to find out... or come as close as we can.Thanks to patrons:LibgovWhitney ToftnessWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1gEttIk8nhSGLvw8KI4P8le4my3xw9K0ry5yx78Miog4/edit?usp=sharing Creative Commons:By Hellerhoff - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12143891 Multi-layer Barrier Technology for Carbonated Soft Drinksyoutube.com/watch?v=Iw-MknJ3th0 by Husky Injection Molding Systems, LTD.Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)The Knuckle Crackeryoutube.com/watch?v=ZIVB5l2FNyQby Rehab Medicine UofACreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)Real-time MRI of joint crackingyoutube.com/watch?v=_ZNENkkf5Uwby PLOS MediaCreative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
How To Be A Baby Elephant ARTexplains Science and History 2018-09-25 | Thanks to patrons:LibgovWhitney ToftnessWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shop/sLink to script:docs.google.com/document/d/1ae--5glHWsYPKR-yaIfykRwh4ppgpJOW5gvXZ5KiNJ4/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons Credits: All under Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)Baby Elephantyoutube.com/watch?v=Xsw7FEf7xEwby Miria GrunickPublished on Oct 8, 2017Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)Baby playing in bathyoutube.com/watch?v=_bjjntns_pQby ElephantstayPublished on Jul 17, 2018Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)Baby elephant | Mumma's Milk | Elephantstayyoutube.com/watch?v=qr2JuLvrKKYElephantstayPublished on May 3, 2018Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)Elephant Idiotvimeo.com/34579376 by Brian SlackWednesday, January 4, 2012That’s Life !vimeo.com/71239863 by Caroline PangMonday, July 29, 2013DaCaLuF - Season 2 - Ep91 - english subtitles - Bottle time for baby elephantvimeo.com/166824530by David BellaisMonday, May 16, 2016Baby Elephants at Play slomovimeo.com/121595941 by DATABUNCHSunday, March 8, 2015Cute elephant babyvimeo.com/129342680 by Suyulim_0110Sunday, May 31, 2015Meet the baby elephant at the Pittsburgh Zoovimeo.com/224708134 by wcn247.comFriday, July 7, 2017 at 5:27 PM ESTElefanten-Dorf bei Luang Prabang | Laosvimeo.com/154732620 by Annette und Lars FreudenthalTuesday, February 9, 2016Me Fornicating with a Baby Elephantvimeo.com/194749855 by Mad Bad Travel DadWednesday, December 7, 2016Feeding Baby Elephantvimeo.com/207591445 by SoulhavenThursday, March 9, 2017Baby elephant sleeping on mama's foodyoutube.com/watch?v=rqBV9Xbdbboby sheeno motooPublished on May 4, 2016Cute baby elephant' playing - افيال صغيرة تلعبyoutube.com/watch?v=zm5EoCDgFiMby Adel ElkadyPublished on Dec 14, 2016Baby Elephant at the Fort Worth Zooyoutube.com/watch?v=6DTGtUC8atIGreg GellenePublished on Jul 18, 2013Baby elephant FaaMai is cuteness overload | Elephantstayyoutube.com/watch?v=c1eoRo4UfIUElephantstayPublished on Feb 17, 2018Baby elephant training its trunkyoutube.com/watch?v=o0E3VKc4xjcElephantstayPublished on Jul 6, 2018Elephant giving birth in Tsavo East National Park, Keniayoutube.com/watch?v=0cB7Wa2yHnIby Louwrens van der VoetPublished on Nov 2, 2016Baby elephant 1 week old, Gaowgalong | Elephantstayyoutube.com/watch?v=aWzQVW_kPyIby ElephantstayPublished on Jul 14, 2018Elephant Attack captured on GoProvimeo.com/137933909by Kid_GoProPublished on Sept 1, 2015Migration Of Borneo Pygmy Elephantsvimeo.com/232285776by Caroline PangPublished on Sept 3, 2017Elephant Calf Learning to Eat Grassyoutube.com/watch?v=PZbGVgqcX5Aby ElephantListenProjPublished on May 16, 2017Baby elephant having a playful bathyoutube.com/watch?v=KYRsq5T06U4by sheeno motooPublished on May 5, 2016Other licenses:this image shows you an elephant eating the bark of a tree. Location: Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu,India. By Vpad236 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49372720Two African bush elephants Pulling strips of bark from a treeBy Andrew Shiva / Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24516228 By Yathin S Krishnappa - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21376480
Word Blindness - Pure Alexia. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2018-08-07 | Alexia refers to a disorder in which a person loses the ability to read. It can co-exist with another disorder, called agraphia, which is when a person loses the ability to write. However, what is truly fascinating about alexia is that it can occur on its own while leaving writing intact. In these cases it is called pure alexia. Thanks to patrons:LibgovWhitney ToftnessWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shopReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/19TvDJoYoDhuMMnZWvnuweZDx-VvXYbClHewvErLPQBE/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons Credits:ASMR - Handwriting Practice [No Talking]youtube.com/watch?v=rUkKZEBju84by Misha ShiversPublished on Dec 27, 2014Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)Learning Armenian Language.How to write Armenian lettersyoutube.com/watch?v=4xFdd0uIamcby GareginPublished on Feb 16, 2014Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)
Motion Blindness - Akinetopsia. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2018-07-27 | Akinetopsia is an extremely rare disorder in which a person loses the ability to perceive movement. This loss of movement perception occurs in all three dimensions: up-down, left-right, and back-forth. Instead of objects looking like they are smoothly moving from one position to another, objects are usually perceived as jumping from place to place. Quite often, objects will show up multiple times in the vision of a person with akinetopsia, because the brain thinks that there are multiple objects instead of one moving object.Thanks to patrons:LibgovWhitney ToftnessWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shopReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1Cn6XqgkTcddfxV7RA0ysek1Zyg9vruTVn5WkxuqEmYU/edit?usp=sharingCreative Commons CreditsRugby passing and receiving in slow motionby Eva ChaoPublished on Jan 7, 2018Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=VZkzWs4wBDwWorking flour windmill in Hollandby edmondhollandvideoPublished on Dec 20, 2011Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=7_xdmzvCSw8Creepy Watson 2- The Return Trailerfrom MTSGamesLive, originally created by Focus Home Interactive and Frogwares StudioPublished on Apr 1, 2013Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=VMjydUpr6FQ Rotating_globe.gifBy AzaToth, Own work.CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=582153The Gold Rush - 1925 (Public Domain)[This is the Charlie Chaplin film shown]Stop Motion Claymation Morphing HandsBy WillandWillPublished on Mar 6, 2017Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=moqR8DPzuXIWestie parade in Taiwan #2 Nov.26,2017By Jack ChienPublished on Nov 26, 2017Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)youtube.com/watch?v=BsGGWweUyf8
Forgetting Colors - Achromatopsia. The Ways Your Brain Can Break ARTexplains Science and History 2018-07-27 | When severe color blindness exists due to damage to the brain’s cerebral cortex, it is called cerebral achromatopsia. What differentiates cerebral achromatopsia from other forms of color blindness is that in a person with cerebral achromatopsia, their eyes may be no different from a typical person’s eyes, and the differences in color perception exist only due to a damaged brain. That is, the wavelengths of light are entering into their eyes as normal, and are transferred as information into the brain, but the brain has forgotten how to turn those wavelengths into perceptions of color.Thanks to patrons:LibgovWhitney ToftnessWebsite:alexandertoftness.com Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ARTexplainsTwitter: http://www.twitter.com/ARTexplainsFacebook: http://www.facebook.com/ARTexplainsShop: (ARTexplains Fridge Magnets Available Here):alexandertoftness.com/shopReferences for this episode:docs.google.com/document/d/1Usdhg38jBYLHYoMkq2464GGnzqE4PtdwkeXtuWv8bB4/edit?usp=sharing Creative Commons Credits:Creative Commons:June's multi-colored eyesby Keith Kisselflickr.com/photos/74419347@N00/107382056 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 Simulation of Different Color Deficiencies, Color Blindnessby Johannes Ahlmannflickr.com/photos/entirelysubjective/6146852926creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 Human Visual PathwayBy Miquel Perello Nieto - Own work CC BY-SA 4.0 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_visual_pathway.svg#/media/File:Human_visual_pathway.svg commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37868501 EM Spectrumby NASA Blueshiftflickr.com/photos/nasablueshift/9685685433 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
