Hope Going Forward with Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) DeBacco University 2023-08-28 | Hope Going Forward with Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)Professor DeBaccoIs it Getting Worse?Hard to tell, if the viroid is spreading or if the awareness is spreading resulting in more growers looking for it and finding it.Why Should I Be Concerned?Reduced yieldsPathogen spreadingNo cureBeing AwareKnow what to look for and do not be afraid to test your plants.(Carefully) tell others you may know if you think their plants may be showing symptoms and encourage them to get their plants tested.“Unclean” GrowerIf you have plants that test positive it is not an indication of bad practices.Valuing TestingSeed testingClone testingAsking for screening reportsFinding Resistant CultivarsTo date, no cannabis cultivars are known to be resistant to HLVd.However, remember this is still a new disease and more cultivators are now aware of it and will be actively seeking a possible resistant variety. Sanitation ProtocolsBeing aware of workersLimit contact with known infected plantsKnow who was around an infected plantFollow sanitation protocols with products that actually work against HLVd.This is a Problem, but Research is on GoingSharing of information both at Universities and also companies.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1RbFjirLoxOmyWcevdsIlZMmOoF9xb73x/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Hope Going Forward with Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/15Ecxc8ekerW7hVW0p4aTh7hoAZVGm8Nl/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Testing and Screening Protocol for Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) DeBacco University 2023-08-26 | Testing and Screening Protocol for Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)Professor DeBaccoTassa Saldi, PhD: InterviewWe The Growers. (2022, March 17). Tassa Saldi, PhD – CoFounder and CEO of TUMI Genomics – E.11 [Video]. YouTube. youtube.com/watch?v=9JT2RjIkfGQLeaves Was the StandardThis does workPetioles are slightly betterHowever, latest data indicates early accumulation in the root tissue before it saturates the plant and will show-up with reliability in the leaves throughout the plant.Mother Plant (2 months and older)Four leaf/petiole samples at different areas of the plant.Systematic sampling throughout the canopy.Root samples can be hard to get and do physical damage so leaves/petioles are preferred for this stage of plant development.2 Months and YoungerGo for a root sampleThis is because of the early accumulation here, the viroid load will likely be elevated improving the odds for detection on a young plant.Frequency… DependsAre you going to be keeping and/or cloning the plant?Ideal window is 2-4 weeks to ensure continual screening to catch something early2 weeks = best for actively growing plants4 weeks = best for established plantsPlant QuarantineIf you bringing plants in there should be a 30-day quarantine to allow for proper evaluation and screening.This may require multiple screenings to ensure only “clean” plants are brought in as part of the growing operation.If You Get a Positive…Isolate the plant and remove itFull plant tag, bag and disposal is advised.Remember it is transmitted by physical damage and sap transfer.Also, the roots can have some of the highest viroid loads be avoid transfer contact of these as well.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1RKqfyPjDoJZ-yB110Zea5Aw5ZqnNwpLK/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Testing and Screening Protocol for Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1tL_j0pqLTHHaFc3u293sQfnjy5wvZZ7d/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Cannabis Breeding and Transmission of Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) DeBacco University 2023-08-24 | Cannabis Breeding and Transmission of Hop Latent Viroid HLVdProfessor DeBaccoInfected Female PlantsHigher transmission when the female plant is infectedHowever, there is still crossover infection even when the male (pollen) is the one infected with HLVCan be as high as 43% in seeds, most of the contamination was found to be on the outside of the seed.Limitations of HLVdIt can not become part of the genome of a particular cultivar.What it Can DoImpact epigenetics (expression) genetics of the plant.Where is HLVd in the plant?Viroid load throughout the plant can be very variable.Multiple samples over the entire plant should be taken when submitting a sample for screening.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1ky83sK3RBK6jr_-UTsfBo3SlbgaYrKGp/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Cannabis Breeding and Transmission of Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1PG7Aj4nAwW3OpfnPVLZnWaExtWqgrrRI/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
How Can You Prevent Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) From Spreading? DeBacco University 2023-08-22 | How Can You Prevent Hop Latent Viroid HLVd From Spreading?Professor DeBaccoAdditional Video Sources:Medicinal Genomics. (2023a, June 8). Understanding and Managing HOP latent viroid in cannabis - Zamir Punja, PhD [Video]. YouTube. youtube.com/watch?v=xQTRWQuUCzYStarts with Testing/ScreeningKnowing what you haveHow Can You Prevent HLVd from Spreading?Strict and consistent tool sterilizationPPE for workersRigorous testing protocolRepeat testing of Mother roomPlant EradicationRemoving plants that test positive and removing them, followed by continual testing can reduce the presence of HLVd in a growing operation.Cleaning Tools and SurfacesThis should be done on a regular basis.However the product you select as your “cleaner” may make the area look clean but many not have any impact on HLVdNot Effective MethodsAlcoholAlcohol + flameFlaming toolsH2O2Acetic Acid (Vinegar)Ammonium cleaners (Ex. Lysol)UV LightUV-C exposure on leaves and roots for 5min. And viroid was still presentWhat Does Work… (On Tools and Surfaces)Virkon S 2%Household Bleach 10-20% for 30-60sec.Common lab saying… 10% bleach for 10min.Mix and use the same day.Same Can Not Be Applied to Root (Plant) TissuePrevious products and recommendations are for tools and surfaces and those effective in those situations are not effective at cleaning plant tissue.UV-C IrradiationThe viroid is very stable in plant tissue.This makes it very hard to “clean” plant material which is why it should be bagged and physically removed.Sap is much more DifficultThe “best” method for sap containing viroids may be NucleasesLink to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1bKoKL-iZDk7VL11g46zDLL8cEOAnxuZe/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "How Can You Prevent Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) From Spreading?" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1va7Y3vADzL0X_HS82j2MRWTVNlHf_IFH/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Comparing PCT to RT LAMP for RNA Detection and the Important for Hop Latent Viroid DeBacco University 2023-08-20 | Comparing PCR to RT-LAMP for RNA Detection and The Importance for Hop Latent ViroidProfessor DeBaccoPCR- Polymerase Chain ReactionHas primers that are specific to a nucleic acid region and if present and a positive binding occurs it will be copied multiple times, exponentially producing the original sequenceThis can not only determine if the sequence is present or not, but with other detective instrumentation the severity (how many particles were present at the start).Low or high viral (or viroid) loadPCR- ThermocyclerTakes “one” piece of DNA and makes many, many, many copies of it.Often called a thermos cycler as to maximize the replication cycle temperature is changed to allow the Taq polymerase to effectively bind and replication the strand.PCR TestingThis molecular testing has to be performed if detection of a viroid is the goalThis can also work for viruses.RT-LAMP- Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a DNA amplification method that allows rapid and sensitive detection of a specific gene.LAMP merged with reverse transcription (RT-LAMP) has been successfully used for the detection of several respiratory RNA viruses.Uses a different enzyme than PCR that offers the advantage of being effective at one temperature and not a cycling of temperatures.Field TestingRT-Lamp: Similar to PCR that uses a specialize enzyme to amplify the viroid if present.Downfall- Less sensitiveGood at finding positives, not as good at detecting true negativesAntigen TestingThis tests for proteins so it can not be used for Viroids (unlike viruses)Which One Should I Choose?PCR is the standard for a reason and is considered to be the most reliable and also provides quick results.It does not need a high number of viroids present in the original sample (technically it would only need one present) and it would still come back with a positive indication.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1R7Ss0VQogekIwDiXXDvmxJ58m_Cdlwhf/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Comparing PCT to RT LAMP for RNA Detection and the Important for Hop Latent Viroid" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1MNiz9rW7VJBp16U2ifX3QMS4FKvT0OQw/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Can Tissue Culture Remove Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) DeBacco University 2023-08-19 | Can Tissue Culture Remove Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)? Professor DeBaccoTesting/Screening is Still NeededThis is still an important part of the process. By testing plants that are infected can be culled out as even tissue culture does not ensure a clean plant.However, culturing from a clean plant and producing known clean plants is a method that can lead to a “clean” facility. *Testing/screening should still occur, if you have employees, bring other plant material in, plan on keeping a plant as a mother and to know you do (still) have a clean facility.Is Tissue Culture the Answer?Based on hops it is possible to get clean tissue and eliminate the passage of the viroid to the new tissue.Portion of the plant the sample is taken and cultivar being used for the plant cells all have an impact on the effectiveness of this process.However, when multiple rounds are done with testing (screening) in-between it is possible to rid a line of the viroid.Meristem Culture preferredWith tissue culture you only need a small number of initial cells, so where should you take them from?Meristem culture is more advantageous compared to using material from a node.Remember that the viral load can vary in a plantSome people think this is because the plant grows quicker than the viroid can spread and this may be true to an extent, but in reality the viroid is not far away.Common Locations based on TomatoesWhen inoculated it is more likely to be found above (rather than below) the point of intentional infection(At least initially)It is very common in roots and this may be where it initially concentrates.Look to the PotatoPotatoes are vegetatively propagatedThese are often grown in tissue culture to produce virus free plant stock that will be used for a number of years and then the tissue culture process is repeated to help ensure clean tissue.Why Meristem Regions?The very tip of the plant is the new fastest growing cells that may be able to out pace the growth/spread of the virus.This is not a guarantee, but it does help potentially increase the odds of generating virod free tissue.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1nAJPbsZHfFOPyTZh40E8JfoDsf45kqSH/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Can Tissue Culture Remove Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/15AiQ0J99KVdT-ybGYf7x8467NEZJ0YeC/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
How Does Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) Spread DeBacco University 2023-08-17 | How Does Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) Spread?Professor DeBaccoCannaMed23 PresentationMedicinal Genomics. (2023a, June 8). Understanding and Managing HOP latent viroid in cannabis - Zamir Punja, PhD [Video]. YouTube. youtube.com/watch?v=xQTRWQuUCzYHow Does HLVd Spread?Mechanical damage (ex. Trimming)Sap contactGrower is the most common vectorInsect vectors still not well understoodIf you are trimming one and move to the next you have just inoculated (infected) the next plant.Root contactViral load is high hereSeedsPotential Routes of Transmission…Through the waterRootsGrowing substrateIrrigation tubeWarning for DWC, Clone trays, Flood and Drian… really any operation that recirculates water.HLVd is very stable in water as it can survive for 7 daysPhloem TransmittedEntry into the phloem is what allows it to move up and down the plantXylem is mainly a roots to shoot movementIt follows the sugars, and does translocate throughout the entire plant in about 6-weeks.Experiment by Zamir Punja, PhD Stem cut madeViroid inoculated at wound site2-weeks post inoculation it can be detected in the rootsUpper stem to roots4 and 6 weeks post infection the entire plant becomes infectedExperiment by Zamir Punja, PhD What is interesting is the path of infection which is based on a stem top inoculationRoots are the first point it is observedThen the other top growing tipsLastly the lower leaves/branch area show positive of HLVdExperiment by Zamir Punja, PhD Viroid travels down first to the roots (indicating the phloem transmission) and then spreads to the apical meristem followed by full plant infection.Flowering Can Increase Viroid LoadThe stress of flowering can increase the amount of viroid that is present in the plant.This only shows the importance of testing a plant multiple times as early in veg it could be below detectable levels.However, testing in veg is still important as if a positive is found that plant should be removed, but just because it tested negative early on following up with another test during flower would be advised. Water TransmittedThis is in part how it can travel so fast through a growing operation. Plants that do not even come in contact with one another can spread the infection via water transfer contact.Any recycling of water is at risk but two common ways this can occur…Cloner transfer based only on waterFlood and drain growingInfected MothersSince the viroid is systemic to the plant cloning a plant will produce many (infected) offspring.This is why testing and retesting of mother plants is so important.All cuttings pictured tested positive for HLVd infectionSeed TransmittedWhen the female plants are infected this can increase the odds (percentages) of the seeds infected.Most of the HLVd found on the outside of the seed coat.10-15% infection can still be found on the inside of the seeds.If the seedling (typically cotolyedon) has any physical damage the HLVd can easily enter into the plant from the seed coat.Present in Dry Flower40% sampled from dispensaries Also, found in male flowersGlove TransmissionSurvives as sap on gloves up to 5 days at room temperatureLeaf TransferCan survive up to 4-weeks so be sure to clean and remove leaves that are being trimmed.Root TissuesVery stable viroidHeating to 70C (158F) for 30min did not destroy the RNAMale Flowers?At this time there is no evidence that HLVd can be present in pollen.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1SHU0Iy9ZUxOmdPeAQOlzbzs2VR5fTh18/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "How Does Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) Spread" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1R8doYye3QuTHWONCEMIdaZocbnKWIAdw/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Symptoms of Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) DeBacco University 2023-08-15 | Symptoms of Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)Professor DeBaccoCannaMed23 PresentationMedicinal Genomics. (2023a, June 8). Understanding and Managing HOP latent viroid in cannabis - Zamir Punja, PhD [Video]. YouTube. youtube.com/watch?v=xQTRWQuUCzYLooks Can VaryTwo cannabis plants infected with the same viroid can have a wide degree of different visual symptoms. To catch it early does take a trained eye.Stage of Development Has an ImpactWhat symptoms you may see are in part dependent on the stage of development of the plant and when (and where physically on the plant) the point of infection may have occurred.Common SymptomsSlow growth (stunting via shorter internode spacing)Leaf malformationsLeaf chlorosisCan mimic iron deficiencyBrittle stemsReduced root formationHorizontal growth that then grows up like an exponential curveGreater leaf overlapReduced water intake*Flower destruction (smaller and less dense = reduced yield)Stem/Node SwellingConfirmed Case of HLVdMay not commonly reported, but does happenCan Vary Greatly in the PlantThis is why when sampling different portions of the plant should be taken.Special attention to the roots as HLVd can initially accumulate in this area.Can Vary By CultivarWhile no cultivars have been show to be completely resistant to HLVd, there are some early data indicators that some may be more tolerant.This could be potentially used as part of a breeding program is this can show consistency. Trichome ChangeReduced in size and shapeThis directly impacts the compounds that the plant can produceThe numbers of trichomes are the same (top image) but the structure is what is differentThe infected trichomes are underdeveloped Impact Varies by CultivarUnfortunately it is really a matter of how much is the plant cannabinoids reduced.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1eOJSoCESDHkik5gGtw9WZdjaLfa1AraZ/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Symptoms of Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/12IbSk-KZt-jW8W7Z5dm9nUldzdwJjoYY/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Hop Latent Viroid HLVd Background DeBacco University 2023-08-13 | Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) BackgroundProfessor DeBaccoResearch ArticleAdkar-Purushothama, C. R., Sano, T., & Perreault, J. P. (2023). Hop Latent Viroid: A Hidden Threat to the Cannabis Industry. Viruses, 15(3), 681.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/3/681First Found in Hops in 1987Viruses (and viroids) often get their name connected with the plant species for which it was first identified in.However this does not mean it only infects this plant, it only signifies the plant tissue it was first found in.In 1987, Pallas et al. reported the presence of viroid-like RNA in nucleic acid preparations from two of the three commercial hop varieties (Humulus lupulus L., family, Cannabaceae) grown in the León region of Spain.“Duds” or “Dudding Disease”Initially detected in 2019 in CaliforniaEarly on it was called the “Duds” or “Dudding Disease” of cannabis which later turned out to be hop latent viroid (HLVd).Currently, HLVd has become the most devastating cannabis disease (syn. Hemp) (Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, Cannabis ruderalis) in cannabis-growing areas.Wider Spread Than Most RealizeA survey conducted in 2021 by the Dark Heart Nursery Research that involved 200,000 tissue tests concluded that 90% of cannabis– growing facilities in California were contaminated with HLVd.HLVd has been detected throughout the cannabis-growing facilities of North AmericaWhy is HLVd of Concern?Infected crops could suffer anywhere from a 50%–70% loss in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content, thus considerably lowering their commercial value (Adkar-Purushothama, 2023).A survey conducted in 2021 revealed that approximately 90% of all cannabis-growing facilities in California tested positive for HLVd, and 30% of the plants in each facility showed symptoms of the viroid’s infection (Adkar-Purushothama, 2023).Why “Latent” Viriod?Originally it was tentatively “hop viroid-like RNA fast” (HV-f) since it was similar to avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), but had different physical and biological properties with faster electrophoretic mobility than the hop stunt viroid.However, since HV-f did not induce any visible disease symptoms in hops, it was tentatively named “hop latent viroid” (HLVd).The Hidden DiseaseAlthough HLVd-infected hop plants are symptomless, infection significantly reduces market value.Via yield and either the alpha-bitter acid or the essential oil content in the hop cone.Subsequently, HLVd has been detected in 90% to 100% of the tested hop germplasms in European countriesWhat Does This Mean?When it was first being discovered (in hops) there was no found effect, which means it was present, but was not causing a noticeable problem.In this case latent is referring to being asymptomatic, meaning it is present but not noticeable.AsymptomaticIt is there, but there are no issues… well, not exactly…Even though this is the name given even in hops it can cause issue with oil and acid levels.Also, depending on the cultivar of hops the degree to which it has an impact can vary.*In cannabis this virod is NOT asymptomatic HLVd Infection… Secondary ImpactsWhen a plant is infected it can also become more susceptible to other diseases (Ex. Fusarium wilt and Powdery Mildew)Seems to be StableOverall the genetic screening seem to be showing minimum variability across geographic regions.Considering the small number of nucleotides this is a good thing as changes (mutations) could quickly occur. Other viroids do show changes (mutations) in sequences when there is a host changeSequence Variation*Only the full-length sequence (256-nt) was considered for the analysisCan1 and Can2Two distinct HLVd isolates:Can1 (GenBank Acc. No.: MK876285)100% sequence similarity with the HLVd-type speciesCan2 (GenBank Acc. No.: MK876286)One mismatch (point mutation) at the nucleotide 225 with the Uracil mutated to Adnine as compared to the HLVd-type species, refered to as U225A.Can2 isolate was 100% identical to an HLVd isolate retrived from a commercial hop garden in China (GenBank Acc. No.: EF613183).Where Have These Isolates Been Found in the USA?HLVd reported from Delta county (CO, USA) was found to be 100% similar to the Can1 isolate.The Can2 isolate matched with an HLVd isolated from both Santa Barbara (CA, USA) and Boulder counties (CO, USA). This indicates the presence of at least two HLVd sequence variants infecting cannabisU225AThe single nucleotide change (U225A) did not affect the structure of the Can2 isolate as compared to that of the type species. Note: This change is located within the lower pathogenicity domainLink to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1H4SowowIFtrRbLIzYMRNB9QifuMvLGw9/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Hop Latent Viroid HLVd Background" can be viewed at.. docs.google.com/document/d/1gYgcvizSGR-Na5LEc7ehjpjPoC3s6Gv4/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Cannabis Virology Investigation Past and Present DeBacco University 2023-08-11 | Cannabis Virology Investigation Past and PresentProfessor DeBaccoResearch ArticleMiotti, N., Passera, A., Ratti, C., Dall’Ara, M., & Casati, P. (2023). A Guide to Cannabis Virology: From the Virome Investigation to the Development of Viral Biotechnological Tools. Viruses, 15(7), 1532.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/7/1532Virus Taxonomy BasicsVirus names as may be recognized are based on the plant species that it was first detected in.This does not mean that it is the only plant the virus can infect.It also does not even mean it is most virlent in that plant.But it does allow for (relatively) easy system for identification.Virus TaxonomyDiscovering a virus and naming it may seem like a standard process it is increasing in complexity.This is important due to the exponentially increasing number of new viruses discovered by next-generation sequencing methods. It is these new methods of discovery that when applied to some previously discovered viruses may lead to a change in classification which can add confusion.Reported Viruses and Viroid in Cannabis SativaList of the known concerns for cannabis growers when it comes to viruses and viroids.Visual Diagnosis of a VirusViruses in general provide a set of visual symptoms.Often seeing leaves with mottling, mosaic or wrinkling is an indication of a viral infection.However, it takes a lab to screen for and identify the exact type of virusWhy Knowing the Virus is ImportantRegardless of the virus there is little the grower can do, so why bother getting it identified?Justification for going through the hassle of getting a virus identified is important to know how it may have gotten there (Ex. insect vectors) and what the residual may be and what is the odds of seed transmission.Knowing the Virus Provides a PlanOnce you know what virus (or viruses) you may have, you can better develop a plan for prevention going forward.Improved UnderstandingA better understanding of viral vectors and the genome of the cannabis plant has also resulted in the identification of regulatory genes responsible for valuable medical or agronomical phenotypic traits.CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to target gene editing just like other agricultural crops.Threat Levels ConceptWhile there are many viruses that can infect cannabis, the authors have proposed a threat level categorization for cannabis cultivators.Highest Level = ALowest Level = DWhile most of the currently available information is based on crops other than cannabis it still can provide a good starting point.*Note: The following Level descriptions are direct quote from the research paper.Level A (Highest Level)Level A of our classification includes viruses detected in the field/or greenhouse conditions, toward which, an epidemiological survey is active. These viruses can spread horizontally by vector or by agamic propagation and have been associated with significant yield losses in C. sativa as well as in other economically relevant crops.Example Virus in this Level… BCTV, LCV and HLVdLevel B (Second Highest of the Four Levels)Level B includes viruses of which no recent reports of natural infection in open field or greenhouse plants are available, but whose ability to infect C. sativa and induce symptoms has been proven through experimental inoculations in protected environments (Table 2). Most of these viruses are known to possess a vector in other well-studied and -characterized crops, but these vectors have yet to be verified in C. sativa cultivation contexts.Example Virus in this Level… AMV, ArMV, BBWV, CMV, PVX, PVY, RRSV, and TSWV.Level CThe members of this level are viruses detected in symptomatic cannabis plants from fields or greenhouses; however, none of these have been inferred as virulence determinants, so, to date, it is impossible to define them as pathogenic or asymptomatic.Example Virus in this Level… CYVaV, GLPV, OULV, and TSVLevel D (Lowest Level)Viruses detected both in symptomatic and asymptomatic C. sativa are categorized at this level. No correlation has been established between viral infection and symptom development, whereas persistent infection and wide distribution are the main characteristics of these viral agents. According to these criteria, level D viruses should not be considered as a threat to C. sativa production.Example Virus in this Level… CanCV and CasaMV1Grower Friendly SystemThis threat level classification makes it easier for cultivators to know when they get a virus identified what their level of concern should be and also possible how to prevent it from occurring in the future.The intention is to provide the key “need to know” information to a cultivator without the complete virology. Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1I2XFpGhMG7iLvQdgoNg2zw7N8v8EkqEY/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Cannabis Virology Investigation Past and Present" can be viewed at..
Virus vs Viroid What is the Difference DeBacco University 2023-08-09 | Virus vs ViroidWhat is the Difference?Professor DeBaccoVirus- Nucleic Acid Wrapped in a Protein CoatA virus is an infectious agent consisting of a segment of a nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses cannot self replicate.In order to multiply viruses must infect (host) cells and use components of the host cell to make copies of itself. Viroid- Very SimpleOne of the most simple structures50–80 times smaller than the smallest viral genomesCurrently, viroids are the smallest known infectious agents that mainly cause diseases in plants.Free floating piece of circular genetic informationVery small in sizeCan only be seen with an electron microscopeComparisonViruses are small and simple, but viroids are smaller and even more simpleAlso…This is the appropriate time to use the word “strain”… when referring to a virus;-) Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1SOXzI3TSf3VvEmGMLSp0EUTlw88lkvdc/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Virus vs Viroid What is the Difference" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1va7Y3vADzL0X_HS82j2MRWTVNlHf_IFH/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Kieras Many Jobs Early Season 2023 (Student Series) DeBacco University 2023-08-08 | Kiera’s Many Jobs Early Season 2023 (Student Series)Professor DeBaccoStudents Progressing to Employee’sKiera has worked her way up to being an employee at SweetHeal.She discusses the importance of being versatile and flexible since different times of the year require different tasks to be completed.Some involves working directly with the plants, but she also has some additional tasks that are all important to make the entire system functional. Nursery House (Main Job)Taking ClonesGetting plants establishedScouting for pestsBeing proactive in defenses against pestsDaily plant careNot All Jobs Are Flashy…Labeling is very importantThis is a critical form of documentationCustomer Connection: MarketingUnfortunately, most customers do not get to see the actual plants, it is the plant products that get the most “eye’s”So, ensuring your products are well presented is important.This is critical to keep the business going and this is something that needs continual attention.This makes for a great “indoor” jobPotting Up PlantsIt may seem repetitive, but there is a lot of preparations, checking and double checking on equipment.While the planting process is routine, the volume and high standards makes this an all hands on deck job.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1Yxk1KtyMBPNCf0kW3C1LRefmbV0yxF1_/view?usp=drive_link
75000 Subscriber Thank You DeBacco University 2023-07-19 | 75,000 Subscriber Thank YouProfessor DeBaccoWelcome to DeBacco UniversityThis is an educational based channel that has focused on the following content areas…BiologyForensic ScienceCannabis ProductionAdditional Student SeriesAgricultureMilestonesOver 1,200 videos11+ million views on the channelCommon Cannabis Nutrient Deficiencies reached 1.1 million views17 videos with over 100,000 viewsSubscribing Seeing the positive influence quality scientific based information can have on the community is encouraging to see.While many are not subscribed you are encouraged.Subscribing is not something repeated in the videos so hopefully if you like the content, you can support it by subscribing.Help Spread the KnowledgePlease share the content on other platforms and encourage others to simply subscribe to the channel as a way to say “thanks”.The goal is to continue the spread of knowledge and seeing the subscriber count grow is sign this is happening!In Short… Thank You!For all of those who have (and will) subscribe… Thank You!Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1qUd0hFp930HaiolrWgG2Jz1v8qDQyuEL/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "75000 Subscriber Thank You" can be viewed at.. docs.google.com/document/d/1BZhXMcZq9-hDdu-vHsM6SYRzPU56pz8h/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
The Many Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Garden DeBacco University 2023-02-02 | The Many Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide in the GardenProfessor DeBaccoWhat is Hydrogen Peroxide?Simple molecule H2O2Advantages of H2O2Can kill both fungi and bacteria and algaeCopper also fits into this category but has many other issuesEx. Interactions, phytotoxicity, residual, environmental contaminate No residue left behindDisadvantages of H2O2Short residual timeCan require frequent applicationsContact kill onlyNote: Not Sponsored by Any CompanyAll products were purchased at retail costNo sponsorship of any products mentioned hereIt is recommended that you purchase the product for your intended purpose and follow the printed label.Agriculture Focused Hydrogen Peroxide ProductsBiosafesystems product lineZeroTolOxidateSanidateTerracleanFour UsesImproved Seed GerminationTool SterilizerFoliar ApplicationSoil Treatment1. Improved Seed GerminationResearch ArticleSorokin, A., Yadav, N. S., Gaudet, D., & Kovalchuk, I. (2021). Development and Standardization of Rapid and Efficient Seed Germination Protocol for Cannabis sativa. Bio-protocol, 11(1), e3875. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7952943Research FindingsSeed sterilization, germination, and seedlings development were carried out in an H2O2 solution of different concentrations1% H2O2 solution showed the fastest and the most efficient germination. High germination efficiency for very old cannabis seeds with lower viability was shown2. Tool SterilizerFrequently cleaning tools can help prevent the grower being a vector for disease spread from one plant to another.Tool Sterilizer Solution Make Fresh DailyOnce diluted the solution should be used for the day (or less).If exposed to direct sunlight this will speed up the degradation process as well.It will always look like clear water so be sure to put it in a special and labeled container.At the end of the day a final submersion in the solution followed by a rise can help reduce the chance of corrosion of the equipment.3. Foliar ApplicationThis is one of the few bactericides that exist in general.It also works on fungus as wellFoliar Application: Leaf and Soil Based Pathogens Controlled…ZeroTol 2.0AlgaeAlternariaAnthracnoseAphanomycesBacterial spots and rotsBotrytis (grey mold)Downy mildewErwiniaFoliar Application with No ResidueThis reduces the chance of burring the plantBe sure to follow the recommended concentration as with high concentrations there can be peroxide burn of the plant material.Essentially, the products breaks down to water and oxygen gas.Foliar Application Complete Coverage is KeyWith this (and any other contact only product) good plant coverage is very important as this has a direct impact on the effectiveness of the product.4. Soil TreatmentThis is where hydrogen peroxide is showing greater interest and some initial results are the reason for its continued use.Some areas have strict regulations on products for controlling soil based diseases.This is for good reason as these can have long residuals and negatively impact non-target environments.Soil TreatmentHydrogen peroxide can control a wide range of soil based diseases with low residual so it will not have long term negative impacts on the environment.It is much easier and cost effective compared to steam sterilization.While this may be better it is not easy to do and is costly in both labor and equipment.Soil Treatment Site PreparationsClear crop residueSome can be on the surface and/or partially incorporated into the soil, but a lot of plant residue will reduce soil penetrationThe soil surface should be quick/rough tilled to allow for greater percolation into the soil profile.Soil should have some moisturePost Soil Treatment Adding back in beneficial microbesManufacture says these can be added only 2-hours after the peroxide application.This is when the foaming you may see on the soil surface during application has gone away.Soil Treatment Micro Replenish TerraGrowFollowing manufacture recommendations, TerraGrow was added to the same area that was treated with the TerraClean product 48-hours prior.So, be sure to get the entire growing area when performing this treatment.While it will not be 100% effective the delayed onset and mitigation of most pressure sure makes it more effective than many of the harsher chemical options that exist.Cover crops are still an important componentFor many soil based diseases you want reduce the chance of overwatering and excessive nitrogen fertilizers. Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1AmVG6JHNzen6QqvS4RJkBuiYXq_ELBAQ/view?usp=share_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "The Many Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Garden" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1Ok6TYaGcwmiFpXwbZPg7PvD9ydidvm92/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Importance of Decarboxylation for Cannabis DeBacco University 2023-01-27 | Importance of Decarboxylation for Cannabis Professor DeBaccoResearch ArticleALEKSANDROV, M., & JANEVIK IVANOVSKA, E. (2022). THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE DECARBOXYLATION PROCESS IN THE PRODUCTION OF QUALITY FULL-SPECTRUM CANNABIS EXTRACT FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(13-14), 119-128.https://eprints.unite.edu.mk/963/What is Decarboxylation?All cannabinoids contained within the trichomes of raw cannabis flowers consists of cannabinoids in their acidic form and have an extra carboxyl ring or group (-COOH) attached to their chain.Decarboxylation (or “decarbing”) is where raw cannabis is heated so that the chemical structure of the acid cannabinoids changes to a neutral (non-acid) form.Acidic to Neutral Form ConversionWhen one states that cannabinoids are in their “acidic form”, they are referring to the chemical structure of the compound itself. A cannabinoid in its acidic form has a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached and the neutral forms, will have this carboxyl group removed.Acid = Raw plant materialNeutral = Decarboxylated compoundChemical Structure ChangesTransforming cannabinoid acids into their neutral forms, need to remove the carboxyl group.The weak bond holding the carboxyl group can be broken by a combination of heat and time. Why Does Cannabis need Carboxylation?This process essentially converts the chemicals into an “active” form by increasing the bodies ability to absorb and bind to the molecules.Essentially the body can use the “active” form.Carboxylation happens naturally when the plant material is ignited.Importance of Decarboxylation: THCA vs THCWhile THCA is the non-psychoactive (not decarboxylated form) precursor to THC (the decarboxylated form), it does not bind to the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Note: THCA binds with other cannabinoids receptors in the endocannabinoid system. Although THCA possesses therapeutic effects, like anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective qualities, it is not in its most beneficial or psychoactive form.Decarboxylation Requires Heat and TimeThe two main catalysts for decarboxylation to occur are heat and time. Drying and curing cannabis over time will cause partial decarboxylation to occur. While heat is needed to decarboxylate the acids into the active form of cannabinoids our bodies can use, extreme temperatures can destroy many of the important plant materials that contribute to positive health outcomes, like terpenes. Use Minimal Temperature to Preserve Terpenes Cannabis TrimTrim is what is removed from the final flower after harvest.Trim includes sugar leaves, bits of cut-off buds, and knocked off trichomes, or kief. Kief ExplainedWhen trichomes dry and break off of the plant, they become kief. Kief, because it has oxidized and loses its freshness when separated from the plant buds, usually has a darker color than trichomes, ranging from light gold to brown. It has a powdery appearance and a texture that is somewhat sticky, though less so than trichomes on a bud.Kief tends to decarb faster than an intact flower.Other Factors of Variability…Variety of Cannabis UsedEach type of cannabis contains different amounts and ratios of different cannabinoids and terpenes which impact the optimum decarboxylation time and temperatures.This can also be impacted by the physical structure of the flowerAge (Freshness) of ProductThere will be noticeable differences in the final product depending on the age (freshness) of the material you start with. Remember: The decarboxylation process only converts the acidic form to the bioactive neutral form, it does not “create” the CBD or THC molecule.If the flower consistency is widely variable grinding up the plant material will increase the uniformity of the decarboxylation process.General Key PointsNeed to have in mind that, at higher temperatures, Kief and Hash tend to decarboxylate faster than dried flowers. High CBD strains tend to decarboxylate a bit slower than those with high THC contentThree Main Decarboxylating Factors for CannabisThe most important parameters to perform a good decarboxylation process are…Time (duration)TemperatureQuality decarboxylation equipmentSuggestions for Decarboxylating Your CannabisFrom the review of published literature data…Highest concentration of THC (about 15 mg/g) is obtained when the material is decarboxylated at 122°C for 27 minutes. Converting CBDA to CBD, a higher temperature is required, about 150°C, for about 30 minutes.To decarboxylate Kief or Hash in an oven, bake it for 10 minutes at 300°F (149°C).Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1l4M8JxgL0GUVZO8Cbr15ncUTSSa7QduO/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Importance of Decarboxylation for Cannabis" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1d7MFDC65xVjxHVmaqPvKlzLVNLidOfyw/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Rotary and Drop Walk Behind Fertilizer Spreader Comparison DeBacco University 2023-01-25 | Rotary and Drop Walk Behind Fertilizer Spreader ComparisonProfessor DeBaccoWalk Behind Spreader Options Questions to Ask…Questions to ask…Is the ground established or is it rough?Rough ground = Rotary spreaderTurf grass established = Drop spreaderWhat type of fertilizer are you looking to apply? Pelletized = RotaryPowdered = DropRotary SpreaderThrows the fertilizer well beyond the width of the spreader.Can cover large areas quickly.Best for products that come in a pelletize formDrop SpreaderAs the name implies the product is dropped vertically.There is an agitator the turns when the wheels move to keep an even distribution of material.Best in small areas when applying fine or lightweight products.Overlapping is recommended to ensure even coverage.Rotary Spreader Swath MeasurementUsing a consistent sized and weight pelleted product you can go over some trays and collect the material after a few passes.This will let you know what the effective swath is for your spreader.Full Calibrating Rotary Spreaders…PennState Extension has a full set of instructions…https://extension.psu.edu/calibrating-your-fertilizer-spreaderWhat it comes down to is amount of product applied over an area.For most home owners you can read the suggestions on your spreader, calculate your observed swath and favor on the low side and make a pass with a known amount of fertilizer.Check to see how much area was covered per pound and factor this up for your area.This will help ensure you are not over applying fertilizer for a given area.Calibrating a Drop SpreaderSince the swath is know (depends on the width of your drop spreader) the same concept for determining fertilizer applied per area as a rotary spreader can be followed.They key again is to favor on the low side as it is easier to make another pass or increase the drop rate.Keep in-mind that you should be making two passes to ensure even coverage.Suggested Starting Point for ReferenceSuggested Pattern of ApplicationCrossing grid pattern to reduce the chance of skipping over an areaIf You only get one…Rotary Spreader is more universalIt can spread powdered forms of fertilizer, but it will be messy and it will clog easily, but it can be done.This is the design that large operations use… for a reason.Field Side ComparisonHere is a field side look for two Scott Brand fertilizer spreaders…Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1NSPNHHQrEFj1LcxZr1Id7nqSe-5UNfUS/view?usp=share_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Rotary and Drop Walk Behind Fertilizer Spreader Comparison" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1CNDyfHiS7BWBqWjKjih9hjO13ben7VAo/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Landrace or Heirlooms What Should be Used with Cannabis DeBacco University 2023-01-23 | Landrace or Heirlooms What Should be Used with Cannabis?Professor DeBaccoProperly Naming PlantsLandraceLandraces of crops are most closely aligned with heirlooms, being that they are naturally occurring. They are indigenous to a certain region and developed their characteristics in response to the growing conditions of that area. Landrace plant species are relatively rare because many have been supplanted with bred crops and have died out due to changing climate and human intervention.Properly Naming PlantsHeirloomsHeirlooms are open-pollinated plants that have been passed down from generation to generation. They are living artifacts and living history exhibits. Considered a reservoir of genetic diversity. Open-pollinated cultivars mean that plants grown from seed will be true to type and will resemble the plant from which it comes. Some plants, however, can cross-pollinate and therefore careful practices must prevent cross-pollination to maintain those varieties. Heirloom Classification There is some confusion as to how old a variety must be to be classified as an heirloom. Some believe that any variety grown before 1951, when the first hybrids became available, is an heirloom. However, many heirlooms are 100-150 years old or much older. In regards to vegetables- Seed-saving gardeners have kept heirloom varieties alive, as has the Seed Saver’s Exchange in Decorah, Iowa.Properly Naming PlantsHybridsA hybrid is the result of pollinating one specific variety of a class of plants with the pollen of another genetically different variety of that class. While a hybrid can occur by chance, within the seed industry hybrids are the result of the cross breeding of carefully chosen "parent" plants that produce "offspring" (seeds) that will have special characteristics.By controlling the pollination process, this results in the offspring having genetic characteristics from both parents. The offspring (seed) of this cross is called an F1 hybrid (F1 stands for "first filial"). The seeds from this cross will produce plants that are very uniform in plant habit, and carry a combination of traits from the parent plants. Landrace vs HeirloomsLandraces are wild cannabis strains that grow throughout the world free of contact with humans, so they retain their genetics and characteristics specific to that environment.Heirlooms are landraces grown in a non-native environment.Heirloom strains have not been genetically crossed or pollinated in a specific way, but have been brought from their place of origin and cultivated by humans in a new environmentWhy Heirloom Needs To Be Used MoreIf you are growing a plant outside of the Postulated Domestication Area you are growing an Heirloom (or hybrid) and not a landrace.It is only a landrace if it is being grown in its native geographic location.Landrace Seeds MisconceptionWhile growers want to have an original Landrace variety, if you are growing it out of the native area you are now growing an heirloom.Landrace requires both the seed (or clone) and the location.Heirloom just needs the seed or clone.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1UxxLIvrjMKiOPWmoidSrNalSGRqqC_5y/view?usp=share_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Landrace or Heirlooms What Should be Used with Cannabis" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1d5qTgrVdKPiHvr1tVRzITnWVzzd7iQiJ/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature DeBacco University 2023-01-20 | Plant Taxonomy and NomenclatureProfessor DeBaccoNomenclatural Codes and ResourcesInternational Codes that set the rules for plant nomenclatureThese are authoritative but also technical which may not make them as easy to read as some would like.The International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants, Shenzhen Code, 2018.International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Abbreviation: ICNServes the needs of science by setting precise rules for the application of scientific names to taxonomic groups of algae, fungi, and plantsiapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.phpThe International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, 9th Edition, 2016International Association for Horticultural Science. Abbreviation: ICNCPServes the applied disciplines of horticulture, agriculture, and forestry by setting rules for the naming of cultivated plantsishs.org/sites/default/files/static/ScriptaHorticulturae_18.pdfAdditional ResourcesPlant Names: A guide to botanical nomenclature, 3 rd Edition, 2007. Spencer, R., R. Cross, P. Lumley. CABI Publishing...and..The Code Decoded, 2nd Edition, 2019. Turland, N. Advanced Books.ab.pensoft.net/book/38075/list/9Parts of a NameGenus Name- should be written in italics with first letter capitalized.Example: PinusSpecific Epithet- should be written in italics and in lower case.Example: strobusSpecies Name- comprised of the genus name followed by the specific epithet. It should be written in italics, with the first letter of the genus capitalized. A species name comprised of a genus name and specific epithet is also known as a binomial.Example: Pinus strobusProperly Naming PlantsCultivar vs VarietyBoth appear as part of the scientific name of a plant and they always follow the genus/species name.Cultivar = means a cultivated variety; thus, a cultivar is selected and cultivated by humans, most cultivars are developed by plant breeders and are called hybridsVariety = a variation within a plant species that develops naturally in the environment. (Does not require human intervention.) How To Distinguish a Cultivar from a VarietyHow was it Developed?Varieties develop naturally.Cultivars are developed through human intervention.How To Distinguish a Cultivar from a VarietyWhat Characteristics Does it Have?Seeds planted from a variety tend to grow true to typeMeaning, the offspring retains the parent plant's unique characteristicsWriting a VarietyWhen writing a variety name within a plant’s full scientific name, the species name comes first followed by the abbreviation "var." followed by the variety name all lowercase and italicized. Ex. Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrimaPlant Variety and Breeders’ RightsA plant variety is a legal term coined by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) that recognizes certain cultivars as official plant varieties in order to grant the creator of the cultivar legal protection. This has a different meaning than variety on its own. This practice is commonly referred to as plant breeders' rights. The term “plant variety” describes a legally protected cultivar and should not be confused with the taxonomic rank term of variety.When writing the complete scientific name of a plant cultivar, the cultivar name comes after the name of the genus and species. The cultivar name is unitalicized, set off in single quotation marks, and the first letter of each word is capitalized. Ex. Rudbeckia hirta ‘Denver Daisy’.Establishing a New CultivarTo create a new cultivar, growers crossbreed parent plants that each have desirable characteristics in the hopes that their offspring will inherit those traits. Plant HybridsWhen two different cultivars undergo cross-pollination, the seed that those two plants produce grows a hybrid plant. Natural Plant HybridsWhen two different plant species grow near each other, the wind or a pollinating insect can cross-pollinate the plants. This produces a hybrid seed that falls onto the ground and grows into a new hybrid plant.Human Generated Plant HybridsHuman plant breeders create most hybrid plants in order to grow a plant with positive traits from both parent plants.Even though hybrid seeds can be made randomly in nature, hybrid seeds that you purchase are deliberately produced by humans.Properly Naming PlantsStrainStrains are often seen as inherently artificial concepts, characterized by a specific intent for genetic isolation. This is most easily observed in microbiology(Bacterial) Strains are derived from a single cell colony and are typically limited by the physical constraints of a Petri dish. Strains are also commonly referred to within virology, botany, and with rodents used in experimental studies.It is not advised to apply this name for plants.Link to Lecture Slides: *Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature" can be viewed at...
Flipping the Switch Converting From HPS to LED Lights DeBacco University 2023-01-18 | Flipping the Switch Converting From HPS to LED LightsProfessor DeBaccoGavita GuidePapergavita.com/retail/5-tips-for-a-seamless-transition-from-hps-to-ledWebinar on YouTubeHawthorne. (2021, December 16). Converting from HPS to LED: Key Considerations (webinar recording). YouTube. youtube.com/watch?v=4TUv7_HAoc8Transcript: hawthorne-gardening.com/education/converting-from-hps-to-led-key-considerationsKeep In-MindThis is from a lighting manufacture that sells both HPS and LED lights, but is providing this information to help growers make the switch.5 Tips for a Seamless Transition from HPS to LEDAdjust temperature when growing with ledUse VPD as your management toolFactor in HVAC and dehumidificationConsider the effects of light spectra and light intensity on crop growthMonitor and adjust nutrition and irrigation based on transpirationChange in Temperature when Growing with LEDHPS lighting produces a high amount of heat while many growers consider this to be a “waste” radiant, but it does help heat the leaf surface.This drives the transpiration of the plant which is the plants movement of water (and nutrients) through the plant.Leaf Temperature ComparisonThis graph quantifies the difference in temperature of the leaf surface under LED lights or HPS lighting.HPS produces more infrared (700-850nm) which results in the heating of the leaves.LED Can Shift the Room TemperatureGrowers should get an infrared temperature sensor to know what their current leaf temperatures are.Take a random sampling as the plants are growing and record the results.This data can be used to adjust the ambient temperature of the growing environment after the installation of LED lights to match the previous plant conditions.Note: This impacts the VPD (Vapor Pressure Deficit) Use VPD to Manage Growing Environment Air can only hold a certain amount of water vapor at a given temperature before it starts condensing back to liquid water (in forms such as dew or rain). Adjust HVAC and Consider DehumidificationRemember that LED’s still produce heatLEDs just produce more light per watt than an HPSTo get the same light it takes less heatOften this reduction in heat from the lights, but with an increase in room temperature, there will be less demand on the HVAC system.This can result in compensation with a dehumidifier.So the light fixtures may be a 1:1 change, but there may be more supplemental equipment (such as a dehumidifier) that is needed. Measure of the light intensityTaken at canopy level as the plants were growingLED lights are providing a more intense light at the canopy level.This can result in an increase in bud yield.Room Layout and PPFD and Uniformity ComparisonEssentially a 1:1 conversion of the fixtures in physical space in the grow room.Light IntensitySince LEDs emit less radiant heat than HPS, cultivators can increase the PPFD, (or the amount of plant-usable light, measured in photons) to higher levels than recommended when using HPS.This can be especially advantageous when carbon dioxide supplementation is being utilized in a grow room.Data Driven Changes to Nutrient and Irrigation Based on TranspirationKnow what the baseline is for your current system, as this is what you will be adjusting from.Cost Savings?This can be harder to determine as there are often rebates which are great, but often vary across different regions and are not always the same.Fixture upfront costs and changes to HVAC systems need to be taken into consideration in addition to the energy consumption to run the lights.Grower SuggestionsGoing to LED lighting needs to be a complete grow room commitmentChanging out failed HPS lights to LED (despite there being a 1:1 coverage area comparison) is not advised due to the different plant and environmental impacts.Currently HPS is the overall more cost effective option Since you can get more than six HPS lights for the cost of one LED light fixtureThis cost difference can buy a lot of electricity and bulbs.Lighting Going ForwardLED technology is the technology of the future and it is currently available, but is cost prohibitive for many.As with any technology there will be improvements and reduced cost.Ex. Customizable plant spectrumsOnce the cost of initial purchase drops it will make for an easier switch for growers to make.As you have seen it is more than just simply changing out the fixtures.So, it may be worth it to wait a little longer if you currently have an effective HPS set-up.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1lfRi9SAFdRMPpoI2BWo5ZfsXcj2W1R17/view?usp=drive_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Flipping the Switch Converting From HPS to LED Lights" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1lJ9bv7RTU7skPQ1vrzHXnXdnYlKhEveR/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
LED Grow Light Guide and Considerations Before Purchasing DeBacco University 2023-01-16 | LED Grow Light Guide and Considerations Before PurchasingProfessor DeBaccoLED Lights Gaining PopularityMany growers think that LED lights are the only option.While LED lights are popular there may be more options to consider than some growers realize, even with-in this category.Also, there are other competitive light sources that growers may want to at least consider before investing in their lighting. LED Light CategoryGoal is to use full spectrum LED lightsPlants can benefit from more than just PAR when it comes to growing and producing secondary compounds.Avoid high PAR “purple” LED lightsMakes daily plant checks more difficultLimited spectrum even though it focuses on Ps spectrumLED Light ConsiderationsLess Heat Output*This does not mean NO heat outputLongevityCompared to other lights sources the hours that LED lights produce 80% of the original output is typically longer.In some cases much longer (HPS = 5,000 hours and LED = 75,000 hoursAvoid internal fansIf a light requires internal fans and the fan fails it will cause overheating and ultimately light failure.Typically the mechanical fans will fail sooner than the electronic diodesLED Coverage AreaGrowers need to check the PPF map for any lights they are considering as often with LED lights there is less coverage area than other high intensity lights they may have used in the past.Also, check the suggested mounting height from the plantsOften a reduced distance from the plant tops can also limit the coverage area.1:1 ReplacementsMost growing areas (especially flowering areas) are based off the use of HPS (High Pressure Sodium) lights.Few LED lights are considered to be a 1:1 replacement for HPS lightsThis is especially true to the 1000watt HPS lightsHowever, there are some models being developed to allow for this easy replacement as grower decided to change from HPS to LED.*Just be ready to pay a high upfront cost for these types of lights and be willing to adjust your growing conditions.LED Custom SpectrumsThis is a case where the lighting technology is getting ahead of the plant science.Knowing the “best” lighting spectrum recipe is still being researched.Research is indicating that UV and far red light have a impact on plant growth and development.LED PanelsMost common type of LED light fixtureTypically include heatsinks and a driver as a single unitLED BarsLED bars are slightly less expensive than panelsSingle bars should be used in small growing areas or as additional supplemental light source.The shape makes them a good choice for a smaller rectangular growing space such as a 4ft. X 2ft. tent.Multiple bars linked together can be used in larger scale operationsLED BulbsLED bulbs are used to be an easy replacement of CFL bulbs.Growers may use these for mixing and matching spectrums, but a reflective hood would be recommended to increase efficiency.LED Light WarningsTechnology is continuing the improve at a rapid rateCurrent technology is ahead of the plant science*Particularly when it comes to spectrum recipesThe coverage area for each light is important as sometimes the reduced plant to light spacing can limit the coverage areaThe cost of the light needs to be considered since most of the time good lights are not cheap and cheap lights are not good.Some research is showing that leaf temperature can have an impact on plant production so if you are switching from a high intensity lighting (such as HPS) you can expect differences.HVAC system changes are likelyLink to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1ILCQd9G9x_pVvkI2DF04ugBzUAJqw_gV/view?usp=share_link420 Magazine Source Content by Slide Title:Title: LED Grow Light Guide and Considerations Before Purchase420magazine.com/community/gallery/mars-hydro-sp3000-led-full-spectrum-with-lm301b.1777081LED Light Category420magazine.com/community/gallery/led-lighting-fixture-balance-jpg.1824371420magazine.com/community/gallery/upgraded-led.1847549420magazine.com/community/gallery/grow-with-medicgrow-smart8-spacementgrown-day63-jpg.1873252LED Coverage Area420magazine.com/community/gallery/grow-with-medic-grow-ez8-led-grow-light-joheim-20210713_234930-jpg.1851056LED Panels420magazine.com/community/gallery/33b0ec04-545a-4adb-b596-5508847598a1-jpeg.1808644LED Bars420magazine.com/community/gallery/mars-hydro-sp6500-led-grow-light.1798619LED Bulbs420magazine.com/community/gallery/012_copy-jpg.1754682*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "LED Grow Light Guide and Considerations Before Purchasing" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1Kyw5k2GMfnhe2ggeNEbNG7zLMKce0CHo/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Anthocyanin Overview Genetic Regulation and Field Observations of Cannabis DeBacco University 2023-01-13 | Anthocyanin Overview Genetic Regulation and Field Observations of CannabisProfessor DeBaccoResearch ArticleKhoo, H. E., Azlan, A., Tang, S. T., & Lim, S. M. (2017). Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: Colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food & nutrition research, 61(1), 1361779.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779What Are Anthocyanins?Anthocyanins, are colored water-soluble pigments which are a class of flavonoids, impart pigmentation to the plant parts and play important roles in plant environment interactions. These compounds can also have medical benefits as well.More Than one AnthocyoninBlueberries contain 5 out of the 6Missing pelargonidinEach has a different coloration, however the color is influenced by pH, light, temperature and structure.In general, anthocyanins are red in acidic conditions and blue when pH is increased.Color Change ComplexitiesColor changes in response to pH variation of anthocyaninCan be used as a pH indicator and extracted from red cabbageCopigmentationCopigmentation helps to stabilize the color of the leaves, flowers, and fruits of the plant.Increased color intensity can be due to the copigmentation of anthocyanidins with flavonoids.Heat and Anthocyanin Extract SolutionHeat treatment of an anthocyanin-rich extract solution may not cause a degradation of anthocyanin pigments. This is because the extract commonly contains phenolic compounds that are enzymatically degraded by polyphenol oxidase. Mild heat treatment of the extract to up to 50°C has been shown to inactivate the enzymatic reactionWithout the denaturing of this enzyme the anthocyanin can be preserved despite the increase in temperature.Extracting AnthocyaninsOrganic solvents (Ex. methanol and ethanol)Considered as a generally safe extraction medium, isolation of anthocyanins using water-based extraction is a less toxic procedure.Subcritical water-based extractionUsing acidified water (0.01% HCl, pH ~2.3) that is subjected to high temperatures between 110–160°C under a constant pressure of 40 barsIt is a highly efficient technique for extraction of anthocyanins from fruit.Separation of AnthocyaninsAnthocyanins are extracted from plants as a crude mixture. For that reason, separation or isolation of specific type of anthocyanin is needed for a specific purpose. Separation and identification of anthocyanins can be done by various chromatographic methods.Regulation of Anthocyanin BiosynthesisArticle (still under copyright)Kundan, M., Gani, U., Fayaz, M., Angmo, T., Kesari, R., Rahul, V. P., ... & Misra, P. (2022). Two R2R3-MYB transcription factors, CsMYB33 and CsMYB78 are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Cannabis sativa L. Industrial Crops and Products, 188, 115546.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926669022010299What is a Transcription Factor?Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. Transcription factors include a wide number of proteins, excluding RNA polymerase, that initiate and regulate the transcription of genesWhy Look at Transcription Factors?These are important for gene regulation and cell signaling.This will have a direct impact on the expression (or suppression) of this gene.MYB Family of Transcription FactorsMYB transcription factors (TFs), as one of the largest gene families in plants. MYB family of transcription factors plays a vital role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis99 R2R3-MYB genes have been identified in the C. sativa genome.R2R3-MYB genes MYB TFs are also widely involved in the secondary metabolism of organic acids in medicinal plants. This is a Start…There is still limited knowledge about the structural and functional attributes of R2R3-MYBs in C. sativaHow Does This Help a Grower?After this in depth investigation about Anthocyanins, most growers recognize this as purple coloration on their plants.Often this is the result of an environmental stress.Two examples of this plant response will be shown…Prof. DeBacco = Early season transplant shock increasing anthocyanin production in the main stem of outdoor transplanted seedlingsKiera = Showing increased anthocyanin production on leaf petioles due to a sudden increase in light exposure due to the remove of near by plants shading.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/10nf8PNetiqq3L8DgTm84x2W9I2Bvx00T/view?usp=share_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Anthocyanin Overview Genetic Regulation and Field Observations of Cannabis" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1iIB70kSrEEprtJw8GvinnVuossE660ke/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Fertigation Set Up and Explanation Using a Dosatron System DeBacco University 2023-01-11 | Fertigation Set Up and Explanation Using a Dosatron SystemProfessor DeBacco“Dosatron” = Chemical InjectorDosatron is a name brand, but is often considered to be the industry standard.It works in a similar way of other chemical injectors. This is a water-powered, non-electric chemical injector.It is easy and reliable way to accurately inject chemicals into water lines. This class of injectors works by using volumetric proportioning which helps maintain consistent mixing rates despite changes that may occur with water pressure and flow. Injector In ActionWater FlowWater enters the Dosatron bodyConcentrate is pulled up into the DosatronConcentrate mixes with the incoming waterBlended solution is discharged into the water lineDrip/Emitter IrrigationEach container has a dedicated emitter system that can involve multiple outlets which are especially important for larger containers and plants.However, be sure there are checks for sediment clogs in the system.Dosatron SystemEfficient method of dosing fertilizer from stock tanksThis reduces the need to mix fertilizer daily and can also ensure consistency of nutrients delivered to the plants.These are water driven piston pumps that can be set to a ratio and adjust to the flow of water.There will be a familiar click sound that ensure proper function and can alert you to when something may not be right.Check valves are recommended (often required) to prevent backflow into a public water supply.Fertilizing and CleaningThis system can be used for fertilizing the plantsSame system can also be used for line cleanerImportance of FiltersPrefilters should be installed to catch anything that comes in the lines before it reaches the Dosatrons.Intake filters should be at the ends of the tubes in the fertilizer containersPostfilters should be installed to ensure no large particulate goes out to the emitters from the DosatronsSystem UsedPart AGeneral Fertilizer5-12-26Part BCalcium nitrate15-0-0Part CBloom Booster10-30-20Irrigation Line/Emitter CleanerRoot DripHyperchlorous AcidCheck the Product Label for DosingTypically stated for a 1:100 ratio which is what the Dosatrons are often set at.It says add 13oz. Of fertilizer to be added per gallon into the stock feeding tank*Given this standard ratio it also makes it easy for growers to make adjustments if they chose to.If you had a 1:200 ratio double the concentration statedIf you had a 1:50 ratio halve the concentration statedLet Us See it in Action…Connor will walk us through the fertilizer injector system in action.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1g4niJUuZSFxCoo3ZMBq2TtccdsSewQ9K/view?usp=share_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Ferigation Set Up and Explanation Using a Dosatron System" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1ruNOi7DS1-0MAUfNafi_Lpk88Uqj8kEf/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
The Botanist Dispensary Facility Interview with Pharmacist Uzma Zakir DeBacco University 2023-01-09 | The Botanist Dispensary Facility Interview with Pharmacist Uzma ZakirProfessor DeBaccoThis video takes DeBacco University to The Botanist which is a Dispensary Facility where the pharmacist Uzma Zakir will be interviewed. Kiera is also along to help with the interview and also provide some of her personal experience. This helps provide an idea of what "The Boanist" is all about and how they not only support their patients, but the education provided as well. Uzma will aso address some of the misconceptions she sees so hopefully you en joy the interview.All images was taken at the Botanist by DeBaccoSome other DeBacco University videos that expand on some of the topics mentioned can be found...Human Endocannabinoid Systemyoutu.be/d2XH0JEepskWhat Are Cannabinoids?youtu.be/38CRrIJqskQWhat Are Terpenoids and How Do They Relate to Cannabinoidsyoutu.be/HL-YAwHjgy8Some sites mentioned in the video are...www.shopbotanist.comwww.primewellnessofct.cominstagram: theBotanist.ct primewellness.ctAs always thanks for watching!
Lollipop Pruning Options For Cannabis Keeping or Removing Side Branches DeBacco University 2023-01-06 | Lollipop Pruning Options For Cannabis Keeping or Removing Side BranchesProfessor DeBaccoLollipop Pruning DefinitionLollipop pruning's goal is to focus the plants energy on the top part by removing lower branches, resulting in a lollipop appearance.Botanical Support for the Pruning MethodThe plant portions that receive less light intensity are typically poor contributors to the plant.So, by removing the lower branches and leaves of the cannabis plants, this is increasing the overall plant efficiency. Lollipop BenefitsWith the lower portions of the plant removed this can help increase air flow and help reduce potential disease pressure.General Lollipop Process…While the “best” time is dependent on cultivar grown and environment, typically this is done in the late vegetative stage or early flowering stage of growth.In general the 15 days before and 15 days after flowering is the critical window.If you are going with the screen of green (SCROG) method, you are likely doing a form of lollipoping already.Indoor and Outdoor?This can be used in both situations, but since the sun travels across the sky this is less beneficial of a pruning method.Indoor applications (or others) that have less degrees of light travel tend to benefit more from this method.Two Different Takes on the Same MethodTraditionally, growers will simply remove the leaves and keep most of the side branches.Exact amount is up to the grower.Unconventional, is where the side branches are also removed which will result in a plant that represent more of a palm tree.This does result in a thicker central stalk, but still requires staking.If plant is topped it can have similar number of growing tips compared to the traditional method.Traditional MethodThis maximizes the branch meristems which should in theory result in many buds.However, the bud size may be reduced if all branches are kept for the full plant cycle.This is an easy method to employ and tends to do best when implemented with some form of a screen of green method.Unconventional MethodIn tight plant spacing this does allow for improved air flow under the plants.Timing can be a little more difficult and this does require more frequent pruning of the side branches.The plant will be top heavy, but the main stem will thicken to help support this structure.Recommendation…Traditional Lollipopping- Use this in most cases and especially if utilizing a screen of green support method.Unconventional lollipopping- Best to implement if you are looking to clone a plant, remove the side shoots with the timing of the plant growth (and topping) and you will get a consistent number of clones and still be able to harvest the mother plant even though the yield will likely be lower than the traditional method.Kiera Comparing the Two MethodsKiera will show us in the greenhouse a comparison of the two Lollipopping methods with plants nearing the end of the vegetative cycle.This allows you to see both and make an informed decision on what method you would like to implement for your operation.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1jZBFrMcsBQ5jNnWD3dCWE5hzNk-N8IuE/view?usp=share_link420 Magazine Source Content by Slide Title:Lollipop Benefits420magazine.com/community/gallery/cultiuana-ct-720-winter-grow-22-23.1883560420magazine.com/community/gallery/lollipopped.1852495*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Lollipop Pruning Options For Cannabis Keeping or Removing Side Branches" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1BV-qlGcfbA2LJtYlNvXiPbLSNSb4M5W-/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Comparing Cannabis Sativa, Indica and Ruderalis Growing in the Greenhouse DeBacco University 2023-01-04 | Comparing Cannabis Sativa, Indica and Ruderalis Growing in the GreenhouseProfessor DeBaccoGreenhouse Comparison of MorphologiesGrowing in the same greenhouse under the same conditions Connor will be showing us how different Indica, Sativa and Ruderalis plants can look.Remember, the key difference is the plant growth morphologies as these terms do not match any particular effects as you may see advertised at a dispensary.SativasWarning they can get quite tall, in Veg these plants are already over 10ft. tall.This is ok in a greenhouse setting since wind is not an issue, but the daily management of these plants can present challenges.Not to mention harvesting;-)IndicasGenerally the middle growth pattern compared to Sativas and Ruderalis.These tend to be more tame in aggressiveness of growth.Wider leaves can make them slightly more susceptible to leaf damage compared to thinner leaves of Sativas.RuderalisThese are the auto flowers and while not originally thought to be the case for the plants in the greenhouse there is certainly an auto trait in the lineage.These are great for winter growing (in a greenhouse) or in a tent or a way to stager a harvest.However, in this case of the peak growing months of the year giving them prime greenhouse floor space can be a bit of a waste due to the small size. The slight advantage is these will be harvested and removed ahead of the other plants spacing out the harvest process.*If these were known to be auto flowers, planting them earlier would have been advised so that two crops could be harvested in the same year essentially doubling the yield per area and compensating for their small (half) sized plants.Out to Connor in the Greenhouse…Connor will show us what is growing in the greenhouse a point out the distinctive morphologies of the different classifications of cannabis plants.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1acQVNsOnK3hv14GCRMr-Fk68vjMQNPwb/view?usp=share_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Comparing Cannabis Sativa, Indica and Ruderalis Growing in the Greenhouse" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1y6x3MTAtVLVWg2u4zECASRsxlcGauRzN/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Rabbit Damage on a Cannabis Plant Follow up (Student Series) DeBacco University 2023-01-02 | Rabbit Damage on a Cannabis Plant Follow-Up (Student Series)Professor DeBaccoReturn of the RabbitsFencing of entire area has too many points of entry for the small rabbits.There also seemed to be a concentrated area of the damage.So, individual plant protective measures were put in place to salvage the plants.Overall Quick and EfficientSimple method and did not take much time.Put a ArborGuard Tree Trunk protector around the stem at ground levelCost effective only $2.50 to under $2.00 per guard (depending how many you buy)For plants that had damage a simple stake and rope for support was addedNote: Watch out for the drip line under the weed barrierThis can be put around other plants to prevent the issue from happening.Kiera DemonstrationKiera will show how a damaged plant was salvaged. Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/15goTSJ6Gm_5TzmK0lRTBkYPyQdXrmrag/view?usp=share_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Rabbit Damage on a Cannabis Plant Follow up (Student Series)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1plzg3ZiI5dgeXtJ8YB3PrpGigO8Uj4S0/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Fascination with Fasciation on a Cannabis Mother and Clone DeBacco University 2023-01-01 | Fascination with Fasciation on a Cannabis Mother and CloneProfessor DeBaccoFasciation DefinitionFasciation is defined as the development of elongated, flattened stems in plant.This can also be expressed in the flowers.Fasciation Good or Bad?Typically not considered to be advantageous other than unique ornamental characteristics.However in cannabis, this change in flower morphology can lead to some interest.Potential Causes for FasciationTypically this is the result of a genetic mutation of the meristematic region of the plant. Evident by the elongated and flattened cellsAs seen in this example it is the apical meristem showing the change in morphology and not the side branches. Since the occurrence is typically isolated it could be pruned out if the grower decided, but in this case the grower has attempted to clone the feature.Does Fasciation = Super Bud?While the apical bud can initially look impressive often the actual development is poor. Due to the rarity the reason for the cloning is to increase the sample size and see if this initial observation repeats itself.However, even if a good structured “super bud” was to develop, the odds of botrytis would likely be much greater. Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1CjsnbbcQZ_rSMy1LIlRMtZ_C80VmNu6G/view?usp=share_link420 Magazine Source Content by Slide Title:Super Bud?420magazine.com/community/gallery/20220420_142833-jpg.1867247420magazine.com/community/gallery/20220420_143228-jpg.1867248420magazine.com/community/gallery/20220225_110239-jpg.1861373420magazine.com/community/gallery/20220211_110943-jpg.1860103*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Fascination with Fasciation on a Cannabis Mother and Clone" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1iP7jrbTZhUA3Bfb_12MKlQSkGhcscL3G/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Students of the Fall 2022 Semester DeBacco University 2022-12-30 | Students of the Fall 2022 SemesterProfessor DeBaccoStudent IntroductionsAs a teacher it is important to pass on what you have learned and see where your students take that information.It has been great working with both Kiera and Connor and hopefully you have also enjoyed some of the videos they have appeared in.This video will help provide a brief introduction to both students…KieraHas shown continued interest in cannabis production beyond the course work.She has appeared in DeBacco University videos and is continually expanding her education and enjoys sharing this with others.YouTube: youtube.com/channel/UCxJ2wMI84bN6dI7tFje2ezA Instagram: instagram.com/kannakiera/?hl=en ConnorAfter taking both the Introduction to Cannabis Horticulture and also the Advanced Cannabis Horticulture Connor is now the lead cultivator at a large production greenhouse operation.The information from the course has proven to be helpful on a daily basis and he has been willing to share some of his experiences here on DeBacco University.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1LXBDBq0h0AYqSCB48rz1YMItzV1veW2h/view?usp=share_link*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Students of the Fall 2022 Semester" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1vZkwdonhiEK84mxF3Hr1fjrefU1qjLVk/edit?usp=share_link&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
How PAR Readings Change with the Time of Day (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-15 | How PAR Readings Change with the Time of Day (Student Series)Professor DeBaccoPAR Meter Mode…Note: The PAR meters have different modes for indoor lights and the outdoor sun so be sure to set it for the light you are intending to measure.LocationThis video was taken on a sunny day during the first week of August in the Northern Hemisphere. The approximate GPS coordinates are…41.33 °N, 72.19 °Wwhich is in Southern New England and the elevation was 50ft. above sea level.PAR Readings were taken from noon to 7:35pmAs the video progresses you will notice that the data is added to the chart so the summary is at the end. In addition to this not only are the PAR readings shown in video format there is also a still photograph taken that is shown as well. This is intended to show how the setting sun changes and how it relates to the official sunset time for the day. So, even though the actual day-length is a defined amount of hours, the total time of high quality light is important when growers calculate their DLI.*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "How PAR Readings Change with the Time of Day (Student Series)" can be viewed at... drive.google.com/file/d/1Lrw-ootvNN5pJ6427EtJbXGYBmU0VteR/view?usp=sharing
How PAR Readings Change with Light Type and Distance (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-14 | How PAR Readings Change with Light Type and Distance (Student Series) Professor DeBaccoDifferent LightsLEDFluence SPYDRx PLUS 660 watt LEDFluorescentagrobrite Designer T5 324 watt FluorescentMany growers find PAR meters to be cost prohibitive, so this video will attempt to provide growers with an idea of how different types of light (LED and Fluorescent) differ in PAR readings at set distances. This way growers can have a better idea on how to best start at a distance from each light that will offer maximum plant benefit with minimal chance of leaf burn.*There is a summary table for all of the data collected provided at the end of the video.*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "How PAR Readings Change with Light Type and Distance (Student Series)" can be viewed at... drive.google.com/file/d/1RX_aXInpBqaGPmafJrxIRWWLtYzXRfKK/view?usp=sharing
DeBacco University Feedback Request DeBacco University 2022-08-14 | DeBacco University Feedback Request - Prof. DeBaccoLink to Form: Form now closed, thank you to those who responded! Your Feedback MattersIn a continual effort to improve the education provided by DeBacco University you are being asked to complete a very simple feedback form.This will allow for the collection of comments in an organized format.Only available for a short time so if you see please go to the link below.You only have until Aug. 17th, 2022 0500 GMTLink to Form: Form now closed, thank you to those who responded! Only 6 QuestionsOpen-ended…What do you like about DeBacco University? What future content would you like to see DeBacco University provide?What improvements can DeBacco University make?Multiple choice…On a scale of 1 to 10 how would you rate the content provided on DeBacco University?Which playlist is your favorite?Are you a DeBacco University Subscriber?Thank You in Advance!Your time is appreciated!Link to Form: Form now closed, thank you to those who responded! Slide Show Reference: drive.google.com/file/d/1qKIlwzeT-4h5N92WCsHUVOQbyndNBOBM/view?usp=sharing
Proper Fluorescent Light Setting To Use for Clones (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-13 | Proper Fluorescent Light Setting To Use for Clones(Student Series)Professor DeBaccoFluorescent Light Used…agrobrite Designer T5 324 watt FluorescentThis light has many options which is great, but how does a grower know which one to use? This video will show with the aid of a PAR meter how the different light setting compare in PAR at the plant height of about 20cm or 8inches. You can than apply this to your set-up in hopes of maximizing efficiency of your operation.*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Proper Fluorescent Light Setting To Use for Clones (Student Series)" can be viewed at... drive.google.com/file/d/1NUH9qeBzyA0sSInqWf9oMTktPwIcQa09/view?usp=sharing
Identifying Rabbit Damage on Cannabis Plants (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-12 | Identifying Rabbit Damage on Cannabis Plants (Student Series)Growing any type of plant there seems to be an endless list of things that want to attack and damage it. In this case rabbit damage will be shown on the main stalk at ground level. This is called girdling of the plant and if it is deep enough can kill the plant and in lesser severity cases slow the growth. Physical barriers such as fences are a good option and the end of the video will show you the proper way to install a fence to reduce the chance of this happening to your plants.This is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations. *Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Identifying Rabbit Damage on Cannabis Plants (Student Series)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1NTX6YGs_CCLbWrrluVZvmS_RFL0hlmM0/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
The Correct Way to Take a Soil Sample (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-11 | The Correct Way to Take a Soil Sample (Student Series)Professor DeBaccoSectioning AreasIt can be as fine or broad as you want, if the field history is know this can be helpful.When in doubt, first time sampling favor more sections and if results come back similar you can merge areas next time.Soil Collection PathShould be random, but effectively cover the area. A minimum of 6-10 samples should be taken depending on the total area.Indoor Soilless Media SamplingIf the plants are growing in soilless media… than a Soilless Media Extract sampling procedure and specialized test should be conducted.This is not the case in the operation being shown, so a modified traditional soil sampling technique can be used.Indoor Soil SamplingIn this case, a mixture of soil and compost was the main growing substrate so a regular soil sampling procedure could be followed… with a few modifications.Smaller coresTrowel used6-10 containers are used to make the soil sampleGrowing in containers is different than a typical field, but the principals are the same.Other DeBacco University Videos On Soil SamplingHow to Take a Soil Sampleyoutu.be/AldLtuolyokPath of Soil in a Soil Testing Labyoutu.be/sq5UuJ4vfGkProper Method to Collecting a Soil Sampleyoutu.be/h8i0aEJ3YkM*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "The Correct Way to Take a Soil Sample (Student Series)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1ud6GJfKpia9v87GKJYMLVHGBfeQvoiWh/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Cloning From a Damaged Plant so it Can Live On (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-10 | Cloning From a Damaged Plant so it Can Live On (Student Series)While taking clones from a perfect plant is the ideal situation, in some cases what was once a good looking plant suffers from an unexpected situation. In both of the cases shown in the video otherwise healthy plants have endured some extreme physical damage. Since the plants are in good overall health (no disease issues) and the damage was recent, these plants are still great candidates for cloning. This is a great example of taking a negative situations that some may just consider a loss and turning it into usable plant material. Catching the plant damage early is important as most of the material has not even started to wilt which should help increase the odds of success. For once branch the total number of clones that can be taken are counted and while some may be on the small side it is still worth taking as there is a chance of their survival especially if there is room in the cloner.Basic Steps to Cannabis Cloningyoutube.com/watch?v=pHU4uc57C24Properly Taking Clones from Outdoor Plants (Student Series)youtu.be/qRBo2miUeowThis is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations.
Stemphylium Gray Leaf Spot in Tomatoes DeBacco University 2022-08-09 | Stemphylium Gray Leaf Spot in TomatoesProfessor DeBaccoMultiple Viewpoints of StemphyliumDescription of the diseaseActual images and video of a known caseComparison to a common lookalikeMicroscopic viewGenetic investigation regarding virulence factorAbout StemphyliumWhile it may seem like a new problem Gray Leaf Spot of tomato was first reported in 1930.Four Stemphylium species, S. lycopersici, Stemphylium solani, Stemphylium vesicarium, and Stemphylium botryosum f. sp. lycopersici, are necrotrophic fungi that cause tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) gray leaf spot disease (GLS)High humidity or free water on leaf surfaces is required for spore germination and infection.Spots on leaves were small, light brown, and somewhat circular to irregular in shape. Some larger spots were cracked.Symptoms start to appear within two to five days of infection.Stemphylium DispersalVia air currents (wind) and splashing water. Can also be seed-bornSurvives on crop debris as a saprophyteUpper and Lower Leaflet View Comparisons of StemphyliumUpper and Lower Leaflet View Comparisons of StemphyliumThis represents more advanced progression which is evident by the large browning area and the larger lesions located on the under side of the leaf.Full Leaf View of StemphyliumThese images show lower leaves (just above the pruning point) exhibiting more advanced symptoms. Stemphylium Symptoms on Rachis and PetiolesWhen inspecting the rachis and petioles closely of the tomato leaf look for small rectangular shaped lesions. These can be difficult to find, but something else to be aware of.High Tunnel Video (Recorded and uploaded in 4k)This was an officially lab confirmed case of StemphyliumFirst symptoms occurred around mid-July about 4-weeks prior to the video being taken.Typically is starts in the older leaves and works it way up the plant.Different varieties will have different levels of severity.What to Look ForWhile fact sheets tend to report that Cherry and grape tomatoes are more susceptible than other types based on grower observations it did show on all of the cheery varieties, but it did not seem to really have much negative impacts in regards to overall plant performance and yield.Most commonly occurs (or is first seen) in high tunnels with the higher temperatures and humidity being favorable for disease development.Look alike… SeptoriaStemphylium is often mistaken as Septoria leaf spot.Stemphylium- has more irregular lesions with brown margins and tan centers. The leaves tend to remain green in areas unaffected.Septoria- tends to be more circular spots with an inner circle of a lighter shade of brown. In addition the leaf will typically yellow.Stemphylium: Under the MicroscopeStemphylium: ConidiophoreConidiophore: a specialized hyphal branch of some fungi that produces conidia.Stemphylium: ConidiaConidia: an asexual spore produced on a conidiophore of certain fungiResearch ArticleLian, J., Han, H., Chen, X., Chen, Q., Zhao, J., & Li, C. (2022). Stemphylium lycopersici Nep1-like Protein (NLP) Is a Key Virulence Factor in Tomato Gray Leaf Spot Disease. Journal of Fungi, 8(5), 518.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/5/518NLP gene, which encodes a necrosis and ethylene inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like protein (NLP).NLP Is Required for Full Virulence of S. lycopersici in TomatoNLP is a key virulence factor of S. lycopersici during infection on tomato leaves. Study Findings…Through analysis of the NLP gene (which encodes a necrosis- and ethylene inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like protein (NLP)) it was found that targeted disruption of the NLP gene in Stemphylium lycopersici significantly compromised its virulence on tomato.NLP suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tomato leaves during S. lycopersici infection.Expressing the fungal NLP in tomato resulted in constitutive transcription of immune-responsive genes and inhibited plant growth.ConclusionsNLP might contribute to the virulence of S. lycopersici by suppressing ROS-mediated immunity in tomato. Large-scale functional genomic studies are required to further dissect the pathogenicity of Stemphylium spp.Link to Lecture Slides: drive.google.com/file/d/1QfE1reuo2vLvGJhslGF2svuyrS7l72Vl/view?usp=sharing*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Stemphylium Gray Leaf Spot in Tomatoes" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1xMXHc12xD_G0BeWPJKVCRgIXMw9NNIfc/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Mechanical and Digital Timer Pros and Cons Comparison (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-08 | Mechanical and Digital Timer Pros and Cons Comparison (Student Series)Professor DeBaccoHere is the great debate... should I get a digital or a mechanical timer for my operation? This student series video at DeBacco University will provide you with the pros and cons of each. If you make it to the end you will hear the official DeBacco recommendation, but in the end you need to make the selection that is best for your operation. The best part is that these are both timers so really you can not make a poor decision, just make sure to follow the instructions and set your selection up properly and you should be problem free.*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Mechanical and Digital Timer Pros and Cons Comparison (Student Series)" can be viewed at... drive.google.com/file/d/1_jLG9xSuFAEDqqZPHdy5zHNGghpzSN5W/view?usp=sharing
How to Set Up a Digital Timer for Your Growing Operation (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-07 | How to Set Up a Digital Timer for Your Growing Operation(Student Series)Professor DeBaccoSince we live in a digital age, many growers select digital timers for their operation. However, when you initially look at the times it may be a bit confusing, so this student series should help to demystify any confusion. Be sure to check everything once set-up since there is no visual once programed.Link to Instructions…hydrobuilder.com/media/pdf/instructions/TM01715D_Instructions_2020.pdf*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "How to Set Up a Digital Timer for Your Growing Operation (Student Series)" can be viewed at... drive.google.com/file/d/11EnsPfta9DTvolvz7u03sucFZfE8nrEN/view?usp=sharing
Three Week Clone Update and Visual Rooting Evaluation (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-06 | Three Week Clone Update and Visual Rooting Evaluation(Student Series)Professor DeBaccoOverall the rooting of the clones going directly from outside to an EZ cloner was successful. Once you dial in the lighting, nutrients and pH all that needs to be done is ensure there is enough water to prevent the pump from burning out. A comparison is provided to show what 3-week old clones look like and what 1.5 week old clones look like. Light ChangeFrom…Fluence SPYDRx PLUS 660 watt LEDTo..agrobrite Designer T5 216 watt FluorescentClone Age ComparisonLeft = 3 week old clones1.5 week old clones = RightWater ConditionsLeft untouched only the pH needed some slight adjustments after some more water was added to keep the level at the proper height in the cloner.*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Three Week Clone Update and Visual Rooting Evaluation (Student Series)" can be viewed at... drive.google.com/file/d/1uiA6V_aVSORx-zPjVOquljLGIioDGBuL/view?usp=sharing
Final Plant Preparations for the EZ Cloner to Encourage Success (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-05 | Final Plant Preparations for the EZ Cloner to Encourage Success (Student Series)Initially you set everything up to receive the plants, then you go out and harvest the plants to bring them back to the cloner, but there are a few key steps that can help increase your odds of rooting success. In this Student Series you will get to see how to prepare the actual plant material and how to to deal with some clones that may not be considered ideal in their shape.These simple tips should help ensure a successful round of plant propagation.EZ Clone for Cannabis Cloningyoutube.com/watch?v=eAEPweff6Ew&t=457sUsing Aeroponics to Clone Cannabisyoutube.com/watch?v=_gOXYe9DyxY&t=314sThis is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations.
Properly Taking Clones from Outdoor Plants (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-04 | Properly Taking Clones from Outdoor Plants (Student Series)This video will offer a guide to taking clones from outdoor plants. This was recorded right before sunset to reduce the overall stress on the plant material and increase the odds of survival over the transition period to the cloner. Both a branch clone and a meristem clone will be shown. There is no preferred type of clone as each can produce high yielding plants, but typically the meristem clone is taken when a growers wants to come back and take more clones from the same plant at a later date. You will get to see Kiera take both types of clones in hopes of increasing your odds of success with your plants.This is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations.
Preparing a Growing Area and EZ Cloner Before Plant Material is Harvested (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-03 | Preparing a Growing Area and EZ Cloner Before Plant Material is Harvested (Student Series)Before taking cuttings growers need to ensure that they have all of the mechanical and environmental aspects of plant support fully functional. Here you will see a student start from a collection of materials and assemble what is needed to create a functional growing area. While some of the individual trial and error attempts may have been edited out this will show the proper procedure to follow when it comes to assembling an EZ-Cloner (Aeroponic system) for cloning. While this style of system could be used for full term growing it is most efficient for the early stages of plant propagation.This is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations.
Using a PAR Meter to Measure Light Intensity (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-02 | Using a PAR Meter to Measure Light Intensity (Student Series)While PAR meters can be expensive they allow growers to be able to know exactly what their plants are receiving regarding light intensity. This can help growers be more efficient with their lighting and ensure the plants are receiving what is intended. If a growers is supplementing with CO2 the PAR can be increased (assuming no other limiting factors) for improved yield. This is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations. Understanding PAR PPFD and PFD To Maximize Cannabis Yieldyoutube.com/watch?v=um-3HZXFnc4Measuring Lightyoutube.com/watch?v=r7yTiUOtSHo*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Using a PAR Meter to Measure Light Intensity (Student Series)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1_hPctR86bl_gRsXonWqBhSKr7mBzajIN/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
If You Need a Work Light Why Should It Be Green (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-01 | If You Need a Work Light Why Should It Be Green?(Student Series)Professor DeBaccoThis is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations.Dr. Bruce Bugbee Quote:"Now do not go out here running around saying Dr. Bugbee says that green light is not safe at all, our eyes are so sensitive to green we can see plants with 1/100 the amount of green light as we can with blue or red, it is still if you got to have a light it is still the best color of light.” (Starts at 24:18) youtube.com/watch?v=5KSLG9heBe0 (Published May 3, 2022)Dim Green Light"Green light is the least efficiently used color of light in the visible spectrum." https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/green_light_is_it_important_for_plant_growthThis light is low PAR light that is recommended as a work light and used only when neededAvoid continuous hours of darkness interruptions, especially during flowering.Green Light is ReflectedGreen light is reflected, some externally some internally.Externally reflected: Plants appear green because leaves reflect more green light than other visible wavelengths, but typically only around 5 to 10 percent of green light is reflected.Internally reflected: This is why it penetrates the deepest into the leaf since it is not efficiently absorbed by chlorophyll.*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "If You Need a Work Light Why Should It Be Green (Student Series)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1w_AYSHnfOWYf_H1VziH2B8ws8ChUwgeW/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Ratchet Lighting Hanger 101 For Lighting (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-08-01 | Ratchet Lighting Hanger 101 For Lighting (Student Series)Sometimes it is the simple things that can be confusing so in this DeBacco University Student Series Kiera will be showing how to use a ratcheting light hanger and one important item you should keep in-mind when making adjustments. Please note that these are sold often as pairs and the total weight they can support is for the PAIR and not the individual hanger. These are useful items to try and maintain the same PAR for your plants as they grow, or can be used to increase the distance between the lights and the plants to help reduce the chance of leaf burn, especially on younger plant material. This is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations.How to Set Up a Mechanical Timer for Lights (Student Series)youtube.com/watch?v=pAqpZZW1r70*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "Ratchet Lighting Hanger 101 For Lighting (Student Series)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1EPMLw9h8Oh-DS1RIIKL8w2ZSDA9pDKQv/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
How to Set Up a Mechanical Timer for Lights (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-07-30 | How to Set Up a Mechanical Timer for Lights (Student Series)This may seem like a simple task, but there are a few key points to remember to ensure the proper photoperiod for your plants. Once you know your lights work and you have checked the power load on the circuit and everything checks out adding the timer is the next step.This is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations. Kiera will demonstrate the key steps to ensuring your plants are getting the duration of light and dark you intend and that this occurs at the proper time of day.*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "How to Set Up a Mechanical Timer for Lights (Student Series)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1Y640qEQubA7CQ_WnMaWNnmkqZ0XXgTz_/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
50000 Subscriber Thank You Video DeBacco University 2022-07-30 | 50,000 Subscriber Thank YouProfessor DeBaccoWhat Your Subscription MeansIt has been great to see the truly world wide reach of the channel and the main indicator of overall interest is the number of subscribers.So, for those that have subscribed, this simple click of a button is very much appreciated.The number of people that value a quality education is encouraging. Welcome to DeBacco UniversityThis is an educational based channel that has focused on the following content areas…BiologyForensic ScienceCannabis ProductionAgricultureWhy You Should Encourage Others to SubscribeMany watch the videos to help solve a problem, so you are welcome to share the content on other platforms, simply encourage others to subscribe to the channel.The goal is to continue the spread of knowledge and seeing the subscriber count grow is encouraging.Also, it is quick, easy and free!Thank You DeBaculesFor all of those who have (and will) subscribe… Thank You!*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "50000 Subscriber Thank You Video" can be viewed at... drive.google.com/file/d/1uLMk-Iz0chPBW3N2AWgza5WeHiG6TGGp/view?usp=sharing
Flat or Ribbon Vining Mutations in Cannabis Plants (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-07-29 | Flat or Ribbon Vining Mutations in Cannabis Plants (Student Series)If you grow enough plants you may start to see some abnormalities and this is a perfect example of some stem mutations. There are more than one plant showing these mutations as it seems the main stems are multiple stems in one which are causing a flat or ribbon look to the plants. It seems to be consistent with this one variety, but it seems there are about 5% of plants showing this trait. It will be interesting to see how they progress, but here is a video that shows this abnormality.This is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations. Here we will see what Connor has found in the greenhouse with one variety.
What to Look For When Diagnosing Russet Mites (Student Series) DeBacco University 2022-07-28 | What to Look For When Diagnosing Russet Mites (Student Series)Here you will get to see how Connor goes about diagnosing Russet Mites in cannabis plants. The goal is to help you identify the issue if your plants do not look quite right. Then there is another DeBacco University video linked below for more information.This is part of a Student Series at DeBacco University where you can see the direct application of content to different situations.How to Identify and Control Hemp Russet Mites on Cannabis Plantsyoutube.com/watch?v=0mAb1v0KQ5M*Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "What to Look For When Diagnosing Russet Mites (Student Series)" can be viewed at... docs.google.com/document/d/1b5y1lQFE99gJxhZtfF9F32_PoIXElN3i/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104237452697237972847&rtpof=true&sd=true
Recognizing a Nitrogen Deficiency in Cannabis Plants DeBacco University 2022-07-27 | Recognizing a Nitrogen Deficiency in Cannabis PlantsBeing able to recognize problems early is important when it comes to plant production. In this example nitrogen fertilizer ran a little short and the plants responded quickly so this videos hows what to look for. Nitrogen is a mobile nutrient and is quickly plant available so correction can be quickly seen in the plant once fertilizer is added. For more quality information on this topic check out these other DeBacco University videos...Nitrogen Deficiency and Toxicity in Cannabisyoutube.com/watch?v=Gul14JmHmjYHow to Calculate 100ppm of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Cannabisyoutube.com/watch?v=ZLh5zXCqkw8&t=297sNitrogen Fertilizer Options for Cannabis Productionyoutube.com/watch?v=PY2dj2wUjBg
