History for GRANITEGo inside the Bent Pyramid where no archaeologist has gone before.
The Bent Pyramid has never been investigated properly, and is a woefully neglected monument. A unique feature of the pyramid is a 15-meter vertical shaft nicknamed the ‘Chimney’. This shaft contains special architecture sacred to the ancient Egyptians, but it has never been photographed or examined for the purpose behind the design.
This video takes you to the top of the Chimney to see the evidence for yourself, and perhaps restore the Bent Pyramid to its rightful place in Egyptian history.
Frank Monnier: “L’enigme de la pyramide maudite: Dachour” Label News (2023) http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/index.php?page=enim-9&n=3 https://www.academia.edu/108754542/_Scanning_survey_of_the_inner_arrangements_of_the_Bent_Pyramid_at_Dahshur_co_authored_with_Alban_Brice_Pimpaud_october_2023
Hidden Secrets of the Bent Pyramid Seen for the First TimeHistory for GRANITE2023-12-09 | Go inside the Bent Pyramid where no archaeologist has gone before.
The Bent Pyramid has never been investigated properly, and is a woefully neglected monument. A unique feature of the pyramid is a 15-meter vertical shaft nicknamed the ‘Chimney’. This shaft contains special architecture sacred to the ancient Egyptians, but it has never been photographed or examined for the purpose behind the design.
This video takes you to the top of the Chimney to see the evidence for yourself, and perhaps restore the Bent Pyramid to its rightful place in Egyptian history.
Frank Monnier: “L’enigme de la pyramide maudite: Dachour” Label News (2023) http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/index.php?page=enim-9&n=3 https://www.academia.edu/108754542/_Scanning_survey_of_the_inner_arrangements_of_the_Bent_Pyramid_at_Dahshur_co_authored_with_Alban_Brice_Pimpaud_october_2023
00:00 Intro 01:46 New Revelations 2:53 Text vs. Architecture 4:30 Pyramid Diagrams 5:59 Hidden Chimney 8:28 Design Mistakes? 10:55 Unique Chimney Features 12:49 Incomplete Data 15:22 Up Too High 17:17 Franck Monnier 20:51 First Images 24:02 Stone's Purpose 26:34 Looting Techniques 28:27 Pyramid Security 29:29 Great Pyramid Comparison 31:59 Spiritual Paths 34:31 Honest ArgumentsWhy the Summit of the Great Pyramid is MissingHistory for GRANITE2024-10-18 | The top of the Great Pyramid is a flat and wide summit, and has received a greater share of destruction than other Egyptian pyramids. There are many accounts of visitors to the top of the Great Pyramid, but nobody has ever confessed to destroying the peak.
When did this damage occur and why? This video cross references testimonies and measurements of the pyramid for the past 2000 years to pinpoint exact moments in history when courses of the pyramid came off.
But was this destruction random violence from bored tourists? A logical motive provides a framework for understanding exactly why the pyramid is the way we see it today.
Thanks to the Harvard Digital Giza Archive: http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/
Thanks to Stephen Bergdoll for the suggestion to read Davison's notes, and many other great sources compiled in his book "Secrets of the Pyramid of Khufu"
Ogier d'Anglure "Le sainct voyaige de Jherusalem" Booardot and Longnon 1878 Pp. 65-68
Georges Goyon "Les Rangs d'Assises de la Grande Pyramide" Bulletin De L'Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale (BIFAO) 1978 Pp. 405
Edme Jomard "Description De l’Egypte" Descriptions Vol II Book XVII 1809 Pp 68
Jacques Grobert "Description des Pyramides de Ghize de la Ville du Kaire et de ses Environs" Logerot-Petiet, Paris, 1801 Pp. 63
00:00 Introduction 2:36 Wooden Mast 3:47 Antiquity Testimony 6:24 Medieval Testimony 7:32 Counting Problems 9:32 Nathaniel Davison 11:25 Top Course 206 13:27 Casing Removal 14:47 Major Destruction 15:21 Napoleon in Egypt 17:15 Destruction Explanation 19:34 Individual ResponsibilityThe Emptiness of Pyramid SarcophagiHistory for GRANITE2024-09-12 | The pyramids of Old Kingdom Egypt are renowned for their size and magnificence, and yet the sarcophagi within them are rarely the finest specimens.
Why are so many of these stone boxes uninscribed, lacking embellishment, and even roughly finished?
This video traces the history of sarcophagi in pyramids from the earliest examples at Saqqara through the 4th, 5th and 6th dynasties to look for patterns and clues. The mastaba field at Giza will be compared with how the finest granite coffers looked among the royal court.
Finally, the unique and sealed empty sarcophagus of Sekhmekhet will give a context that no plundered pyramid can provide.
Thanks to @AncientArchitects for an audio clip on Djoser’s pyramid complex
Thanks to Keith Hamilton for his illustration of Djoser’s South Tomb https://www.academia.edu/121798851/Djosers_Step_pyramid_complex_Part_2_the_south_tomb_and_enclosure_wall
Thanks to the Harvard Digital Giza Archive: http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/
Graphics Sources:
Zaharia Goneim “Horus Sekhem-khet” The Unfinished Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara Vol. 1, Cairo, 1957
Zakaria Goneim “The Lost Pyramid” Rinehard & Company, USA, 1956
Hermann Junker “Giza Vol 1-11” Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky A.-G., Vienna, 1929-1953
Audran Labrousee “L’architecture des pyramides a textes” Vol 1 & 2, IFAO, Cairo, 2000
John Shae Perring “The Pyramids of Gizeh: Part II. The Great Pyramid” London, 1840
John Shae Perring “Pyramids to the Southward of Gizeh: Part III” London, 1842
William Kelly Simpson “The Mastabas of Kawab, Khafkhufu I and II” Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Boston, 1978
Charles Piazzi Smyth “Life and Work at the Great Pyramid Vol II” Edmonston and Douglas, 1867
Miroslav Verner “The Pyramids (New and Revised) AUC Press Cairo 2020
Zahi Hawass “The Pyramids of the Old Kingdom” Ahram Online, June 25, 2024 https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1207/526048/AlAhram-Weekly/Heritage/The-pyramids-of-the-Old-Kingdom.aspx
John Shae Perring “Pyramids to the Southward of Gizeh: Part III” London, 1842
Zaharia Goneim “The Lost Pyramid” Rinehard & Company, USA, 1956
00:00 Introduction 1:54 Djoser’s Pyramid Box 2:49 Djoser’s South Tomb 4:54 First Pyramid Sarcophagi 6:13 Sekhemkhet’s Sarcophagus 9:00 Mastaba 17 10:04 Great Pyramid 11:50 Khufu’s Son Kawab 14:04 Sarcophagus Security 16:51 Pyramid Quality Control 18:03 Sealed Sarcophagus 19:26 Sealed Passage 21:53 Planning AheadHow Sand Built the Great PyramidHistory for GRANITE2024-06-20 | The ‘Queen’s Chamber’ in the Great Pyramid of Giza is conspicuously unique in its design, location, and finish. In the passage leading to the chamber, drilling was conducted in 1986 which found anomalous quartz sand behind the stones. Despite the well-graded quartz sand being transported from a great distance, there has not been any follow-up investigations to reveal its purpose.
This video examines the physical properties of the quartz sand and uses it to tie many anomalies of the Queen’s Chamber together. The biggest question that remains, is how much of the Great Pyramid was built using this sand?
Thanks to @AncientArchitects for a clip of the Queen’s Chamber
Graphics Sources:
"Aspects Techniques Et Physiques De L'Operation Kheops" Annales De L'Institut Technique Du Batiment Et Des Travaux Publics. No 454 - May 1987. Serie: Architecture Et Urbanism
Gilles Dormion & Jean-Patrice Goidin “Les Nouveaux Mystères de le Grande Pyramide” Albin Michel, Paris, 1987
Gilles Dormion “La chambre de Cheops” Librairie Artheme Fayard, 2004
John & Morton Edgar “The Great Pyramid Passages” Bone & Hulley 1910.
“Scanning the Pyramids” HIP Institute, 2017
Mark Lehner & Zahi Hawass “Giza and the Pyramids: The Definitive History” University of Chicago Press, 2017
Studies in Egyptian Culture No 6 “Non-Destructive Pyramid Investigation (1) By Electromagnetic Wave Method. Waseda University, Tokyo 1987
Studies in Egyptian Culture No 8 “Non-Destructive Pyramid Investigation (2) Waseda University, Tokyo 1987
00:00 Introduction 1:52 Drilling the Pyramid 3:04 Anomalous Sand 4:25 Comparing Sands 5:30 Sand Construction Benefits 7:21 Queen’s Chamber Design 8:42 Construction Clues 10:35 Massive Ceiling Beams 12:18 Removing Stones & Sand 13:34 Discovering the Chamber 14:57 Aligned JointsThe Pyramid Data Nobody Can SeeHistory for GRANITE2024-04-29 | The pyramids of Egypt remain difficult to study because the documentation for them is inconsistent and incomplete. Many brave explorers sacrificed much to gather data hundreds of years ago, but the modern research is not so selfless. This video examines studies conducted on pyramids with modern technology and highlights the problem of for-profit enterprises claiming our common cultural heritage. There remains invisible evidence in the pyramids that can be seen in old photographs, and these clues may have profound implications for the history of the Great Pyramid and all of Old Kingdom Egypt. --------------------
John Shae Perring “The Pyramids of Gizeh: Part I. The Great Pyramid” London, 1839
John Shae Perring “The Pyramids of Gizeh: Part II. The Great Pyramid” London, 1840
John Shae Perring “Pyramids to the Southward of Gizeh: Part III” London, 1842
W. M. Flinders Petrie “The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh” Field & Tuer London, 1883
“The Pyramids: Solving the Mystery” Label News, 2018
Stanford University Special Collections No. M0279 "Correspondence, primarily between Montagu and his secretary, Nathaniel Davison (1764-1779), journals and notebooks, and miscellaneous documents and letters."
Flinders Petrie “The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh” New and Revised Edition, Histories & Mysteries of Man Ltd., London, 1990
Ahmed Fakhry “The Monuments of Sneferu at Dahshur” Vol 1 The Bent Pyramid, Cairo, 1959
World Scan Project Photo posted on X: https://x.com/project_scan/status/1053096951233765376
00:00 Introduction 1:36 Historical Data 3:29 Documentation Failure 4:44 Nathaniel Davison 5:28 Computer Data 7:40 Preserving History? 8:34 Conflicting Conclusions 10:42 Infotainment Vs Education 12:44 The Grand Gallery 14:14 Edgar Bros. Photographs 16:15 Red Ochre Patterns 17:58 Real PossibilitiesThe Great Pyramid Solves a ParadoxHistory for GRANITE2024-03-21 | The pyramids of Ancient Egypt are key elements to a spiritual belief system of that mighty civilization.
The hieroglyphs which have survived the ages tell stories of the glory that awaits after death, but how did the actions of Egyptians speak to their belief system?
The requirement that the living venerate the dead for prosperity to occur in the afterlife is a great paradox. This video examines how the Great Pyramid achieved what had never been done before to solve an impossible dilemma.
Thanks to Keith Hamilton for inspiration on the Pepi II pyramid masonry belt. https://www.academia.edu/103606138/The_Pyramids_of_Pepi_I_Pepi_II_and_Merenre_A_laymans_guide
Quotation Sources:
Reg Clark “Securing Eternity: Ancient Egyptian Tomb Protection from Prehistory to the Pyramids” The American University in Cairo Press, New York. 2019 Pp 120
Gustave Jequier “Le Monument Funeraire de Pepi II, Tome II” French Institute Of Oriental Archaeology Press, Cairo. 1938 Pp 6-7
Soundbite Sources:
“The Pyramids: Solving the Mystery” Ep 2 Label News, 2018
“Mystery of the Lost Pyramid” Lion Television Limited, 2019
“Decoding the Great Pyramid” NOVA, WGBH Educational Foundation 2018
Reg Clark “Securing Eternity: Ancient Egyptian Tomb Protection from Prehistory to the Pyramids” The American University in Cairo Press, New York. 2019
“Scanning the Pyramids” HIP Institute, 2017
Miroslav Verner “The Pyramids (New and Revised)" AUC Press Cairo 2020Closing the Biggest Mystery of the Great PyramidHistory for GRANITE2024-02-16 | This is the video that solves the mystery.
The Great Pyramid has always stood out as the structure that nobody could surpass, and everyone after wanted to copy. But was it size alone that made it special, or did it come with a more profound change in ancient Egypt?
This video looks at the evolution of dynastic Egyptian burials - scrutinizes the design of their defenses, and shows how the Great Pyramid achieved a dream more impressive than anyone has imagined.
Now the real questions begin, and the wisdom of ancient Egypt will no longer be taken for granted.
John Shae Perring “The Pyramids of Gizeh: Part I. The Great Pyramid” London, 1839
John Shae Perring “The Pyramids of Gizeh: Part II. The Great Pyramid” London, 1840
John Shae Perring “Pyramids to the Southward of Gizeh: Part III” London, 1842
W. M. Flinders Petrie “The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh” Field & Tuer London, 1883
00:00 Intro 2:34 Mastaba evolution 4:37 Portcullis evolution 6:41 Great Pyramid security design 9:29 Maneuvering with ropes 11:35 Robbing techniques 14:07 Attacking the Great Pyramid 16:54 Controlling weight 19:10 Open sesame 22:00 Mental blocks 24:24 Comparing passages 28:09 Security philosophy 30:10 Questions answered 31:41 The Big Question 34:17 Attractive forces 36:42 Time for changeOne Solution to the Four Channels of the Great PyramidHistory for GRANITE2024-02-02 | The Great Pyramid contains 4 mysterious small shaft ‘channels’ within its superstructure. These channels connect the King’s Chamber to the pyramid exterior, yet never fully connected the Queen’s Chamber to the outside.
No other Egyptian pyramid has such channels, and they have confounded explorers for thousands of years.
This video looks at the full history of the channels, scrutinizes the most popular theories for their purpose, and reveals new evidence to finally bring resolution.
But like every great discovery, the answer to this mystery brings with it even more interesting questions.
Thanks to the Isida Project for many photos within the Great Pyramid: isida-project.ucoz.com
Special thanks to Valery Senmuth for quality photos of the King’s Chamber Northern Channel: youtube.com/@Senmuth
Quotation Sources:
Abd-Allatif Medecin Arabe De Bagdad; “Relation De L’Egypte” Par. M Silvestre De Sacy, Imperial Press Paris, 1810 p. 176
John & Morton Edgar “Gleanings from Glasgow” Portland Area Bible Students 2007 pp. 539-542
John & Morton Edgar “The Great Pyramid Passages” Bone & Hulley 1910. Reprinted by Portland Area Bible Students, 1988. Discourse from Morton Edgar pp. xii - xiii
Mark Lehner “The Complete Pyramids” Thames & Hudson, 1997 p. 67
Mark Lehner & Zahi Hawass “Giza and the Pyramids: The Definitive History” University of Chicago Press, 2017 p. 163
John Shae Perring “The Pyramids of Gizeh: Part I. The Great Pyramid” London, 1839 p. 2
W. M. Flinders Petrie “The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh” Field & Tuer London, 1883 pp. 53, 67-68, 69
John Romer “The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited” University Press Cambridge, 2007 p. 527
Howard Vyse “Operations Carried On At The Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 Vol. 1” London, 1840 p. 286
Soundbite Sources:
“Into the Great Pyramid” National Geographic, 2002
“Legends of the Pharaohs: Part 4” Pernel Media, 2021
“The Pyramid of Sakura at Abusir: New Perspectives” Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities Head Office, Toronto 06/10/2023
Graphics Sources:
Gilles Dormion “La chambre de Cheops” Librairie Artheme Fayard, 2004
John Shae Perring “The Pyramids of Gizeh: Part I. The Great Pyramid” London, 1839
W. M. Flinders Petrie “The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh” Field & Tuer London, 1883
Rudolf Gantenbrink “The Upuaut Project: Robot Journey Into the Past” 1993
"EXCLUSIVE: First Look Inside the Great Pyramid Queen's Chamber Northern Shaft | Ancient Architects” youtube.com/watch?v=Ki0405ulvIY
“Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” Warner Bros, 2004
Michael Haase “Randbetrachtungen Zu den Blockierungen der Schächte der mittleren Kammer der Cheops-Pyramide” Sokar 30, 2015
Ludwig Borchard “Das Grabdenkmal des Konigs Sahu-re Band: 1 Der Bau” Leipzig, 1910
“Scanning the Pyramids” HIP Institute, 2017
Anthony P. Sakovich “Explaining the Shafts in Khufu’s Pyramid at Giza” JARCE 42, 2005-2006
00:00 Introduction 1:42 History of exploration 3:44 Unplugging the channels 4:44 New closed channels 6:07 Measuring the channels 8:00 Channel mistakes 10:26 Star alignments 13:39 Pyramid interior climate 14:51 Copper pins 16:47 Constructing channels 18:06 Unfinished construction 22:00 Ventilation concepts 24:09 Channel block design 26:23 Stonework quality 27:54 Four channels to compare 28:41 Missing block 31:17 Credit in Egyptology 33:11 Ventilation criticisms 34:23 Channel chamber openings 37:02 Looking for solutions 41:38 Comparing channelsThe Great Pyramid has changed.History for GRANITE2024-01-28 | A preview of coming attractions. February 2, 10:00AM PST.
The Great Pyramid has four small shafts, known as 'channels' built into the superstructure. This unique pyramid feature will solved in the upcoming video. New evidence, written in stone. A little extra hype for an extra special topic.
It’s the most popular question in ancient history: how were the large pyramids of Egypt built? Many concepts have been suggested for thousands of years, all the way back to Herodotus in Ancient Greece. But while there are many ways the pyramid could have been built, the actual method is the one everybody wants to find.
Proposed solutions cite indirect evidence, combined with thought exercises that range from reasonable to hilariously impractical. There is virtually zero consensus on how to approach the problem, or even define the parameters of what was possible.
The goal of this video is to use direct evidence from the pyramid of Khafre to get us closer to the actual solution. The pattern is laid out for everyone to see - and anyone approaching the building question seriously needs to address the evidence presented here.
Thank you to everyone for their kind support. Become a Channel Member (the Join button) for the price of a cup of coffee, and help me continue the work. Or, just leave a great pun in the comments and rock on.
Thanks to Armend Kabashi for the Khafre photos which inspired the journey.
0:00 Intro 1:58 Two Key Observations 3:09 New Casing Survey 4:13 Mission Parameters 5:35 Taking Photographs 7:19 Surveying Blocks 8:10 Scaffold Gaps? 8:39 Bonding Stone Design 11:09 Built for Efficiency 12:33 The Building Pattern 13:35 Obsolete Building Models 14:55 Construction Sequence 16:51 Next Casing Study 17:35 CollaborationVanishing Clues of the Bent PyramidHistory for GRANITE2023-08-29 | The Bent Pyramid at Dahshur remains a woefully neglected monument in desperate need of scientific scrutiny. The unique shape of the pyramid is amazing, but the story of the Bent Pyramid goes far beyond a change in slope.
Deep inside the pyramid are many clues which are disappearing in the modern era. These pieces of the puzzle need to be restored in order for the full history of the pyramid to be understood, which can perhaps explain it's unique role in Egyptian history.
Can Egyptology come to terms with how this pyramid's excavation was botched - and is there any hope of scrutinizing the evidence which becomes fainter with each passing season?
Special thanks to Charles Rigano for taking us inside the Bent Pyramid in 2001. Rigano's 'Pyramids of Snefru' book on Amazon: amazon.com/Pyramids-Snefru-Seila-Maidum-Subsidiary/dp/B0C91KNQK3 Rigano on Academia.edu : https://independent.academia.edu/CharlesRigano
Thanks to @Anyextee and Shlomo Hizkiyahu for assistance with hieroglyph translation and analysis.
Thanks to AllPyramids.com for the modern photo of the cartouche block: http://allpyramids.com
Thanks to the Isida Project and Valery Senmuth for the Bent Pyramid photos from 2012/2013 isida-project.ucoz.com
Thanks to Keith Hamilton for his Bent Pyramid guide: https://independent.academia.edu/KeithHamilton
News Article on Görlitz/Erdmann acquittal: https://www.mz.de/mitteldeutschland/archaologe-dominique-gorlitz-agypten-lasst-alle-helfer-von-sachsens-indiana-jones-frei-3088406
0:00 Intro 1:56 Disappearing Evidence 3:01 Entrance Access 4:31 Removed Stones 5:54 Missing Staircase 6:59 Lower Chamber & Chimney 8:48 Chimney Purpose 10:08 Upper Pyramid Design 11:21 Robber's Tunnel Sneferu Cartouche 13:15 Cartouche Fables 15:45 Upper Chamber Access 17:17 Upper Chamber Rubble 19:35 Upper Chamber FloorWhat are the Largest Pyramid Stones Saying?History for GRANITE2023-06-29 | The pyramids of Egypt's Old Kingdom contain some truly magnificent stones placed in conspicuously visible locations. These blocks are telling a story, but what clues can be found to help us understand the message?
If megalithic stones are found above a pyramid's entrance, does it make any sense to think of this entrance as being hidden?
Many of the largest stones in the 4th dynasty pyramids have cracked, but how were the ancient Egyptians interpreting these failures?
This video investigates these questions, and ponders what we might learn from looking the at the largest pyramid lintels.
Thanks to Keith Hamilton for use of his illustrations and valuable insights: https://independent.academia.edu/KeithHamilton
Thanks to Stefan Bergdoll for his casing stone height diagram, as taken from Nathaniel Davison's measurements: https://independent.academia.edu/StefanBergdoll
0:00 Intro 1:23 Gigantic lintels 2:25 Meidum Pyramid lintel 3:07 Secrecy defense? 3:50 Bent Pyramid lintel 5:28 Red Pyramid lintels 7:09 Bent Satellite lintel 9:05 Great Pyramid entrance 10:25 King's Chamber lintel 11:06 Lintel fractures 12:16 Pyramids shrink and lintels grow 12:41 Pyramid texts 13:46 Khufu Queens' pyramids 14:48 Impressive stones 15:17 Wall of the Crow lintel 16:19 Pyramid doors?Why the Oldest Stories of the Great Pyramid are WrongHistory for GRANITE2023-06-02 | Four authors from Antiquity have had their detailed descriptions of the Great Pyramid survive to the present day. But Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder all fail to record any mention of the Great Pyramid's upper chamber system.
This video examines why those four authors likely missed the upper chamber system based upon a pattern of deception that spans thousands of years.
We also examine how the Great Pyramid would be experienced by visitors through history, and why their graffiti is often lost to the ravages of time.
Thanks always to my fellow researchers whose efforts contributed to this video, particularly Stefan Bergdoll's writings, Valery Senmuth's photos, and my anonymous pal who has brought to light improved versions of the Edgar Brothers' photographic plates from 1910.
0:00 Intro 1:01 Four ancient stories 2:07 Pyramid folklore 3:04 Upper chamber discovery 4:31 Testimony of Herodotus 5:28 Diodorus Siculus 5:51 Testimony of Strabo 6:10 Pliny the Elder 7:09 Caliph Al-Mamun 7:39 Descending corridor plugged 8:37 Unplugging by Caviglia 9:23 Testimony from Charles Piazzi Smyth 11:45 Misleading travelers 13:07 Motive for plugging passages 15:29 Plugging the well-shaft 16:23 Human patterns 17:34 Gates blocking access 19:04 Pyramid graffiti 20:23 Deterioration of evidence 20:57 Testimony of Belzoni 22:28 Khafre's pyramid access 23:29 History repeatsFirst View of this Pyramid Construction TechniqueHistory for GRANITE2023-04-30 | Casing stones are largely missing from large pyramids of the Old Kingdom, but a few precious sections remain intact.
At the highest courses of the second-largest pyramid of Egypt (Khafre), the casing stones remain in-place and well preserved.
However, because these stones remain inaccessible and out of sight, nobody has ever taken a survey of their layout.
This video maps the arrangement of these casing stones for the very first time, revealing new insights into how large pyramids were originally constructed.
It’s time for Egypt to fully document every casing stone so that this critical piece of history can be fully understood.
0:00 Intro 1:08 Khafre's Pyramid damage 2:23 Pyramid summit close-ups 4:01 Mapping casing stones 5:36 Tall pyramid courses 6:20 Missing top 7:20 West face diagram 8:17 Corner stones 9:37 South face diagram 11:06 North face diagram 12:40 Tapered small blocks 14:12 South face construction clues 15:24 East face diagram 16:03 Finishing the jobNew Robots to Explore the Great PyramidHistory for GRANITE2023-04-07 | The Great Pyramid of Giza continues to surprise us with hidden secrets and intriguing anomalies that have yet to be properly investigated. The visual inspection of the North Face Corridor announced on March 2, 2023 is hopefully the beginning of many more revelations to come.
The ScanPyramids ‘Big Void’ above the Grand Gallery is now more promising than ever before, but reaching this space will be a significant challenge.
Since drilling into the core of the pyramid for 7+ meters to reach the Big Void is a daunting proposition, there are other methods of investigation that can occur which are minimally invasive.
New soft-bodied robots powered by compressed air have the ability to investigate previously-inaccessible areas of the Great Pyramid. Near the Queen’s Chamber a drilling from 1986 by Gilles Dormion hit a large cavity of anomalous sand that has never been explained. Innovative and inexpensive robots can now easily burrow through this sand to determine the physical parameters of this hidden area.
These robots can also be used within the ScanPyramids North Face Corridor, and even the Big Void if an access point is ever found or created.
Please contact me if you have information on Jean-Pierre Baron’s radar survey conducted in the year 2000.
0:00 Intro 1:12 Drilling to the Big Void 2:54 Previous pyramid drilling 4:12 Hidden storerooms 5:13 Robots that mimic animals 6:16 Robots in archaeology 7:13 Hidden pyramid corridors 9:08 Sand's importance 10:07 Secrets of the floor 12:11 Accessing hidden spaces 13:25 Lessons from hidden burialsAnalyzing the North Face Corridor of the Great PyramidHistory for GRANITE2023-03-10 | The ScanPyramids Mission revealed to the world on March 2, 2023 the first images taken from inside a hidden corridor within the Great Pyramid of Giza.
The hidden North Face Corridor of the pyramid was found to contain a gabled ceiling, known as a saddle vault. This design redirects the weight of the pyramid from above, and thus it was widely assumed to be a so-called ‘weight-relieving chamber’ protecting the descending corridor below.
But many details about the North Face Corridor suggest that protecting structures below may not have been its primary purpose. This video compares the design to other saddle-vaults and puts the corridor in context to the other features within the Great Pyramid.
Thanks to Keith Hamilton for the tip about Julien Bruchet’s 1965 book. Keith Hamilton’s North Face Corridor Guide: https://www.academia.edu/98053499/The_Great_Pyramid_Void_A_laymans_guide
0:00 Intro 1:27 Congratulations ScanPyramids Team 2:16 Ground penetrating radar and ultrasonic tests 3:41 Entrance Vault connection 4:48 Chevron ceiling design 5:58 North Face Corridor analysis 8:22 Holes in the ceiling 10:37 Weight-relieving weaknesses 12:08 Inaccurate models 14:15 North Face Corridor access 16:50 Jean-Pierre Houdin's model 17:44 Next steps for investigation 20:08 Damaging a pyramid 21:20 Good publicity for EgyptHow the Great Sphinx Transformed GizaHistory for GRANITE2023-02-24 | The Great Sphinx draws enormous attention due to its unique role in Egyptian history. Throughout time humans have used its projection of power to for their own needs and desires. But what are the origins of this oldest surviving megalith statue?
This video analyzes the Sphinx from multiple perspectives, including the geological evidence, the contextual evidence, and the logistical evidence for constructing the largest pyramids at Giza.
The abyss of time prevents us from being certain about how the Sphinx began, but what is the historical pattern that makes the most sense based upon how humans have behaved for thousands of years?
0:00 Intro 1:42 Who built the Sphinx? 2:58 Pharaohs Stealing Stuff 4:53 Geology of the Sphinx 6:50 Double standards for evidence 10:17 Pyramid casing erosion 11:05 Contextual evidence 12:34 Causeway - Temple alignment 14:40 Matching the temples 16:05 Pyramid construction evidence 18:11 Causeway as a construction ramp 20:03 Sphinx purpose? 22:05 History repeatsCarbon Dating Egypts Oldest PyramidsHistory for GRANITE2023-01-25 | The idea of dating the pyramids using the C14 radiocarbon test goes always the way back to the invention of this science. Two broad studies of Old Kingdom pyramids using carbon testing have taken place, but they are incomplete.
There is enormous opportunity to date the pyramids more precisely by combining C14 testing and dendrochronology, the science of analyzing tree rings. But Egyptology doesn't show much interest in this science, and it only ever conducted carbon testing on pyramids due to outside pressure.
This video explores the knowns and unknowns of dating Egypt's pyramids, and the controversies and conflicts of interest for putting the physical science into the public messaging.
0:00 Intro 2:03 Invention of radiocarbon dating 3:31 Limitations of carbon dating 4:48 Edgar Cayce funds testing 6:34 David Koch funds testing 9:01 Alternative archaeology tourism 10:23 Carbon dating results 13:09 Dendrochronology testing 14:50 Dixon cedar rod in the Great Pyramid 16:16 Public opinion drives scienceHidden Marvel in the 3-in-1 Meidum Pyramid.History for GRANITE2022-12-23 | The Meidum Pyramid is mostly known for its present unsightly appearance. The distinction of being the only pyramid never claimed by a pharaoh adds to the negative reputation. Despite the great toll time has taken upon the monument, it remains filled with wonderful clues to understanding Old Kingdom Egypt.
The pyramid was essentially constructed three times, each creating a new pyramid reflecting a greater desire to project power and perfection. The present odd appearance of the Meidum Pyramid reveals the hidden smaller pyramids within it.
Other secret spaces inside the pyramid weren't discovered until the 21st century, and their presence is an enormous clue about the priorities and motivations for pyramid design.
Thanks as always to the following researchers who generously share their diagrams and imagery.
Keith Hamilton: https://keithhamilton.academia.edu/ Isida Project: isida-project.ucoz.com
0:00 Intro 1:55 Causes of destruction 4:19 Temple excavation by Petrie 7:20 Pyramid composition 9:08 Evidence for ramps 9:39 Core strata diagram 10:51 Snefru's 3 Pyramids 11:52 Pyramid entrance design 13:34 Descending corridor 14:12 E2 entrance & movable door 16:42 Bottom of the pyramid 17:14 Two lower chambers 18:04 Relieving chambers 18:48 Vertical shaft 19:48 Upper chamber 20:39 Blocking chamber access 23:05 Lower chamber enigma 25:13 Magical architectureUpdating the Great Pyramid Internal Ramp TheoryHistory for GRANITE2022-11-23 | The Internal Ramp Theory for the Great Pyramid of Egypt is one of the most interesting ideas ever proposed for its construction. French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin has spent more than 20 years developing and refining this idea.
In October of 2022, Houdin published an update to his theory which reflects the ScanPyramids findings from the past six years.
The ScanPyramids ‘Big Void’ is an intriguing clue that Houdin may be correct with his notion of the Grand Gallery being used as a counterweight ramp for the largest pyramid stones. The ‘Big Void’ may be another Grand Gallery-like space which could be used for the same purpose.
Institutional Egyptology remains unreceptive to Houdin’s publications, nor the extremely confident results from the ScanPyramids mission. This video takes a closer look at those conflicts, highlights some of Houdin’s new model, and proposes some areas that could use improvement.
0:00 Intro 1:06 Herodotus' Account 2:35 Types of Ramps 3:00 Jean-Pierre Houdin 4:02 ScanPyramids Findings 4:55 Houdin's Theory 6:48 Internal Ramp Evidence 8:25 HIP & ScanPyramids Launch 9:56 Zahi Hawass 12:05 ScanPyramids 'Bid Void' Published Correction: 12:19 ScanPyramids Nature article published on Nov 2, 2017 (not 2019) 12:48 David Lightbody 14:01 The Big Void 15:14 The Great Step 17:43 Houdin's Updated Theory 19:01 Grand Gallery Staging Area 19:42 Casing Stones 20:20 Chamber Shafts 21:21 New Internal Ramp Model 23:06 The Big Void Vs. Egyptology 24:32 New Technology Complaints 25:24 Conclusion1001 Mysteries of the Bent PyramidHistory for GRANITE2022-10-14 | The Bent Pyramid of Dahshur may be the most mysterious pyramid ever constructed. It was entirely off-limits for half a century, but now we can take a look inside.
Never formally surveyed in the modern era, the pyramid has countless anomalies and unique features that deserve study. The Bent Pyramid has become a scapegoat for the narrative that the builders didn’t know how to construct megaliths yet, but upon closer examination that argument falls apart.
With too many subjects to choose from, this video takes you on a complete tour of the substructure and highlights many interesting elements. What questions can we take away from this examination? The portcullis will receive a special video in the future, but first I need a photo from behind the open one!
Keith Hamilton’s Research: https://keithhamilton.academia.edu/The Great Pyramid’s Niche of SecretsHistory for GRANITE2022-09-19 | We are fortunate that many explorers from the past have documented their exploration of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The monument has changed greatly over time, with many critical parts broken, relocated, and renovated or replaced.
The ‘Queen’s Chamber’ of the Great Pyramid is particularly difficult to understand because it has been subjected to the most damage from visitors. Recently new testimonies from 1837 have come to light which provide critical evidence to understanding if a sarcophagus is missing from within it.
The entirely unique niche on the chamber’s eastern wall has taunted investigators since before written records. Why is there? What secrets might it hold? The interpretations of explorers have caused tunnels to be dug through it and beneath it. These excavations have accidentally given us critical information to understanding the Queen’s Chamber beyond hunting for a missing tomb.
0:00 Intro 1:25 Historical sources 2:22 New testimonies from 1837 3:11 Deceptive descriptions 4:12 Howard Vyse's character 6:06 Queen's Chamber sarcophagus 7:20 Giovanni Caviglia's digging 10:03 19th Century priorities 10:55 Sarcophagus description 12:25 Misidentifications 14:01 Unsolved Niche mysteries 17:05 Queen's Chamber photosThe Undiscovered Pharaoh Sahure still rests in his Pyramid?History for GRANITE2022-08-23 | The pyramid of Sahure at Abusir has suffered greatly from the ravages of greed and time. But perhaps a twist of fate has allowed the monument to preserve the king’s undiscovered remains.
The hazards of exploring and excavating this fallen structure have protected the chambers within for centuries or Millennia. John Perring in 1837 was the first and only explorer to reach an inner chamber since it catastrophically collapsed in the ancient past.
New research in the past few years has brought amazing discoveries that are already rewriting the history of Egyptian pyramids. Parts of the pyramid remain buried in rubble, waiting for their secrets to be unlocked. New excavations are underway that may be the best chance of finding the remains of a ruler from the Old Kingdom.
Special thanks to Meretseger Books (www.meretsegerbooks.com) for the use of many photos of the pyramids at Abusir.
------------------The Strangest Pyramid Passage Ever ConstructedHistory for GRANITE2022-07-31 | The Great Pyramid of Giza holds the most uniquely bizarre passageway ever constructed in an Egyptian pyramid. The ascending corridor, which famously leads to the magnificent Grand Gallery, is designed with masonry that cannot easily be explained.
Unlike every other pyramid corridor, the blocks of the ascending corridor are carved from enormous single stones called ‘girdle-stones’. These blocks are also not aligned to the passage itself, but always oriented vertically with the pyramid.
Compounding this mystery is the fact that the limestone in the ascending corridor has deteriorated more than any other section of the Great Pyramid’s interior. Is it possible to reconcile all of these anomalies? What can the historical account of the Edgar Brothers documenting the ascending corridor teach us today?
0:00 Intro 0:51 Great Pyramid layout 1:34 Ascending Corridor damage 2:21 Ascending Corridor layout 3:39 Girdle Stones 5:08 Corridor stability 6:18 Lower Girdle Stones 6:53 Inferior limestone 8:12 Granite plugs 9:33 Overbuilding or improvising? 11:08 Lessons from the Edgar BrothersPyramid Evolution - A New PerspectiveHistory for GRANITE2022-07-18 | The earliest pyramids of Egypt are the largest ever constructed, which seems counterintuitive to human development. Why would the pyramids suddenly shrink in size, only to become huge again centuries later?
This video studies the patterns found within pyramid construction, and provides a context for how their evolution can be made sensible.
Egyptology thinks of the ancient Egyptians as entirely devoted to the afterlife. But even humans four thousand years ago would have a tendency to prioritize their time among the living over any plans for an eternal afterlife.
0:00 Intro 1:37 Djoser's 1st Stepped Pyramid 2:40 From Mastaba to Pyramid 4:04 Strong central government 5:03 Power vs. Piety 5:51 Nile River visibility 6:48 Diminishing returns 8:13 Pyramid temples grow 8:53 Elite influence 9:52 Speed & efficiency 10:31 Unfinished tombs 11:21 Pyramids vs mastabas 12:17 Large Middle Kingdom pyramids 13:32 Priorities of the livingThe Red Pyramids strange inner sanctumHistory for GRANITE2022-06-11 | The Red Pyramid of Dahshur is the most commonly attributed monument for the burial of pharaoh Sneferu. A superficial look at the pyramid makes it appear to adopt classic mastaba defensive principles.
When taking a closer look at significant design features, the Red Pyramid seems to abandon the opportunity to be the most secure pyramid ever built. Instead, it's pyramid complex remains incomplete and the mystery of its 'hidden' upper chamber is laid bare.
Keith Hamilton's guide to the Red Pyramid can be found here: https://www.academia.edu/34692828/The_Red_Pyramid_A_laymans_guide
Eratta: The Bent Pyramid has a longer descending corridor, but being fractured it couldn't be plugged as much.
0:00 Intro 1:28 Red Pyramid nickname 2:02 Snefru's 3 pyramids 3:05 Tomb security 3:55 [correction] 2nd longest corridor 4:20 Pyramid entrance 5:24 Descending corridor plugging? 6:16 Locating the upper chamber 7:34 Upper corridor ceiling 9:36 No camouflage evidence 10:37 Upper floor excavation 13:39 Search for burialsFirst Look Inside the Ruined Pyramid of UserkafHistory for GRANITE2022-05-17 | After the enormous Giza pyramid of the 4th dynasty, the monuments quickly began to shrink in size. The pharaoh Userkaf was the first king of the 5th dynasty and his pyramid was known as 'The Ruined Pyramid'. Almost nobody has been inside since the explorers of the early 1800's.
We take a rare tour through the pyramid substructure, exploring its inner chambers which are remarkably well-preserved. Userkaf's pyramid complex is unique in many important ways, and the hidden interior has some anomalous features that help unlock the secrets of all Old Kingdom pyramids - including the Great Pyramid.
Special thanks to Valery Senmuth, who manages to gain access and shares the imagery online. His YouTube channel is: youtube.com/c/Senmuthmusic
0:00 Intro 1:08 5th & 6th Dynasty pyramids 2:39 Userkaf's unique design 4:00 Valery Senmuth 4:35 Pyramid overview 5:53 Pyramid entrance 7:52 Entrance chamber / vestibule 9:32 Granite torus lintel 11:03 Single portcullis 12:51 Storage in bedrock 14:03 Antechamber 14:25 Burial Chamber 15:00 Sarcophagus 15:59 Further investigationLooting the Great Pyramid - A Step by Step AnalysisHistory for GRANITE2022-04-23 | The Great Pyramid of Giza was robbed of its treasures thousands of years ago. The passage that all tourists enter today is the Robber’s Tunnel that was presumably used for plundering everything of value inside.
A common observation of the Robber’s Tunnel is that it is extremely accurate for the purposes of bypassing the Great Pyramid defenses. Legends attribute the tunnel to Al-Ma’mun in 832 AD who claims it as his work.
But does this story really hold up to modern scrutiny? Are there still clues left within the tunnel that might reveal the original method of intrusion? What does the tunnel say about who first penetrated the pyramid and the knowledge they possessed? Watch the video and find out!
Special thanks also to Jim Walker for his excellent photos and videos from Giza: youtube.com/user/Jimsworldsandiego/videosWas the Well-Shaft of the Great Pyramid a backdoor?History for GRANITE2022-04-08 | The Great Pyramid of Giza is filled with unique features that add to the mystery of its design. A long, narrow passageway known as the ‘well-shaft’ connects the upper chambers and corridors to the bottom of a deep excavation beneath the pyramid.
The original purpose for the Well-Shaft is a topic of controversy, and many researchers use it as a ‘get-out-of-jail-free’ card for design theories that would otherwise not make sense.
One of the most popular explanations for the Well-Shaft is how the Great Pyramid was originally sealed by workers escaping through it, and also that it was a point of entry for early looters from Antiquity.
This video explores the design and functionality of the Well-Shaft, and puts the theory of a ‘sneaky back-door’ to the test.
0:00 Intro 0:50 Well-Shaft excuses 1:39 Lacking photographs 2:11 Top of the well 3:36 Upper section 3:59 Grotto 4:55 Lower section 5:23 Bottom of the well 5:55 Potential functions 7:03 Climbing the well 8:38 Closing the well 11:13 Robber's tunnelExploring the Great Pyramid Mission & the future of EgyptologyHistory for GRANITE2022-03-26 | The history of scientific experiments conducted on the pyramids of Egypt is fraught with controversy. Fortunately, advancements in non-invasive technologies such as muography are allowing us to get a better understanding of the pyramids than ever before.
In 2017, the ScanPyramids mission shocked the world with the announcement of the ‘Big Void’ within the Great Pyramid of Giza. This empty space is enormous, nearly equal in size to the Grand Gallery and sits above it in relatively vertical alignment.
After this unprecedented discovery, the Exploring the Great Pyramid mission was launched to follow up on this discovery. Still in the planning stages, the EGP mission may allow a 3D visualization up to 100x greater detail than previous scans.
However, entrenched interests within Egyptology do not have a great track record of sharing fame and recognition with outsiders. Can the EGP mission overcome the doubt and adversity that previous missions have faced?
0:00 Intro 1:11 EGP Mission planning 2:50 Improved scanning 4:35 Obstacles to overcome 5:43 History of pyramid scanning 10:24 ScanPyramids 13:07 Zahi Hawass & Mark Lehner's book 17:45 David Lightbody 'Questioning the Void' 19:33 Relieving Space? 21:49 Unprecedented discoveries 24:15 Opportunity for successGranite clues to the pyramids hidden in plain sight.History for GRANITE2022-03-10 | The third pyramid at Giza was decadently cased in beautiful Aswan granite. This monument, attributed to Menkaure, is a hidden gem that has been neglected by Egyptology. There is priceless evidence strewn about the pyramid which can further our understanding of ancient history.
Granite, the most durable and expensive construction material in antiquity, is one of the best ways to judge the values and practices of ancient cultures because of the high cost of use. Why has Egypt never fully excavated Menkaure's pyramid? What secrets might be found among the mountains of granite debris? Why are some stones dressed smoothly and others left rough?
This video explores the visible evidence left on the pyramid and offers up secrets that might be revealed with a thorough archaeological study of the entire site.
------------------The Entrance Vault to the Great Pyramid and ScanPyramids corridor explainedHistory for GRANITE2022-02-12 | The enormous gabled chevron blocks above the entrance to the Great Pyramid have confounded explorers and researchers for centuries. The purpose for this Tura limestone saddle vault ceiling has seemed inexplicable, because the corridor below doesn't use them to relieve weight from above.
In 2016 the ScanPyramids research mission shocked the world by announcing the detection of a hidden corridor-like space behind the chevron blocks that sit above the entrance. Egyptology has not yet fully investigated this phenomenon, nor given a realistic explanation for its existence.
In this video we meticulously reconstruct the partially destroyed Entrance Vault to determine its original design and a likely purpose for its construction. We then connect the ScanPyramids corridor to the Entrance Vault for a complete analysis, and peer back into time to determine what the Old Kingdom Egyptians were really up to.
------------------Was the Sarcophagus in the Pyramid of Khafre Sabotaged?History for GRANITE2022-01-31 | The pyramid of Khafre contains many mysteries, despite being in the shadow of the Great Pyramid of Giza. When examining the sarcophagus in this pyramid, an enormous question is brought to light.
How on earth was this sarcophagus opened without destroying it?
The discrepancy between the security defenses of the pyramids of Khufu and Khafre are highly conspicuous, and further add to the intrigue of why certain decisions were made.
Did looters expertly attack Khafre’s coffer with unparalleled precision… or was something else afoot when the pharaoh was laid to rest?
For great information about the pyramids and temples of Egypt, check out Keith Hamilton’s illustrated guides to them at: https://independent.academia.edu/KeithHamilton
0:00 Intro 1:50 Pyramids as tombs? 2:48 Khafre sarcophagus 3:58 Tomb security 5:37 Sarcophagus design features 6:53 Copper pins cemented 7:35 Undamaged coffer 10:07 Battering the coffer 11:05 Conspiracy to plunder? 12:45 Solving a mysteryWhat are the Rogue Granite Blocks inside the Great Pyramid?History for GRANITE2022-01-21 | The Great Pyramid of Egypt still contains scattered fragments that are clues to how the monument once functioned. These precious remnants tell a story of destruction and preservation which has allowed them to endure the curiosity of humans for thousands of years.
Most of these granite remains are never seen by visitors, tucked away in the most obscure and hard to reach locations within the enormous structure.
This video traces the history of their whereabouts from every known written account and reconstructs what their original purpose was.
0:00 Intro 1:41 Missing 5th granite block 2:44 The 4 present granite blocks 3:44 Granite Block 1 outside 7:20 Maragioglio & Rinaldi's mistake 8:51 Granite Block 2 in the alcove 9:29 Granite Block 3 in the pit 10:19 Granite Block 4 in the grotto 12:22 Stones roll downhill 12:52 Matching the portcullis grooves 14:22 Portcullis dimensions 15:26 Preservation of the Great PyramidDid the Prism Stone of the Great Pyramid exist?History for GRANITE2022-01-07 | The junction of corridors within the Great Pyramid is a unique and mysterious feature that is greatly misunderstood. This key point of entry was required to gain access to the upper chambers where the burial of the pharaoh and his great treasures would be located.
The corridor junction is completely sealed with three enormous granite blocks that still remain in their final position. This method of closure for the upper chambers of the pyramid is a controversial subject because it does not disguise this point of entry.
This video takes a close examination of the physical evidence and demonstrates that pyramid defense features of the Old Kingdom cannot be judged by the standards of later pharaohs or explorers who ventured inside.
------------------The Casing Stones & Pyramidion of The Great PyramidHistory for GRANITE2021-12-15 | Reconstructions of the Great Pyramid often show it glistening and smooth with an enormous gilded capstone. But how realistic is this?
The history of how Egyptian pyramids lost their casing stones is a tale of physics and greed, with only the Bent Pyramid of Dahshur escaping the fate of being entirely plundered.
But were the tips of the pyramids really covered in gold? How big could the capstones (pyramidions) really have been?
We examine the history of these pyramidions and what the evidence suggests about how they might have looked on top of the 4th dynasty megaliths.
0:00 Intro 1:16 Tura limestone casing 2:06 Thermal expansion 3:23 Quarrying stones 4:13 Khafre casing stones 5:00 Pyramidions 6:47 Smaller pyramid capstones 7:41 [correction] Khafre's missing top is closer to 3 meters 8:18 Visual impact of contrastHistory for GRANITE Live StreamHistory for GRANITE2021-12-13 | ...The Great Breach is the Oldest Pyramid Hoax?History for GRANITE2021-12-08 | The pyramid of Menkaure at Giza has an enormous breach on its northern face. The story of this scar is examined to see how much truth is behind its original tale.
Menkaure was the son of pharaoh Khafre and grandson of the pharaoh Khufu, (owner of the Great Pyramid). His pyramid is the 3rd largest on the Giza plateau, famously cased in Aswan Granite in the lower section. This pyramid was known throughout antiquity as the colored pyramid, or even sometimes as the 'red' pyramid because of the darker casing stones.
The Islamic Golden age was a time when this pyramid was fabled to contain vast amounts of treasure, as recorded in the book '1001 Arabian Nights'. It is during this era that the pyramid was damaged, and this video scrutinizes the story of its desecration.
Lastly, we see how this tradition carries on into the modern era from academic Egyptologists such as Zahi Hawass.
0:00 Intro 1:00 Islamic Golden Age treasure 1:35 Great Breach 2:16 Ab dal-Latif's written account from 1196 A.D. 5:02 Historians acceptance 5:24 How would you dismantle a pyramid? 7:08 Purpose of the Breach 8:20 Comparing the Great Pyramid design 9:25 Reasons for deception 10:19 Modern treasure fablesThe Great Pyramid reveals how it was built!History for GRANITE2021-12-02 | The Great Pyramid has evoked many theories about its construction. With the advent of drone photography, we get a closer look at the summit and can see amazing evidence for the methods used by builders to get megalithic blocks all the way to the top.
There is an opportunity for you to make the discovery for yourself! Watch and listen to the clues and see if you can figure it out before the reveal.
What's with the lone dark stone that stands out from the yellow limestone? Is it a different composition or was there granite used at the very top?
Do you miss the metal scaffolding that used to mark the original apex or does Khufu's pyramid look better without it?