Ze Frank
Hindsight :: Best of the Show :: 05-15-06
updated
merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
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A Special thanks to Dr. Chris Barnhart. Dr. Barnhart’s video and pictures of freshwater mussels are impossible to miss if you research them even a little bit. Dr. Barnhart let us share his incredible (and hilarious) documentation of these amazing animals, and helped us avoid silly mistakes (like mispronouncing the entire Order). We would not have been able to make this episode without him.
Thank you to:
Dr Chris Barnhart, Missouri State University
Ryan Hagerty, US Fish & Wildlife Service
Brett Billings, US Fish & Wildlife Service
Tim Lane, Virginia Tech
Dr Tom Watters, Ohio State University
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
Megan Bradley, US Fish & Wildlife Service
J. Scott Faiman
Kendell R. Loyd, Missouri State University
John McLeod, US Geological Survey
Dr Viktoria E Nikishchenko, FEB Russian Academy of Sciences
Dr. Elena Sayenko, FEB Russian Academy of Sciences
Yan-ling Cao, Shandong University
Dr. Constance Rogers-Lowery, Catawba College
Jonathan Young
Matt Hill
Todd Fobian
SWGMUSSELS
Selected Citations:
Barnhart, Miles & Haag, Wendell & Roston, William. (2008). Adaptations to larval parasitism in the Unionoida. Journal of The North American Benthological Society - J N AMER BENTHOL SOC. 27. 370-394. 10.1899/07-093.1.
Cao, Yan-Ling & Liu, Xiongjun & Wu, Ruiwen & Xue, Tao-Tao & Li, Long & Zhou, Chun-Hua & Ouyang, Shan & Wu, Xiao-Ping. (2018). Conservation of the endangered freshwater mussel Solenaia carinata (Bivalvia, Unionidae) in China. Nature Conservation. 26. 10.3897/natureconservation.26.25334.
Fobian, Todd. (2007). Reproductive biology of the rabbitsfoot mussel (Quadrula cylindrica) (Say, 1817) in the upper Arkansas River system.
Loyd, Kendell. (2018). Synchronization of Reproduction in Deertoe Mussel (Truncilla truncata).
McLeod, John & Jelks, Howard & Pursifull, Sandra & Johnson, Nathan. (2017). Characterizing the early life history of an imperiled freshwater mussel ( Ptychobranchus jonesi ) with host-fish determination and fecundity estimation. Freshwater Science. 36. 000-000. 10.1086/692096.
Nikishchenko, Viktoria & Sayenko, E. & Dyachuk, Vyacheslav. (2022). First Immunodetection of Sensory and Nervous Systems of Parasitic Larvae (Glochidia) of Freshwater Bivalve Nodularia douglasiae. Frontiers in Physiology. 13. 879540. 10.3389/fphys.2022.879540.
Rogers-Lowery, Constance & Dimock, Ronald. (2006). Encapsulation of Attached Ectoparasitic Glochidia Larvae of Freshwater Mussels by Epithelial Tissue on Fins of Naive and Resistant Host Fish. The Biological bulletin. 210. 51-63. 10.2307/4134536.
Sayenko, E. & Kazarin, V. (2022). Sample preparation of glochidial shells (Bivalvia, Unionidae) for scanning electron microscopy. Ruthenica, Russian Malacological Journal. 32. 7-20. 10.35885/ruthenica.2022.32(1).2.
Watters, G. Thomas. “Morphology of the Conglutinate of the Kidneyshell Freshwater Mussel, Ptychobranchus Fasciolaris.” Invertebrate Biology 118, no. 3 (1999): 289–95. doi.org/10.2307/3226998.
merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
patreon: patreon.com/truefacts
Patreon patron Peggy Casey came up with the scarecrow joke!!!
Bea Leiderman- instagram.com/bealeiderman
Dr Simon Garnier, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Dr Audrey Dussutour, CNRS - Universite Paul Sabatier
Dr Bernard Jenni
Dr Edvin Johannesen, Natural History Museum Oslo
Benedikt Pleyer: youtube.com/NomadicNostoc
Dr Kathie Hodge, Cornell University
Kent Loeffler, Cornell University
Sarah Lloyd, National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL)
instagram.com/sarah.lloyd.tasmania
Alison Pollack
instagram.com/marin_mushrooms
Dr Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas
Dr Steven L. Stephenson, University of Arkansas
Cornell Center for Fungal Biology
Swarm Lab, New Jersey Institute of Technology
theswarmlab.com
Nanolive.ch
youtube.com/c/NanoliveChLookinginsidelife
Anna Grinčuka
youtube.com/@annagrincuka3277
TIB - https://www.tib.eu/en/
Adamatzky, Andrew et al. (2012). Are motorways rational from slime mould's point of view?. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems - IJPEDS. 28. 10.1080/17445760.2012.685884.
Boisseau, R. P., Vogel, D., & Dussutour, A. (2016). Habituation in non-neural organisms: evidence from slime moulds. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 283(1829), 20160446. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0446
Boussard, A. et al. (2019). Memory inception and preservation in slime moulds: the quest for a common mechanism. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 374(1774), 20180368.
Chen B,et al. Three-dimensional positioning and structure of chromosomes in a human prophase nucleus. Sci Adv. 2017 Jul 21;3(7):e1602231. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1602231. PMID: 28776025; PMCID: PMC5521992.
Dussutour, A. et al. (2010). Amoeboid organism solves complex nutritional challenges. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(10), 4607–4611. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912198107
Jabr, F. How brainless slime molds redefine intelligence. Nature (2012). doi.org/10.1038/nature.2012.11811
Harold W. Keller, et al., Chapter 1 - The Myxomycetes: Introduction, Basic Biology, Life Cycles, Genetics, and Reproduction, Myxomycetes, Academic Press, 2017, Pages 1-40, ISBN 9780128050897, doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805089-7.00001-9.c
Kramar M, Alim K. Encoding memory in tube diameter hierarchy of living flow network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Mar 9;118(10):e2007815118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2007815118. PMID: 33619174; PMCID: PMC7958412.
Mitsch, J. (Director) 2021. The Blob: A Genius Without a Brain.
Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H. & Tóth, Á. Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism. Nature 407, 470 (2000). doi.org/10.1038/35035159
Oettmeier C, Döbereiner H-G (2019) A lumped parameter model of endoplasm flow in Physarum polycephalum... PLoS ONE 14(4): e0215622. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215622
Orvieto, R et al. Do human embryos have the ability of self-correction? Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2020 Oct 6;18(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s12958-020-00650-8. PMID: 33023576; PMCID: PMC7539487.
Ray, Subash et al.. (2019). Information Transfer During Food Choice in the Slime Mold Physarum polycephalum. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7. 10.3389/fevo.2019.00067.
Reid, Chris R. Tanya Latty, Collective behaviour and swarm intelligence in slime moulds, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Volume 40, Issue 6, November 2016, Pages 798–806, doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw033
Reid, C. R., Latty, T., Dussutour, A., & Beekman, M. (2012). Slime mold uses an externalized spatial "memory" to navigate in complex environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 109(43), 17490–17494. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215037109
Sperry, M. M., Murugan, N. J., & Levin, M. (2022). Studying Protista WBR and Repair Using Physarum polycephalum. Methods in molecular biology , 2450, 51–67. doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2172-1_3
Tafakori, V. Slime molds as a valuable source of antimicrobial agents. AMB Expr 11, 92 (2021). doi.org/10.1186/s13568-021-01251-3
Tero, A., Takagi, S., Saigusa, T., Ito, K., Bebber, D. P., Fricker, M. D., Yumiki, K., Kobayashi, R., & Nakagaki, T. (2010). Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design. Science (New York, N.Y.), 327(5964), 439–442. doi.org/10.1126/science.1177894
Vogel, D., & Dussutour, A. (2016). Direct transfer of learned behaviour via cell fusion in non-neural organisms. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 283(1845), 20162382. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2382
Zhu Liping, et al. 2018Remarkable problem-solving ability of unicellular amoeboid organism and its mechanismR. Soc. open sci.5180396180396. doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180396
Benedikt's Channel: youtube.com/c/NomadicNostoc
Music by : http://www.lullatone.com
merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
patreon: patreon.com/truefacts
Credits:
Dr Frederic Libersat’s Lab, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Dr Cameron Radford, UNSW
Anna & Ned DeLoach - youtube.com/@blennywatcher
Benedikt Pleyer - youtube.com/@NomadicNostoc
Backyard Birder - youtube.com/watch?v=DwLn11KJS9Y
Pacific Klaus - youtube.com/@pacificklaus8189
Steve Trewhella - youtube.com/user/stevetrewhella
Raku Inoue at Reikan Creations - reikancreations.com
Ben Yexley
Melissa McMasters
Nate Yuen
Additional footage licensed from:
Shutterstock
iStock
Pond5
Alamy
Envato Elements
Citations:
Frederic Libersat, Ram Gal, Wasp Voodoo Rituals, Venom-Cocktails, and the Zombification of Cockroach Hosts, Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 54, Issue 2, July 2014, Pages 129–142, doi.org/10.1093/icb/icu006
Kobayashi K, Kumakura M, Yoshimura K, Inatomi M, Asami T. Fine structure of the tongue and lingual papillae of the penguin. Arch Histol Cytol. 1998 Mar;61(1):37-46. doi: 10.1679/aohc.61.37. PMID: 9557966.
Noel, A. C., & Hu, D. L. (2018). The tongue as a gripper. The Journal of experimental biology, 221(Pt 7), jeb176289. doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176289
Radford, C., McNutt, J.W., Rogers, T. et al. Artificial eyespots on cattle reduce predation by large carnivores. Commun Biol 3, 430 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01156-0
A. Weisel-Eichler, G. Haspel, F. Libersat; Venom of a parasitoid wasp induces prolonged grooming in the cockroach. J Exp Biol 15 April 1999; 202 (8): 957–964. doi: doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.8.957
merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
patreon: patreon.com/truefacts
Mark's Tarantulas - youtube.com/c/MarksTarantulas
The Tarantula Collective - youtube.com/@tarantulacollective
Basin79 -youtube.com/c/Basin79
Julian Kamzol - mygale.de
Nature In Your Face - youtube.com/@NatureInYourFace
Tarantulas with Shanti - youtube.com/watch?v=alVjbGPVGUU
Spider Cafe - youtube.com/@SpiderCafe
Vanessa Sarges - vanessasarges.jimdofree.com/projects/tarantulas
MicXotic TV - youtube.com/user/micyow
Tom Moran, Tom's Big Spiders - tomsbigspiders.com
The Invert Kingdom UK - youtube.com/@PsyDexOfficial
Eric Aldrich - ericaldrich.net - youtube.com/@LoFiOutdoors
Instagram: @ericjamesaldrich
Twitter: @EricJAldrich
Special Thanks to:
Dr Kate Archibald, The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore
Dr Michael Bogan, University of Arizona
Dr Paula Cushing, Denver Museum of Nature & Science
Dr Anne Danielson-Francois, University of Michigan
Dr Jason Dunlop, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin
Dr Sebastian Echeverri, co-host @BBCEarth Podcast
Dr Rainer Foelix, Neue Kantonsschule Aarau
Dr Saoirse Foley, Carnegie Mellon University
Dallas Haselhuhn, Eastern Michigan University
Dr Fernando Pérez-Miles, Universidad de la República de Uruguay
Dr Bastian Rast, Neue Kantonsschule Aarau
Dr Milan Řezáč, Department of Entomology, Crop Research Institute
Dr Cara Shillington, Eastern Michigan University
--
Citations (titles omitted in favor of links to accomodate YT description length restrictions):
Archibald, K. E., Minter, L. J., Lewbart, G. A., & Bailey, C. S. (2014). American journal of veterinary research, 75(10), 929–936. doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.75.10.929
Foelix, Rainer & Rast, Bastian & Peattie, Anne. (2012). The Journal of experimental biology. 215. 1084-9. 10.1242/jeb.066811.
Foelix, Rainer & Rast, Bastian & Erb, Bruno. (2009). Journal of Arachnology - J ARACHNOL. 37. 292-298. 10.1636/sh08-106.1.
Rainer Foelix, Bruno Erb, Bastian Rast, Arthropod Structure & Development, Volume 42, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 209-217, ISSN 1467-8039, doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2013.02.005.
Hajer, J., & Řeháková, D. (2019). Biological Communications, 64(3), 169–182. doi.org/10.21638/spbu03.2019.301
Kaderka R, Bulantová J, Heneberg P, Řezáč M (2019) PLoS ONE 14(11): e0224384. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224384
Rˇeza ́ č M ( 2 0 1 9 ) PLoS ONE 14(11): e0224384. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224384
Hüsser M. (2018). ZooKeys, (784), 59–93. doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.784.26521
Peattie A. M., Dirks J. H., Henriques S., Federle W. (2011). PloS ONE 6, e20485.
Pechmann, M. Dev Genes Evol 230, 75–94 (2020). doi.org/10.1007/s00427-020-00653-w
Fernando Pérez-Miles, David Ortíz-Villatoro; J Exp Biol 15 May 2012; 215 (10): 1749–1752. doi: doi.org/10.1242/jeb.069690
Fernando Pérez-Miles, Carlos Perafán, Laura Santamaría; Biol Open 15 December 2015; 4 (12): 1643–1648. doi: doi.org/10.1242/bio.013144
Huckstorf, Katarina & Kosok, Gregor & Seyfarth, Ernst-August & Wirkner, Christian. (2013). Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology. 252. 76–87. 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.03.004.
Perafán C, Galvis W, Gutiérrez M, Pérez-Miles F. Zookeys. 2016 Jun 29;(601):89-109. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.601.7704. PMID: 27551189; PMCID: PMC4978081.
Quade, F.S.C., Holtzheimer, J., Frohn, J. et al. Sci Rep 9, 6945 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43192-9
Rind F.C. et al. J Exp Biol (2011) 214 (11): 1874–1879. doi.org/10.1242/jeb.055657
Silva, V., Biancardi, C., Perafán, C., Ortíz, D., Fábrica, G., & Pérez-Miles, F. (2021). Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology, 207(2), 179–190. doi.org/10.1007/s00359-020-01456-0
Tsai, Y.-C. (2018) Br J Dermatol, 178: e227-e227. doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16329
von May ET AL. (2019). Amphibian and Reptile Conservation. 13. 65-77.
Wirkner, C.S., Huckstorf, K. (2013) doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33989-9_2
merch: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
patreon: patreon.com/truefacts
Anna & Ned Deloach: blennywatcher.com
Dr Dave Cowles: salishseainvertebrates.com
charlesleflamand: youtube.com/c/KarelMestdagh-aka-charlesleflamand
Ellen Muller: youtube.com/channel/UCtc9mtimS9Gk9w9XODoOt_A
Pacificklaus: youtube.com/channel/UCXpYfIHXf1L7s-V_LebJmCA
Dr. C. PrasannaKumar, Associate Professor, PG and Research Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National College (Autonomous), Tamil Nadu, India
Seymour Marine Discovery Center: https://seymourcenter.ucsc.edu/
Al-Rashdi, Khalfan & Claereboudt, Michel & Eeckhaut, Igor. (2019). Preliminary Trials on Hatchery and Larval Development of the Sea Cucumber, Holothuria scabra (Jaeger 1883), in the Sultanate of Oman. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 47061. 10.9734/AJFAR/2018/v2i330009.
Caulier, G., Lepoint, G., Van Nedervelde, F. et al. The diet of the Harlequin crab Lissocarcinus orbicularis, an obligate symbiont of sea cucumbers belonging to the genera Thelenota, Bohadschia and Holothuria . Symbiosis 62, 91–99 (2014). doi.org/10.1007/s13199-014-0274-2
Chimienti, G., Aguilar, R., Gebruk, A.V. et al. Distribution and swimming ability of the deep-sea holothuroid Penilpidia ludwigi . Mar Biodiv 49, 2369–2380 (2019). doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-00973-9
Peter V. Fankboner and J. Lane Cameron. Seasonal atrophy of the visceral organs in a sea cucumber. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63(12): 2888-2892. doi.org/10.1139/z85-432
Ferstl, S., Schwaha, T., Ruthensteiner, B. et al. Nanoscopic X-ray tomography for correlative microscopy of a small meiofaunal sea-cucumber. Sci Rep 10, 3960 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60977-5
Flammang, P., Ribesse, J., & Jangoux, M. (2002). Biomechanics of adhesion in sea cucumber cuvierian tubules. Integrative and comparative biology, 42(6), 1107–1115. doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.6.1107
Jean‐François Hamel & Annie Mercier (2000) Cuvierian tubules in tropical holothurians: Usefulness and efficiency as a defence mechanism, Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 33:2, 115-139, DOI: 10.1080/10236240009387085
Jean-François Hamel , Peter K. L. Ng & Annie Mercier (1999): Life cycle of the pea crab pinnotheres halingi sp. Nov., an obligate symbiont of the sea cucumber holothuria scabra jaeger, Ophelia, 50:3, 149-175
Jontila, Jean. (2018). Possible occurrence of the sea cucumber Actinopyga spinea (Cherbonnier 1980) in Arreceffi Island, Honda Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. 9. 63-67.
Lim, AYH & Chan, Ian & Carrasco, L Roman & Todd, Peter. (2019). Aposematism in the pink warty sea cucumber: Independent effects of chromatic and achromatic cues. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 631. 10.3354/meps13159.
MacTavish T, Stenton-Dozey J, Vopel K, Savage C (2012) Deposit-Feeding Sea Cucumbers Enhance Mineralization and Nutrient Cycling... PLoS ONE 7(11): e50031. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050031
Marquet, N., Hubbard, P.C., da Silva, J.P. et al. Chemicals released by male sea cucumber mediate aggregation and spawning behaviours. Sci Rep 8, 239 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18655-6
Peters-Didier, J., Sewell, M.A. The role of the hyaline spheres in sea cucumber metamorphosis. EvoDevo 10, 8 (2019). doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0119-4
Pierrat J. et al. Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: a review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems. Biological Reviews (Feb 2022) doi.org/10.1111/brv.12799
Purcell, Steven & Conand, Chantal & Uthicke, Sven & Byrne, Maria. (2016). Ecological Roles of Exploited Sea Cucumbers. Oceanography and Marine Biology. 54. 367-386. 10.1201/9781315368597-8.
Okada, A., Kondo, M. Regeneration of the digestive tract of an anterior-eviscerating sea cucumber, Eupentacta quinquesemita.... Zoological Lett 5, 21 (2019). doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0133-3
Shenkar, N., Gordon, T. Gut-spilling in chordates: Evisceration in the tropical ascidian Polycarpa mytiligera. Sci Rep 5, 9614 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/srep09614
Trottier, O., & Jeffs, A. G. (2015). Mate locating and access behaviour of the parasitic pea crab, Nepinnotheres novaezelandiae, an important parasite of the mussel Perna canaliculus. Parasite (Paris, France), 22, 13. doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2015013
Udagawa, S., Ikeda, T., Oguchi, K. et al. Hydrocoel morphogenesis forming the pentaradial body plan in a sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Sci Rep 12, 6025 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09691-y
Vandenspiegel, D., Ovaere, A.A., & Massin, C. (1992). On the association between the crab Hapalonotus reticulatus (Crustacea, Brachyura, Eumedonidae) and the sea cucumber Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra.
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References:
Anderson MG, Moska ́t C, Ba ́n M, Grim T, Cassey P, et al. (2009) Egg Eviction Imposes a Recoverable Cost of Virulence in Chicks of a Brood Parasite. PLoS ONE 4(11): e7725. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007725
Caves EM, Stevens M, Spottiswoode CN. 2017 Does coevolution with a shared parasite drive hosts to part ition their defences among species? Proc. R. Soc. B 284: 20170272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0272
Caves EM, Stevens M, Iversen ES, Spottiswoode CN. Hosts of avian brood parasites have evolved egg signatures with elevated information content. Proc Biol Sci. 2015 Jul 7;282(1810):20150598. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0598. PMID: 26085586; PMCID: PMC4590476.
De Mársico María C., Gloag Ros, Ursino Cynthia A. and Reboreda Juan C. 2013 A novel method of rejection of brood parasitic eggs reduces parasitism intensity in a cowbird host Biol. Lett. 9: 2013007620130076. doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0076.
Grim, T., Rutila, J., Cassey, P., & Hauber, M.E. (2009). The cost of virulence: an experimental study of egg eviction by brood parasitic chicks. Behavioral Ecology, 20, 1138-1146.
Grim, T., Samaš, P., Moskát, C., Kleven, O., Honza, M., Moksnes, A., Røskaft, E. and Stokke, B.G. (2011), Constraints on host choice: why do parasitic birds rarely exploit some common potential hosts?. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80: 508-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01798.x
Hauber ME, Winnicki SK, Hoover JP, Hanley D, Hays IR. 2021 The limits of egg recognition: testing acceptance thresholds of American robins in response to decreasingly egg-shaped objects in the nest. R. Soc. Open Sci.8: 201615. doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201615
Jamie, G.A., Van Belleghem, S.M., Hogan, B.G., Hamama, S., Moya, C., Troscianko, J., Stoddard, M.C., Kilner, R.M. and Spottiswoode, C.N. (2020), Multimodal mimicry of hosts in a radiation of parasitic finches*. Evolution, 74: 2526-2538. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14057
Jelínek, V., Šulc, M., Štětková, G. and Honza, M. (2021), Fast and furious: host aggression modulates behaviour of brood parasites. Ibis, 163: 824-833. doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12930
López, Analía V, Vanina D Fiorini, Kevin Ellison, Brian D Peer, Thick eggshells of brood parasitic cowbirds protect their eggs and damage host eggs during laying, Behavioral Ecology, Volume 29, Issue 4, July/August 2018, Pages 965–973, doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary045
Soler, M., Soler, J. J., Martinez, J. G., & Moller, A. P. (1995). Magpie Host Manipulation by Great Spotted Cuckoos: Evidence for an Avian Mafia? Evolution, 49(4), 770–775. doi.org/10.2307/2410329
Spottiswoode, Claire N. and Koorevaar Jeroen 2012A stab in the dark: chick killing by brood parasitic honeyguidesBiol. Lett. 8 241–244. doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0739
Spottiswoode, Claire N., Martin Stevens. 2011. How to evade a coevolving brood parasite: egg discrimination versus egg variability as host defences. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0401
Stevens, Martin. Bird brood parasitism, Current Biology, Volume 23, Issue 20, 2013, Pages R909-R913, ISSN 0960-9822, doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.025.
Stevens, M., Troscianko, J. & Spottiswoode, C. Repeated targeting of the same hosts by a brood parasite compromises host egg rejection. Nat Commun 4, 2475 (2013). doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3475
Šulc, Michal & Štětková, Gabriela & Procházka, Petr & Požgayová, Milica & Sosnovcová, Kateřina & Studecký, Jan & Honza, Marcel. (2020). Caught on camera: circumstantial evidence for fatal mobbing of an avian brood parasite by a host. Journal of Vertebrate Biology. 69. 1-6. 10.25225/jvb.20027.
Šulc, M., Štětková, G., Jelínek, V., Czyż, B., Dyrcz, A., Karpińska, O., Kamionka-Kanclerska, K., Rowiński, P., Maziarz, M., Gruszczyński, A., Hughes, A.E., & Honza, M. (2020). Killing behaviour of adult brood parasites, Behaviour, 157(12-13), 1099-1111. doi: doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-bja10033
Wang LW, Zhong G, He GB, Zhang YH, Liang W. Egg laying behavior of common cuckoos ( Cuculus canorus): Data based on field video-recordings. Zool Res. 2020 Jul 18;41(4):458-464. doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.021. PMID: 32521577; PMCID: PMC7340520.
Wang Y, Tian M, Liu J, Lu X, Møller AP and Xia C (2021) Testing the Interspecific Function of Female Common Cuckoo “Bubbling” Call. Front. Ecol. Evol. 9:725222. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.725222
York JE, Davies NB. Female cuckoo calls misdirect host defences towards the wrong enemy. Nat Ecol Evol. 2017 Oct;1(10):1520-1525. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0279-3. Epub 2017 Sep 4. PMID: 29185512.
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Thank you to:
The family of Dr John Bonner, Princeton University
https://www.princeton.edu/news/2019/02/15/microbiologist-john-bonner-leading-expert-cellular-slime-molds-dies-98
Dr Jitka Cejkova, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
https://droplets.vscht.cz/people/cejkova
Dr Thomas Gregor, Princeton University
https://phy.princeton.edu/people/thomas-gregor
Dr Kathie Hodge, Cornell University
https://cals.cornell.edu/kathie-therese-hodge
Dr Bernard Jenni, Mabritec
youtube.com/c/bernardjenni
Dr Edvin Johannesen, Natural History Museum Oslo
https://www.nhm.uio.no/
facebook.com/groups/SlimeMold
Kent Loeffler, Cornell University
http://www.plantpath.cornell.edu/plant_pathology/scene3b9f.html
Alberto Melappioni
youtube.com/c/AlbertoMelappioni
Dr Fred Spiegel, University of Arkansas
researchgate.net/profile/Frederick-Spiegel
Cornell Center for Fungal Biology
http://ccfb.cornell.edu/
Education Development Center
edc.org
TGLab, Princeton University
https://tglab.princeton.edu/
UMass Amherst Libraries
Citations:
Bianchi, E., Doe, B., Goulding, D. et al. Juno is the egg Izumo receptor and is essential for mammalian fertilization. Nature 508, 483–487 (2014). doi.org/10.1038/nature13203
Bloomfield G, Paschke P, Okamoto M, Stevens TJ, Urushihara H. Triparental inheritance in Dictyostelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Feb 5;116(6):2187-2192. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1814425116. Epub 2019 Jan 22. Erratum in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Feb 25;: PMID: 30670662; PMCID: PMC6369745.
Bonner, J.. (2008). The social amoebae: The biology of cellular slime molds. The Social Amoebae: The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds.
Dormann D, Weijer CJ. Imaging of cell migration. EMBO J. 2006 Aug 9;25(15):3480-93. doi: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601227. PMID: 16900100; PMCID: PMC1538568.
Kurato Mohri, Ryodai Tanaka, Seido Nagano, Live cell imaging of cell movement and transdifferentiation during regeneration of an amputated multicellular body of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, Developmental Biology, Volume 457, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 140-149, ISSN 0012-1606, doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.014.
Kuwana S, Senoo H, Sawai S, Fukuzawa M. A novel, lineage-primed prestalk cell subtype involved in the morphogenesis of D. discoideum. Dev Biol. 2016 Aug 15;416(2):286-99. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.032. Epub 2016 Jun 29. PMID: 27373689.
Mori M, Yao T, Mishina T, Endoh H, Tanaka M, Yonezawa N, Shimamoto Y, Yonemura S, Yamagata K, Kitajima TS, Ikawa M. RanGTP and the actin cytoskeleton keep paternal and maternal chromosomes apart during fertilization. J Cell Biol. 2021 Oct 4;220(10):e202012001. doi: 10.1083/jcb.202012001. Epub 2021 Aug 23. PMID: 34424312; PMCID: PMC8404465.
Orvieto, Raoul & Shimon, Chen & Rienstein, Shlomit & Jonish-Grossman, Anat & Shani, Hagit & Aizer, Adva. (2020). Do human embryos have the ability of self- correction?. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 18. 10.1186/s12958-020-00650-8.
Prabhakara, K.H., Gholami, A., Zykov, V.S., & Bodenschatz, E. (2017). Effects of developmental variability on the dynamics and self-organization of cell populations. New Journal of Physics, 19.
Smith TS, Pineda JM, Donaghy AC, Damer CK. Copine A plays a role in the differentiation of stalk cells and the initiation of culmination in Dictyostelium development. BMC Dev Biol. 2010 Jun 2;10:59. doi: 10.1186/1471-213X-10-59. PMID: 20525180; PMCID: PMC2890595.
Raper, Kenneth B., and Dorothy I. Fennell. “Stalk Formation in Dictyostelium.” Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 79, no. 1 (1952): 25–51. doi.org/10.2307/2482103.
Uchikawa T, Yamamoto A, Inouye K. Origin and function of the stalk-cell vacuole in Dictyostelium. Dev Biol. 2011 Apr 1;352(1):48-57. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.014. Epub 2011 Jan 21. PMID: 21256841.
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Thank you to:
Dr. Vanessa Petro, Oregon State Univ.
Dr. Peter Busher, Boston Univ.
Dr. Emily Fairfax, CSU Channel Islands
Dr. Clint Epps, Oregon State Univ.
Dr. Lyle M. Gordon, Northwestern Univ.
Mike Callahan, Beaver Institute
Bob Armstrong “Nature Bob,” Univ. of Alaska
Michael Graydon
Ben Goldfarb, author of “Eager: The Surprising, Secret Life of Beavers and Why They Matter"
James St. John
Julio Lacerda
Thilo Park
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Winterberry Wildlife
N.Tamura
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Jak Wonderly
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Palaeocastor fossor and Palaeocastor and burrow in National Museum of Natural History: Claire H. (flickr) CC BY 2.0
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeocastor#/media/File:Palaeocastor_fossor.jpg
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Daemonelix burrow James St. John CC-BY 2.0
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Additional footage from:
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Shutterstock.com
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Citations:
Aleksiuk, M. Scent-Mound Communication, Territoriality, and Population Regulation in Beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl), Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 49, Issue 4, 26 November 1968, Pages 759–762, doi.org/10.2307/1378741
Badyaev, A.V. Beavers: Masters of Downfall. National Wildlife, July 25, 2015.
Brazier, R.E., Puttock, A., Graham, H.A., Auster, R.E., Davies, K.H., Brown, C.M.L. Beaver: Nature's ecosystem engineers. WIREs Water. 2021; 8:e1494. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1494
Buech, R. R. (1984). Ontogeny and Diurnal Cycle of Fecal Reingestion in the North American Beaver (Castor canadensis). Journal of Mammalogy, 65(2), 347–350. doi.org/10.2307/1381180
Gordon L.M., Cohen M.J., MacRenaris K.W., Pasteris J.D., Seda T., Joester D. Dental materials. Amorphous intergranular phases control the properties of rodent tooth enamel. Science. 2015 Feb 13;347(6223):746-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1258950. PMID: 25678658.
Halicioglu K, Celikoglu M, Buyuk SK, Sekerci AE, Ucar FI, Yavuz I. Three-dimensional evaluation of the mandibular third molars' development in unilateral crossbite patients: A cone beam computed tomography study. Eur J Dent. 2014 Jul;8(3):389-394. doi: 10.4103/1305-7456.137653. PMID: 25202221; PMCID: PMC4144139.
Pop-Ciutrila, Ioana-Sofia & Ghinea, Razvan Ionut & Colosi, Horațiu & Ruiz-López, Javier & Pérez Gómez, María del Mar & Paravina, Rade & Dudea, Diana. (2021). Color compatibility between dental structures and three different types of ceramic systems. BMC Oral Health. 21. 10.1186/s12903-021-01404-7.
Morris, P.J.R., Cox, P.G. & Cobb, S.N.F. The biomechanical significance of the elongated rodent incisor root in the mandible during incision. Sci Rep 12, 3819 (2022). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07779-z
Mott C.L., Bloomquist, C.K., and Nielsen, C.K. Seasonal, diel, and ontogenetic patterns of within-den behavior in beavers (Castor canadensis),Mammalian Biology, Volume 76, Issue 4, 2011,Pages 436-444, ISSN 1616-5047, doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2010.09.002.
Muller, G. and Watling, J. (2016) The engineering in beaver dams. River Flow 2016: Eighth International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, , Saint Louis, United States. 12 - 15 Jul 2016. 7 pp.
Patenaude, F. and Bovet, J.. Self-grooming and social grooming in the North American beaver, Castor canadensis. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 62(9): 1872-1878. https://doi.org/10.1139/z84-273
Richard, P.B. Le déterminisme de la construction des barrages chez le Castor du Rhône. Revue d’Ecologie, Terre et Vie, Société nationale de protection de la nature, 1967, pp.339-470. hal-03531683
Rosell, F., Bergan, F. & Parker, H. Scent-Marking in the Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber) as a Means of Territory Defense. J Chem Ecol 24, 207–219 (1998). doi.org/10.1023/A:1022524223435
Stefen, C., Habersetzer, J., and Witzel, U. Biomechanical aspects of incisor action of beavers ( Castor fiber L.) , Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 97, Issue 2, 23 March 2016, Pages 619–630, doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv209
Wilsson, L. Observations and Experiments on the Ethology of the European Beaver (Castor Fiber L.). Swedish Wildlife, Published by Swedish Sportsmen’s Association Vol. 8 Number 3.
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Video, courtesy of Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation © 2022
The New Zealand Marine Studies Centre, University of Otago (New Zealand), and Marco Zilioli
NOAA Australian Institute of Marine Science
Hakai Institute WA State Dept. of Ecology
Ocean Networks Canada / CSSF-ROPOS
Vancouver Aquarium
Ru Selvadurai
Tidal Gardens
beachstuff.uk
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Zeb Hallock
Dr. Elise Hennebert
Mike Lukaczyn
WeDive TV
Abhishek Gupta
Mull Aquarium
Annette G.E. Smith
Robert Beck
Baumiller, Tomasz K. (2008). Crinoid Ecological Morphology. , 36(1), 221–249. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124116
Baumiller, Tomasz K. and Messing, Charles G., 2007. Stalked Crinoid Locomotion, and its Ecological and Evolutionary Implications. Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 10, Issue 1; 2A:10p, 12MB
Baumiller, Tomasz K.; Mooi, Rich; Messing, Charles G. (2008). Urchins in the meadow: paleobiological and evolutionary implications of cidaroid predation on crinoids. Paleobiology, 34(1), 22–34. doi:10.1666/07031.1
Blowes, L.M. et al. (2017), Body wall structure in the starfish Asterias rubens. J. Anat., 231: 325-341. doi.org/10.1111/joa.12646
Byrne, M. Viviparity and intragonadal cannibalism in the diminutive sea stars Patiriella vivipara and P. parvivipara. Marine Biology 125, 551–567 (1996). doi.org/10.1007/BF00353268
Clark, R.N. & Jewett, S.C. 2015: A new sea star of the genus Leptasterias from the Aleutian Islands. Zootaxa 3941(4): 579–584. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3941.4.6
Simon E. Coppard; Andreas Kroh; Andrew B. Smith (2012). The evolution of pedicellariae in echinoids: an arms race against pests and parasites. , 93(2), 125–148. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00487.x
Garm Anders and Nilsson Dan-Eric 2014 Visual navigation in starfish: first evidence for the use of vision and eyes in starfish Proc. R. Soc. B.281: 20133011. 20133011, doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3011
Garm Anders, Sensory Biology of Starfish—With Emphasis on Recent Discoveries in their Visual Ecology, Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 57, Issue 5, November 2017, Pages 1082–1092, doi.org/10.1093/icb/icx086
Hamel JF, Mercier A. Prespawning Behavior, Spawning, and Development of the Brooding Starfish Leptasterias polaris. Biol Bull. 1995 Feb;188(1):32-45. doi: 10.2307/1542065. PMID: 29281304.
Hamel, Jean-François et al. “Prespawning Behavior, Spawning, and Development of the Brooding Starfish Leptasterias Polaris.” Biological Bulletin, vol. 188, no. 1, Marine Biological Laboratory, 1995, pp. 32–45, doi.org/10.2307/1542065.
Hennebert, Elise. (2010). Adhesion Mechanisms Developed by Sea Stars: A Review of the Ultrastructure and Composition of Tube Feet and Their Secretion. 10.1007/978-3-7091-0286-2_7.
Hernroth B, Farahani F, Brunborg G, Dupont S, Dejmek A, Nilsson Sko ̈ld H. 2010. Possibility of mixed progenitor cells in sea star arm regeneration. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:457–468.
Heydari, Sina et al.(2020). Sea star inspired crawling and bouncing. Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 17. 20190700. 10.1098/rsif.2019.0700.
KHAN, M. S.R. et al. (2019). Arrangement and size variation of intra-gonadal offspring in a viviparous asterinid sea star. Zoosymposia, 15(1), 71–82. doi:10.11646/zoosymposia.15.1.8
Meyer, D. et al. (2021). Crinoid Feeding Strategies: New I nsights From Subsea Video And Time-Lapse (Elements of Paleontology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108893534
Okanishi M, et al. (2017) Non-destructive morphological observations of the fleshy brittle star, Asteronyx loveni using micro-computed tomography. ZooKeys 663: 1–19. doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.663.11413
Sheppard-Brennand, H. et al. (2017). A Waterborne Pursuit-Deterrent Signal Deployed by a Sea Urchin. The American Naturalist, 189, 700 - 708.
Sigl, R. et al. The role of vision for navigation in the crown-of-thorns seastar, Acanthaster planci. Sci. Rep. 6, 30834; doi: 10.1038/srep30834 (2016).
Solís-Marín FA, et al. (2019) doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.817.29406
Tomholt, L. et al. (2020). The structural origins of brittle star arm kinematics: An integrated tomographic, additive manufacturing, and parametric modeling-based approach. Journal of structural biology, 107481 .
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Research cited:
Dixson A, F: Copulatory and Postcopulatory Sexual Selection in Primates. Folia Primatol 2018;89:258-286. doi: 10.1159/000488105
Lucia F. Jacobs, Basil el Jundi, Almut Kelber, Barbara Webb; The navigational nose: a new hypothesis for the function of the human external pyramid. J Exp Biol 6 February 2019; 222 (Suppl_1): jeb186924. doi: doi.org/10.1242/jeb.186924
Nishimura T, Mori F, Hanida S, Kumahata K, Ishikawa S, Samarat K, et al. (2016) Impaired Air Conditioning within the Nasal Cavity in Flat-Faced Homo. PLoS Comput Biol 12(3): e1004807. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004807
Ikegaya, H., Suzuki, M., Kondou, H. et al. Nose size indicates maximum penile length. Basic Clin. Androl. 31, 3 (2021). doi.org/10.1186/s12610-021-00121-z
Hiroki Koda, Tadahiro Murai, Augustine Tuuga, Benoit Goossens, Senthilvel K.S.S. Nathan, Danica J. Stark, Diana A. R. Ramirez, John C. M. Sha, Ismon Osman, Rosa Sipangkui, Satoru Seino, Ikki Matsuda (2018) Nasalization by Nasalis larvatus: Larger noses audiovisually advertise conspecifics in proboscis monkeys. Science Advances 4(2): eaaq0250. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaq0250
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Storyblocks
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Backbay Lounge Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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Research Articles:
Aldersley, A., Cator, L.J. Female resistance and harmonic convergence influence male mating success in Aedes aegypti. Sci Rep 9, 2145 (2019). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38599-3
Bomphrey, R., Nakata, T., Phillips, N. et al. Smart wing rotation and trailing-edge vortices enable high frequency mosquito flight. Nature 544, 92–95 (2017). doi.org/10.1038/nature21727
Cator LJ, Arthur BJ, Harrington LC, Hoy RR. Harmonic convergence in the love songs of the dengue vector mosquito. Science. 2009 Feb 20;323(5917):1077-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1166541. Epub 2009 Jan 8. PMID: 19131593; PMCID: PMC2847473.
Cator LJ, Harrington LC. The Harmonic Convergence of Fathers Predicts the Mating Success of Sons in Aedes aegypti. Anim Behav. 2011;82(4):627-633. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.013
Choo YM, Buss GK, Tan K, Leal WS. Multitasking roles of mosquito labrum in oviposition and blood feeding. Front Physiol. 2015;6:306. Published 2015 Oct 29. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00306
Choumet V, Attout T, Chartier L, Khun H, Sautereau J, Robbe-Vincent A, Brey P, Huerre M, Bain O. Visualizing non infectious and infectious Anopheles gambiae blood feedings in naive and saliva-immunized mice. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e50464. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050464. Epub 2012 Dec 13. PMID: 23272060; PMCID: PMC3521732.
Jones, J., Murray, G.P.D. & McCall, P.J. A minimal 3D model of mosquito flight behaviour around the human baited bed net. Malar J 20, 24 (2021). doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03546-5
Kikuchi, K., Stremler, M.A., Chatterjee, S. et al. Burst mode pumping: A new mechanism of drinking in mosquitoes. Sci Rep 8, 4885 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22866-w
League GP, Harrington LC, Pitcher SA, Geyer JK, Baxter LL, Montijo J, Rowland JG, Johnson LM, Murdock CC, Cator LJ. Sexual selection theory meets disease vector control: Testing harmonic convergence as a "good genes" signal in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jul 2;15(7):e0009540. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009540. PMID: 34214096; PMCID: PMC8282061.
Ma Y, Xu J, Yang Z, Wang X, Lin Z, Zhao W, Wang Y, Li X, Shi H. A video clip of the biting midge Culicoides anophelis ingesting blood from an engorged Anopheles mosquito in Hainan, China. Parasit Vectors. 2013 Nov 13;6(1):326. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-326. PMID: 24499575; PMCID: PMC3833289.
Matthews BJ, Younger MA, Vosshall LB. The ion channel ppk301 controls freshwater egg-laying in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Elife. 2019 May 21;8:e43963. doi: 10.7554/eLife.43963. PMID: 31112133; PMCID: PMC6597239.
Nakata, Toshiyuki & Phillips, Nathan & Simoes, Patricio & Russell, Ian & Cheney, Jorn & Walker, Simon & Bomphrey, Richard. (2020). Aerodynamic imaging by mosquitoes inspires a surface detector for autonomous flying vehicles. Science. 368. 10.1126/science.aaz9634.
Reeves, L.E., Holderman, C.J., Blosser, E.M. et al. Identification of Uranotaenia sapphirina as a specialist of annelids broadens known mosquito host use patterns. Commun Biol 1, 92 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/s42003-018-0096-5
Smith, N.M., Balsalobre, J.B., Doshi, M. et al. Landing mosquitoes bounce when engaging a substrate. Sci Rep 10, 15744 (2020). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72462-0
Trisnadi, N., Barillas-Mury, C. Live In Vivo Imaging of Plasmodium Invasion of the Mosquito Midgut. DOI: doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00692-20 •
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Terra Mater has created a wide array of amazing full length documentaries and they have a YouTube channel which you should check out and subscribe to! youtube.com/TerraMaterOfficial
Almost all of the footage in this episode is from one of their programs called "Amazing Pigs" which was directed by Matt Hamilton.
Piglet jaw images from: Fraser, D., Thompson, B.K. Armed sibling rivalry among suckling piglets. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 29, 9–15 (1991). doi.org/10.1007/BF00164289
Pig Toilet miniature from the Linden Museum, added to the Public Domain by Karl Heinrich.
Additional footage and media from Shutterstock.com and Pond 5.com
Classical Music: soundcloud.com/querflote/5-audio-track-1
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CREDITS:
Footage from ‘The Tick Ixodes Ricinus and Lyme Disease’ licensed from and provided by Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) : https://www.tib.eu/en/
The original footage was created by: Dr. Franz-Rainer Matuschka, Freie Universität Berlin Dr. Andrew Spielman, Harvard School of Public Health Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film Gottingen
Dr. Uwe Sander - Director, Research Regine Feldmann - Editor Camera: Jurgen Kaeding, Kuno Lechner, Michael Schorsch, Hort Witman.
Extra special thank you to Dr. Dania Richter for her time and for her patience in helping me understand the remarkable life cycle of the Ixodes ticks. Dr. Richter led me to the remarkable documentary that is featured throughout this episode.
Thank you to Dania Richter, Franz-Rainer Matuschka, Andrew Spielman and L. Mahadevan for allowing me the use of images and footage from their amazing work on the feeding apparatus in: How ticks get under your skin: insertion mechanics of the feeding apparatus of Ixodes ricinus ticks http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1758
Special thank to Marie Vancová, Tomáš Bílý, Ladislav Šimo, Jan Touš, Petr Horodyský, Daniel Růžek, Adam Novobilský, Jiří Salát, Martin Strnad, Daniel E. Sonenshine, Libor Grubhoffer & Jana Nebesářová for making their work available through the CC 4.0 license. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the feeding apparatus of the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae): a new insight into the mechanism of blood-feeding
doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56811-2
Thank you to Graham Hickling for licensing me his excellent footage of the egg laying process and Gene’s organ.
Check him out at: vimeo.com/user565817
Thank you Patrons Andrew Pann & Rick Rubenstein for inspiring jokes, and Tina Persson for asking that the tick not be named Tina)
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CREDITS:
Thank you to Dr. Adrian Smith! Most of the footage in this video is from Dr. Smith's YouTube channel. He has all sorts of wonderful content there, and does a much more thorough job in explaining all of the science behind his work.
Thank you to Dr. Alex Wild! Please look at Dr. Wild's incredible collection of photos: http://www.alexanderwild.com
Thank you Dr. Fred Larabee, Josh C. Gibson and DR. Eduardo Fox for their amazing footage.
Research:
Booher DB, Gibson JC, Liu C, Longino JT, Fisher BL, Janda M, et al. 2021. Functional innovation promotes diversification of form in the evolution of an ultrafast trap-jaw mechanism in ants. PLoS Biol 19(3): e3001031. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001031
FOX, E.G.P., SMITH, A.A., GIBSON, J.C. & SOLIS, D.R. 2017: Larvae of trap-jaw ants, Odontomachus LATREILLE, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): morphology and biological notes. – Myrmecological News 25: 17-28.
Larabee, Fredrick J. and Suarez, Andrew V. 2014. "The evolution and functional morphology of trap-jaw ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Myrmecological News 20: 25– 36.
Larabee FJ, Suarez AV 2015. Mandible-Powered Escape Jumps in Trap-Jaw Ants Increase Survival Rates during Predator-Prey Encounters. PLOS ONE 10(5): e0124871.
Larabee, Fredrick J., Smith, Adrian A. and Suarez, Andrew V. 2018. Snap-jaw morphology is specialized for high-speed power amplification in the Dracula ant, Mystrium camillae R. Soc. Open Sci 5: 181447
Smith, A.A. 2019. Prey specialization and chemical mimicry between Formica archboldi and Odontomachus ants. Insect. Soc. 66, 211–222.
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Merlin Tuttle’s Bat Conservation is the most recent contribution by Merlin Tuttle to the world of bats. He has over 60 years of experience as a renowned bat expert, educator and wildlife photographer. Merlin founded MTBC to teach the world understanding and appreciation of the contributions bats make to human beings and the world we share.
Through MTBC, Merlin provides an amazing bat photo gallery, up-to-date resources (merlintuttle.org/resources) and responses to grossly exaggerated disease speculation about bats. (merlintuttle.org/resources/exaggerated-disease-warnings)
MTBC is the only place to directly support Merlin’s work.
Photo gallery: http://bit.ly/mtbcphotogallery
The Khao Chong Pran, Thailand story: http://bit.ly/khaochongpranbats
Bats and Agave: http://bit.ly/ofagavesandbats
Win Friends Not Battles: http://bit.ly/winfriendsnotbattles
Bat Fears in Perspective: http://bit.ly/batfearsinperspective
Patreon: patreon.com/truefacts
CREDITS:
David Weiller:
youtube.com/davidweiller
instagram.com/weillerdavid
Thomas Marent:
instagram.com/thomas_marent
(links to Thomas' books below)
Thomas Hossie
thomashossie.ca
Neira Dan
http://www.ipernity.com/doc/daniele.neira/13923140
J.R. Kuethe
flickr.com/photos/yerokuethe/5944411859
LuisaLMota:
twitter.com/LuisaLMota
Tom Sherratt
sherrattlab.weebly.com
Douglas Yanega:
https://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=2506
Thomas' Books!
amazon.com/-/de/dp/0756619408/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&dchild=1&keywords=thomas+marent&qid=1614475820&sr=8-1
amazon.com/-/de/dp/0756633400/ref=sr_1_2?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&dchild=1&keywords=thomas+marent&qid=1614475957&sr=8-2
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amazon.com/-/de/dp/8854408905/ref=sr_1_7?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&dchild=1&keywords=thomas+marent&qid=1614476038&sr=8-7
CLASSICAL MUSIC BY soundcloud.com/querflote
Additional footage used under license from:
Pond5.com
Pexels.com
Envato Elements
Videoblocks
Patreon: patreon.com/truefacts
Sign up for Curiosity Stream: curiositystream.com/zefrank
CREDITS:
This video was made in collaboration with Benedikt Pleyer, who is a gifted microscopist and has a wonderful contagious passion for discovering the incredible worlds that exist all around us. He has introduced me to all sorts of new creatures and I am fortunate to have met him.
http://www.instagram.com/nomadic_nostoc
Kita Williams reached out to me almost a year ago with her amazing Tardigrade footage, and I am so happy that she did. She has a knack for capturing these animals in way that gives them so much personality!
http://www.twitter.com/SeaSpongeCake
Bob Goldstein runs a lab at UNC Chapel Hill and has done incredible work on the Tardigrade (and much more.) He was kind enough to review my work to make sure I didn't screw the science up too much! I wish I could have included more of his work on the evolution of Tardigrades - but I hope to do that in a future episode on arthropods.
goldsteinlab.weebly.com
Thank you to the following for publishing their images under the CC license, it is a huge contribution to science communication.
Water bear (tardigrade), Hypsibius dujardini, scanning electron micrograph by Bob Goldstein and Vicky Madden.
Scanning electron micrograph of active hydrated Echiniscoides sigismundi by Thomas L. Sørensen-Hygum, Robyn M. Stuart, Aslak Jørgensen & Nadja Møbjerg.
New Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada) from Amber Mountain (Northern Madagascar) by Gąsiorek P, Vončina K (2019)
Thank you to all of my Patreon patrons for the patience, support and feedback
MUSIC:
soundcloud.com/querflote
“BackBay Lounge” by Kevin MacLeod
incompetech.com/music/royalty-free
Additional footage used under license from:
Pond5.com
Shutterstock.com
True Facts Poster! ze-true-store.myshopify.com
Patreon: patreon.com/truefacts
CREDITS:
Philipp Hönle for the phone call and for introducing me to Eciton army ants and to their wonderful associates. Also for allowing me the use of fantastic footage.
Daniel Kronauer for the chat and use of the amazing images from his new book! (link above) - the image in the thumbnail is also his!
Dr. Christoph von Beeren for all of the amazing research on ant mimics, and ant hangers-on. Also thank you for the use of your images of Nymphister k.
Kaitlin “Ant Girl” Baudier - http://www.kmbaudier.com
youtube.com/channel/UCPuQHwZTnKKPbNevO7h_I9w
For the fantastic footage of the bivouac, the scorpion and the raid front! So much amazing research and footage.
Matthew Lutz - http://vimeo.com/matthewlutz
For the wonderful footage of bridge building as well as other beautiful shots of the ants doing their thing!
Ernesto Carman - http://getyourbirds.org
For the use of the creepy swarm raid footage!
Primates Peru - Field Projects International
instagram.com/fieldprojectsorg
For all of the incredible footage of the ant death spiral! Donate to the Future Black Scientists Fund: flipcause.com/secure/cause_pdetails/ODY4OTg=
Andrew Core et al. for images from: A New Threat to Honey Bees, the Parasitic Phorid Fly Apocephalus borealis
Thank you to all of my Patreon patrons for the patience, support and feedback
MUSIC: soundcloud.com/querflote
Additional footage used under license from:
Pond5.com
Videoblocks.com
Envato Elements
PATREON: patreon.com/truefacts
CREDITS:
MUSIC: soundcloud.com/querflote
Dr. Kurt Schwenk
http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/eebedia/index.php/Kurt_Schwenk
It was a pretty incredible gift to be able to work with Kurt on this episode. His work spans decades and it took multiple tries to understand it in a way that could be put together in a narrative. I am very grateful for all of his time, warmth and generosity. I had to leave many, many wonderful pieces of research and factoids out due to time constraints but I would urge any of you that are interested to dive deeper into his work.
His colleagues Dr. William G. Ryerson, Ms. Amanda E. Hewes and
Ms. Sara Horwitz contributed a great deal to some of the research that I mentioned.
Dr. Margaret Rubega (https://rubegalab.uconn.edu/) deserves thanks for introducing me to Kurt in the first place.
Additional footage licensed from:
Pond5.com
Envato Elements
Videoblocks.com
Shutterstock.com
True Facts Poster! ze-true-store.myshopify.com
PATREON: patreon.com/truefacts
CREDITS:
MUSIC: soundcloud.com/querflote
Dr. Anusha Shankar (anushashankar.weebly.com) for her guidance, enthusiasm and research on torpor.
Dr. Margaret Rubega (https://rubegalab.uconn.edu/) and the University of Connecticut for our conversation and her introductions.
Dr. Alejandro Rico-Guevara (http://www.alejorico.com) and the University of Washington for the incredible media related to the tongue and all of his guidance.
Dr. Don Powers (dpowerslab.com) and the Powers Research Lab for their footage on energy conservation.
Dr. Kristiina Hurme (http://kristiinahurme.com) for her amazing work on weaponized beaks
Dr. Chris Clark (https://biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Clark.html) and UC Riverside for our conversation and all of the wonderful footage related to the dives and and displays.
Dr. Gregor Yanega (linkedin.com/in/gregoryanega97116) for the footage of birds pilfering spider food.
FLIR Thermal Cameras (FLIR.com) for the psychedelic heat mapping footage
RuthLes Productions (youtube.com/user/RuthLesProductions2) for the wonderful footage of the hummer in torpor, as well as the lovely phone chat.
Tracy Kerestesh (http://www.tracyportraits.com) for the footage of insect eating.
The Arizona Daily Star (tucson.com) for letting me use the footage of a hummer collecting spider webs outside of their window
Tom Grey (http://tgreybirds.com) for his very special photo of hummingbirds mating... which is not easy to capture
Additional footage used under license from:
Pond5.com
Videoblocks.com
Envato Elements
CREDITS:
MUSIC: soundcloud.com/querflote
Thanks to Dr. Erin Riley, Dr. Kathryn Devaney, and Dr. Lauren Brent for their time helping me with research.
Cédric Sueur & Marie Pelé shot the wonderful sequences on Kōjima Island. They have an incredible book on Snow Monkeys which you can find at: https://www.issekinicho.fr
They also have many more videos on their YT channel:
youtube.com/user/issekinicho
Macaque Stone Tools Footage from
"Technological Response of Wild Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) to Anthropogenic Change by Lydia V. Luncz, Magdalena S. Svensson, Michael Haslam, Suchinda Malaivijitnond, Tomos Proffitt & Michael Gumert"
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-017-9985-6
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The inclusion of this footage in no way means that the authors of this paper endorse the commentary of this video.
Additional footage used under license from:
Pond5.com
Videoblocks.com
Envato Elements
Shutterstock.com
Patreon: patreon.com/truefacts
CREDITS:
Thank you to Dr. Alexis Noel at http://www.noel.gatech.edu for allowing me to show her work. Click on the link to see other remarkable work that Dr. Noel has done! Her work on the cat tongue led to work on a better hairbrush!
researchgate.net/publication/329053411_Cats_use_hollow_papillae_to_wick_saliva_into_fur
Sweet receptors: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2063449
Pupil shapes: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26601232
MUSIC: soundcloud.com/querflote
Footage used under license from:
Pond5.com
Videoblocks.com
Envato Elements
CREDITS:
Music: soundcloud.com/querflote
Alex Brett
youtube.com/channel/UCcvwabG9MW81WNsaq43V3fQ
Alex inspired this episode with his amazing Batfish footage. He just launched his channel in earnest - go and sub!
Barrett Christie
maritimeaquarium.org
Barrett shared his knowledge with me, and is an expert on fish husbandry. His spawning footage is very rare and shows that batfish spawn in a similar way to some other anglerfish.
Javi
vimeo.com/javideograph/videos
Javi has some really amazing videos on his Vimeo account. There is a pretty amazing aquatic collection over on Vimeo!
Ariane Dimitris
youtube.com/channel/UCesEbZtLXSqyQC_Zx7ZqBPQ
It took me a while to track Ariane down but her longnosed Batfish clip in so good!
LiquidGuru
vimeo.com/liquidguru
LiquidGuru is a pro. Just gets such beautiful views into Aquatic life! His juvenile Orbicular Batfish is so well done.
Raymond Powers
pureflorida.blogspot.com
Raymond came through with the feeding footage at the last second. It is very rare to see them eat, especially in captivity!
Thanks also to the NOAA, Barry Peters, Nico Michiels, and Gilles San Martin for the use of their images.
Additional footage under license from Shutterstock.
True Facts Poster! ze-true-store.myshopify.com
CREDITS:
I completely messed up and missed this credit:
Vinthi Neufeld PHOTOGRAPHY
youtube.com/channel/UCnegpQYNwWkQxqvbevpk0Gg
Vinthi supplied the amazing Bullia videos with the BlueBottle which is incorrectly attributed
Dr. Winfried Peters:
Dr. Peters spent hours sorting through his research and sending me notes and files. His research is what got me excited about O.semistriatta and I can't be more grateful to have had his help. I have listed a number of his papers further below, and I have made a donation to leatherbacktrust.org in his name.
Nathan Robinson:
https://linktr.ee/wild.blue.science
youtube.com/channel/UCBQBDrSME4ohP7gHFCp5j6w
Nathan was extremely helpful and generous with his time and footage and gave my early script a once over. His research is pretty amazing - on turtles and the giant squid. His hermit crab video is so great in its entirety. Sub to his channels!
Dr.Jon-Paul Bingham
One of cone snail feeding videos came from this lab and it was such an excellent example of the behavior! Thank you so much!
Dr. Mande Holford
Dr. Holford does amazing research on the toxicology of Conus and shared two amazing clips.
Alysia Daines
Alysia helped me identify the O.Semistriatta in the first place and led me to Dr. Peters. Thank you!!
researchgate.net/publication/227907632_The_behavioural_and_sensory_ecology_of_Agaronia_propatula_Caenogastropoda_Olividae_a_swash-surfing_predator_on_sandy_beaches_of_the_Panamic_faunal_province
researchgate.net/publication/262648855_What_can_we_learn_from_confusing_Olivella_columellaris_and_O_Semistriata_Olivellidae_Gastropoda_two_key_species_in_panamic_sandy_beach_ecosystems
academic.oup.com/mollus/article/81/3/388/1086401
CREDITS:
Music: Plaint by Kevin MacLeod, http://www.impotech.com
SFX: Envato Elements
Footage: Shutterstock, Envato Elements, Videoblocks
True Facts Poster! ze-true-store.myshopify.com
CREDITS:
Footage: shutterstock, envato elements, videoblocks
music: soundcloud.com/querflote
True Facts T-shirts: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
My patreon: patreon.com/truefacts
camel = giraffe (oops)
CREDITS:
www.wildlifeact.com
www.facebook.com/WildlifeACT
www.instagram.com/wildlife_act
www.twitter.com/wildlifeact
David Flores captured the pump action of the giraffe drinking:
youtube.com/watch?v=EhWP6UwLJv8
Dr. William Perez shared the figure from his research paper on the structure of the giraffe mouth.
I thank Magda Ehlers and all of the other people that make their videos freely available to use on Pexels and other sites.
True Facts T-shirts: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
Join patreon.com/truefacts
CREDITS:
written and voiced by Ze Frank
Special thanks to Soledad Callo and David Young at Victoria High for the veliger footage that were mistakenly attributed to Dr. Page. Very sorry for the mix up! See the original footage here: youtube.com/watch?v=RAu7JJZhZIg&ab_channel=vichighmarine
thanks to Patreon supporter Sydney Brown for the Pikachu Swiffer line that she left in a comment. Join the community! It's fun!
Hal Brindley: travel4wildlife.com
Hal has an amazing vid of a botfly on his channel... sooooo gross.
youtube.com/channel/UCFpC5ryzit5KLY-0Ku24jKw
Dr. Jeffrey Goddard: Marine Science Institute, UCSB; Midland School
William Goddard: Midland School
Dr. Goddard and his son were very generous with their time and footage! Gave me some great notes so I didn't get my facts bungled!
msi.ucsb.edu
Dr. Jamie Seymour: Tropical Australian Stinger Research Unit (TASRU)
Dr. Seymour has captured some of the most remarkable footage of nematocysts firing I have ever seen. Ptowwww.
Bocas Del Toro Research Station
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Thank you to the Smithsonian and to Dr. Maria Pia Miglietta for the wonderful image of the unexploded nematocyst.
Dr. Louise Page : University of Victoria
Dr. Page's footage of the veligers (Melibe) were a lifesaver. I wish I had more time to spend on their fantastic lifecycle.
Dr. Leslie S Babonis : Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience
Dr.Babonis has the coolest job. Firing lasers to trigger nematocyst firing!
Phil Lemley youtube.com/watch?v=cdossfwVHm0
Phil was so generous to allow me the use of his attacking rainbow nudi...yeah the proctologist...
Dr. Marta Pola Perez (CIBC-UAM) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Dr.Perez has looked at the possibility of self fertilization in Nudis - and you never know!
Costasiella footage courtesy of David Palfrey/Hydra Productions Film, Photo and Training, Indonesia
www.hydraproductions.com @hydra.underwater
David let me use his Shaun the Sheep slug footage, which is really some of the best footage I have seen of this cute slug.
WetTraveler : http://youtube.com/c/wettraveler
Pinneng was kind enough to share his Pikachu footage... Quick attack! Electric Shock!
Elyse Messick captured nematocysts firing as a student and I tracked her down on linked in!
Thank you to the following photographers that uploaded their work on Flickr with commercial licenses! A huge help to people like me:
Greg Schechter: flickr.com/photos/gregthebusker
NOAA: flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib
Chika Watanabe : flickr.com/photos/chikawatanabe
Kris-Mikael Krister : flickr.com/photos/148835878@N08
Christian Gloor : flickr.com/photos/christian_gloor
Additional Footage from ShutterStock and Envato Elements
Music by Tom Moore: soundcloud.com/querflote
Music: “Orchestral-Ambient” by soundcloud.com/brenticus “
Lobby Time” by kevin macleod
Additional footage used under license from:
videoblocks.com
elements.envado.com
shutterstock.com
Join the Madness: patreon.com/truefacts
Look at This Butt : zefrank.bandcamp.com/track/look-at-this-butt
Special thanks to Quinta Brunson
instagram.com/quintab
Footage by Jurgen Otto, courtesy of Brave Bison
youtube.com/user/Peacockspiderman
Check out Jurgen's videos. He is the best of the best when it comes to Peacock Spider footage....
I apologize for the mistake in labelling the spiders. The second one is Maratus Pardus. Of course I missed something that obvious in the edit.
Join the community: patreon.com/truefacts
True Facts T-shirts: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
CREDITS:
Music: soundcloud.com/querflote
Go and watch all of this amazing footage in its original context:
Daniel Knop
http://www.knop.de
youtube.com/channel/UCcoFrCVeiJNunrdOaQVY0Tg
EunJai Im
http://www.www.ejlabs.net youtube.com/EunJaeIm
Steven Winkworth
http://www.youtube.com/swinkworth
Eco-Divers Manado and Lembeh, Scubazoo and Sam Lewis
http://www.youtube.com/ecodiversmanado
Ravencall Video Productions
http://www.youtube.com/prendergast53
Additional footage licensed from Shutterstock and Pond5
Get your first audiobook and two Audible Originals for free when you try Audible for 30 days visit audible.com/zefrank or text "zefrank" to 500 500!
"Orchestral-Ambient" : soundcloud.com/brenticus
Lobby Time : Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Join the community: patreon.com/truefacts
Song: zefrank.bandcamp.com/track/puffin-freak-extended
Caitlin Roukin: Female Puffin
Ze Frank : Male Puffin
"Puffin Song" Written and performed by Ze Frank
Footage Licensed from Shutterstock and Videoblocks
Intro Song; Tom Moore soundcloud.com/querflote
True Facts T-shirts: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
Join the Community: http://www.patreon.com/truefacts
CREDITS:
MUSIC: soundcloud.com/querflote
Footage of the mating ostrich:
Jackson Hart Grady
youtu.be/IpCXzpeIIco
Erin Armstrong (the pecking the cam footage at the end)
Adam van Casteren (for the barbule image)
Three Ring Ranch (for the Ostrich sound)
Big thanks to all the patreon supporters.
Images and Footage used under license from:
Shutterstock.com
Pexels
Envato Elements
VideoBlocks
Wikimedia Commons
The Public Domain
Pixnio
Support this madness: patreon.com/truefacts
CREDITS:
By Ze Frank
All media used under license and with permission:
Footage of the Ostrich: Jackson Hart Grady youtu.be/IpCXzpeIIco
6 Audio Track from Tom Moore: soundcloud.com/querflote
Voice of Female Ostrich: Caitlin Roukin
Voice of Male Ostrich, Host: Ze Frank
"Ostrich Song" Written and Performed by Ze Frank
True Facts T-shirts: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
Credits and Links Below:
Thank you to all of these researchers and enthusiasts that gave permission for me to share their work with you!
Prof. Dr. U. Kutschera :
evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1936-6434-6-8
Sandy Kawano*, Ph.D and Richard Blob @ Clemson U
academic.oup.com/icb/article/53/2/283/806410
also with Benjamin McInroe @ Clemson U
science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6295/154
* special big thanks to Dr. Kawano for being generous with her time and knowledge!
Dr. S. Tonia Hsieh
journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0011197
Zenzo Tazawa - tazawatanks.com
youtube.com/channel/UC6pizPUjOIfSqOnM0i8w9Bg
Dr. Krijn Michel
nature.com/news/fish-uses-water-tongue-to-grab-prey-on-land-1.17123
Dr. Atsushi Ishimatsu
researchgate.net/publication/5864537_Mudskippers_brood_their_eggs_but_submerge_them_for_hatching
There is also a wonderful resource on Mudskippers at http://www.themudskipper.org
run by Gianluca Polgar, who was kind enough to point out two mistakes i made in this video:
- At min 1.43-1.49: that is a blenny of the genus Andamia, not a mudskipper.
- Not all mudskippers have fused pelvic fins that are used as suckers
Aside from calling a dolphin a fish - which i actually find kind of funny in context :)
Additional Footage from:
Shutterstock.com
NatureFootage.com
Visit audible.com/zefrank or text zefrank to 500 500.
True Facts T-shirts: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
CREDITS BELOW:
Dr. Kathie T. Hodge - Dr. Hodge was kind enough to spend time with me on the phone walking me through the incredible complexity of these creatures. She also granted me permission to use the Cornell time lapse footage.
Stephen Thornton - youtube.com/user/steevotsteevot - Stephen has captured amazing time lapses of the stinkhorn and it is very worthwhile to go to his channel and see them in their full glory.
@freymanbg - instagram.com/freymanbg - amazing instagram featuring all sort of fungus and mushrooms.
Gio Lopez - youtube.com/channel/UCE1rNE4IXko23BpHSbu9gjQ - Gio has a channel called Myco Gio on which he goes into lovely detail about mycology. His explanation of the stinkhorn was extremely helpful - as was the amazing footage.
Cathy Whitfield - flickr.com/photos/146550013@N04 - Cathy is an amazing photographer and happened to train her eye on a stinkhorn egg!
Rudi Langer - flickr.com/photos/rudi-langer - Also a wonderful collection of colorful photography!
Björn S... - flickr.com/photos/40948266@N04 - a wonderful collection of microscopy and wildlife!
@mugrooms - instagram.com/mugrooms - Pictures of mushrooms and other fungi, as well as the occasional slime mold.
Kent Loeffler - Kent was the original photographer for the Cornell timelapse!
Jason Hollinger - flickr.com/photos/7147684@N03 - Incredible images of Lichen and other wonders.
Arne Christensen - youtube.com/user/arkchristensenBIO - wonderful collection of biology time-lapse and human anatomy.
David Noble - youtube.com/user/davidnoblenet - a traveler and wonderful videographer
Bernard Spragg - flickr.com/photos/volvob12b - incredible photos, some of which Bernard has offered into the public domain
Peter Kuttner - youtube.com/channel/UC4NE5_RYEfK9w9VHE2gGhFA - channel featuring all sorts of biodiversity!
@bealeiderman - instagram.com/bealeiderman - a collection of images that show the magic in your backyard!
@myceliummagic - instagram.com/myceliummagic - adventures in the Australian rainforests!
@mushrooms_inigo - instagram.com/mushrooms_inigo - featuring the mushrooms of Spain!
if you have footage you would like to donate please contact me at zefrank@gmail.com
if you would like to support True Facts please visit patreon.com/truefacts
patreon.com/truefacts
CREDITS:
Dr. Andreas Kay
youtube.com/user/DrAndreasKay
Dr.Kay has captured intimate portraits of many wonderful animals. All of his photos and footage are worth a look
TinyCreature Hub:
youtube.com/user/yellowboxtrade
I love this channel from Singapore. Lots of great videos from an enthusiast!
Malcolm Burrows ScD, FRS
Dr. Burrows led the fantastic research pertaining to the jumping mechanism of the planthopper nymph
Gernot Kunz:
Animals of Costa Rica App:
apps.kunzweb.net/acr
Gernot provided most of the photos and has an incredible collection of animal shots in his app. Check it out!
Thierry Bourgoin:
the FLOW database
www.hemiptera-databases.org/flow
A very deep database of this vast collection of species.
Shutterstock
If you have suggestions or footage: zefrank@gmail.com
Go to buyraycon.com/zefrank for 15% off your order! Brought to you by Raycon
Music: Licensed from Kevin MacLeod
Footage: Licensed from Shutterstock
True Facts T-shirts: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
patreon.com/truefacts
(credits and links below)
Huge thanks to:
Fabiane Gallucci, Gustavo Fonseca , Alvaro Migotto
and Maikon Di Domenico, NP Bio Mar, CEBI Mar USP:
for access to the amazing online database
at cifonauta.cebimar.usp.br and footage from Life Between the Grains
youtube.com/watch?v=t8nodTdbRqc
Sri Harsha - wildgundmi.com for inspiring me with a clip!
youtube.com/watch?v=wUhHJAOYAYI
Matthew Davidson - stretta.com for the amazing fight scene
youtube.com/watch?v=yyXDnkU1VW0
Kita M Williams - for filming sand and polychaetes
Natural History Museum And Institute, Chiba, Japan
Jackson Hart Grady
for helping me with the research!
Shutterstock
to submit footage: zefrank@gmail.com
Deinopis is a throw back to an older, cooler kind of cribellate spider. Lots of spigots...LOTS. OF. SPIGOTS.
I forgot to add one very important credit for the wonderful egg sac weaving footage: youtube.com/basin79
Peter Clausen @bugsincyberspace
Dr. Jonathan Coddington
Adam Connolly: http://www.youtube.com/c/LiladTheInvertabarianConnolly
Getty Images
Gianfranco Gomez and Tracie Stice : http://www.thenighttour.com
Young Hg @yongi_ng82
Geoff Hyde @spinifex222
Dr. Anna-Christin Joel
Jeremy Jones @jeremycology
Olman Alvarado Rodríguez
Shutterstock
Håkan Söderholm
Dr. Jay Stafstrom http://jaystafstrom.com
Dr. Fritz Vollrath
Paul Whittington
Robert Whyte : amazon.com/Field-Guide-Spiders-Australia-ebook/dp/B0714HW8BM
Music: soundcloud.com/querflote
to contact me regarding footage i could use or interesting leads on biology topics: zefrank@gmail.com
True Facts T-shirts: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
Footage courtesy of:
Nic Badcock
Shutterstock
Getty Images
William G. Eberhard
Laura Hughes
Marshal Hedin
Richard Orr
Special Thanks To:
Catherine Scott
Music:
soundcloud.com/querflote/5-audio-track-1
True Facts T-shirts: ze-true-store.myshopify.com
Adoption link: https://lemur.duke.edu/adopt
Also check out: http://lemurlove.org
Footage courtesy of:
Shutterstock
Getty Images
Christine Drea
Daniel Farmer
Duke Lemur Center
Fred & Peggy Heiman, Globe Video Productions
Malcolm S. Ramsay
Erick Tseng
Marni LaFleur, lemurlove.org
Mikael Karlmark, Karlmark International
Tara Clarke
Valentina Delille
TAZMPictures.com
Music: http://www.soundcloud.com/querflote