VeritasiumThe number 37 is on your mind more than you think. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Huge thanks to Tom Magliery for sharing his 37 collection with us. Support http://thirty-seven.org by sharing your own 37 sightings to tom@thirty-seven.org! Thanks to Dr. Todd Landman, the Academic Magician, for sharing his footage of the 37 Force. - todd-landman.com
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE
Sam Lutfi, Lee Redden, Juan Benet, Richard Sundvall, Paul Peijzel, Gnare, Michael Krugman, Meekay, Ubiquity Ventures, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Bill Linder, Evgeny Skvortsov, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, john kiehl, Blake Byers, Stephen Wilcox, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, TTST, Orlando Bassotto, Anton Ragin, David Johnston, KeyWestr, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Chris Harper, Adam Foreman, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, I. H., Garrett Mueller, Bertrand Serlet, Kyi, wolfee, Matthias Wrobel
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ References: Simon, W. E. (1972). “Blue Seven Phenomenon” in Elementary and Jr. High Children. Psychological Reports - ve42.co/Simon1972 Trueman, J. (1979). Existence & Robustness of Blue Seven Phenomena. The Journal of General Psychology - ve42.co/Trueman1979 Saito, M. (1999). “Blue and Seven Phenomena” in Japanese Students. Perceptual & Motor Skills - ve42.co/Saito1999 Philbrick, J. L. (1976). Blue seven in East Africa: Preliminary report. Perceptual & Motor Skills - ve42.co/Philbrick1976 Hargreaves, S. (2009). The psychology of randomness. - ve42.co/Hargreaves2009 The 37 Force via The Magician’s Forum - ve42.co/37Force1 Fulves, K. (1979) Self-Working Mental Magic. Dover Publications, Inc. - ve42.co/Fulves1979 Random numbers via The Jargon File at catb.org - ve42.co/Jargon Random Number Survey by MahoganyForest via Reddit - ve42.co/RedditRndm Prime number theorem via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPNT Grossack, C. (2023). A truly incredible fact about the number 37. Grossack.site - ve42.co/Grossack2023 Least prime factor of n via oeis.org - ve42.co/LeastPrime Fry, H. (2017). When should you settle down? ideas.ted.com - ve42.co/Fry2017 Choosing Toilets by Numberphile - youtube.com/watch?v=XIOoCKO-ybQ Seaton, R. (2014). The Secretary Problem Explained: Dating Mathematically. rs.io - ve42.co/Seaton2014
▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Asst edited by Luke Molloy Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Leigh Williamson Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Emily Zhang, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Michael Cimpher, and David Szasz Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Produced by Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Han Evans, and Emily Taylor
Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound
Why is this number everywhere?Veritasium2024-03-28 | The number 37 is on your mind more than you think. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Huge thanks to Tom Magliery for sharing his 37 collection with us. Support http://thirty-seven.org by sharing your own 37 sightings to tom@thirty-seven.org! Thanks to Dr. Todd Landman, the Academic Magician, for sharing his footage of the 37 Force. - todd-landman.com
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE
Sam Lutfi, Lee Redden, Juan Benet, Richard Sundvall, Paul Peijzel, Gnare, Michael Krugman, Meekay, Ubiquity Ventures, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Bill Linder, Evgeny Skvortsov, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, john kiehl, Blake Byers, Stephen Wilcox, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, TTST, Orlando Bassotto, Anton Ragin, David Johnston, KeyWestr, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Chris Harper, Adam Foreman, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, I. H., Garrett Mueller, Bertrand Serlet, Kyi, wolfee, Matthias Wrobel
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ References: Simon, W. E. (1972). “Blue Seven Phenomenon” in Elementary and Jr. High Children. Psychological Reports - ve42.co/Simon1972 Trueman, J. (1979). Existence & Robustness of Blue Seven Phenomena. The Journal of General Psychology - ve42.co/Trueman1979 Saito, M. (1999). “Blue and Seven Phenomena” in Japanese Students. Perceptual & Motor Skills - ve42.co/Saito1999 Philbrick, J. L. (1976). Blue seven in East Africa: Preliminary report. Perceptual & Motor Skills - ve42.co/Philbrick1976 Hargreaves, S. (2009). The psychology of randomness. - ve42.co/Hargreaves2009 The 37 Force via The Magician’s Forum - ve42.co/37Force1 Fulves, K. (1979) Self-Working Mental Magic. Dover Publications, Inc. - ve42.co/Fulves1979 Random numbers via The Jargon File at catb.org - ve42.co/Jargon Random Number Survey by MahoganyForest via Reddit - ve42.co/RedditRndm Prime number theorem via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPNT Grossack, C. (2023). A truly incredible fact about the number 37. Grossack.site - ve42.co/Grossack2023 Least prime factor of n via oeis.org - ve42.co/LeastPrime Fry, H. (2017). When should you settle down? ideas.ted.com - ve42.co/Fry2017 Choosing Toilets by Numberphile - youtube.com/watch?v=XIOoCKO-ybQ Seaton, R. (2014). The Secretary Problem Explained: Dating Mathematically. rs.io - ve42.co/Seaton2014
▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Asst edited by Luke Molloy Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Leigh Williamson Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Emily Zhang, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Michael Cimpher, and David Szasz Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Produced by Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Han Evans, and Emily Taylor
Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic SoundThe real science of black holesVeritasium2024-10-16 | What would happen if you fell into a black hole? #astrophysics #einstein #generalrelativityNASAs Search For Life In A Radiation Death ZoneVeritasium2024-10-11 | Europa Clipper is looking for signs of alien life in a very deadly place. Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to start planning a career that can help change the world for the better.
A massive thank you to Dr. Robert Pappalardo for his expertise and time.
A huge thank you to Gretchen McCartney and Cynthia B. Phillips at NASA JPL for their help.
For more on hydrothermal vents, check out NaturalWorldFacts on YouTube - @NaturalWorldFacts
00:00 ATTEMPT NO LANDING. 01:06 Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts 03:56 Europa’s secret 06:15 Why Europa isn’t completely frozen 08:03 Effects of tidal flexing 09:13 Why alien life could exist 10:39 How Europa Clipper detects signs of life 11:34 Why not Enceladus? 13:01 Europa Clipper’s instruments 15:13 Launch date and first results
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Shiroyasha, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ References: Europa Clipper via Wikipedia - ve42.co/ECWiki Magnetosphere of Jupiter via Wikipedia - ve42.co/JupiterMagWiki Europa Clipper (2024) via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/ECNasa Extraterrestrial Cycloids - Why Are They on Europa? via minutephysics on YouTube - ve42.co/MinPhysCycloid Hand, K. P. & Carlson, R. W. (2015). Europa’s surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride. Geophysical research letters - ve42.co/Carlson2015 Dalton, J. B. et al. (2003). Near-Infrared Detection of Potential Evidence for Microscopic Organisms on Europa. Astrobiology - ve42.co/Dalton2003 Europa Clipper: Exploring Jupiter's Ocean World (2024, May 24) via Youtube - ve42.co/PappalardoLec Carr, M., Belton, M., Chapman, C. et al. (1998). Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa. Nature 391, 363–365 - ve42.co/Carr1998 New Findings Support Prospect of Life on Jupiter’s Moon Europa (2024) via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/NasaEuropaLife Meitzler, R., Jun, I., Blase, R. et al. (2023). Investigating Europa’s Radiation Environment with the Europa Clipper Radiation Monitor. Space Sci Rev 219, 61 - ve42.co/Meitzler2023
▀▀▀ Directed by Gregor Čavlović Written by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller Edited by Jack Saxon Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Jack Saxon Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Gregor Čavlović Additional research by Gabriel Bean Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Luke Lewis, Barbara Abraul, Gabriel Bean, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, and Jakub Misiek
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic SoundPeople said this experiment was impossible, so I tried itVeritasium2024-10-05 | The world’s first look inside a thermite reaction. Use code veritasium at incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.
A massive thank you to everyone at Goldschmidt for making this possible. With special thanks to Dr. Axel Hoeschen, Christof Gassmann and Claudia Koch.
00:00 What is thermite? 00:51 Hans Goldschmidt and the first thermite reaction 05:55 The reaction as it’s never been seen before 14:57 How thermite welding works 17:43 I destroyed a laptop! 26:44 How thermite is made 31:11 Blow-torching thermite to show how reactive it is
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com
Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee
▀▀▀ Directed by Derek Muller Written by Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Rokas Vikšraitis and Mike Radjabov Illustrations by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller, David Bochmann, Casper Mebius, Luise Dietert, Henning Fischer and Harald Schweiger Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović and Gabriel Bean Produced by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley and Casper Mebius Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks Music from Epidemic SoundHow do QR codes work? (I built one myself to find out)Veritasium2024-09-30 | How do QR codes work? The checkerboard patterns taking over the world, demystified. Go to https://Saily.com/veritasium and use the code ‘veritasium’ to get an exclusive 15% off your first purchase.
Special thanks to Mashiro Hara and Yuki Watanabe.
00:00 I was wrong 00:49 How Morse Code revolutionized communication 03:57 How barcodes work 10:34 How QR codes store information 18:16 Why damaged QR codes still work 29:54 Why are QR codes so common? 31:21 How safe are QR codes? 32:25 The future of QR codes
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee
▀▀▀ Directed by Sumeet Kulkarni Written by Sumeet Kulkarni and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson and Luke Molloy Animated by David Szakaly, Fabio Albertelli, James Finnemore, Ivy Tello Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright Filmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno Additional Research by Gabriel Bean Produced by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Emily Zhang
Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley, David Szakaly, Gregor Čavlović, Raquel Nuno Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks Music from Epidemic SoundExposing The Flaw In Our Phone SystemVeritasium2024-09-21 | Can you trust your phone? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
A huge thank you to Linus Sebastian and the team at Linus Tech Tips - check them out at @LinusTechTips
A massive thank you to Alexandre De Oliveira and Karsten Nohl making this demo possible.
A special thanks to Crofton Black at Lighthouse Reports, Cathal Mc Daid at Enea, and James Hobson at @hacksmith
00:00 I hacked Linus! 00:59 How Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak hacked the telephone network 02:22 Early history of the telephone 07:08 The kidnapping of Sheikha Latifa 08:41 How Signalling System No. 7 works 11:03 Why SS7 is vulnerable to hacking 12:15 How hackers gain access to phones 16:17 How I was able to spy on Linus’ phone 18:09 How hackers can intercept text messages 21:04 How your location can be tracked via SS7 29:03 How to protect your phone from hacking
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ References: Black, C. (2020). Spy companies using Channel Islands to track phones around the world. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism - ve42.co/SpyTBIJ It is dangerously easy to hack the world’s phones via The Economist - ve42.co/EconHack Blake, H. (2023). The Fugitive Princesses of Dubai. The New Yorker - ve42.co/DubaiNY McDaid, C. (2021). How Surveillance Companies Track You Using Mobile Networks. media.ccc.de - ve42.co/McDaid2021 Engel, T. (2014). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate. media.ccc.de - ve42.co/Engel2014 Nohl, K. (2014). Mobile self-defense. media.ccc.de - ve42.co/Nohl2014 How Cell Service Actually Works via WendoverProductions - ve42.co/CellWendover How Telephone Phreaking Worked via The 8-Bit Guy - ve42.co/8BitGuy Transmission Lines: Part 1 An Introduction via TheSiGuy - ve42.co/TheSiGuy The Step-By-Step Switch via AT&T Tech Channel - ve42.co/SwitchATNT Hacking Your Phone via 60 Minutes - ve42.co/60minHack Rosenbaum, R. (1971). Secrets of the Little Blue Box. The Esquire Magazine - ve42.co/Rosenbaum1971 Black, C. et. al. (2023). Ghost in the network. Lighthouse Reports - ve42.co/Black2023 Kerr, D. (2019). The step-by-step telephone switching system. dougkerr.net - ve42.co/Kerr2019 Ecall and 2G/3G Network Obsolescence via PFA Plateforme Automobile - ve42.co/PFAAuto2021
▀▀▀ Directed by Henry van Dyck Written by Henry van Dyck Edited by Laura Mills Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller and Linus Media Group Team Additional research by Gabe Bean Produced by Derek Muller, Henry van Dyck, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily Zhang Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic SoundWhat Everyone Gets Wrong About PlanesVeritasium2024-08-31 | Myths and misconceptions about planes. Go to groundnews.com/Ver to see through media misconceptions and get all sides of every story. Subscribe to save 40% off unlimited access through our link.
If you enjoyed this video and want to go deeper, you'll find extended interviews, deleted scenes, and some of our early thumbnail concepts over on Patreon patreon.com/posts/patreon-what-112039394
A massive thank you to Petter Hörnfeldt for his expertise and time. Check out @MentourPilot.
A huge thank you to Baz Collins, Nick Woods, Val Bukmanis, and everyone at the Queensland Air Museum for hosting us and making this shoot possible - ve42.co/QLDAir
A special thanks to Roddy McNamee for helping out with the script - ve42.co/RMcN
A big thank you to Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius for their help and guidance!
00:00 Can plane doors be opened mid-flight? 00:28 How high do planes fly? 02:31 How do jet engines work? 04:43 Airplanes before cabin pressurization 05:34 Why don’t pressurized planes need door locks? 07:07 Do people fart more in planes? 07:57 The story of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 09:21 The story of Asiana Airlines Flight AA8124 09:57 Is “airplane mode” on phones real? 13:53 Why does airplane food taste bad? 15:07 Why do people drink tomato juice on planes? 16:15 How safe is air travel?
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE
Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ References: Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge via the FAA - ve42.co/LiftandDragEqs Compressor efficiency by Roddy McNamee - ve42.co/Compressor Garrido, E. et. al. (2019). Breathless and dying on Mount Everest. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine - ve42.co/Everest3min Cabin Pressurization via Wikipedia - ve42.co/CabinPressure B737 door specifications by Chris Brady - ve42.co/737door Aloha Airlines 243 Accident Report by the NTSB - ve42.co/AlohaAirline Boeing 737-297 Specifications via the FAA - ve42.co/AlohaCycles (PED) Aviation Rulemaking Committee via the FAA - ve42.co/AirplaneMode Ritchie, C. (1996). Potential Liability from Electromagnetic Interference. Journal of Air Law and Commerce - ve42.co/Ritchie1996 FAA restrictions via eCFR - ve42.co/FAArules Is Phone Interference Phony? via Wired - ve42.co/FCCTesting Sabatini N. (2005). Statement before the Subcommittee of Aviation. U.S. Department of Transportation - ve42.co/FCCquote EU rules on Airplane Mode via euronews.com - ve42.co/EUAPM Mayer, F. et al. (2022). Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Air Transportation. Handbook of Indoor Air Quality - ve42.co/PlaneHumid Burdack-Freitag, et al. (2010). Odor and taste perception in a simulated aircraft cabin. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety. - ve42.co/SmellTaste
Images & Video: Passenger Opens Emergency Exit via 10 News First - ve42.co/Jetstar Airplane-Door OPENS Mid-flight! by Mentour Pilot - ve42.co/MentourAsia A320 Door by Captain Time - ve42.co/A320Door B737 Door by Abdulrahman Ismail - ve42.co/B737Door The Miracle Landing Of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 by Wonder - ve42.co/Wonder243 Terrifying video shows Asiana flight door open in mid-air by National Post - ve42.co/PlaneDoorOpen Faraday Cage by Radwell International - ve42.co/Faraday Anatomy of the Inner Ear model by Annie Campbell, Now Medical Studios - ve42.co/EarAnatomy
▀▀▀ Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller Written by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper Mebius Edited by Jack Saxon Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jack Saxon Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Chase Brockett, Charles Clement, and Derek Muller Additional research by Gabriel Bean Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Owen Maher, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper Mebius
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Mike Radjabov, and Igant Barbeci
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic SoundWhy Democracy Is Mathematically ImpossibleVeritasium2024-08-27 | Democracy might be mathematically impossible – here’s why. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com
▀▀▀ Massive thanks to Prof. Eric Maskin for helping with the script. Thanks to Chris Dong for inspiring this video. Massive thanks to Latif Nasser for being part of this video. Massive thanks to Curtis Gilberts, and to Radiolab -- listen to their great episode on voting systems here radiolab.org/podcast/tweak-vote
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A few great proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem: Yu, N. N. (2012). A one-shot proof of Arrow's impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 523-525.- ve42.co/Yu2012 Geanakoplos, J. (2005). Three brief proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 26(1), 211-215. - ve42.co/Geanakoplos2005
References: Arrow, K. J. (2012). Social choice and individual values (Vol. 12). Yale university press. - ve42.co/Arrow2012 Arrow, K. J. (1950). A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare. Journal of Political Economy - ve42.co/Arrow1950 Black, D. (1948). On the rationale of group decision-making. Journal of political economy, 56(1), 23-34. - ve42.co/Black1948 Black, D. (1969). On Arrow's impossibility theorem. The Journal of Law and Economics, 12(2), 227-248. - ve42.co/Arrow1969 Maskin, E., & Sen, A. (2014). The Arrow impossibility theorem. Columbia University Press. - ve42.co/Maskin2014 Gehrlein, W. V., & Valognes, F. (2001). Condorcet efficiency: A preference for indifference. Social Choice and Welfare - ve42.co/Gehrlein2001 Dardanoni, V. (2001). A pedagogical proof of Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. Social Choice and Welfare, 18(1), 107-112. - ve42.co/Dardanoni2001 McCune, D., & Wilson, J. (2023). Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect. Public Choice, 196(1), 19-50. - ve42.co/McCune2023 Santucci, J. (2021). Variants of ranked-choice voting from a strategic perspective. Politics and Governance, 9(2), 344-353. - ve42.co/Santucci2021 Kaminski, M. M. (2018). Spoiler effects in proportional representation systems: evidence from eight Polish parliamentary elections, 1991–2015. Public Choice, 176(3), 441-460. - ve42.co/Kaminski2018 Brams, S. J., & Fishburn, P. C. (1978). Approval voting. American Political Science Review, 72(3), 831-847. - ve42.co/Brams1978
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee
▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek and Ivy Tello Filmed by Derek Muller Additional Research by Gabriel Bean Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Gabriel Bean, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic Sound
#democracy #voting #mathematicsWhat Do You Hear?Veritasium2024-08-16 | Hearing is about way more than sound #audioillusionHow Audio Illusions Trick Your BrainVeritasium2024-08-14 | Audio illusions show us that hearing is about more than just sensing frequency. Which ones trick you every time? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com
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A big thank you to Titus Grenyer over at Pep Organ for showing us around the Sydney Town Hall Organ, to Dr. Diana Deutsch for providing her illusions and insight into the field, to Casey Connor for advice on building sound illusions, and to Dr. Michael Bach for providing the motion-bounce illusion.
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee
▀▀▀ Directed by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller Hosted by Derek Muller Written by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller Edited by Jack Saxon and Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli, David Szakaly, and Ivy Tello Illustrations by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev, Gregor Čavlović, and Gabe Bean
Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard and Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and Envato
Music from GarageBand, Virtual Piano, and Epidemic SoundThe Real Reason Robots Shouldn’t Look Like Humans | SupercutVeritasium2024-07-31 | The robots of our future may look nothing like humans at all. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Huge thanks to Dr. Elliot Hawkes for giving us the updates on his robots, and for showing them to us over the years!
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee, and Yar
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ Images & Video: All New Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - ve42.co/NewAtlas Farewell to HD Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - ve42.co/HDAtlas C-3PO via Cinemax on YouTube - ve42.co/C3PO I, Robot via Movieclips on YouTube - ve42.co/iRobot I, Robot No via ukery on YouTube - ve42.co/iRobotNo Big Hero 6 via Flick Society on YouTube - ve42.co/BH6 Big Hero 6 via 茶茶君 on YouTube - ve42.co/2ndBH6 Roomba via iRobot on YouTube - ve42.co/Roomba
▀▀▀ Filmed by Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver and Peter Nelson Produced by Emily Zhang, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, and Emily Taylor Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic SoundWhy People Prefer More PainVeritasium2024-06-25 | We experimented to see how much pain our volunteers could handle. Go to https://headspace-web.app.link/e/vstm to try Headspace for free using the code VERITASIUM
A massive thank you to Rayner Moss for recreating the experiment equipment and making this shoot happen.
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., John Kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, Meg Noah, Michael Krugman, Name, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, Wolfee.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ References: Kahneman, D. et al. (1993). When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End. Psychological Science - ve42.co/Kahneman1993 Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux - ve42.co/FastAndSlow Fredrickson, B. L., Kahneman, D. (1993). Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. Journal of personality and social psychology - ve42.co/Fredrickson1993 Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology - ve42.co/Kahneman1972 Diener, E. et al. (2001). End Effects of Rated Life Quality: The James Dean Effect. Psychological Science - ve42.co/Deiner2001 Redelmeier, D. A. et al. (2003). Memories of colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Pain - ve42.co/Redelmeier2003 Kemp, S. et al. (2008). A test of the peak-end rule with extended autobiographical events. Memory & Cognition - ve42.co/Kemp2008
▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy Tello Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller and Bernard Lau Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Owen Maher, David Szasz, Emily Taylor, Gregor Čavlović and Alistair Dann
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic SoundWhat Jumping Spiders Teach Us About ColorVeritasium2024-05-30 | How jumping spiders reveal an entire secret world of colors. Let BetterHelp connect you to a therapist who can support you - all from the comfort of your own home. Visit betterhelp.com/veritasium and enjoy a special discount on your first month.
A massive thank you to everyone at Day’s Edge Productions for making this documentary happen. Check them out at daysedge.com/.
You can watch the full-length documentary “Spider Vision: Decoding Color” on Curiosity Stream - coming soon.
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Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
Production by Day's Edge fully funded by National Science Foundation (Grant #IOS 1831767)
Featuring: Dr. Nathan Morehouse (University of Cincinnati); Olivia Harris (University of Cincinnati), Dr. Megan Porter (University of Hawaii); Dr. Lisa Taylor (University of Florida); Dr. Wayne Maddison (University of British Columbia); and Dr. Emma Alexander (Northwestern University)
▀▀▀ Directed by Neil Losin Written by Neil Losin Edited by Neil Losin, Andy Laub, and Alan Saunders Animated by Root House Studio and David Hutchinson Filmed by Neil Losin, Nate Dappen, Alex Wiles, Andy Laub, and Barend van der Watt Produced by Day’s Edge Productions
Repurposed for YouTube by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Peter Nelson, Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Taylor, and Gregor Čavlović
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard
Video/photos supplied by Day’s Edge Productions and Storyblocks Music by Adrian Younge, PBS, Epidemic Sound, and Jonny HymanThis phone trick is IMPOSSIBLEVeritasium2024-05-17 | It all depends on the way you flip it.
#science #physics #scienceexperiment
For more videos like this, subscribe to @veritasium.The Terrifying Real Science Of AvalanchesVeritasium2024-05-03 | Avalanches are beautiful, majestic, and completely terrifying – this is a video all about the science of avalanches. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
A massive thank you to everyone at Whistler Blackcomb for making this shoot happen – Dane Gergovich, David Iles, Alastair Collis, Erin Taylor, and everyone else on the ski patrol team. Thank you for keeping us safe!
A massive thank you to Bruce Tremper, Niko Schirmer, and Mark Smiley for their expertise and help with this video. We are truly grateful for your time and expertise.
Check out Niko's channel here -- it's easily some of the best skiing content on YouTube. youtube.com/@Nikolai_Schirmer
If you have any intention of going into the backcountry, you have to read Bruce’s book – Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain. It’s the Bible for this stuff, and the book that inspired us to make this video.
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ References: Tremper, B. (2001). Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain. Mountaineers Books. - ve42.co/Tremper2001 McClung, D. & Schaerer, P. (2006). The Avalanche Handbook. Mountaineers Books. - ve42.co/McClung2006 Hopfinger, E. J. (1983). Snow Avalanche Motion and Related Phenomena. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. - ve42.co/Hopfinger1983 Schweizer, J. et al. (2003). Snow avalanche formation. Reviews of Geophysics. - ve42.co/Schweizer2003 Schweizer, J. et al. (2008). Review of spatial variability of snowpack properties and its importance for avalanche formation. Cold Regions Science and Technology. - ve42.co/Schweizer2008 Jamieson, B. (2006). Formation of refrozen snowpack layers and their role in slab avalanche release. Reviews of Geophysics. - ve42.co/Jamieson2006 Schweizer, J. et al. (2016). Avalance release 101. International Snow Science Workshop Proceeding. - ve42.co/Schweizer2016 Schweizer, J. (2008). Snow avalanche formation and dynamics. Cold Regions Science and Technology. - ve42.co/Schweizer2008-2
Images & Video: Skiing and snowboarding footage by Niko Schirmer - ve42.co/NikoYT World's Biggest Avalanche (c)Thom Goddard/All Star Films Ltd 2015. Thank you to the Thom Goddard Channel for use - ve42.co/ThomGoddard Newspaper clippings via Newspapers.com – ve42.co/Newspapers Video of a snow slab avalanche via Trottet, B. et al. (2022). Transition from sub-Rayleigh anticrack to supershear crack propagation in snow avalanches. Nature Physics. - ve42.co/Trottet2022 Remote Triggered Avalanche via Henry’s Avalanche Talk - Remote Triggering of an Avalanche WW1 images via Brugnara, Y. et al. (2016). December 1916: Deadly Wartime Weather. Geographica Bernensia - ve42.co/Brugnara2016 Major Avalanches via Geomorphological Hazards - ve42.co/MajorAvi White Friday avalanche illustration via Avalanches WIllow - ve42.co/WhiteFriday White Friday aftermath via Lost In History - ve42.co/AviGraves Field mass on Marmolada via Austrian National Library - ve42.co/AviMass Yungay disaster via NOAA - ve42.co/Yungay Yungay aftermath via AMC Museum - ve42.co/YungayAMC Bruce Tremper Image via utavy - ve42.co/BruceTPic Snowpack via SnowStudies.org - ve42.co/SnowStudies Snowpack via Avalanche.org - ve42.co/SnowPackAvi Snow crystals via Reiweger, I. (2011). Failure of weak snow layers. ETH. - ve42.co/Reiweger2011
▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson (Additional editing by James Horsley) Animated by Jakub Misiek, Fabio Albertelli, Alex Zepherin, and Alex Drakoulis Additional Research by Gregor Čavloviċ Filmed by Petr Lebedev and Ryan Regehr FPV Drone by Mitch Winton Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Han Evans, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Taylor and Gregor Čavloviċ
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundSomething Strange Happens When You Follow Einsteins MathVeritasium2024-04-30 | Einstein was wrong about black holes, what else? Use code veritasium at the link below to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan: incogni.com/veritasium
A massive thank you to Prof. Geraint F. Lewis and Prof. Juan Maldacena for their expertise and help with this video.
A huge thank you to those who helped us understand this complicated topic: Dr. Suddhasattwa Brahma, Prof. Carlo Rovelli, Dr. Hal Haggard, Prof. Martin Bojowald, Dr. Francesca Vidotto, Prof. Andrew Hamilton, and Dr. Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda.
A special thanks to Alessandro Roussel from ScienceClic for his spectacular simulations and feedback on the video. Check out his channel here: ve42.co/ScienceClic
An excellent book on this topic and an inspiration for this video: Cox, B., & Forshaw, J. (2023). Black holes: the key to understanding the universe.
▀▀▀ Join us on Patreon to watch an exclusive bonus video that expands on the topic of white holes ve42.co/PatreonDE
Patrons: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
Images & Video: D3 Geo Projection Library by Mike Bostock ve42.co/d3geo Interrupted Maps by Jason Davies ve42.co/DaviesMaps Kazmierczak, J. et al. (2021). NASA’s NICER Tests Matter’s Limits. - ve42.co/NasaNICER Bridgman, T. et al. (2024). M5.1 flare 'Double Whammy', at Active Regions 13559 and 13561. NASA SVS. - ve42.co/NasaFlare Schnittman, J. et al. (2019). Black Hole Accretion Disk Visualization. - ve42.co/NasaAccrDisk Wiessinger, S. et al. (2020). A Decade of Sun. NASA SVS. - ve42.co/NasaSunDecade Skelly, C. et al. (2017). What is a Neutron Star? NASA SVS. - ve42.co/NasaNeutron What would we see if we fell into a black hole by ScienceClic - youtu.be/4rTv9wvvat8 Earth texture - ve42.co/NASAEarth First image of Sgr A* - ve42.co/EHT1 Image of M87 - ve42.co/EHT2 Polarized light image of Sgr A* - ve42.co/EHT3
▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Will Wood Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Jonny Hyman, and Alessandro Roussel Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Will Wood, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily Taylor
Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and NASA SVS Music from Epidemic SoundThe most dangerous problem in mathVeritasium2024-04-24 | The Collatz Conjecture is easy enough for almost anyone to understand but notoriously difficult to solve.How bikes *actually* workVeritasium2024-04-17 | Why are bicycles stable? The most common answer is gyroscopic effects, but this is not right.I call this the No, You Dont LawVeritasium2024-04-10 | Lenz's Law states that the direction of the induced current will oppose the change in flux that created it. Here's how that looks in practice.
For more videos like this, subscribe to @veritasium.Congress is about to make a huge mistake for astronomy #SaveChandraVeritasium2024-04-04 | ...How Japanese Masters Turn Sand Into SwordsVeritasium2024-03-21 | This is a video about how Japanese samurai swords, aka katanas, are made – from the gathering of the iron sand, to the smelting of the steel, to the forging of the blade. Head over to hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ A massive thank you to John McBride for making this entire project happen. This would not have been possible without John. Please check out his japan walking tours walkjapan.com Massive thanks to Craig Mod, Inoue-san, everyone in the Tanabe family, and Takanashi-san. Also a massive thank you to Kevin Cashen – cashenblades.com
▀▀▀ References: Tanii, H., Inazumi, T., & Terashima, K. (2014). Mineralogical study of iron sand with different metallurgical characteristic to smelting with use of Japanese classic iron-making furnace “Tatara”. ISIJ international, 54(5), 1044-1050.
Tate, M. (2005). History of Iron and Steel Making Technology in Japan Mainly on the smelting of iron sand by Tatara. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 91(1), 2-10.
Krauss, G. (1999). Martensite in steel: strength and structure. Materials science and engineering: A, 273, 40-57.
Krauss, G., & Marder, A. R. (1971). The morphology of martensite in iron alloys. Metallurgical Transactions, 2, 2343-2357.
Yalçın, Ü. (1999). Early iron metallurgy in Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 49, 177-187.
Kapp, L., Kapp, H., & Yoshihara, Y. (1987). The craft of the Japanese sword. Kodansha International.
Matsumoto, C., Das, A. K., Ohba, T., Morito, S., Hayashi, T., & Takami, G. (2013). Characteristics of Japanese sword produced from tatara steel. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 577, S673-S677.
Inoue, T. (2010). Tatara and the Japanese sword: the science and technology. Acta Mechanica, 214(1), 17-30.
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr. ,john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver, Jack Saxon, Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, David Szakaly Filmed by Petr Lebedev and Lui Kimishima Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Han Evans, Giovanna Utichi, Emily Taylor Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic SoundI buried myself in concrete to explain how it worksVeritasium2024-03-13 | Concrete = cement + sand + gravel. Cement is the most important man-made material on Earth.The Oldest Unsolved Problem in MathVeritasium2024-03-08 | Do odd perfect numbers exist? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
A massive thank you to Prof. Pace Nielsen for all his time and help with this video.
A big thank you to Dr. Asaf Karagila, Pascal Ochem, Prof. Tianxin Cai, and Prof. William Dunham for their expertise and help.
These sources were particularly helpful: Perfect numbers via MacTutor - ve42.co/MTPerfect Cai, T. (2022). Perfect numbers and fibonacci sequences. World Scientific. - ve42.co/Cai2022 Dunham, W. (2022). Euler: The master of us all (Vol. 22). American Mathematical Society. - ve42.co/Dunham2022
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee
▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, Alondra Vitae, Alex Drakoulis, and Leigh Williamson Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Peter Nelson Additional research by Aaron Santos, Camilla Machado, and Gregor Čavlović Produced by Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundThe Trillion Dollar EquationVeritasium2024-02-27 | How the Black-Scholes/Merton equation made trillions of dollars. Go to eightsleep.com/veritasium and use the code Veritasium for $200 off your Pod Cover.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀
A huge thank you to Prof. Andrew Lo (MIT) for speaking with us and helping with the script.
We would also like to thank the following: Prof. Amanda Turner (University of Leeds) Owen Maher (Electrify Video Partners)
▀▀▀ References:
The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons launched the quant revolution, Gregory Zuckerman. Penguin Publishing Group. - ve42.co/GZuckerman
The Physics of Finance: Predicting the Unpredictable: Can Science Beat the Market? James Owen Weatherall. Short Books. - ve42.co/FinancePhysics
The Statistical Mechanics of Financial Markets, J.Voigt. Springer. - ve42.co/Springer
Black, F., & Scholes, M. (1973). The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of political economy, 81(3), 637-654. - ve42.co/BlackScholes
Cornell, B. (2020). Medallion fund: The ultimate counterexample?. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 46(4), 156-159. - ve42.co/Medallion
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr. ,john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀
Directed by Will Wood and Derek Muller Written by Will Wood, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Camera operation by Raquel Nuno Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Edited by Jack Saxon and Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly and Will Wood Produced by Will Wood, Han Evans and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundWorlds strongest magnet!Veritasium2024-02-21 | The world's strongest magnet is a million times stronger than Earth's magnetic field.Why It Was Almost Impossible to Make the Blue LEDVeritasium2024-02-08 | The blue LED was supposed to be impossible—until a young engineer proposed a moonshot idea. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
Huge thanks to the UC Santa Barbara Materials Dept (https://ssleec.ucsb.edu/) for taking us around. Thanks to Álvaro Bermejillo Seco for reviewing the science. Thanks to these especially helpful sources: Nobel Prize Biography - Shuji Nakamura - ve42.co/NakamuraNobel Johnstone, B. (2015). Brilliant!. Prometheus Books. - ve42.co/Johnstone2015 Nakamura, S., Pearton, S., & Fasol, G. (2010). The Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story. Springer. - ve42.co/Nakamura2010
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi
▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang, Ricky Nathvani, and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Ivy Tello, and Alondra Vitae Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Trenton Oliver Additional research by Gregor Čavlović Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundI waterproofed myself with aerogel!Veritasium2024-02-01 | Experiencing the extraordinary properties of aerogel first handThe Rainiest Place On EarthVeritasium2024-01-26 | The rainiest place on earth isn’t where you might expect. Get exclusive NordVPN deal here ➵ https://NordVPN.com/veritasium. It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ Huge thanks to Okouchi-San and Dr. Sakai and everyone at NIED and the Large Scale Rainfall Simulator for their time, expertise and access to this amazing facility.
A big thank you to Prof. Olga Mavrouli and Prof. Bill Schulz for their invaluable expertise on the mechanisms of landslides.
▀▀▀ References: Ulbrich, C. W. (1983). Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution. Journal of climate and applied meteorology, 1764-1775. – ve42.co/Ulbrich83
Van Boxel, J. H. (1997, November). Numerical model for the fall speed of rain drops in a rain fall simulator. In Workshop on wind and water erosion (Vol. 5, pp. 77-85). – ve42.co/Boxel87
Canuti, P., Focardi, P., & Garzonio, C. (1985). Correlation between rainfall and landslides. Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment, 32(1).
Tsaparas, I., Rahardjo, H., Toll, D. G., & Leong, E. C. (2002). Controlling parameters for rainfall-induced landslides. Computers and geotechnics, 29(1), 1-27. – ve42.co/Tsaparas2002
Nakamura, H., & Oosawa, M. (2021, March). Effects of the underground discharge channel/reservoir for small urban rivers in the Tokyo area. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 703, No. 1, p. 012029). IOP Publishing. – ve42.co/Nakamura21
Guthrie, R. H., & Evans, S. G. (2004). Magnitude and frequency of landslides triggered by a storm event, Loughborough Inlet, British Columbia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 4(3), 475-483. – ve42.co/Guthrie2004
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi
▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev Edited by Peter Nelson Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović Animated by Fabio Albertelli Illustrations by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Gregor Čavlović Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic SoundDo People Understand The Scale Of The Universe?Veritasium2024-01-15 | Do you really know how big the universe is? There’s a data driven way to read the news: go to https://ground.news/veritasium to get 30% off the Vantage plan and see through sensationalized reporting.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Dr. Ashmeet Singh for his expert feedback on this video.
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller Additional research & fact checking by Gregor Čavlović Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno and Zyan Treadwell Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius and Han Evans
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, StoryBlocks and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO, NASA JPL, NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA GSFC, NASA HQ, NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio, NCSA, A. Kritsuk, M. Norman
Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Peter SheppardWhat Game Theory Reveals About Life, The Universe, and EverythingVeritasium2023-12-23 | This is a video about the most famous problem in Game Theory, the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ A massive thank you to Prof. Robert Axelrod and Prof. Steven Strogatz for their expertise and time.
To read more about Prof. Axelrod’s Passion for Cooperation visit: ve42.co/Axelrod2023
A massive thanks to the wonderful Nicky Case. Nicky’s “The Evolution of Trust” game was a huge inspiration for this video. We highly recommend you play this excellent game yourself, over at: ncase.me/trust
A huge thank you to those who helped us understand and fact check different parts of this topic - Dr. Christian Hilbe, Dr. Vincent Knight, Dr. Jelena Grujic, Prof. Andreas Diekmann, and Dr. Alexander Stewart.
▀▀▀ References: Excellent game on the evolution of trust by Nicky Case - ve42.co/Case2023 Summary of Axelrod’s work by This Place - youtube.com/watch?v=BOvAbjfJ0x0 How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemma by TED-Ed - youtube.com/watch?v=emyi4z-O0ls&pp=ygUScHJpc29uZXIncyBkaWxlbW1h Tit for Tat by radiolab - ve42.co/T4T The Golden Rule by radiolab - ve42.co/GoldenRule Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford university press. Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. William Poundstone. Nowak, M. A., & Highfield, R. (2011). Supercooperators. Edinburgh: Canongate. Binmore, K. (2007). Game theory: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford. Northrup, L. & Rock, D. (1966). The Detection of Joe I. - ve42.co/JOE1 Prisoner’s dilemma, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPD Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stanford - ve42.co/StanfordPD Flood, M. M. (1952). Some experimental games. - ve42.co/Flood1952 Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiNWS Goodwin, I. (1998). The Price of Victory in Cold War - ve42.co/Goodwin1998 Cold war: How it happened. - ve42.co/CW2014 Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(1), 3-25. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980a Axelrod, R. (1980). More effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(3), 379-403. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980b Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. ve42.co/Axelrod1981 Stanislav Petrov, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSP Wu, J., & Axelrod, R. (1995). How to cope with noise in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Conflict resolution, 39(1), 183-189. - ve42.co/Wu1995 INF Treaty - ve42.co/INF START Treaties - ve42.co/START START I, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSTART
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Ashley Hamer Additional research and fact checking by Gregor Čavlović and Will Wood Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae Illustrations by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović and Han Evans
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Peter SheppardInside Japan’s Earthquake SimulatorVeritasium2023-12-19 | How does Japan prepare for its devastating earthquakes? With this giant simulator. For a free trial to Shopify go to shopify.com/veritasium.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.
▀▀▀ A massive thank you to everyone at NIED for allowing access to their facility. Massive thanks to Okouchi-san for arranging this shoot.
A huge thank you to Dr. Yohsuke Kawamata for the tour of E-defense and for sharing his deep expertise.
▀▀▀ References: Nakashima, M., et al. (2018). Experiences, accomplishments, lessons, and challenges of E‐defense. Tests using world's largest shaking table. Japan Architectural Review, 1(1), 4-17. - ve42.co/Nakashima Suganuma, K. (2005). 3-D Full-Scale Earthquake Testing Facility (E-Defense). NISTEP Science & Technology Foresight Center. - ve42.co/Suganuma Ohtani, K., et al. (2004). Construction of E-Defense (3-D full-scale earthquake testing facility). In Thirteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Vol. 189). - ve42.co/Ohtani Horiuchi, T., et al. (2022). Contributions of E-Defense Shaking Table to Earthquake Engineering and its Future. Journal of Disaster Research, 17(6), 985-999. - ve42.co/Horiuchi Nakamura, I., et al. (2008). E-Defense experiments on full-scale wooden houses. In Proceedings of the 14th World conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China (pp. 12-17). - ve42.co/Nakamura Japan: The Next Big Quake. Financial Times. - ve42.co/BigQuake
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: carrotcypher, Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.
▀▀▀ Directed by Will Wood and Petr Lebedev Written by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Jack Saxon and Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Leigh Williamson, David Szakaly Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Lui Kimishima and Derek Muller Produced by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek Muller Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and NIED (E-defense) Music from Epidemic SoundThe SAT Question Everyone Got WrongVeritasium2023-11-30 | How an SAT question became a mathematical paradox. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
I invented Snatoms, a molecule modeling kit where the atoms snap together magnetically. Try it at ve42.co/SnatomsV
Huge thanks to Dr. Doug Jungreis for taking the time to speak with us about this SAT question. Thanks to Stellarium, a wonderful free astronomy simulator – ve42.co/Stellarium Thanks to Newspapers.com, a database of historical newspapers – ve42.co/Newspapers
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Gregor Čavlović Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundThe Surprising Genius of Sewing MachinesVeritasium2023-11-22 | How do sewing machines actually work? Get your first month of KiwiCo FREE at kiwico.com/veritasium
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.
▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Prof. Andy Ruina for suggesting this video topic, guiding us in the research, and giving deeply insightful notes.
Massive thanks to Noah Johnson and Tina Vines for teaching Derek how to chain-stitch, and letting us shoot with your embroidery machine! Please check out instagram.com/stitchrite and instagram.com/tina_vines if you're interested in seeing more of their gorgeous chain stitch embroidery.
Thanks to Denny Stanley and the whole crew at Las Vegas Props for building the large replica model of the sewing machine. vegasprops.net
▀▀▀ References: Parton, J. (1870). History of the Sewing-machine. Howe Machine Company, No. 38, N. Charles St.. -- ve42.co/Patron1870
Gregory, J. M. (2006). A History of the Sewing Machine to 1880. Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 76(1), 127-144. -- ve42.co/Gregory2006
How America Spends Money: 100 Years In the Life of the Family Budget, The Atlantic -- ve42.co/Budget1
Buckman, J. (2016). Unraveling the Threads: The Life, Death and Resurrection of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, America’s First Multi-National Corporation. Dog Ear Publishing.
Lewton, F. L. (1930). The servant in the house: a brief history of the sewing machine (Vol. 3056). US Government Printing Office. -- ve42.co/Lewton1930
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, Gene Nagata and Taylor Cody Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic SoundWhat The Ultimate Study On Happiness RevealsVeritasium2023-11-15 | How to lead a happier, healthier and longer life. Check out our sponsor: betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.
▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Prof. Robert Waldinger for all his help with this video.
A special thanks to Prof. Julianne Holt-Lunstad for her expert advice on the importance of social connections and the detrimental effects of loneliness and social isolation.
▀▀▀ Additional Videos: Family Reacts to Winning CA$1 Million Lotto, NowThisNews via YouTube - ve42.co/CA1Lottery
Woman claims to be $1 billion Powerball winner, KTLA 5 via YouTube - ve42.co/1BilLottery
Old Lottery Winner Meets Young Lottery Winner | The Gap, LADbible TV via YouTube - ve42.co/LADBibleLottery
Why eyewitnesses get it wrong - Scott Fraser, TED-Ed via Youtube - ve42.co/TEDFraser
Surgeon General discusses health risks of loneliness and steps to help connect with others, PBS NewsHour via YouTube - ve42.co/PBS-SG
▀▀▀ References: Waldinger, R., & Schulz, M. (2023). The Good Life: Lessons from the World's Longest Scientific Study of Happiness. Simon and Schuster.
Lindqvist et al. (2020). Long-run effects of lottery wealth on psychological well-being. The Review of Economic Studies. - ve42.co/Lindqvist2020
Wen et al. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. The lancet. - ve42.co/Wen2011
Nocon et al. (2008). Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. - ve42.co/Nocon2008
Blondell et al. (2014). Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC public health. - ve42.co/Blondell2014
Office of the Surgeon General. (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The US Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. - ve42.co/LonelinessEpidemic
Holt-Lunstad et al. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS medicine. - ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2010
Valtorta et al. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. - ve42.co/Valtorta2016
Shovestul et al. (2020). Risk factors for loneliness: The high relative importance of age versus other factors. PloS one. - ve42.co/Shovestul2020
Donovan et al. (2017). Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older US adults. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. - ve42.co/Donovan2017
Lara et al. (2019). Does loneliness contribute to mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Ageing research reviews. - ve42.co/Lara2019
Holt-Lunstad et al. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on psychological science. - ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2015
McIntyre et al. (2015). Compulsive Internet use and relations between social connectedness, and introversion. Computers in Human Behavior. - ve42.co/McIntyre2015
Kahneman & Deaton. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. - ve42.co/Kahneman2010
Killingsworth. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - ve42.co/Killingsworth2021
Killingsworth et al. (2023). Income and emotional well-being: A conflict resolved. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - ve42.co/Killingsworth2023
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy Tello Filmed by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, and Zyan Treadwell Produced by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Ren HurleyHow Do Night Vision Goggles Work? (Theres 3 types)Veritasium2023-11-04 | We visited the US Navy to test the best night vision goggles in the world. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.
Huge thanks to Dr. Ben Conley and the entire team at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division. You can check out more of their work here: https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warfare-Centers/NSWC-Crane/ Or their YouTube channel here: youtube.com/NSWCCraneDivision
▀▀▀ Video References: Tyson, J. (2001). How Night Vision Works. How Stuff Works. – ve42.co/HSWNightVision Montoro, H. P. Image Intensification: The Technology of Night Vision. Photonics. – ve42.co/PhotonicsTech Brain Stuff - HowStuffWorks via YouTube – ve42.co/HSWVideo Photonis via YouTube – ve42.co/Photonis Operator Drewski via YouTube – ve42.co/NVGaming Night-vision device via Wikipedia – ve42.co/NVWiki Image intensifier via Wikipedia – ve42.co/Intensifier Lodriguss, J. How Digital Cameras Work. AstroPix. –ve42.co/AstroPix Kinka-Byo. (2019). What is the physical cause of increasing noise at high ISO? StackExchange. – ve42.co/PhotoISO Macias, A. (2015). The secret NVGs SEAL Team Six wore on the Bin Laden raid. Business Insider. – ve42.co/BINightVision Van Dommelen, L. Thermionic Emission. Quantum Mechanics for Engineers. – ve42.co/Thermoionic Nave, R. (2016). Blackbody Radiation. HyperPhysics. – ve42.co/BlackBody Night Vision Terminology - Generations. ModArmory. – ve42.co/ModArmory NASA (2018). X-ray Detectors - Electrical Current Detections. – ve42.co/NASAXRay
Images & Video: Osama Bin Laden report, via CNN on YouTube - ve42.co/CNNOBL Sicario Night Raid Scene, via Movieclips on YouTube - ve42.co/Sicario Splinter Cell footage, via Ubisoft on YouTube - ve42.co/SplinterCell Step Brothers Night Vision Scene, via masusockvevo on YouTube - ve42.co/StepBrothers Ukraine report, via CNN on YouTube - ve42.co/CNNUkraine FLIR K2 Thermal Imaging Camera footage, via Teledyne FLIR on YouTube - ve42.co/FLIRK2 Chandra X-ray Observatory imagery, via NASA - ve42.co/NASAChandra
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Ivy Tello Filmed by Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Raquel Nuno Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundThe Problem With Science CommunicationVeritasium2023-10-31 | To kickstart your business or online store with a free trial of Shopify, go to http://shopify.com/veritasium
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ Huge thanks to Carlo Rovelli: https://t.co/FF5ohRQB8R And Geraint Lewis: geraintflewis.com
▀▀▀ Images and references: Holographic wormhole, via Nature - ve42.co/Holographic
‘Did physicists create a wormhole in a quantum computer?’ by Davide Castelvecchi, via Nature - ve42.co/NatureWormhole
Traversable Holographic Wormhole by Sarag Wells, via Vice - ve42.co/ViceWormhole
‘Quantum teleportation opens a ‘wormhole in space–time’’ by Martijn Boerkamp, via Physics World - ve42.co/PWTeleportation
‘Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole’ by Natalie Wolchover, via Quanta - ve42.co/QuantaWormhole
‘the Smallest, Crummiest Wormhole You Can Imagine’, via The New York Times - ve42.co/NYTWormhole
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Geoff BarrettHow One Line in the Oldest Math Text Hinted at Hidden UniversesVeritasium2023-10-21 | Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video.
A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology.
Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry.
▀▀▀ Images: Euclid via Science Museum Group - ve42.co/Euclid
Singh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. - ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean
Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss' wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. - ve42.co/Landvermessung
Riemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. - ve42.co/Riemann
Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. - ve42.co/Einstein1905
ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. - ve42.co/Einstein1905
Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. - ve42.co/NANOGrav
Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube - ve42.co/PBSCMB
Wood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe's Contents. Quanta Magazine. - ve42.co/AncientLight
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Alex Kontorovich Edited by Jack Saxon Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Mike Radjabov Illustrations by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, and Han Evans
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, and by courtesy of: NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA’s WMAP science teams, ESO, and ESA/Hubble. Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Ren HurleyThe Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions (Clean Version)Veritasium2023-10-07 | YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: ve42.co/snatoms1ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: ve42.co/p
Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world. ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.usve42.co/Charles
Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2
Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.
The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth – Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – ve42.co/Smil
Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – ve42.co/Charles
Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – ve42.co/Stoltzenberg
Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – ve42.co/postgate
Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – ve42.co/Miles
Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – ve42.co/Friedrich2017
Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – ve42.co/Silva
Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – ve42.co/rodrigues
Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – ve42.co/Allison
Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – ve42.co/Crookes
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose Edited by Trenton Oliver Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies SFX by Shaun Clifford Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from ve42.co/rice Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic Sound: ve42.co/musicPushing The Limits Of Extreme Breath-HoldingVeritasium2023-09-30 | He held his breath for 17 minutes. How can you do the same? Check out our sponsor: betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.
▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Brandon Birchak for all his help with this video. To learn how to hold your breath for 5 minutes, or see one of Brandon’s performances, visit eliteperformancedesign.com and https://Sixfootcreations.com
A special thanks to Juan Valdivia for his expert advice on the science of extreme breath holding.
▀▀▀ References: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). How your body controls breathing. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. - ve42.co/BodyBreathing
Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis. Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis - Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). - ve42.co/Alkalosis
Wilmshurst, P. (1998, October 10). Diving and Oxygen. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). - ve42.co/DivingO
López-Barneo, J., Ortega-Sáenz, P., Pardal, R., Pascual, A., & Piruat, J. I. (2008). Carotid body oxygen sensing. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1386-1398. - ve42.co/Barneo2008
Jeff, & Huffy. (2022, November 17). The Bolt score test: Measure your breathing volume capacity. Marathon Handbook. - ve42.co/BOLT
Lindholm, P., & Lundgren, C. E. (2009). The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 284-292. - ve42.co/Lindholm2009
Panneton, W. M., & Gan, Q. (2020). The mammalian diving response: inroads to its neural control. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 524. - ve42.co/Panneton2020
Baković, D., Eterović, D., Saratlija‐Novaković, X., Palada, I., Valic, Z., Bilopavlović, N., & Dujić, X. (2005). Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 32(11), 944-951. ve42.co/Bakovic2005
Gooden, B. (1971). The diving response in man, rat and echidna (Doctoral dissertation). - ve42.co/Gooden1971
Longest duration breath hold - freediving static apnea (male). Guinness World Records. (n.d.). - ve42.co/DivingRecord
What’s the longest a human can hold their breath underwater? BBC Science Focus Magazine. (n.d.). - ve42.co/Southwell2023
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Derek Muller Written by Felicity Nelson and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Ivy Tello Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Derek Muller and Han Evans Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundHow Close Weve Come to Nuclear WarVeritasium2023-09-11 | Earth has been closer to Nuclear War more times than you’d think. Head over to hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov Filmed by Derek Muller Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundThe Insane Math Of Knot TheoryVeritasium2023-09-03 | There is an entire branch of math simply devoted to knots – and it has changed the world. We’ll rope you in. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
▀▀▀ Huge thanks to Prof. Colin Adams for his excellent help guiding us through the world of knots. Many thanks to Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, Prof. David Leigh, and Prof. Dorothy Buck for helping us understand applications of knot theory. Many thanks to Prof. Dan Silver & Prof. Jim Hoste for speaking with us about the history and tabulation of knots.
If you want to learn more about knots and play with them yourself, check out: The amazing KnotPlot tool — knotplot.com/. Thanks to Rob Scharein for providing technical help as well! A table of knots and all their invariants — https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/ The Knot Atlas for general info on knots — http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page
Images & Video: Alexander Cutting the Gordian Knot by Donato Creti via Fine Art America - ve42.co/GordianCut Indus Valley tablet via Quora - ve42.co/IndusValley Pages from the Book of Kells via National Trust of Scotland - ve42.co/BookOfKells Medieval Celtic designs from @thebookofkellsofficial via Instagram - ve42.co/KellsInsta Chinese knotwork by YWang9174 via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/Panchang Quipu cords by Pi3.124 via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/Quipu Borromeo heraldry via Terre Borromeo - ve42.co/Borromeo Birman/Jones letter via Celebratio Mathematica - ve42.co/JonesBirman Molecular trefoil knot by M stone via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/TrefoilMolecule X-ray structure of trefoil knot by Ll0103 via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/XrayTrefoil Bacteria animation from Your Body's Molecular Machines by Drew Berry via the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research - http://wehi.tv Topoisomerase and knots from Orlandini et al. Synergy of topoisomerase. PNAS, vol. 116, no. 17, 2019, pp. 8149–8154. – ve42.co/Orlandini2019 KnotProt 2.0: A database of proteins with knots and slipknots - ve42.co/Knotprot
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Emily Zhang Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, and Mike Radjabov Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Emily Zhang Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci and Mike Radjabov Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundShould Airships Make A Comeback?Veritasium2023-08-31 | Blimps and airships might be relics of the past, but could they help save the future? Head to odoo.com/r/veritasium to start building your own website for free.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ Thank you to Eli Dourado for letting us explore the argument he describes in his article: ve42.co/Dourado
A huge thank you to Dan Grossman and Nick Allman for their time, help, and expertise.
Also a massive thank you to those who helped us understand the world of modern airships, and provided valuable feedback - Prof. Barry Prentice, Gennadiy Verba, Prof. Christoph Pflaum, Heather Roszczyk, Dr. Casey Handmer, Richard Van Trueren, & Thibault Proux.
We are also grateful for the collaboration of the companies who are working hard to make this comeback happen - Atlas LTA, Buoyant Aircraft Systems International, Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTA Research, & Flying Whales.
▀▀▀ References:
How Airships Could Overcome a Century of Failure, Bloomberg Originals via YouTube - ve42.co/AirshipsCoF
Why the Airship May Be the Future of Air Travel, Undecided with Matt Ferrell via YouTube - ve42.co/FutureAirships
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Directed by Casper Mebius Edited by Jack Saxon Filmed by Derek Muller, Jamie MacLeod, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno Animation by Mike Radjabov & Fabio Albertelli Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, & Envato Elements Music from Epidemic Sound & Pond5 Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, & Han Evans
Former Airship Hangar by Stefan Kühn - ve42.co/AeriumI Took an IQ Test to Find Out What it Actually MeasuresVeritasium2023-08-03 | IQ is supposed to measure intelligence, but does it? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Emeritus Professor Cecil R. Reynolds and Dr. Stuart J. Ritchie for their expertise and time.
Also a massive thank you to Prof. Steven Piantadosi and Prof. Alan S. Kaufman for helping us understand this complicated topic. As well as to Jay Zagrosky from Boston University's Questrom School of Business for providing data from his study.
▀▀▀ References: Kaufman, A. S. (2009). IQ testing 101. Springer Publishing Company.
Reynolds, C. R., & Livingston, R. A. (2021). Mastering modern psychological testing. Springer International Publishing.
Ritchie, S. (2015). Intelligence: All that matters. John Murray.
Spearman, C. (1961). " General Intelligence" Objectively Determined and Measured. - ve42.co/Spearman1904
Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1907). Le développement de l'intelligence chez les enfants. L'Année psychologique, 14(1), 1-94.. - ve42.co/Binet1907
McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence, 33(4), 337-346. - ve42.co/McDaniel2005
Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. - ve42.co/Deary2007
Lozano-Blasco, R., Quílez-Robres, A., Usán, P., Salavera, C., & Casanovas-López, R. (2022). Types of Intelligence and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), 123. - ve42.co/Blasco2022
Kuncel, N. R., & Hezlett, S. A. (2010). Fact and fiction in cognitive ability testing for admissions and hiring decisions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 339-345. - ve42.co/Kuncel2010
Laurence, J. H., & Ramsberger, P. F. (1991). Low-aptitude men in the military: Who profits, who pays?. Praeger Publishers. - ve42.co/Laurence1991
Gregory, H. (2015). McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War; Plus the Induction of Unfit Men, Criminals, and Misfits. Infinity Publishing.
Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-4. - ve42.co/Gottfredson2004
Sanchez-Izquierdo, M., Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Valeriano-Lorenzo, E. L., & Botella, J. (2023). Intelligence and life expectancy in late adulthood: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 98, 101738. - ve42.co/Izquierdo2023
Zagorsky, J. L. (2007). Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence, 35(5), 489-501. - ve42.co/Zagorsky2007
Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401-426. - ve42.co/Strenze2007
Deary, I. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2013). The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: the Lothian birth cohort of 1921. Psychological science, 24(12), 2361-2368. - ve42.co/Deary2013
Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological bulletin, 101(2), 171. - ve42.co/Flynn1987
Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2011). Role of test motivation in intelligence testing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(19), 7716-7720. - ve42.co/Duckworth2011
Kulik, J. A., Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1984). Effectiveness of coaching for aptitude tests. Psychological Bulletin, 95(2), 179. - ve42.co/Kulik1984
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Petr Lebedev Edited by Trenton Oliver Filmed by Derek Muller, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno Animation by Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Tello Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Han EvansThe Real Story of OppenheimerVeritasium2023-07-18 | J. Robert Oppenheimer forever changed the course of history. He may be the most important physicist to have ever lived. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: wren.co/start/veritasium1 For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!
If you want to learn more about Oppenheimer, I strongly recommend the book “American Prometheus” By Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin. It was the inspiration for Christopher Nolan's 2023 film "Oppenheimer", which won multiple awards, including Oscars in 2024 for Best Picture and Best Actor (Cillian Murphy).
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Dr. Martin Rohde and Dr. Antonia Denkova from the TU Delft for proofreading the script and providing valuable feedback.
▀▀▀ References:
Bird, K., & Sherwin, M. J. (2021). American Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Atlantic Books.
Smith, A. K., & Weiner, C. (1980). Robert Oppenheimer: letters and recollections. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(5), 19-27. - ve42.co/Smith1980
Combes, J. M., Duclos, P., & Seiler, R. (1981). The born-oppenheimer approximation. Rigorous atomic and molecular physics, 185-213. - ve42.co/Combes1981
Rhodes, R. (2012). The making of the atomic bomb. Simon and Schuster.
Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. Physical Review, 55(4), 374. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939b
Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Bemerkung zur Zerstreuung der α-Teilchen. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(5-6), 413-415. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927
Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Zur quantenmechanik der richtungsentartung. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(1-2), 27-46. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927b
Born, M., & Oppenheimer, R. (1927). Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln Annalen der Physik, v. 84. - ve42.co/Born1927
Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). Three notes on the quantum theory of aperiodic effects. Physical review, 31(1), 66.
Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). On the quantum theory of the capture of electrons. Physical review, 31(3), 349.
Oppenheimer, J. R. (1931). Note on light quanta and the electromagnetic field. Physical Review, 38(4), 725.
Furry, W. H., & Oppenheimer, J. R. (1934). On the theory of the electron and positive. Physical Review, 45(4), 245. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1934
Oppenheimer, J. R. (1935). Note on charge and field fluctuations. Physical Review, 47(2), 144. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935
Oppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. Physical Review, 56(5), 455. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939
Oppenheimer, J. R., & Phillips, M. (1935). Note on the transmutation function for deuterons. Physical Review, 48(6), 500. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935b
Malik, J. (1985). Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions (No. LA-8819). Los Alamos National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). - ve42.co/Malik1985
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev & Derek Muller Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver & Katrina Jackson Filmed by Derek Muller Animation by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, & Mike Radjabov Illustration by Jakub Misiek and Celia Bode Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic SoundThe Hidden Science of FireworksVeritasium2023-07-07 | This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free!
If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: snatoms.com
Check out Gene’s channel here -- @PotatoJet
Massive thanks to Mike Tockstein from Pyrotechnic Innovations @PyroInnovations and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe.
▀▀▀ Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones.
Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials.
Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks.
Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks.
▀▀▀ Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.
▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli Filmed by Derek Muller, Hunter Peterson, Gene Nagata, Raquel Nuno Production by Hunter Peterson and Stephanie Castillo Additional video/photos supplied by Mike Tockstein/Pyrotechnic Innovations Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper MebiusThe Most Misunderstood Concept in PhysicsVeritasium2023-07-01 | One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: snatoms.com
▀▀▀ A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic - Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov.
▀▀▀ References: Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. - ve42.co/Carnot1890
Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube - ve42.co/OrderDisorder
A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube - ve42.co/Mould2016
Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. - ve42.co/Dugdale1996
Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. - ve42.co/Schroeder2021
Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. - ve42.co/Fowler2023
Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News - ve42.co/Chandler2010
Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft.
Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. - ve42.co/Schneider1994
Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. - ve42.co/Lineweaver2008
Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions" Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. - ve42.co/Michaelian2012
England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - ve42.co/England2013
England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. - ve42.co/England2015
Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine - ve42.co/Wolchover2014
Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy
Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - ve42.co/Bekenstein1972
Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. - ve42.co/Carroll2022
Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube - ve42.co/CarrollTEDx
Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - ve42.co/Carroll2008
The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk + Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube - ve42.co/CarrollLNF
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.
▀▀▀ Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Petr Lebedev Edited by Trenton Oliver & Jamie MacLeod Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel Nuno Molecular collisions video by CSIRO's Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper MebiusI Vacuum Venom from the Worlds Deadliest SpiderVeritasium2023-06-21 | Go to our sponsor betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.
▀▀▀ Huge thanks to the Australian Reptile Park for having us over to film – special thanks to Jake Meney for showing us the spiders and Caitlin Vine for organizing the shoot. https://www.reptilepark.com.au
Huge thanks to Dr Timothy Jackson with his help and answering our questions.
Thanks to Seqirus Australia for providing B-roll footage of the antivenom production process.
▀▀▀ References:
Pineda, S. S., Sollod, B. L., Wilson, D., Darling, A., Sunagar, K., Undheim, E. A., ... & King, G. F. (2014). Diversification of a single ancestral gene into a successful toxin superfamily in highly venomous Australian funnel-web spiders. BMC genomics, 15(1), 1-16 - ve42.co/Pineda2014
Isbister, G. K., Gray, M. R., Balit, C. R., Raven, R. J., Stokes, B. J., Porges, K., ... & Fisher, M. M. (2005). Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases. Medical journal of Australia, 182(8), 407-411 - ve42.co/Isbister2005
Herzig, V., Sunagar, K., Wilson, D. T., Pineda, S. S., Israel, M. R., Dutertre, S., ... & Fry, B. G. (2020). Australian funnel-web spiders evolved human-lethal δ-hexatoxins for defense against vertebrate predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(40), 24920-24928 - ve42.co/Herzig2020
Nicholson, G. M., & Graudins, A. (2002). Spiders of medical importance in the Asia–Pacific: Atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 29(9), 785-794 - ve42.co/Nicholson2002
Fletcher, J. I., Chapman, B. E., Mackay, J. P., Howden, M. E., & King, G. F. (1997). The structure of versutoxin (δ-atracotoxin-Hv1) provides insights into the binding of site 3 neurotoxins to the voltage-gated sodium channel. Structure, 5(11), 1525-1535 - ve42.co/Fletcher1997
Australian Reptile Park. (2022). Snake and Spider First Aid - ve42.co/ARPFirstAid
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, and Sam Lutfi
▀▀▀ Written by Katie Barnshaw & Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Jason Tran Animation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek and Fabio Albertelli Neuron animation by Reciprocal Space – https://www.reciprocal.space Additional video/photos supplied from Getty Images, Pond5 B-roll supplied by Seqirus Australia Music from Epidemic Sound Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang & Katie BarnshawThe Strange Branch of Math Where a Trillion is TinyVeritasium2023-06-06 | There's a strange number system, featured in the work of a dozen Fields Medalists, that helps solve problems that are intractable with real numbers. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: snatoms.com
▀▀▀ References:
Koblitz, N. (2012). p-adic Numbers, p-adic Analysis, and Zeta-Functions (Vol. 58). Springer Science & Business Media.
Amazing intro to p-adic numbers here: youtu.be/3gyHKCDq1YA Excellent series on p-adic numbers: youtu.be/VTtBDSWR1Ac Great videos by James Tanton: @JamesTantonMath
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.
▀▀▀ Written by Derek Muller and Alex Kontorovich Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily ZhangThe Fastest Maze-Solving Competition On EarthVeritasium2023-05-24 | Welcome to Micromouse, the fastest maze-solving competition on Earth. Join Onshape’s community of over 3 million CAD users by creating a free account here: https://Onshape.pro/Veritasium.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB
▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Peter Harrison for all of his help introducing us to the world of Micromouse – check out ukmars.org & https://micromouseonline.com. Thank you to David Otten, APEC, and the All-Japan Micromouse Competition for having us. Thank you to Juing-Hei (youtube.com/@suhu9379) & Derek Hall (youtube.com/@MicroMouse) for usage of their micromouse videos. Thank you to John McBride, Yusaku Kanagawa, and Katie Barnshaw for their help with Japanese translations.
▀▀▀ References: Claude Shannon Demonstrates Machine Learning, AT&T Tech Channel Archive - ve42.co/ClaudeShannon Mighty mouse, MIT News Magazine - ve42.co/MightyMouse History, Micromouse Online Blog - ve42.co/MMHistory Christiansen, D. (1977). Spectral lines: Announcing the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 27-27 - ve42.co/Christiansen1977 Allan, R. (1979). Microprocessors: The amazing micromice: See how they won: Probing the innards of the smartest and fastest entries in the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 62-65, - ve42.co/Allan1979 1977-79 – “MOONLIGHT SPECIAL” Battelle Inst. (American), CyberNetic Zoo - ve42.co/MoonlightSpecial Christiansen, D. (2014). The Amazing MicroMouse Roars On. Spectral Lines - ve42.co/Christiansen2014 1986 - MicroMouse history, competition & how it got started in the USA, via YouTube - ve42.co/MMArchiveYT The first World Micromouse Contest in Tsubuka, Japan, August 1985 [1/2] by TKsTclip via YouTube - ve42.co/MMTsukubaYT IEEE. (2018). Micromouse Competition Rules - ve42.co/IEEERules Tondra, D. (2004). The Inception of Chedda: A detailed design and analysis of micromouse. University of Nevada - ve42.co/Tondra2004 Braunl, T. (1999). Research relevance of mobile robot competitions. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 32-37 - ve42.co/Braunl1999 All Japan Micromouse 2017 by Peter Harrison, Micromouse Online - ve42.co/RedComet Winning record of the national competition micromouse (half size) competition. mm3sakusya @ wiki (Google translated from Japanese) - ve42.co/JapanFinishTimes The Fosbury Flop—A Game-Changing Technique, Smithsonian Magazine - ve42.co/FosburyFlop Gold medal winning heights in the Men's and Women's high jump at the Summer Olympics from 1896 to 2020, Statistica - ve42.co/HighJump Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Soon, P. L. (2016). Design and realization of two-wheel micro-mouse diagonal dashing. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 31(4), 2299-2306. - ve42.co/Zhang2016 Micromouse Turn List, Keri’s Lab - ve42.co/MMTurns Green Ye via YouTube - ve42.co/Greenye Classic Micromouse, Excel 9a. Demonstrate fan suction, by TzongYong Khiew via YouTube - ve42.co/MMFanYT Vacuum Micromouse by Eliot, HACKADAY - ve42.co/MMVacuum
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.
▀▀▀ Written by Tom Lum and Emily Zhang Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Ivy Tello Coordinated by Emily Zhang Filmed by Yusaku Kanagawa, Emily Zhang, and Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound Thumbnail by Ren Hurley and Ignat Berbeci References by Katie Barnshaw Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily ZhangWhy The First Computers Were Made Out Of Light BulbsVeritasium2023-05-13 | How were the first computers made? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
A huge thanks to David Lovett for showing me his awesome relay and vacuum tube based computers. Check out his YouTube channel @UsagiElectric
▀▀▀ References: Herring, C., & Nichols, M. H. (1949). Thermionic emission. Reviews of modern physics, 21(2), 185. – ve42.co/Herring1949
Goldstine, H. H., & Goldstine, A. (1946). The electronic numerical integrator and computer (eniac). Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 2(15), 97-110. – ve42.co/ENIAC
Shannon, C. E. (1938). A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits. Electrical Engineering, 57(12), 713-723. – ve42.co/Shannon38
Boole, G. (1847). The mathematical analysis of logic. Philosophical Library. – ve42.co/Boole1847
The world’s first general purpose computer turns 75 – ve42.co/ENIAC2
Dylla, H. F., & Corneliussen, S. T. (2005). John Ambrose Fleming and the beginning of electronics. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 23(4), 1244-1251. – ve42.co/Dylla2005
Stibitz, G. R. (1980). Early computers. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (pp. 479-483). Academic Press.
▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi.
▀▀▀ Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Kovi Rose Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli Filmed by Derek Muller & Raquel Nuno Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci