The Battle of the Linguists | Pirahã Part 2 @kklein

K Klein Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel 🎉. Get up to 60% OFF your subscription ➡️ Here: go.babbel.com/t?bsc=1200m60-youtube-kklein-mar-2023&btp=default&utm_term=generic_v1&utm_medium=paidsocial&utm_source=YouTube&utm_content=Influencer..kklein..USA..YouTube

A sequel to: youtube.com/watch?v=7_OGnyQSTow

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Barkham, P. (2008). "The power of speech". The Guardian.

de Bot, K. (2015). A History of Applied Linguistics: From 1980 to the Present. Routledge.

Everett, D. (2005). "Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã". Current Anthropology v. 46, n. 4.

Everett, D. (2007). "Recursion and Human Thought: Why the Pirahã Don't Have Numbers". Edge.

Frank, M., Everett, D., Fedorenko, E. & Gibson, E. (2008). "Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirahã language and cognition". Cognition v. 108.

Gordon, P. (2004). "Numerical Cognition Without Words: Evidence from Amazonia". Science.

Hauser, M., Chomsky, N. & Fitch, T. (2002). "The Language Faculty: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?" Science 298: 1569–1579.

Hurford, J. (1995). "Nativist and Functional Explanations in Language Acquisition". Logical Issues in Language Acquisition.

Ibbotson, P. & Tomasello, M. (2016). "Evidence Rebuts Chomsky’s Theory of Language Learning". Scientific American.

Murphy, J. (1974). Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from St. Augustine to the Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Pawley, A. (2005). In: Everett, D. "Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã". Current Anthropology v. 46, n. 4: Comments.

Piantadosi, S., Stearns, L., Everett, D. & Gibson, E. (2012). "A corpus analysis of Pirahã grammar: An investigation of recursion".

Sampson, G. (2005). The 'Language Instinct' Debate: Revised Edition. Bloomsbury Academic.

Tymoczko, T. & Henle, J. (2004). Sweet Reason: A Field Guide to Modern Logic. Springer Science & Business Media.

Valian, V. (1986). "Syntactic Categories in the Speech of Young Children". Developmental Psychology.

Whorf, B. (1936). "An American Indian Model of the Universe". Published 1950 by Institute of General Semantics.

Wells, P. (2022). "The Implications Of Everett". 3 Quarks Daily.

Wierzbicka, A. (2005). In: Everett, D. "Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã". Current Anthropology v. 46, n. 4: Comments.

enGrama Ψ. (2021). "Daniel Everett's contributions are basically nothing" - Noam Chomsky. [Video]. YouTube. Available from: youtube.com/watch?v=UBla-h36ywA

NOTE ABOUT CHOMSKY: No part of this video should not be taken as an endorsement of Noam Chomsky’s politics. Mr Chomsky has recently made several comments in favour of Ukraine laying down arms and allowing a Russian invasion in the Ukraine War. Both myself and my artist find these pro-imperialist comments disgusting and sinister, and stand in stark political opposition to this view.

Chapters:
00:00 - Intro
01:59 - Everett, Chomsky, and Universal Grammar
06:30 - Recursion
09:22 - Chomsky’s Response and the End of UG
11:38 - Credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Ümit Duran - Turkish

#chomsky #linguistics #recursion

updated 1 year ago

The Battle of the Linguists | Pirahã Part 2

K Klein 2023-03-16 | Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel 🎉. Get up to 60% OFF your subscription ➡️ Here: go.babbel.com/t?bsc=1200m60-youtube-kklein-mar-2023&btp=default&utm_term=generic_v1&utm_medium=paidsocial&utm_source=YouTube&utm_content=Influencer..kklein..USA..YouTube

A sequel to: youtube.com/watch?v=7_OGnyQSTow

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Barkham, P. (2008). "The power of speech". The Guardian.

de Bot, K. (2015). A History of Applied Linguistics: From 1980 to the Present. Routledge.

Everett, D. (2005). "Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã". Current Anthropology v. 46, n. 4.

Everett, D. (2007). "Recursion and Human Thought: Why the Pirahã Don't Have Numbers". Edge.

Frank, M., Everett, D., Fedorenko, E. & Gibson, E. (2008). "Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirahã language and cognition". Cognition v. 108.

Gordon, P. (2004). "Numerical Cognition Without Words: Evidence from Amazonia". Science.

Hauser, M., Chomsky, N. & Fitch, T. (2002). "The Language Faculty: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?" Science 298: 1569–1579.

Hurford, J. (1995). "Nativist and Functional Explanations in Language Acquisition". Logical Issues in Language Acquisition.

Ibbotson, P. & Tomasello, M. (2016). "Evidence Rebuts Chomsky’s Theory of Language Learning". Scientific American.

Murphy, J. (1974). Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from St. Augustine to the Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Pawley, A. (2005). In: Everett, D. "Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã". Current Anthropology v. 46, n. 4: Comments.

Piantadosi, S., Stearns, L., Everett, D. & Gibson, E. (2012). "A corpus analysis of Pirahã grammar: An investigation of recursion".

Sampson, G. (2005). The 'Language Instinct' Debate: Revised Edition. Bloomsbury Academic.

Tymoczko, T. & Henle, J. (2004). Sweet Reason: A Field Guide to Modern Logic. Springer Science & Business Media.

Valian, V. (1986). "Syntactic Categories in the Speech of Young Children". Developmental Psychology.

Whorf, B. (1936). "An American Indian Model of the Universe". Published 1950 by Institute of General Semantics.

Wells, P. (2022). "The Implications Of Everett". 3 Quarks Daily.

Wierzbicka, A. (2005). In: Everett, D. "Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã". Current Anthropology v. 46, n. 4: Comments.

enGrama Ψ. (2021). "Daniel Everett's contributions are basically nothing" - Noam Chomsky. [Video]. YouTube. Available from: youtube.com/watch?v=UBla-h36ywA

NOTE ABOUT CHOMSKY: No part of this video should not be taken as an endorsement of Noam Chomsky’s politics. Mr Chomsky has recently made several comments in favour of Ukraine laying down arms and allowing a Russian invasion in the Ukraine War. Both myself and my artist find these pro-imperialist comments disgusting and sinister, and stand in stark political opposition to this view.

Chapters:
00:00 - Intro
01:59 - Everett, Chomsky, and Universal Grammar
06:30 - Recursion
09:22 - Chomsky’s Response and the End of UG
11:38 - Credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Ümit Duran - Turkish

#chomsky #linguistics #recursion

Why Do Swedes Think Norwegian Sounds Silly?

K Klein 2024-09-05 | Don't watch Royalteen. | Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code KKlein at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: http://incogni.com/kklein

I apologise for my Norwegian pronunciation. I thought it would be better to try a little than just pronounce it in Swedish but maybe that ended up just sounding sillier.

Correction: "frokost" instead of "frukost" in the transcription of Johannes' Norwegian.

Thanks to my patrons!! Thank you :)
And thanks to Falch, Johannes and Ingrid!!

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

0:00 - Intro
1:40 - Scandinavian Languages
3:40 - The Silly Valley
4:52 - Intonation
6:22 - Cultural Effects
8:53 - Credits

#norwegian #linguistics

The Stupidly Complicated Linguistics of Toddler Languages

K Klein 2024-07-25 | Oh toddler speech is very complicated... and believe me, this video is the simplified version. 1:06 should be "voiceLESS consonants... become voiced", not "voiced consonants... become voiced".

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

--------------------------------------------------------------
Sources/Reading:

Prince, A. & Smolensky, P. (1997). "Optimality: From Neural Networks to Universal Grammar". In: Science 275, 1604–1610.

Prince, A. & Smolensky, P. (2004) [1993]. "Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar". Malden: Blackwell.

Smith, B. (1979). "A Phonetic Analysis of Consonantal Devoicing in Children's Speech". In: Journal of Child Language v6 n1, 19-28.

Velten, H. (1943). "The Growth of Phonemic and Lexical Patterns in Infant Language".
--------------------------------------------------------------

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Music also hastily put together by me

00:00 - Final Devoicing
03:05 - Optimality Theory
07:20 - Modelling Toddler Language
10:36 - Final Devoicing Revisited
12:00 - Criticisms & Closing Remarks

My Most Controversial Video...

K Klein 2024-06-16 | The video I changed the world with. It shook the foundations of the earth. No-one can look at me the same way again. But I and I alone stood tall and was correct....

(well, me and like 95% of the current linguistic establishment)

The original DIVISIVE video: youtube.com/watch?v=YH512TnN4P0&t=18s

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Music also hastily put together by me

0:00 - Intro
0:29 - Video
5:39 - Credits

#controversial #english #language

This Asterisk Is Shaping German Politics

K Klein 2024-05-20 | Learn any language with professional tutors and native speakers on LiveXP & enjoy these exclusive discounts:
Your first $0,99 trial lesson
Promocode: KKLEIN
Or follow the link:https://livexp.biz/KKLEIN
30% off monthly or quarterly subscription:
Promocode: KKLEIN30
Or follow the link: https://livexp.biz/KKLEIN30

Thanks to my patrons!!!
patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

AfD Fraktion Sachsen. (2021). "Korrekte Grammatik ist wichtig: Nein zur Gender-Sprache!". Link: https://afd-fraktion-sachsen.de/korrekte-grammatik-ist-wichtig-nein-zur-gender-sprache/

Brander, S., Heßenkemper, H., Höchst, N., Mrosek, A., Seitz, T., AfD. (2021). "Keine Verwendung der sogenannten gendergerechten Sprache durch die Bundesregierung". Deutscher Bundestag. 19. Wahlperiode.

BVB. (2024). "Sprachverwirrung durch Gendern stoppen – BVB / Freie Wähler beantragt Verbot von Genderzeichen in öffentlichen Einrichtungen". Link: https://www.bvb-fw-landtag.de/2024/01/23/sprachverwirrung-durch-gendern-stoppen-bvb-freie-waehler-beantragt-verbot-von-genderzeichen-in-oeffentlichen-einrichtungen/

Eurobarometer. (2023). "Discrimination in the European Union". Link: https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2972

Grabrucker, M. (1993). Vater Staat hat keine Muttersprache. Frankfurt/M: Fischer.

Klein, K. (2022). "Let's Talk About Singular They." YouTube. Link: youtube.com/watch?v=gq5xLI77TGA&t=302s

Landesgleichstellungsgesetz vom 4. Juli 1994 (GVBl.I/94, [Nr. 19], S.254).

n-tv. (2024). "AfD: Initiative gegen Gender-Stern in offiziellen Schreiben". Regionalnachrichten: Berlin & Brandenburg. Link: https://www.n-tv.de/regionales/berlin-und-brandenburg/AfD-Initiative-gegen-Gender-Stern-in-offiziellen-Schreiben-article24796872.html

Pfadenhauer, K. (2024). Kritik an Genderverbot in Bayern: "Solche Verbote Gleichen einer Rolle rückwärts". Tagesschau. Link: https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/genderverbot-bayern-100.html#:~:text=Seit%20Montag%20gilt%20in%20Bayern,Universit%C3%A4ten%20verweisen%20auf%20die%20Forschungsfreiheit

Pusch, L. (2019). "Debatte Geschlechtergerechte Sprache: Eine für alle". Die Tageszeitung. Link: https://taz.de/Debatte-Geschlechtergerechte-Sprache/!5577446/

Zeit Online. (2021). "Mehrheit der Deutschen lehnt gendergerechte Sprache ab". Link: https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-05/23/mehrheit-der-deutschen-lehnt-gendergerechte-sprache-ab

00:00 - Intro
02:20 - Gender Neutrality in German
04:50 - The Politics
13:52 - Credits

Written and created by K Klein
Art by kvd102
Aditional research and script supervision by Inola Scheel

#genderideology #gender #germany

Is Lord of the Rings Racist?

K Klein 2024-04-24 | A discussion of how Lord of the Rings ended up like this. | Buy Symphony of the Sojourn: amazon.com/dp/B0CT89VR14?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details

Thanks to my patrons!!!
patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Branston, B. (1957). The Lost Gods of England. London: Thames and Hudson.

Chance, J. (1979). Tolkien’s Art: A ‘Mythology for England’. London & Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.

Hardman, G. trans. (2011). The Saga of Sorli the Strong. The Complete Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda. Available online at: germanicmythology.com/FORNALDARSAGAS/SorliStrekaHardman.html [last accessed 08/04/2024].

Humphrey, C. (1977). Tolkien: a biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Shipley, T. (1982). The Road to Middle-Earth. Allen & Unwin.

Shippey, T. (2004). "Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel". In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

St Clair, G. (1996). "An Overview Of the Northern Influences on Tolkien's Works". Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature, v. 21, no. 2, Article 13.

Stuart, R. (2022). Tolkien, Race, and Racism in Middle-earth. Palgrave Macmillan.

Tolkien, J. (1932, 1934). "Sigelwara Land". Medium Aevum, v.1 no.3 & v.3 no.2.

See also:

Sinex, M. (2010). "Monsterized Saracens," Tolkien's Haradrim, and Other Medieval "Fantasy Products". Tolkien Studies, v. 7, no. 1, p 175-196.

Written and created by K Klein
Art by kvd102

Fixing the Yiddish Keyboard

K Klein 2024-02-17 | The first 500 people to use my link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare: https://skl.sh/kklein02241
I'm so sorry to anyone who uses the word bank on duolingo

Cú's channel - youtube.com/@CuDoesThings

Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator - microsoft.com/en-gb/download/details.aspx?id=102134

Isaac L Bleaman's phonetic Yiddish keyboard - isaacbleaman.com/resources/yiddish_typing

For more information about Yiddish - yivo.org

00:00 - Introduction to Yiddish
00:53 - Introduction to Yiddish Duolingo
02:35 - The Problem
05:48 - The New Yiddish Keyboard
08:02 - Ending & Credits

Written and created by K Klein
Additional writing @Annatomyy
Art by kvd102
Music by K Klein

#yiddish #linguistics #keyboards

English Doesnt Have a Future Tense

K Klein 2024-01-20 | English is a two-tense language.

Thanks to my patrons!!!
patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch

#linguistics #language #englishgrammar

Languages That Came Back from the Dead (feat. @LingoLizard)

K Klein 2023-12-25 | ooooo spooky christmas present || Check out @LingoLizard !! very fun project to do together

NOTE: LingoLizard checked the Ethnologue thing and it is actually true, sorry for doubting you Wikipedia (but still frick paywalls)

Thanks to my patrons!! Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

00:00 - Intro/Etruscan
00:38 - Manx
02:43 - Classical Arabic
04:47 - Coptic
08:53 - When Does a Language Die?
10:35 - Credits

Written and created by K Klein and @LingoLizard
Edited by K Klein
Art by kvd102
Music by K Klein

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch

#language #linguistics #revival

So I Invented a Fantasy World...

K Klein 2023-11-29 | Use my exclusive link http://mondly.app/kklein to get 96% off the lifetime option on Mondly! | 100k subscriber special or something idk lol

Credits at the end of the video, for the whole K Klein channel so far. Wanted to thank you all for helping me along the way. lol scuffed mic for credits cos i sped it up cos i was talking too slowly but im not editing the audio or rerecording because loooool

Thanks to my Patrons!!
patreon.com/user?u=73482298

The fantasy world presented in this video, its geography, details, narratives, and the script and content of this video are created by myself, and are therefore my intellectual property and subject to Copyright. The artwork used in this video and the maps of the fantasy land of Dycratus were created by kvd102 – this is his intellectual property and is also subject to Copyright.

YOU MAY REFER TO THE CONTENT OF THIS VIDEO IF YOU WISH, AND USE THE SCRIPTURE, AS LONG AS YOU DO NOT TRY TO PASS ANYTHING OFF AS YOUR OWN.

00:00 - Introduction to Dycratus
02:05 - The Beginning of the World
05:06 - The Trektia and the Dragons
07:49 - Menizario and the Nameless One
11:26 - Credits

Written and created by me
Extra writing & editing by ⁠⁠@Annatomyy
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

#worldbuilding #100kspecial

Yep. Palestine. Were Doing It.

K Klein 2023-10-26 | donate directly: pcrf1.app.neoncrm.com/forms/gaza-relief

Support the stream: streamlabs.com/kklein

French Spelling Isnt That Bad

K Klein 2023-10-12 | French orthography hurt me | 🌏 Get Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ nordvpn.com/kklein It’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌

Thanks to my patrons!! Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

can't believe i did the thingy wrong i wrote "ils ont" a second time instead of replacing it with "ils écoutent", silly me

Written and created by K Klein
Art by kvd102
Additional writing and editing by @Annatomyy
Music by K Klein

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Natheniel Siu - Cantonese
Sicilanguageist - Italian
Le Napolitain - French

#french #linguistics

Gender is NOT the Same as Sex

K Klein 2023-09-27 | I declare gender is not the same as sex | Go to https://sponsr.is/cs_kklein and use code KKLEIN to save 25% off today. Thanks to Curiosity Stream for sponsoring today’s video.

Thanks to my patrons! Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Bibliography:

Austin, J. (1962). How to Do Things With Words. Oxford University Press.

Davies, S. (2006). "Challenging Gender Norms: Five Genders Among Bugis in Indonesia." Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology.

Davies, S. (2016). "What we can learn from an Indonesian ethnicity that recognizes five genders." The Conversation.

Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.

Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. Basic Books.

Haig, D. (2004). "The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001." Archives of Sexual Behavior v. 33 no. 2.

Shakespeare, W. (w. 1603-1604). Othello. Act I Scene 3.

Wade, L. (2013). "From Manly to Sexy: The History of the High Heel." The Society Pages.

Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations.

00:00 - Etymology of Gender
02:15 - "Gender is Made Up"
10:03 - Austin's Speech Acts
16:35 - Wittgenstein's Familial Resemblance
20:43 - Gender as a Lens
23:33 - Wittgenstein's Language Games
26:47 - Gender as a Language Game
28:56 - Credits

Written and created by K Klein
Additional writing and editing by ⁠@Annatomyy
Art and camera by kvd102
Music by K Klein.

#gender #linguistics #wittgenstein

Creating the Worlds Worst Language

K Klein 2023-08-18 | Click the link try.lingoda.com/KKlein_Sprint and use my code KKLEIN20 for €20 or $25 off your Lingoda Sprint registration! || I try to test the theoretical limit for how bad a language can get while also making extremely nerdy jokes rolled into a video. Enjoy ig :D

An entry for: youtube.com/watch?v=_2fhHUuMxcA&t=120s from @AgmaSchwa

Thanks to my patrons!!
patreon.com/user?u=73482298

00:00 - Introductory Remarks
03:37 - Destroying the Lexicon
05:03 - Deixis (and how to use it for evil)
07:43 - Orthography
09:12 - A Joke
09:53 - Sample Text
11:17 - Credits

Written and edited by K Klein
Additional writing and editing by @Annatomyy
Art by kvd102
Music by K Klein.

Why Is Dutch Called That?

K Klein 2023-08-01 | Go to squarespace.com/KKLEIN to get a free trial and 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain | hi Leeuwe

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:
Blom-Zandstra, M., Paulissen, M., Agricola, H., Schaap, B. (2009). "How will climate change affect spatial planning in agricultural and natural environments? Examples from three Dutch case study regions." IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 8(1).
Elton, G. (1990). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 2, The Reformation, 1520–1559. p 342. Cambridge University Press.
Harreld, D. (2004). The Dutch Economy in the Golden Age (16th – 17th Centuries). EH.Net Encyclopedia, ed. Whaples, R.
Logie, J. (1980). 1830: De la régionalisation à l'indépendance. Paris-Gembloux, Duculot.
(2022). Online Etymology Dictionary. “Dutch”.

Paintings:
"Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830" by Gustaf Wappers.
"The Four Days’ Battle" by Abraham Storck.
Portrait of William III of England by Godfrey Kneller.

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch

The Language of Hyrule (Tears of the Kingdom)

K Klein 2023-07-22 | Go to squarespace.com/KKLEIN to get a free trial and 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain | If BotW 3 doesn’t include a full Gerudo conlang with in-game lessons, I’m not buying it.

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Special thanks to @TheStellarJay and his Japanese friend
Music composed by Mitsuhiko Takano and performed by me.

STREAM AGAINST AIDS

K Klein 2023-07-03 | DONATE: streamlabscharity.com/@k-klein/help-stop-hivaids

Support the stream: streamlabs.com/kklein

Swahili Has 11** Genders**

K Klein 2023-06-22 | Go to squarespace.com/KKLEIN to get a free trial and 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.
Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Thanks to Letsko from Discord for checking my Swahili.
Music by me.

#linguistics #swahili #kiswahili

When an AI Makes a Language (A Laypersons Experience)

K Klein 2023-06-02 | Go to squarespace.com/KKLEIN to get a free trial and 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain. | The longest I've ever spent on a meme video.

ChatGPT voiced by @Annatomyy
Video from AgmaSchwa: youtube.com/watch?v=GT-vApPZbvo&t=639s
Thanks to my patrons!! Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

"Zero predicate" should have been "zero copula" - I was being silly.
I'm not an AI expert or programmer and don't know how to prompt this thing properly. This is a layperson's experience of the AI, and is more for entertainment than anything else.

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

#chatgpt #linguistics #conlang

This Sound Only Exists In One Language

K Klein 2023-05-15 | Go to squarespace.com/KKLEIN to get a free trial and 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.
Danish is a very serious language which I take very seriously.

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:
Basbøll, H. (2005). The Phonology of Danish. Oxford University Press.

Bauer, L.; Dienhart, J.; Hartvigson, H. & Jakobsen, L. (1980). American English Pronunciation: Supplement, Comparison with Danish.

Fischer-Jørgensen, E. (2009). "Phonetic Analysis of the Stød in Standard Danish". Phonetica v46. De Gruyter Mouton.

Grønnum, N. (1998). "Danish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association v28.

Gussenhoven, C. & Aarts, F. (1999). "The dialect of Maastricht". Journal of the International Phonetic Association v29.

Jespersen, O. (1897-9). Fonetik. Copenhagen: Det Schubotheske Forlag.

Kiparsky, P. (2006). "Livonian stød". Stanford University.

Ladefoged, P. & Maddieson, I. (1996). The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.

Den Danske Ordbog. "stød". [accessed 10/5/2023]. Available from: https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=st%C3%B8d

Mic’s Languages. (2022). "The Danish Stød (Glottal Stop) - Video 1, Basic Information". [Video]. YouTube. Available from: youtube.com/watch?v=6_ZPmiwN4T4

0:00 - Vowels and stød
1:26 - Blødt d
5:30 - End & credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Danish pronounced by Noah
Music by me.

Subtitles:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch

#danish #linguistics #phonetics

So I Invented a Language...

K Klein 2023-05-07 | Get a 7-day free trial and 25% off Blinkist Annual Premium by using my promolink blinkist.com/kklein.

The nerdiest video I’m ever making on this channel, probably.
Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Note: The rules for phonemic stress I lay out in this video are very brief – as some of you may have noticed, I myself do not seem to adhere to them when I say words in Meyhendgar in this very video. Some additional things to note for those of you who care enough to read this:
- the letter “che” also shifts the stress onto the following syllable
- stress moves to the syllable before the verb ending (“-tu” or “-rar”) in verbs in forwards or backwards form
- stress moves to the syllable before the genitive ending for nouns in the primary genitive
- stress moves to the first syllable of the secondary genitive ending
- I did, however, mispronounce “tenepene”, which should have primary stress on the first syllable and secondary stress on the last syllable

Also I know my pronunciation is weird at times, especially of /x/. It isn’t supposed to be a pure velar fricative in Meyhendgar, I believe it’s a little guttural sometimes and it’s definitely labialised, at least before rounded or front vowels. I know what all this stuff sounds like in my head, you get me? Like I conlang first, deal with the science later.

Chapters:
00:00 - Intro
02:26 - A History of Meyhendgar
05:32 - Key Features of Meyhendgar
10:21 - Credits

The conlang presented in this video, its constructed script, its history within the world of Dycratus, any further facts about Dycratus, and the script and content of this video are created by myself exclusively, and are therefore my intellectual property and subject to Copyright. The digitalisation of the script and the maps of the fantasy land of Dycratus were created by kvd102 – this is his intellectual property and is also subject to Copyright.

YOU MAY REFER TO THE CONTENT OF THIS VIDEO IF YOU WISH, AND USE THE SCRIPTURE, AS LONG AS YOU DO NOT TRY TO PASS ANYTHING OFF AS YOUR OWN.

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Le Napolitain - French
Fernit0505 - Spanish

#conlang #linguistics #worldbuilding

Why YOU Should Learn a Language, Explained in 4 Minutes

K Klein 2023-04-24 | Go to squarespace.com/KKLEIN to get a free trial and 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.

A sequel to: youtube.com/watch?v=_a4cHz8LgBo

Thanks to my patrons!! Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Alladi, S., Bak, T., Duggirala, V., Surampudi, B., Shailaja, M., Shukla, A., Chaudhuri, J. & Kaul, S. (2013). "Bilingualism delays age at onset of dementia, independent of education and immigration status". Neurology, 81 (22).

Bialystok, E., Craik, F. & Freedman, M. (2007). "Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia". Neuropsychologia.

Pawle, L. (2013). "Language skills deficit costs the UK £48bn a year". The Guardian.

Roberts, R. & Kreuz, R. (2019). "Can Learning a Foreign Language Prevent Dementia?" The MIT Press Reader.

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Le Napolitain - French
klawik - Polish
Avaxar - Indonesian
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch

#learnlanguages #linguistics #economics

Why Are the English So Bad At Languages? (Statistically Speaking)

K Klein 2023-04-09 | Learn 150+ languages with quality native-speaking teachers on italki🎉. Buy $10 get $5 off for your first lesson using my code KKLEIN :
Web: go.italki.com/kkleinapr
App: https://italki.app.link/kkleinapr

It’s not the English people's fault. But why are the Swedish so good at English, hm? Thanks to my patrons!! Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Graphs I created for the video: docs.google.com/document/d/13VC5Mh62SdPqJWcOx6iiNzd4yyfP0d4EDc3Kso9l78Y/edit?usp=sharing

Sources:

Shepperd, L. (2021). "Foreign languages: primary and secondary schools". House of Lords Library. UK Parliament.

(2005-2011). "GCSE Exam Results". BBC.

(2012). "Europeans and their Languages". Special Eurobarometer 386.

(2012-2014). "GCSE results". Archived by The Guardian. JCQ.

(2015-2022). "Results". JCQ.

(2021). Language, England and Wales: Census 2021.

(2023). "Swedish culture and traditions". Lund University, International Website.

Chapters:
0:00 - Intro
2:56 - Exposure in Media
5:02 - Differences in Schooling
8:14 - Credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Le Napolitain - French
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch

#englishlearning #sweden #linguistics

YouTube Doesnt Render Arabic Properly

K Klein 2023-03-11 | Special Thanks to Jafar for helping make this video!!
Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch

#arabic #youtube

What is the Enchanting Table Language?

K Klein 2023-02-28 | Go to my sponsor aura.com/kklein to get a 14 day free trial and see if your personal information has been leaked online!! Thanks to Aura for sponsoring this video.

Game footage used in this video:

Taken from LongplayArchive (youtube.com/@longplayarchive)
Longplay of Wolfenstein 3D: youtube.com/watch?v=khZtfys_vTM&t=6370s
Longplay of DOOM: youtube.com/watch?v=A9xVaHDaQ30&t=33s

Taken from IlluminaHD (youtube.com/@IlluminaHD)
Minecraft Speedrun: youtube.com/watch?v=P7sYuRAiAbg&t=860s

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Written and created by me
Art and thumbnail by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Le Napolitain - French
TauPsi - Spanish

#minecraft #enchantingtable #linguistics

STREAM FOR TURKEY & SYRIA - linguistics, politics, personal anecdotes, cheese and more

K Klein 2023-02-11 | DONATE: streamlabscharity.com/@k-klein/syria-and-turkey-crisis-appeal-k-klein

Support the stream: streamlabs.com/kklein

How Do Words Go Bad?

K Klein 2023-02-06 | A pretty swiving good video if you ask me.
@TheStellarJay 's video - youtube.com/watch?v=EavvQBMPs5w

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Bostrom, R., Baseheart, J. & Rossiter, C. (1973). "The Effects of Three Types of Profane Language in Persuasive Messages". Journal of Communication, v 23 i 4 (p. 461-475).

Demby, G. (2014). "Why We Have So Many Terms For 'People Of Color'". NPR.

Harper, D. (last updated 2022). "sh*t". Online Etymology Dictionary. [Accessed 21/01/2023].

Hodges, R. (2015). "The Rise and Fall of ‘Mentally Ret*rded’". Human Parts.

Liberman, A. (2008). "f*ck". An Analytic Dictionary of the English Etymology. University of Minnesota Press.

Mohr, M. (2013). Holy Sh*t: A Brief History of Swearing. Oxford University Press.

Moore, B. (ed). (2004). The Australian Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press.

Ringe, D. (2006). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford University Press.

Sharon, H. (1974). "Terms for Low Intelligence". American Speech.

Sheidlower, J. (1995). The F Word. Oxford University Press.

Stephens, R., Atkins, J. & Kingston, A. (2009). "Swearing as a response to pain". Neuroreport.

0:00 - Intro
1:09 - Euphemisms
2:56 - Sh*t
4:01 - Why Have Swear Words?
5:55 - Outro & Credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Inne Rzeczy - Polish
Дзишу Фурыч - Russian
Macie Cee - Taiwanese Mandarin
Affluenza - Tagalog
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Jet - German
Le Napolitain - French

#youtube #linguistics #swearing

Italian Sounds A Bit Like Swedish (And Why Thats Interesting)

K Klein 2023-01-28 | Silly little video | Install Raid for Free ✅ IOS/ANDROID/PC: clcr.me/KKlein_Jan23 and get a special starter pack with an Epic champion Chonoru💥 Available only for new players for the next 30 days
Visit Champions Elect Event page championselect.plarium.com ⚡ to get a chance to win amazing in-game and real life prizes 🎁
Promo codes:
✅ Use the Promo Code RAIDRONDA to get a bunch of helpful stuff like a 3-day 100% XP boost, 500K Silver and 5 full Energy refills, 50 Auto battle x3. Available for ALL users: New and Old by February 28
✅ Use the Promo Code READY4RAID to get 4 x Skill Tomes Rare, 4 x Rank Up Chickens 3*, 40 Random EXP brews, 200 Autobattle tickets, 1 million silver. Available for New users only by February 28
*Note that only 1 Promo code can be used within 24 hours

LingoLizard video which inspired this one: youtube.com/watch?v=afJmGG9vRc8

Transcription of "åker" was incorrect; the first vowel should have been /o:/ (thanks kvd for pointing that out)

My video, in part, deals with historical linguistics. Please bear in mind that this is from the mainstream understanding of these Proto-languages as of January 2023. Ideas about reconstructed languages cannot be taken as absolute fact.

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Chapters:
0:00 - Vowel Sounds
0:49 - Ad
2:07 - Vowel/Consonant Similarity
4:40 - Differences
5:40 - Credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Ivan - German
Дзишу Фурыч - Russian
Alberto - Italian
Jaco - Spanish
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Sean P - Portuguese (Brazil)

This video is sponsored by Raid Shadow Legends.
Raid: Shadow Legends “Champions Elect” Prize Promotion. Entry is Open to legal residents of THE 50 UNITED STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (EXCLUDING NEW YORK AND FLORIDA), who are 18 years or older. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED. Open only to NEW users with a valid Player ID that downloaded Raid: Shadow Legends and opened a Game Account after January 1st, 2023. To install Raid: Shadow Legends for Free, click HERE clcr.me/KKlein_Jan23

Downloading Raid: Shadow Legends is subject to Plarium Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. In-game purchases are available. NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR TO WIN A PRIZE. A PURCHASE DOES NOT IMPROVE YOUR CHANCES OF WINNING A PRIZE. Prizes: in-game items and/or Amazon.com Gift Cards, in the value and number as described in the Promotion Official Rules [championselect.plarium.com]. Additional Terms may apply on Amazon.com Gift Cards as set forth here ( http://amazon.com/gc-legal ). Prizes will be rewarded randomly, and subject to Eligibility Requirement/s set forth in the Promotion Official Rules. Promotion Period: January 16th at 00:01 – February 10th at 23:59. Sponsor: Plarium Global Ltd. Administrator: ( GLTCH Group Ltd). Personal Data will be processed in accordance with the Privacy Notice [ http://championselect.plarium.com ]

#linguistics #italian #swedish

German Nouns DONT Change Gender (And Why Its Not That Interesting)

K Klein 2023-01-19 | NO HATE to any of the people mentioned in this video. peace and love to all. | Response to comments on the video: youtube.com/watch?v=jXjvXAIwgME

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Chinese Isnt (Really) A Language...

K Klein 2023-01-13 | Controversial video title. It’s not as bad as it sounds. | Start learning for free with Busuu and try premium for 7 days!
💻 Web: bit.ly/kklein_busuu
📱 Mobile: bit.ly/kklein_busuu_app

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Dong, J. (2009). "The enregisterment of Putonghua in practice". Working Papers in Urban Language and Literacies.

Norman, J. (2003). "The Chinese dialects: Phonology". The Sino-Tibetan languages. Routledge.

Zhang, X. (1998). "Dialect MT: A Case Study between Cantonese and Mandarin". Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Zhao, E. & Wu, Y. (2020). "Over 80 percent of Chinese population speak Mandarin". People’s Daily Online.

0:00 - Intro
1:58 - Various Ramblings
5:50 - Credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Idea by gu-de-mao-ning
Music by me.
This video is sponsored by Busuu

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Kaiserthe13th - Turkish
Дзишу Фурыч - Russian
João P. Magalhães - Portuguese (Brazil)
Rubýñ - Spanish
deacu daniel - Romanian

#chinese #linguistics #mandarin

The Tribe That Cant Count | Pirahã Part 1

K Klein 2022-12-15 | Thanks to HelloFresh for sponsoring today's video. Go to strms.net/KKleinHelloFreshDecemberYT and use code POGKLEINDEC70 for 70% off plus free shipping on your first box! #ad

The sequel: youtube.com/watch?v=g14EvDDhgpE

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Barkham, P. (2008). "The power of speech". The Guardian.

Everett, D. (1979). "Aspectos da Fonologia do Pirahã". State University of Campinas.

Everett, D. (2005). "Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã". Current Anthropology v. 46, n. 4.

Frank, M., Everett, D., Fedorenko, E. & Gibson, E. (2008). Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirahã language and cognition. Cognition v. 108.

Gonçalves, M. (2004). "Pirahã". Encyclopaedia – Indigenous Peoples of Brazil.

Majid, A. & Sutton, J. (2009). " Adventures in the jungle of language". The Psychologist. The British Psychological Society.

Malotki, E. (1983). "Hopi Time". TiLSM v. 20. De Gruyter Mouton.

Whorf, B. (1936). "An American Indian Model of the Universe". Published 1950 by Institute of General Semantics.

Chapters:
0:00 - Intro
1:58 - The Pirahã Couldn't Learn to Count
2:36 - Whorf & Malotki
3:51 - Everett's Theories
4:37 - The Eurocentrism Debate
6:28 - Credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Izet - Bosnian
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
CD-ROMy - German
Дзишу Фурыч - Russian
Diriector_Doc - French

#everett #linguistics

cheese stream

K Klein 2022-12-10 | DONATE: streamlabscharity.com/@k-klein/charity-livestream-for-ukraine

Support the stream: streamlabs.com/kklein

English Teachers Get This Wrong About English (a Pedantic Response to @zoe_bee)

K Klein 2022-12-05 | Save 86% on Private Internet Access VPN! piavpn.com/kklein | No hate to Zoe Bee; she is fantastic: youtube.com/@zoe_bee

This is a video about the subject IN ENGLISH. It applies to some other languages, but not others.

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Arcus, D. (2019). "The Passive Voice Has No Place In Conversations About Rape". WBUR.

Henley, N., Miller, M., & Beazley, J. (1995). "Syntax, Semantics, and Sexual Violence: Agency and the Passive Voice". Journal of Language and Social Psychology.

Zoe Bee. (2022). "What's the Deal with Passive Voice?". YouTube. Available from youtube.com/watch?v=eh3YopYm83U

Chapters:
0:00 - Intro
2:08 - What the Subject Actually Is
3:23 - Side Note
5:00 - Credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Дзишу Фурыч - Russian

#linguistics #englishgrammar

The Established Titles Controversy (Streaming to save my reputation)

K Klein 2022-12-04 | DONATE: streamlabscharity.com/@k-klein/charity-livestream-for-ukraine

Support the stream: streamlabs.com/kklein

English is Harder Than You Think

K Klein 2022-11-25 | Send this to an English monolingual. We need to make them understand.

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

CelceMurcia, M., & LarsenFreeman, D. (1999). The grammar book: An ESL teacher’s course.
Boston: Heinle & Heinle.

Elbert, S. & Pukui, M. (1979). Hawaiian Grammar. University Press of Hawaii.

Han, F. (2013). "Pronunciation Problems of Chinese Learners of English". ORTESOL Journal: v30 (26-30).

Hanulíková, A. & Weber, A. (2010). "Production of English interdental fricatives by Dutch, German, and English speakers". Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.

Kim, S. (1999). "The Acquisition of Tense and Aspect by Korean and Chinese Learners of English". The University of Texas.

Martynchuk, O. (2010). "The Use of the English Article System by Russian Learners". University Of Oslo.

Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, J., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the
English Language. London: Longman.

Wells, J. (1982). Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.

WordReference. [Accessed 20/11/2022]. Conjugation of “go”.

Chapters:
0:00 - Intro
0:48 - Phonology
3:22 - Grammar
6:34 - Conclusion & Credits

Written and created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me.

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
klawik - Polish
Frotz - Italian
уля - Ukrainian
Ivan - German
Le Napolitain - French
Avaxar - Indonesian
Henry B - Spanish
Macie Cee - Taiwanese Mandarin
Elliot Chen - Standard Mandarin (Simplified Chinese)

#learnenglish #linguistics #englishgrammar

Talking About Transphobia and Chilling (Unimportant but Serious Video)

K Klein 2022-11-23 | DONATE: streamlabscharity.com/@k-klein/charity-livestream-for-ukraine

Support the stream: streamlabs.com/kklein

53.6k Subscriber Special Stream (also its for charity)

K Klein 2022-11-12 | DONATE: streamlabscharity.com/@k-klein/charity-livestream-for-ukraine

Support the stream: streamlabs.com/kklein

Can Trees TALK?

K Klein 2022-11-02 | DON'T BUY FROM ESTABLISHED TITLES WITHOUT DOING YOUR OWN RESEARCH FIRST. They only use a fraction of a fraction of the money they make towards actual tree-planting or environmental work, and DO NOT make you a Lord/Lady officially.
Weird video for this channel but it was fun to make.

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Curwood, S. (Host). (2018). "The Hidden Life of Trees". Living on Earth, 17/08/2018.

Gagliano, M., Vyazovskiy, V., Borbély, A. et al. (2016). "Learning by Association in Plants". Sci Rep 6, 38427.

Grant, R. (2018). "Do Trees Talk to Each Other?". Smithsonian Magazine.

Haskell, D. (2017). The Songs of Trees. Viking Penguin.

Hathaway, M. (2022). What a Mushroom Lives For. Princeton University Press.

Hinchliffe, J. (2018). "Plants hate green thumbs – science backs hands-off gardening approach". The Sydney Morning Herald.

Mannix, L. (2019). "Can trees learn? The plants are listening in, scientists say". The Sydney Morning Herald.

McClenaghan, B. (2019). "Talking Trees: How do Trees Communicate?". Let’s Talk Science.

NOTES
[Note 1] – Note the use of the passive voice here for the tree, as opposed to active for the dog.
[Note 2] – This is specifically about the conception in scientific literature, where an “objective” and “non-sensational” view has been emphasised for a long time. In the popular culture of nations around the world, trees have often been considered “beings”, as is argued in detail in Haskell (2017).

Chapters:
0:00 - Intro
1:37 - Trees Can Talk
3:24 - Debate
4:43 - Conclusion & Credits

Written and created by me
Art & photography by kvd102
Music & additional graphics by me.

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Wand_Platte - German
Momos - Italian
Heber Martínez Garay - Spanish

#trees #language #linguistics

Lets Talk About Singular They.

K Klein 2022-10-14 | A sequel to: youtube.com/watch?v=iQNdkdqoIdw

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298
Special thanks to Calvin for pestering me until I made this video.

Sources:
Baron, D. (1981-2015). The Words that Failed: A chronology of early nonbinary pronouns.
Baron, D. (1986). Grammar and Gender. New Haven.
Baron, D. (2018). A brief history of singular ‘they’. Oxford English Dictionary Blogs.
Fisher, A. (1745). A New Grammar [2nd ed. 1750]. Newcastle upon Tyne.
Gerner, J. (1998). Singular and Plural Anaphors of Indefinite Personal Pronouns in Spoken British English. Corpora Galore: Analyses and Techniques in Describing English: Papers from the Nineteenth International Conference on English Language Research on Computerised Corpora.
Graham, S. (2001). Sulawesi's fifth gender. Inside Indonesia.
McWhorter, J. (2013). The Royal They: Fighting against the tyranny of pronouns. The New Republic.
LaScotte, D. (2016). Singular they: An Empirical Study of Generic Pronoun Use. American Speech. 91 (1): 62–80.
Miller, C. & Swift, K. (1980). The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing. New York. Harper & Row.
Safire, W. (1985). On Language; You Not Tarzan, Me Not Jane. The New York Times.
Wagner, S. (2003). Gender in English Pronouns: Myth and Reality. University of Freiburg.
(1881). Detroit Free Press. May 13 edition.
(2018). Collins COBUILD English Dictionary.
(2022). they. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
Constitution of the United States of America. Article 1 §2.

Literary examples of the singular “they”:
Austen, Jane. (1814). Mansfield Park.
Shakespeare, William. (p. 1623). The Comedy of Errors.
Shaw, George Bernard. (1898). Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant.
Anonymous writer. (c.1350). William and the Werewolf. Translated c. 1350-1375 to English from the original French written c. 1200.

NOTES FROM VIDEO:
[Note 1] When I say “is from”, I am arguing purely from a synchronic perspective – I mean it as a shorthand for the fact that the plural mixed gender and plural masculine are the same, and distinct from the plural feminine in French. I am not making an argument from etymology here.

[Note 2] Wagner argues that “the choice of a supposedly masculine personal pronoun (him) said nothing about the gender or sex of the referent” in Middle English. However, I would argue that the association with the masculine over the feminine still applies. Wagner herself writes that this pronoun can be used for any combination of the genders “masculine” and “neuter”, or sexes “male” and “asexual”, deliberately excluding the “feminine” or “female”. Despite being gender-neutral in some contexts, this pronoun was never epicene, not even in Middle English.

[Note 3] Note, of course, that “man” was originally the word for “human”, and only later came to mean “male adult”. In Old English, “man” was “wer”, and “woman” was “wif”.

[Note 4] Joke.

[Note 5] Note the significantly lower percentages found only three years earlier, in Erdmann (1995), with singular “they” only being used in just under 50% of cases. This study was, firstly, done on Americans, who may be more biased against the singular “they”, and was also a study of written language, reflecting how the singular “they” is often seen as too informal by publishers, and therefore either avoided by authors, or changed by the editors.

[Note 6] Actually, in the examples given from Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors and Austen’s Mansfield Park, the gender of the referent is known (masculine in the former case, feminine in the latter), but an epicene pronoun is used regardless. Go figure.

[Note 7] I am aware that people have been identifying as non-binary for a long time, even in Europe and colonial America. The sociology and history of this is worth looking into, but I am personally less interested in it and therefore didn’t want to go into the topic in the video.

[Note 8] When it is a subject, this “sie/Sie” can be separated out into “she/feminine it” with the 3rd person singular verb ending, and “they/you” with the 3rd person plural verb ending. In the dative, the same split accords, as the former take the dative “ihr” and the latter the dative “ihnen/Ihnen”. When in the accusative or genitive, there is no difference in spoken language between the four. However, in writing, the formal “you” is distinguished from the others because it, and all its forms, are capitalised.

Chapters:
0:00 – The Epicene “They”
2:48 – The Generic “He”
5:28 – The Non-Binary “They”
7:21 – Credits

Written and Created by me
Art by kvd102
Music by me

Translations:
Ferr - Indonesian
D'ignoranza & Marco Lisoni - Italian
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Gergő Kulman - Hungarian
Ray Karr - Spanish
Ollie - French
千雨 Chisame - Standard Mandarin, Japanese
Risto Kynkäänniemi - Finnish
Jafar - Arabic
Natália - Portuguese
Álftanes - Cantonese
Maymun - Turkish
Eneko Andonegi - Basque
Kantoros1 - Czech
Mihaela Modic - Slovene
defr - Korean

#theythem #nonbinary #pronouns

In Defence of Grammatical Gender

K Klein 2022-09-21 | I finally talk about grammatical gender again – there was so much to say, and I didn’t even get into phonoaesthetics! Talking of aesthetics, sorry for cripplingly bad audio.

Mistakes of the video: "il uomo" is incorrect, it's "l'uomo". *sigh*. And "kiuri" is a stupid typo, it's "kizuri".

Contact NMorrag (composer for outro): morragtimemusic@gmail.com
Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Sources:

Alcock, K. (2000). " Grammatical noun class agreement processing in Kiswahili". Language and Speech.

Boroditsky, L. (2009). "How does our language shape the way we think?". Edge. [Retrieved 8/09/2022]

Contini-Morava, E. (2000). "Noun Class as Number in Swahili". Between Grammar and Lexicon. Ed. Contini-Morava, E. & Tobin, Y.

Corbett, G. (2013). "Number of Genders". The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. [Retrieved 14/09/2022].

Roché, M. (1992). "Le masculin est-il plus productif que le féminin ?". Langue française (96) 113–124.

Saussure, F. (1916). Cours De Linguistique Générale. Paris: Payot.

Textor, C. (2022). Number of Chinese Communist Party members in China 2010/2021, by gender.

Williams, A., Cotterell, R., Wolf-Sonkin, L., Blasi, D., Wallach, H. (2021). "On the Relationships Between the Grammatical Genders of Inanimate Nouns and Their Co-Occurring Adjectives and Verbs". Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (9) 139–159.

Office for National Statistics. (2022). Opinions and Lifestyle Survey 16/02/2022 to 13/03/2022.

Videos mentioned (in order of appearance):

youtube.com/watch?v=46ehrFk-gLk&t=82s by Tom Scott

youtube.com/watch?v=3B_uGsgXKdk by K Klein

youtube.com/watch?v=3AnG3tbwlIw&t=470s by Luke Ranieri

youtube.com/watch?v=7kV_bLrfUxs by Simon Roper

NOTES FROM VIDEO (in order of appearance):

Note 1: Here, I pronounce these words with stress on the prefix rather than the first syllable of the noun stem, where it should be. This was done to emphasise where these words are different; I don’t mean to give the impression that this is how these words should be pronounced in Swahili.

Note 2: I should have said “animate” here, not “m-wa class”, because nouns of other classes are given “m-wa” concords when they are animate. Hence, the speaker can conclude from hearing these concords only that the noun is animate, which narrows the options down to 7-15% of all nouns.

Note 3: Obviously, Mandarin Chinese does have gendered language in the sense that there are words to describe differences in gender. However, it does not have any grammatical gendered language, which English does have – for instance, it would be considered incorrect to refer to a man as “she”. In modern usage, in writing, 他 (he) and 她 (she) are usually differentiated, but this separation only occurred in the 1910s with the coinage of 她.

Note 4: However, note that there are counterexamples to this. In Swahili, many nouns describing people, even when they are in a class other than m-wa (class 1/2), use m-wa concords because their animacy takes priority over their morphological class. For instance, “fundi” (“craftsman”), plural “mafundi”, is placed in the “ma” class (class 5/6) because of how its plural is formed, but still uses m-wa concords.

Note 5: I’m not saying that showing this kind of thing with emphasis is any worse inherently. It does work in English, even in writing with good use of italics. However, in speech it can definitely be confusing, with people often having to repeat themselves. Note that I am arguing from experience here.

Note 6: “iel”, sometimes spelt “ielle”, (accusative “lea”, dative “lui”, emphatic “ellui”) is a French neopronoun meant for use by non-binary people. It is a merger of “il” and “elle” (and the accusative and emphatic forms are also merged from the accusative and emphatic forms of these pronouns).

Chapters:
00:00 – Introduction
01:12 – “Grammatical Gender Carries No Meaning”
02:46 – “… and That’s a Bad Thing”
03:56 – “Grammatical Gender Changes How You Think”
05:57 – “Male”, “Female” and “Neutral”
06:36 – A Misanalysis of What Grammatical Gender Is
10:09 – Trans People and Grammatical Gender
11:50 – Credits

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Outro Music by NMorrag

Translations:
Luca Massenzio - Italian
Le Napolitain - French
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch

What People Get Wrong About Language - The Ithkuil Fallacy

K Klein 2022-08-26 | Let's talk about the experimental language of Ithkuil, an experiment I carried out, and why anyone would want verb conjugations by person in German.

Sources:

Foer, J. (2012). "Utopian for Beginners". The New Yorker.

Quijada, J. (2004-2019). "A Grammar of the Ithkuil Language". ithkuil.net. [Retrieved 12/08/2022]

My study:
docs.google.com/document/d/1zluHuv02D9ChxM0BAsnUf9VeIy8aXPeXbOsZNIKm9Ds/edit?usp=sharing

Chapters:
0:00 - Ithkuil
2:03 - The Ithkuil Fallacy
4:02 - My Experiment
5:56 - My Point & Credits

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Music also by Me
Thanks to everyone who took part in the experiment!

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

JOIN DISCORD SERVER: discord.gg/zXfZ9AhDGJ

Translations:
Alex375 - German
@miaudelief - Dutch
Алексей Автономов - Ukrainian
palpatinezw - Standard Mandarin
Rubýñ - Spanish
maika_anarchiya - Bulgarian
beeerden - Irish

Duolingo Swedish Speedrun Any% in 03:14

K Klein 2022-08-10 | A speedrun by me of the Duolingo Swedish course. The speedrun begins the moment I click "Swedish" and ends the moment I hit the trophy at the end of the Swedish course. This is a bad run: I just thought it was a fun video idea and I haven't seen many of them before. Please go ahead and beat this very mediocre record.

I will be uploading a normal video soon, I promise.

#duolingo #speedrun #duolingospeedrun

The Diacritics That Look the Same, But Arent

K Klein 2022-08-03 | A topic I'm personally interested in. I don't know what you'll think about it, but here you go. ü and ü are different: go figure.
Sorry for the long break since the last video; I got distracted :)

You've convinced me to change the title from "accent" to "diacritic", well done.

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Music also hastily put together by me

0:00 - Intro
0:57 - Umlaut and Trema
4:12 - Credits

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Alex375 - German
vlrfsg - Japanese
Constantin Iosub - Romanian
Carlo Paternoster - Italian
Hugínnn - Danish
YOAV - Hebrew
Rubýñ - Spanish
Diriector_Doc - French
Elliot Chen - Standard Mandarin

Say Your Ts

K Klein 2022-07-13 | Low-effort video but still turned out okay. I talk about the /t/ phoneme again, weird how two of my videos are about that, huh?

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Music also hastily put together by me

0:00 - Video
3:25 - Credits

English, Furigana, and the Problems of Spelling Reform

K Klein 2022-06-24 | Play World of Warships here: wo.ws/3tTkkrM
Thank you World of Warships for sponsoring this video.
During registration use the code FIRE to get for free: 200 doubloons, 1 million credits, the Premium Battleship Tier 5 - USS Texas, and 7 Days Premium Account. Applicable to new users only.

Let's ignore the fact that I used narrow transcription for schwa (should have been broad, I know, but I'm not redoing this video AGAIN).
Also I bet you really wish I had that pop filter now after listening to that, right? So Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298 innit

A sequel to the videos:
youtube.com/watch?v=lhcjFWseXIM
youtube.com/watch?v=-2ppfDsmfUc
and youtube.com/watch?v=00LcdxVJahY

Videos about Japanese I referenced:
youtube.com/watch?v=1eyDYbO8--s
youtube.com/watch?v=bcdYKxHT8kY
youtube.com/watch?v=s4Ec9t25yH8&t=36s
youtube.com/watch?v=r7a8OjvViwE

0:00 Intro
2:18 Japanese
3:56 The Reform

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Music by Me

Thanks to my patrons!!

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Merc - Japanese

#linguistics #spelling #japanese

Emojis Are Weird (Linguistically Speaking)

K Klein 2022-06-04 | You know what emojis are. But what ARE emojis, like, linguistically? Well, here's a brief overview. 🤷
Grab AtlasVPN Special deal for 82% OFF at get.atlasvpn.com/KKlein 😎. Thanks to AtlasVPN for sponsoring this video.

Sources:

Fahlman, S. (1982). "Original Bboard Thread in which :-) was proposed". School of Computer Science. Carnegie Mellon University.

Hand, C.J., Kennedy, A., Filik, R. et al. (2022). "Emoji Identification and Emoji Effects on Sentence Emotionality in ASD-Diagnosed Adults and Neurotypical Controls". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.

Kaye, L., Malone, S., & Wall, H. (2017). "Emojis: Insights, affordances, and possibilities for psychological science". Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(2), 66–68.

Miller, H. (2016). "Investigating the Potential for Miscommunication Using Emoji". GroupLens Blogs. Available at: grouplens.org/blog/investigating-the-potential-for-miscommunication-using-emoji/. [accessed 27/05/2022].

Miller, H., Thebault-Spieker, J., Chang, S., Johnson, I., Terveen, L., & Hecht, B. (2016). "Blissfully happy or ready to fight: Varying Interpretations of Emoji". GroupLens Research. University of Minnesota.

Sproull, L. & Kiesler, S. (1986). "Reducing Social Context Cues: Electronic Mail in Organizational Communication". Management Science, 32, 1492-1512.

Chapters:
0:00 - Pictograms
3:01 - Ideograms
4:39 - Why Emojis?
6:14 - What are Emojis?
8:02 - Credits

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Music by Me

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Translations:
@miaudelief - Dutch
James Morris-Wyatt - Spanish
@dip - Catalan
Le Napolitain - French

#emojis #AtlasVPN #bestvpn

When the Government Makes You Get a Surname

K Klein 2022-05-23 | A look at the development of modern surnames in Sweden. It's actually pretty interesting if you ask me.

Note this is not an exhaustive history of surnames in Europe, or even in Sweden.

Sources:

Hedberg, J. (2021). Svenska efternamnsbyten 1920–1944. Bloggen New trends in Nordic Socio-onomastics.

Larsson, I. (2013) Namn och namnforskning. Ett levande läromedel om ortnamn, personnamn och andra namn. Ed. by Staffan Nyström (main ed.), Eva Brylla & al. Version 1. Uppsala.

Noreen, Erik & Adolf. (1907). Svenska familjenamn vid början av 1900-talet. Alfabetisk förteckning jämte statistiska och andra bilagor. Stockholm: Aktiebolaget Ljus.

Ryman, L. (2013) Namn och namnforskning. Ett levande läromedel om ortnamn, personnamn och andra namn. Ed. by Staffan Nyström (main ed.), Eva Brylla & al. Version 1. Uppsala.

Utterström. (1985). Släktnamn. Tillkomst och spridning i norrländska städer. Kungliga skytteanska samfundets handlingar, 29. Umeå: Nyheternas tryckeri.

Willson, K. (2012). Linguistic Models and Surname Diversification Strategies in Denmark and Sweden. Onoma, 47, 299-326.

Lag om personnamn. (SFS 2016:1013) §29 Gårdsnamn.

Chapters:
0:00 - Early Swedish "efternamn"
1:36 - What Surnames did Commoners Have?
4:02 - The Politics of Surnames
6:16 - Made-Up Surnames
6:58 - Ending & Credits

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Music by P. Almond

Thanks to my patrons!!
Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Translations:
Mias - Portuguese
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
pluiedev (w/ help from Anqi Chen) - Standard Mandarin
уля - Ukrainian
Le Napolitain - French

Counting the Phonemes in a Language

K Klein 2022-05-08 | A look at what phonemes are, and how to count them in a language, with a specific look at Standard Chinese. A sequel to my video "Chinese Doesn't Have Many Syllables": youtube.com/watch?v=BMI6Mbx8lbw

SORRY! The stress in French goes on the second syllable. I literally speak French (ish) I don't know how I would mess that up.

This video gets very technical somewhere around the halfway mark, so don't worry if you don't get all of it.

PLEASE NOTE: there are many, MANY more ways to analyse Standard Chinese phonemes. I'm not saying that these are the only three analyses, nor that they are the three most common, nor that they are the three best. Many of the features presented can be swapped around and pieced together to make new analyses (eg. getting rid of the zero-onset phoneme but not fusing the palatal/retroflex series). This is only meant to be an exercise and some thoughts about phonemic analysis.

Sources:

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Duanmu, San (2000). The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003). "Standard Chinese (Beijing)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 109–112.

0:00 Introduction
1:45 What is a Phoneme?
3:50 Suprasegmental Phonemes
5:05 Segmental Phonemes
5:37 Phonemic Analysis of Standard Chinese
8:21 Ending/Outro

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102
Thanks to my patrons!

Patreon: patreon.com/user?u=73482298

Translations:
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch
Pasquale D'Ambrosio - Italian

CHARITY STREAM FOR UKRAINE

K Klein 2022-05-01 | DONATE: streamlabscharity.com/@k-klein/charity-livestream-for-ukraine

Some Italian Nouns Switch Gender (And Why Thats Interesting)

K Klein 2022-04-13 | A discussion of grammatical gender in the context of the Romance (Latin-descended) languages, with a specific focus on Italian and Romanian. I also go into the origin of some unusual (within the European context) gender features in these languages.

I'm sorry for my pronunciation, especially of Romanian. I tried with the exact amount of effort required to neither be considered lazy nor be scolded for trying too hard and still failing.

Sources:

Bateman, Nicoleta; Polinsky, Maria. "Romanian as a Two-Gender Language"

Petrucci, Peter R. 1993. Slavic features in the history of Romanian. Doctoral dissertation, USC.

Rosetti, Alexandru. 1965. Linguistica. The Hague: Mouton.

The film is "Life of Brian" by Monty Python. And yes, I'm aware that the clip I showed is technically about conjugations and I was technically talking about declensions: don't bully me, it's a funny *reference*.

Written and Created by Me
Art by kvd102

00:00 - L'italiano
00:20 - Grammatical Gender
03:00 - Romanian Grammatical Gender
04:59 - Heterogeneity
05:53 - Latin Grammar Time
06:49 - Conclusion

Translations:
Icaro Vega - Spanish
palpatinezw - Standard Mandarin
Leeuwe van den Heuvel - Dutch