The real science of black holes Veritasium 2024-10-16 | What would happen if you fell into a black hole? #astrophysics #einstein #generalrelativity
NASAs Search For Life In A Radiation Death Zone Veritasium 2024-10-11 | Europa Clipper is looking for signs of alien life in a very deadly place. Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to start planning a career that can help change the world for the better. A massive thank you to Dr. Robert Pappalardo for his expertise and time.A huge thank you to Gretchen McCartney and Cynthia B. Phillips at NASA JPL for their help. For more on hydrothermal vents, check out NaturalWorldFacts on YouTube - @NaturalWorldFacts 00:00 ATTEMPT NO LANDING.01:06 Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts03:56 Europa’s secret06:15 Why Europa isn’t completely frozen08:03 Effects of tidal flexing09:13 Why alien life could exist10:39 How Europa Clipper detects signs of life11:34 Why not Enceladus?13:01 Europa Clipper’s instruments15:13 Launch date and first results▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Shiroyasha, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfeeIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀References:Europa Clipper via Wikipedia - ve42.co/ECWiki Magnetosphere of Jupiter via Wikipedia - ve42.co/JupiterMagWiki Europa Clipper (2024) via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/ECNasa Extraterrestrial Cycloids - Why Are They on Europa? via minutephysics on YouTube - ve42.co/MinPhysCycloid Hand, K. P. & Carlson, R. W. (2015). Europa’s surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride. Geophysical research letters - ve42.co/Carlson2015 Dalton, J. B. et al. (2003). Near-Infrared Detection of Potential Evidence for Microscopic Organisms on Europa. Astrobiology - ve42.co/Dalton2003 Europa Clipper: Exploring Jupiter's Ocean World (2024, May 24) via Youtube - ve42.co/PappalardoLec Carr, M., Belton, M., Chapman, C. et al. (1998). Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa. Nature 391, 363–365 - ve42.co/Carr1998 New Findings Support Prospect of Life on Jupiter’s Moon Europa (2024) via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/NasaEuropaLife Meitzler, R., Jun, I., Blase, R. et al. (2023). Investigating Europa’s Radiation Environment with the Europa Clipper Radiation Monitor. Space Sci Rev 219, 61 - ve42.co/Meitzler2023 #europaclipper Images & Video:2010: The Year We Make Contact - ve42.co/2010Contact CGI animations via NASA - ve42.co/NasaCGI NASA Eyes on the Solar System - ve42.co/NasaEyes Jupiter's magnetosphere via Chandra X-Ray Center - ve42.co/JupiterMagChandra Io's Volcanoes via BBC Earth Science - ve42.co/IoBBCEarth Clipper ships via Wikipedia - ve42.co/ClipperShipWiki Various moon images via NASA - ve42.co/NasaMoons Hydrothermal vent animation from NaturalWorldFacts - ve42.co/NWFVentAnims Hydrothermal vent footage by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute - ve42.co/ARIVent Snotbot footage from VICE News - ve42.co/SnotBotVice Plate tectonics on Europa by Noah Kroese - ve42.co/KroeseTectonics JUICE CGI animations via ESA - ve42.co/JUICECGIESA Arthur C. Clarke photo via ITU Pictures under the CC 2.0 license - ve42.co/ClarkePhoto▀▀▀Directed by Gregor ČavlovićWritten by Gregor Čavlović and Derek MullerEdited by Jack SaxonAnimated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Jack Saxon Illustrated by Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Gregor ČavlovićAdditional research by Gabriel BeanProduced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Luke Lewis, Barbara Abraul, Gabriel Bean, Petr Lebedev, and Casper MebiusThumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, and Jakub MisiekAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and StoryblocksMusic from Epidemic Sound
People said this experiment was impossible, so I tried it Veritasium 2024-10-05 | The world’s first look inside a thermite reaction. Use code veritasium at incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.A massive thank you to everyone at Goldschmidt for making this possible. With special thanks to Dr. Axel Hoeschen, Christof Gassmann and Claudia Koch.00:00 What is thermite?00:51 Hans Goldschmidt and the first thermite reaction05:55 The reaction as it’s never been seen before14:57 How thermite welding works17:43 I destroyed a laptop!26:44 How thermite is made31:11 Blow-torching thermite to show how reactive it isIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com ▀▀▀References: Archives from GoldschmidtThermite via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiThermite From the past to the present. via goldschmidt.com - ve42.co/Past2Present Hans Goldschmidt via Wikipedia - ve42.co/HansGWiki Goldschmidt, H. (1914). Gesammelte Veröffentlichungen (1st Ed.). Springer-Verlag - ve42.co/HGoldschmit1914 Menzies, J. (2015, January 8). Mechanic's Toolbox: Thermite Welding. SFMTA. - ve42.co/ThermiteWelding Kirshenbaum, A. D., & Cahill, J. A. (1960). The density of liquid aluminium oxide. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry - ve42.co/CahillA1960 Reichstag fire via Wikipedia - ve42.co/ReichstagFireWiki Images & Video:Karl Goldschmidt - ve42.co/KGoldschmidt Goldschmidt Chemical Factory - ve42.co/GSFabrik Henry Treffry Dunn Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk - ve42.co/Treffry The Green Gown - ve42.co/GreenGown Arsenic Green Dress - ve42.co/ArsenicGreenDress Kersting, Die Stickerin - ve42.co/Fassung Too Early Tissot Detail - ve42.co/Tissot Death Skull - ve42.co/Skull British uniforms - ve42.co/BritishUniforms Thermit in Practice - ve42.co/SKallee Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 1 - ve42.co/ShipShaft1Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 2 - ve42.co/ShipShaft2 Using Incendiary Grenade to Destroy German Antitank Gun by OkraJoe - youtu.be/RTSiq5QYHGo?si=Va_6dPimFuaQfFp5 Reichstagsbrand - ve42.co/RTBrand Ruins of the Reichstagsbrand - ve42.co/RTBrand2 The Thermite Kettle by colinfurze - youtu.be/mg3bFxdAZsY?si=BmBIYPUlP1Wfpuoj ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee▀▀▀Directed by Derek MullerWritten by Derek MullerEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Rokas Vikšraitis and Mike RadjabovIllustrations by Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek Muller, David Bochmann, Casper Mebius, Luise Dietert, Henning Fischer and Harald SchweigerAdditional Research by Gregor Čavlović and Gabriel Bean Produced by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard and Tori BrittainThumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley and Casper MebiusAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks Music from Epidemic Sound
How do QR codes work? (I built one myself to find out) Veritasium 2024-09-30 | How do QR codes work? The checkerboard patterns taking over the world, demystified. Go to https://Saily.com/veritasium and use the code ‘veritasium’ to get an exclusive 15% off your first purchase.Special thanks to Mashiro Hara and Yuki Watanabe.00:00 I was wrong00:49 How Morse Code revolutionized communication03:57 How barcodes work10:34 How QR codes store information18:16 Why damaged QR codes still work29:54 Why are QR codes so common?31:21 How safe are QR codes?32:25 The future of QR codesIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com▀▀▀References: ve42.co/OImages & Video:1940’s grocery store - H.I.C - ve42.co/1940sShop Why Americans Are Obsessed With Peanut Butter via Youtube - ve42.co/PeanutButter1 Jif Peanut Butter 90s Commercial (1998) via Youtube - ve42.co/PeanutButter2 Vericode Symbol via Youtube - ve42.co/VericodeSymbol Oreo introduces Sour Patch Kids cookies via YouTube - ve42.co/OreaSour BSE - Changes in Behaviour via YouTube - ve42.co/BSE QR Code with Drones | Firefly Drone Show via YouTube - ve42.co/DroneQRCode Damaged barcode 1 by christiaangpr via Reddit - ve42.co/DamagedBarcode1 Damaged barcode 2, Midcom service group ve42.co/DamagedBarcode2 Oskana, G and Petkova, A. (2020 July 1). Testing a nano-barcodes marking technology for identification and protection of the mechanical products, Fig. 1 - ve42.co/MatrixCodes NASA Celebrates 40 Years of the Voyager Mission via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/Voyager40Yr Apollo footage via Nasa.gov - ve42.co/ApolloFootage Snake in a QR code by MattKC via mattkc.com - ve42.co/SnakeQR Scratched CD by Ice3yes via Reddit - ve42.co/ScratchedCD Alfred Vail Portrait via si.edu - ve42.co/AlfredVail Bernard Silver Portrait vai invent.org - ve42.co/BernardSilver Norman Joseph Woodland Portrait via usatoday.com ve42.co/NormanWoodland Masahiro Hara portrait via denso.com ve42.co/MasahiroPhoto Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph patents via Wikipedia:ve42.co/TelegraphPatent1 ve42.co/TelegraphPatent2 ve42.co/TelegraphPatent3 ve42.co/TelegraphPatent4 ve42.co/TelegraphPatent5ve42.co/TelegraphPatent6 5 needle telegraph via cachesleuth.com- ve42.co/NeedleTelegraph ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee▀▀▀Directed by Sumeet KulkarniWritten by Sumeet Kulkarni and Derek MullerEdited by Peter Nelson and Luke MolloyAnimated by David Szakaly, Fabio Albertelli, James Finnemore, Ivy TelloIllustrations by Jakub Misiek, Emma WrightFilmed by Derek Muller and Raquel NunoAdditional Research by Gabriel BeanProduced by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Emily ZhangThumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley, David Szakaly, Gregor Čavlović, Raquel NunoAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks Music from Epidemic Sound
Exposing The Flaw In Our Phone System Veritasium 2024-09-21 | Can you trust your phone? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.A huge thank you to Linus Sebastian and the team at Linus Tech Tips - check them out at @LinusTechTips A massive thank you to Alexandre De Oliveira and Karsten Nohl making this demo possible. A special thanks to Crofton Black at Lighthouse Reports, Cathal Mc Daid at Enea, and James Hobson at @hacksmith 00:00 I hacked Linus!00:59 How Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak hacked the telephone network02:22 Early history of the telephone 07:08 The kidnapping of Sheikha Latifa08:41 How Signalling System No. 7 works11:03 Why SS7 is vulnerable to hacking12:15 How hackers gain access to phones16:17 How I was able to spy on Linus’ phone18:09 How hackers can intercept text messages 21:04 How your location can be tracked via SS729:03 How to protect your phone from hacking▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfeeIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀References:Black, C. (2020). Spy companies using Channel Islands to track phones around the world. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism - ve42.co/SpyTBIJIt is dangerously easy to hack the world’s phones via The Economist - ve42.co/EconHackBlake, H. (2023). The Fugitive Princesses of Dubai. The New Yorker - ve42.co/DubaiNYMcDaid, C. (2021). How Surveillance Companies Track You Using Mobile Networks. media.ccc.de - ve42.co/McDaid2021Engel, T. (2014). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate. media.ccc.de - ve42.co/Engel2014Nohl, K. (2014). Mobile self-defense. media.ccc.de - ve42.co/Nohl2014How Cell Service Actually Works via WendoverProductions - ve42.co/CellWendoverHow Telephone Phreaking Worked via The 8-Bit Guy - ve42.co/8BitGuyTransmission Lines: Part 1 An Introduction via TheSiGuy - ve42.co/TheSiGuyThe Step-By-Step Switch via AT&T Tech Channel - ve42.co/SwitchATNTHacking Your Phone via 60 Minutes - ve42.co/60minHackRosenbaum, R. (1971). Secrets of the Little Blue Box. The Esquire Magazine - ve42.co/Rosenbaum1971Black, C. et. al. (2023). Ghost in the network. Lighthouse Reports - ve42.co/Black2023Kerr, D. (2019). The step-by-step telephone switching system. dougkerr.net - ve42.co/Kerr2019Ecall and 2G/3G Network Obsolescence via PFA Plateforme Automobile - ve42.co/PFAAuto2021 Images & Video:All references can be found here: ve42.co/PhoneSpyingImageVideo▀▀▀Directed by Henry van DyckWritten by Henry van DyckEdited by Laura MillsAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek Muller and Linus Media Group TeamAdditional research by Gabe BeanProduced by Derek Muller, Henry van Dyck, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily ZhangThumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound
What Everyone Gets Wrong About Planes Veritasium 2024-08-31 | Myths and misconceptions about planes. Go to groundnews.com/Ver to see through media misconceptions and get all sides of every story. Subscribe to save 40% off unlimited access through our link.If you enjoyed this video and want to go deeper, you'll find extended interviews, deleted scenes, and some of our early thumbnail concepts over on Patreon patreon.com/posts/patreon-what-112039394A massive thank you to Petter Hörnfeldt for his expertise and time. Check out @MentourPilot.A huge thank you to Baz Collins, Nick Woods, Val Bukmanis, and everyone at the Queensland Air Museum for hosting us and making this shoot possible - ve42.co/QLDAirA special thanks to Roddy McNamee for helping out with the script - ve42.co/RMcNA big thank you to Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius for their help and guidance!00:00 Can plane doors be opened mid-flight?00:28 How high do planes fly?02:31 How do jet engines work?04:43 Airplanes before cabin pressurization05:34 Why don’t pressurized planes need door locks?07:07 Do people fart more in planes?07:57 The story of Aloha Airlines Flight 24309:21 The story of Asiana Airlines Flight AA812409:57 Is “airplane mode” on phones real?13:53 Why does airplane food taste bad?15:07 Why do people drink tomato juice on planes?16:15 How safe is air travel?▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfeeIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀References:Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge via the FAA - ve42.co/LiftandDragEqs Compressor efficiency by Roddy McNamee - ve42.co/Compressor Garrido, E. et. al. (2019). Breathless and dying on Mount Everest. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine - ve42.co/Everest3min Cabin Pressurization via Wikipedia - ve42.co/CabinPressure B737 door specifications by Chris Brady - ve42.co/737door Aloha Airlines 243 Accident Report by the NTSB - ve42.co/AlohaAirline Boeing 737-297 Specifications via the FAA - ve42.co/AlohaCycles (PED) Aviation Rulemaking Committee via the FAA - ve42.co/AirplaneMode Ritchie, C. (1996). Potential Liability from Electromagnetic Interference. Journal of Air Law and Commerce - ve42.co/Ritchie1996 FAA restrictions via eCFR - ve42.co/FAArules Is Phone Interference Phony? via Wired - ve42.co/FCCTesting Sabatini N. (2005). Statement before the Subcommittee of Aviation. U.S. Department of Transportation - ve42.co/FCCquote EU rules on Airplane Mode via euronews.com - ve42.co/EUAPM Mayer, F. et al. (2022). Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Air Transportation. Handbook of Indoor Air Quality - ve42.co/PlaneHumid Burdack-Freitag, et al. (2010). Odor and taste perception in a simulated aircraft cabin. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety. - ve42.co/SmellTaste Images & Video:Passenger Opens Emergency Exit via 10 News First - ve42.co/JetstarAirplane-Door OPENS Mid-flight! by Mentour Pilot - ve42.co/MentourAsia A320 Door by Captain Time - ve42.co/A320DoorB737 Door by Abdulrahman Ismail - ve42.co/B737DoorThe Miracle Landing Of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 by Wonder - ve42.co/Wonder243 Terrifying video shows Asiana flight door open in mid-air by National Post - ve42.co/PlaneDoorOpen Faraday Cage by Radwell International - ve42.co/FaradayAnatomy of the Inner Ear model by Annie Campbell, Now Medical Studios - ve42.co/EarAnatomy ▀▀▀Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Derek MullerWritten by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper MebiusEdited by Jack SaxonAnimated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jack Saxon Illustrated by Jakub MisiekFilmed by Chase Brockett, Charles Clement, and Derek MullerAdditional research by Gabriel BeanProduced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Owen Maher, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, and Casper MebiusThumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Mike Radjabov, and Igant BarbeciAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and StoryblocksMusic from Epidemic Sound
Why Democracy Is Mathematically Impossible Veritasium 2024-08-27 | Democracy might be mathematically impossible – here’s why. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com ▀▀▀Massive thanks to Prof. Eric Maskin for helping with the script. Thanks to Chris Dong for inspiring this video. Massive thanks to Latif Nasser for being part of this video. Massive thanks to Curtis Gilberts, and to Radiolab -- listen to their great episode on voting systems here radiolab.org/podcast/tweak-vote▀▀▀A few great proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem:Yu, N. N. (2012). A one-shot proof of Arrow's impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 523-525.- ve42.co/Yu2012 Geanakoplos, J. (2005). Three brief proofs of Arrow’s impossibility theorem. Economic Theory, 26(1), 211-215. - ve42.co/Geanakoplos2005 References:Arrow, K. J. (2012). Social choice and individual values (Vol. 12). Yale university press. - ve42.co/Arrow2012 Arrow, K. J. (1950). A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare. Journal of Political Economy - ve42.co/Arrow1950 Black, D. (1948). On the rationale of group decision-making. Journal of political economy, 56(1), 23-34. - ve42.co/Black1948 Black, D. (1969). On Arrow's impossibility theorem. The Journal of Law and Economics, 12(2), 227-248. - ve42.co/Arrow1969 Maskin, E., & Sen, A. (2014). The Arrow impossibility theorem. Columbia University Press. - ve42.co/Maskin2014 Gehrlein, W. V., & Valognes, F. (2001). Condorcet efficiency: A preference for indifference. Social Choice and Welfare - ve42.co/Gehrlein2001 Dardanoni, V. (2001). A pedagogical proof of Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. Social Choice and Welfare, 18(1), 107-112. - ve42.co/Dardanoni2001 McCune, D., & Wilson, J. (2023). Ranked-choice voting and the spoiler effect. Public Choice, 196(1), 19-50. - ve42.co/McCune2023 Santucci, J. (2021). Variants of ranked-choice voting from a strategic perspective. Politics and Governance, 9(2), 344-353. - ve42.co/Santucci2021 Kaminski, M. M. (2018). Spoiler effects in proportional representation systems: evidence from eight Polish parliamentary elections, 1991–2015. Public Choice, 176(3), 441-460. - ve42.co/Kaminski2018 Brams, S. J., & Fishburn, P. C. (1978). Approval voting. American Political Science Review, 72(3), 831-847. - ve42.co/Brams1978 Other references and election results - ve42.co/IODRefs Images & Video:Minneapolis 2013 Debate Images: ve42.co/Minn2013Debate 4 Images from this article: ve42.co/MinnDebateMPR Arrow Nobel Prize Image from NYT Article: ve42.co/ArrowNYT ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee▀▀▀Directed by Petr Lebedev and Derek MullerWritten by Petr Lebedev and Derek MullerEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek and Ivy TelloFilmed by Derek MullerAdditional Research by Gabriel BeanProduced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Gabriel Bean, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Luke LewisThumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Peter SheppardAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty ImagesMusic from Epidemic Sound#democracy #voting #mathematics
How Audio Illusions Trick Your Brain Veritasium 2024-08-14 | Audio illusions show us that hearing is about more than just sensing frequency. Which ones trick you every time? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. snatoms.com▀▀▀A big thank you to Titus Grenyer over at Pep Organ for showing us around the Sydney Town Hall Organ, to Dr. Diana Deutsch for providing her illusions and insight into the field, to Casey Connor for advice on building sound illusions, and to Dr. Michael Bach for providing the motion-bounce illusion.Pep organ: ve42.co/peporganCasey Connor’s Psychoacoustics: ve42.co/CaseyConnor▀▀▀References: ve42.co/AudioIllusionsRefs Images & Video:Aircraft Detection before radar, 1917-1940 - ve42.co/DetectionBeforeRadarWomen’s Auxiliary Air Force operator Denise Miley - ve42.co/ChainHomeRadarDaventry Experiment Van, operated by “Jock” Herd - ve42.co/ChainHomePerfect fifth - ve42.co/PerfectFifthDenge acoustic mirrors - The original uploader was Jksolomon at English Wikipedia. - ve42.co/DengeSoundMirrorDenge sound mirrors | Sound Mirrors ve42.co/SoundMirrorsDengeMayer telescope in 1880, US patent number 224199. NAE Website - Acoustic Source Localization Techniques and Their Applications ve42.co/AcousticSoundLocalizationTechniquesProfessor Mayer’s Topophone - ve42.co/TopophoneAR_Speaker_v12 - Download Free 3D model by steveMarketscale [6ca6a0a] - Sketchfab ve42.co/ARSpeakerEar Phenotypes ve42.co/Earhenotypes▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee▀▀▀Directed by Sulli Yost and Derek MullerHosted by Derek MullerWritten by Sulli Yost and Derek MullerEdited by Jack Saxon and Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli, David Szakaly, and Ivy TelloIllustrations by Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek MullerProduced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev, Gregor Čavlović, and Gabe BeanThumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard and Ren HurleyAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and EnvatoMusic from GarageBand, Virtual Piano, and Epidemic Sound
The Real Reason Robots Shouldn’t Look Like Humans | Supercut Veritasium 2024-07-31 | The robots of our future may look nothing like humans at all. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Huge thanks to Dr. Elliot Hawkes for giving us the updates on his robots, and for showing them to us over the years!Our videos in this supercut:youtube.com/watch?v=qevIIQHrJZgyoutube.com/watch?v=daaDuC1kbdsyoutube.com/watch?v=ZMQbHMgK2rwyoutube.com/watch?v=97t7Xj_iBv0youtube.com/watch?v=058hRtaCWC00:00 - Intro2:04 - Unstoppable Vine Robot15:13 - Update on Vine Robot!20:24 - Highest Jumping Robot32:15 - Update on the Jumper!38:26 - Micromouse Competition1:02:15 - Benefit of non-humanoid robots1:02:48 - Brilliant1:04:24 - Bendy Machines1:16:26 - Soft Robots1:25:55 - Conclusion▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEAdam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee, and YarIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV▀▀▀Images & Video:All New Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - ve42.co/NewAtlasFarewell to HD Atlas via Boston Dynamics on YouTube - ve42.co/HDAtlasC-3PO via Cinemax on YouTube - ve42.co/C3POI, Robot via Movieclips on YouTube - ve42.co/iRobotI, Robot No via ukery on YouTube - ve42.co/iRobotNoBig Hero 6 via Flick Society on YouTube - ve42.co/BH6Big Hero 6 via 茶茶君 on YouTube - ve42.co/2ndBH6Roomba via iRobot on YouTube - ve42.co/Roomba▀▀▀Filmed by Derek MullerEdited by Trenton Oliver and Peter NelsonProduced by Emily Zhang, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, and Emily TaylorThumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter SheppardAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty ImagesMusic from Epidemic Sound
Why People Prefer More Pain Veritasium 2024-06-25 | We experimented to see how much pain our volunteers could handle. Go to https://headspace-web.app.link/e/vstm to try Headspace for free using the code VERITASIUMStudies on Headspace - ve42.co/HeadspaceA massive thank you to Rayner Moss for recreating the experiment equipment and making this shoot happen.▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., John Kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, Meg Noah, Michael Krugman, Name, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, Wolfee.If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀References:Kahneman, D. et al. (1993). When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End. Psychological Science - ve42.co/Kahneman1993Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux - ve42.co/FastAndSlowFredrickson, B. L., Kahneman, D. (1993). Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. Journal of personality and social psychology - ve42.co/Fredrickson1993Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology - ve42.co/Kahneman1972Diener, E. et al. (2001). End Effects of Rated Life Quality: The James Dean Effect. Psychological Science - ve42.co/Deiner2001Redelmeier, D. A. et al. (2003). Memories of colonoscopy: a randomized trial. Pain - ve42.co/Redelmeier2003Kemp, S. et al. (2008). A test of the peak-end rule with extended autobiographical events. Memory & Cognition - ve42.co/Kemp2008Images & Video:Daniel Kahneman via UNSW - ve42.co/ImgKahnemanBarbara Fredrickson via UNC - ve42.co/ImgFredricksonStephen Gould via achievement.org - ve42.co/ImgGouldAmos Tversky via LGT - ve42.co/ImgTversky▀▀▀Directed by Petr LebedevWritten by Petr Lebedev and Derek MullerEdited by Peter NelsonAnimated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy TelloIllustrated by Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek Muller and Bernard LauProduced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Owen Maher, David Szasz, Emily Taylor, Gregor Čavlović and Alistair DannThumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter SheppardAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty and StoryblocksMusic from Epidemic Sound
What Jumping Spiders Teach Us About Color Veritasium 2024-05-30 | How jumping spiders reveal an entire secret world of colors. Let BetterHelp connect you to a therapist who can support you - all from the comfort of your own home. Visit betterhelp.com/veritasium and enjoy a special discount on your first month.A massive thank you to everyone at Day’s Edge Productions for making this documentary happen. Check them out at daysedge.com/.You can watch the full-length documentary “Spider Vision: Decoding Color” on Curiosity Stream - coming soon.▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfeeIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV Production by Day's Edge fully funded by National Science Foundation (Grant #IOS 1831767)Featuring: Dr. Nathan Morehouse (University of Cincinnati); Olivia Harris (University of Cincinnati), Dr. Megan Porter (University of Hawaii); Dr. Lisa Taylor (University of Florida); Dr. Wayne Maddison (University of British Columbia); and Dr. Emma Alexander (Northwestern University)▀▀▀Directed by Neil LosinWritten by Neil LosinEdited by Neil Losin, Andy Laub, and Alan SaundersAnimated by Root House Studio and David Hutchinson Filmed by Neil Losin, Nate Dappen, Alex Wiles, Andy Laub, and Barend van der WattProduced by Day’s Edge ProductionsRepurposed for YouTube by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Peter Nelson, Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Taylor, and Gregor ČavlovićThumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter SheppardVideo/photos supplied by Day’s Edge Productions and StoryblocksMusic by Adrian Younge, PBS, Epidemic Sound, and Jonny Hyman
This phone trick is IMPOSSIBLE Veritasium 2024-05-17 | It all depends on the way you flip it. #science #physics #scienceexperiment For more videos like this, subscribe to @veritasium.
The Terrifying Real Science Of Avalanches Veritasium 2024-05-03 | Avalanches are beautiful, majestic, and completely terrifying – this is a video all about the science of avalanches. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.A massive thank you to everyone at Whistler Blackcomb for making this shoot happen – Dane Gergovich, David Iles, Alastair Collis, Erin Taylor, and everyone else on the ski patrol team. Thank you for keeping us safe!A massive thank you to Bruce Tremper, Niko Schirmer, and Mark Smiley for their expertise and help with this video. We are truly grateful for your time and expertise.Check out Niko's channel here -- it's easily some of the best skiing content on YouTube. youtube.com/@Nikolai_SchirmerIf you have any intention of going into the backcountry, you have to read Bruce’s book – Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain. It’s the Bible for this stuff, and the book that inspired us to make this video.▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfeeIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀References:Tremper, B. (2001). Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain. Mountaineers Books. - ve42.co/Tremper2001McClung, D. & Schaerer, P. (2006). The Avalanche Handbook. Mountaineers Books. - ve42.co/McClung2006Hopfinger, E. J. (1983). Snow Avalanche Motion and Related Phenomena. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. - ve42.co/Hopfinger1983Schweizer, J. et al. (2003). Snow avalanche formation. Reviews of Geophysics. - ve42.co/Schweizer2003Schweizer, J. et al. (2008). Review of spatial variability of snowpack properties and its importance for avalanche formation. Cold Regions Science and Technology. - ve42.co/Schweizer2008Jamieson, B. (2006). Formation of refrozen snowpack layers and their role in slab avalanche release. Reviews of Geophysics. - ve42.co/Jamieson2006Schweizer, J. et al. (2016). Avalance release 101. International Snow Science Workshop Proceeding. - ve42.co/Schweizer2016Schweizer, J. (2008). Snow avalanche formation and dynamics. Cold Regions Science and Technology. - ve42.co/Schweizer2008-2Images & Video:Skiing and snowboarding footage by Niko Schirmer - ve42.co/NikoYTWorld's Biggest Avalanche (c)Thom Goddard/All Star Films Ltd 2015. Thank you to the Thom Goddard Channel for use - ve42.co/ThomGoddardNewspaper clippings via Newspapers.com – ve42.co/NewspapersVideo of a snow slab avalanche via Trottet, B. et al. (2022). Transition from sub-Rayleigh anticrack to supershear crack propagation in snow avalanches. Nature Physics. - ve42.co/Trottet2022Remote Triggered Avalanche via Henry’s Avalanche Talk - Remote Triggering of an AvalancheWW1 images via Brugnara, Y. et al. (2016). December 1916: Deadly Wartime Weather. Geographica Bernensia - ve42.co/Brugnara2016Major Avalanches via Geomorphological Hazards - ve42.co/MajorAviWhite Friday avalanche illustration via Avalanches WIllow - ve42.co/WhiteFridayWhite Friday aftermath via Lost In History - ve42.co/AviGravesField mass on Marmolada via Austrian National Library - ve42.co/AviMassYungay disaster via NOAA - ve42.co/YungayYungay aftermath via AMC Museum - ve42.co/YungayAMCBruce Tremper Image via utavy - ve42.co/BruceTPicSnowpack via SnowStudies.org - ve42.co/SnowStudiesSnowpack via Avalanche.org - ve42.co/SnowPackAviSnow crystals via Reiweger, I. (2011). Failure of weak snow layers. ETH. - ve42.co/Reiweger2011▀▀▀Directed by Petr LebedevWritten by Petr Lebedev and Derek MullerEdited by Peter Nelson (Additional editing by James Horsley)Animated by Jakub Misiek, Fabio Albertelli, Alex Zepherin, and Alex DrakoulisAdditional Research by Gregor ČavloviċFilmed by Petr Lebedev and Ryan RegehrFPV Drone by Mitch WintonProduced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Han Evans, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Taylor and Gregor ČavloviċThumbnail by Ren Hurley and Peter SheppardAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound
Something Strange Happens When You Follow Einsteins Math Veritasium 2024-04-30 | Einstein was wrong about black holes, what else? Use code veritasium at the link below to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan: incogni.com/veritasium A massive thank you to Prof. Geraint F. Lewis and Prof. Juan Maldacena for their expertise and help with this video.A huge thank you to those who helped us understand this complicated topic: Dr. Suddhasattwa Brahma, Prof. Carlo Rovelli, Dr. Hal Haggard, Prof. Martin Bojowald, Dr. Francesca Vidotto, Prof. Andrew Hamilton, and Dr. Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda.A special thanks to Alessandro Roussel from ScienceClic for his spectacular simulations and feedback on the video. Check out his channel here: ve42.co/ScienceClic An excellent book on this topic and an inspiration for this video: Cox, B., & Forshaw, J. (2023). Black holes: the key to understanding the universe.▀▀▀Join us on Patreon to watch an exclusive bonus video that expands on the topic of white holes ve42.co/PatreonDE Patrons: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfeeIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀References:Thorne, K. (1995). Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy. Relativity Playlist by ScienceClic - ve42.co/SCPlaylist Hamilton, A. J. S. (2021). General Relativity, Black Holes, and Cosmology - ve42.co/Hamilton2021 Black Hole Events by PBS Space Time - youtu.be/vNaEBbFbvcY?list=PLsPUh22kYmNBl4h0i4mI5zDflExXJMo_x Newton’s Letters via The Newton Project - ve42.co/NewtonMail Einstein, A. (1915). Die feldgleichungen der gravitation. - ve42.co/Einstein1915 Why Time and Space Swap by ScienceClic - youtu.be/GQZ3R81iyE0 Schwarzschild, K. (1916). Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie. - ve42.co/Schwarzschild1916Wali, K. C. (1982). Chandrasekhar vs. Eddington—an unanticipated confrontation. - ve42.co/Wali1982How to Build a Black Hole by PBS Space Time - youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0 Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. - ve42.co/TOVLimitOppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939Schwarzschild Geometry by Andrew Hamilton - ve42.co/SchwarzGeomWhy all world maps are wrong by Vox - youtube.com/watch?v=kIID5FDi2JQ Hamilton, A. J., & Lisle, J. P. (2008). The river model of black holes. - ve42.co/HamiltonLisle2008 Mapping The Multiverse by PBS Space Time - youtube.com/watch?v=4v9A9hQUcBQ Rotating black hole via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiRBH Wormhole Travel by PBS Space Time - youtube.com/watch?v=ldVDM-v5uz0 Morris, M. S., & Thorne, K. S. (1988). Wormholes in spacetime and their use for interstellar travel. - ve42.co/MorrisThorne1988 Images & Video:D3 Geo Projection Library by Mike Bostock ve42.co/d3geoInterrupted Maps by Jason Davies ve42.co/DaviesMapsKazmierczak, J. et al. (2021). NASA’s NICER Tests Matter’s Limits. - ve42.co/NasaNICERBridgman, T. et al. (2024). M5.1 flare 'Double Whammy', at Active Regions 13559 and 13561. NASA SVS. - ve42.co/NasaFlareSchnittman, J. et al. (2019). Black Hole Accretion Disk Visualization. - ve42.co/NasaAccrDiskWiessinger, S. et al. (2020). A Decade of Sun. NASA SVS. - ve42.co/NasaSunDecadeSkelly, C. et al. (2017). What is a Neutron Star? NASA SVS. - ve42.co/NasaNeutronWhat would we see if we fell into a black hole by ScienceClic - youtu.be/4rTv9wvvat8 Earth texture - ve42.co/NASAEarth First image of Sgr A* - ve42.co/EHT1 Image of M87 - ve42.co/EHT2 Polarized light image of Sgr A* - ve42.co/EHT3 ▀▀▀Directed by Casper MebiusWritten by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Will WoodEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Jonny Hyman, and Alessandro RousselIllustrated by Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek MullerAdditional research by Gregor ČavlovićProduced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Will Wood, Giovanna Utichi, Rob Beasley Spence, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily TaylorThumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter SheppardAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and NASA SVSMusic from Epidemic Sound
The most dangerous problem in math Veritasium 2024-04-24 | The Collatz Conjecture is easy enough for almost anyone to understand but notoriously difficult to solve.
How bikes *actually* work Veritasium 2024-04-17 | Why are bicycles stable? The most common answer is gyroscopic effects, but this is not right.
I call this the No, You Dont Law Veritasium 2024-04-10 | Lenz's Law states that the direction of the induced current will oppose the change in flux that created it. Here's how that looks in practice.For more videos like this, subscribe to @veritasium.
Why is this number everywhere? Veritasium 2024-03-28 | The number 37 is on your mind more than you think. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Huge thanks to Tom Magliery for sharing his 37 collection with us. Support http://thirty-seven.org by sharing your own 37 sightings to tom@thirty-seven.org!Thanks to Dr. Todd Landman, the Academic Magician, for sharing his footage of the 37 Force. - todd-landman.com ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDESam Lutfi, Lee Redden, Juan Benet, Richard Sundvall, Paul Peijzel, Gnare, Michael Krugman, Meekay, Ubiquity Ventures, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Bill Linder, Evgeny Skvortsov, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, john kiehl, Blake Byers, Stephen Wilcox, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, TTST, Orlando Bassotto, Anton Ragin, David Johnston, KeyWestr, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Chris Harper, Adam Foreman, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, I. H., Garrett Mueller, Bertrand Serlet, Kyi, wolfee, Matthias WrobelIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV▀▀▀References:Simon, W. E. (1972). “Blue Seven Phenomenon” in Elementary and Jr. High Children. Psychological Reports - ve42.co/Simon1972Trueman, J. (1979). Existence & Robustness of Blue Seven Phenomena. The Journal of General Psychology - ve42.co/Trueman1979Saito, M. (1999). “Blue and Seven Phenomena” in Japanese Students. Perceptual & Motor Skills - ve42.co/Saito1999Philbrick, J. L. (1976). Blue seven in East Africa: Preliminary report. Perceptual & Motor Skills - ve42.co/Philbrick1976Hargreaves, S. (2009). The psychology of randomness. - ve42.co/Hargreaves2009 The 37 Force via The Magician’s Forum - ve42.co/37Force1Fulves, K. (1979) Self-Working Mental Magic. Dover Publications, Inc. - ve42.co/Fulves1979 Random numbers via The Jargon File at catb.org - ve42.co/JargonRandom Number Survey by MahoganyForest via Reddit - ve42.co/RedditRndmPrime number theorem via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPNTGrossack, C. (2023). A truly incredible fact about the number 37. Grossack.site - ve42.co/Grossack2023Least prime factor of n via oeis.org - ve42.co/LeastPrimeFry, H. (2017). When should you settle down? ideas.ted.com - ve42.co/Fry2017Choosing Toilets by Numberphile - youtube.com/watch?v=XIOoCKO-ybQSeaton, R. (2014). The Secretary Problem Explained: Dating Mathematically. rs.io - ve42.co/Seaton2014Images & Video:Just 37 by Tom Magliery - ve42.co/Just37R4000 Processor via Molecular Expressions - ve42.co/micro37The “37” Cluster by Noel Carboni - ve42.co/NGC2169Charles Fleischer via Wikimedia - ve42.co/Fleischer▀▀▀Directed by Emily ZhangWritten by Emily Zhang and Derek MullerEdited by Peter NelsonAsst edited by Luke MolloyAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Leigh WilliamsonIllustrated by Jakub MisiekFilmed by Emily Zhang, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Michael Cimpher, and David SzaszAdditional research by Gregor ČavlovićProduced by Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Han Evans, and Emily TaylorThumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter SheppardAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and StoryblocksMusic from Epidemic Sound
How Japanese Masters Turn Sand Into Swords Veritasium 2024-03-21 | This is a video about how Japanese samurai swords, aka katanas, are made – from the gathering of the iron sand, to the smelting of the steel, to the forging of the blade. Head over to hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEBIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀A massive thank you to John McBride for making this entire project happen. This would not have been possible without John. Please check out his japan walking tours walkjapan.comMassive thanks to Craig Mod, Inoue-san, everyone in the Tanabe family, and Takanashi-san. Also a massive thank you to Kevin Cashen – cashenblades.com▀▀▀References:Tanii, H., Inazumi, T., & Terashima, K. (2014). Mineralogical study of iron sand with different metallurgical characteristic to smelting with use of Japanese classic iron-making furnace “Tatara”. ISIJ international, 54(5), 1044-1050.Tate, M. (2005). History of Iron and Steel Making Technology in Japan Mainly on the smelting of iron sand by Tatara. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 91(1), 2-10.Krauss, G. (1999). Martensite in steel: strength and structure. Materials science and engineering: A, 273, 40-57.Krauss, G., & Marder, A. R. (1971). The morphology of martensite in iron alloys. Metallurgical Transactions, 2, 2343-2357.Yalçın, Ü. (1999). Early iron metallurgy in Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 49, 177-187.Kapp, L., Kapp, H., & Yoshihara, Y. (1987). The craft of the Japanese sword. Kodansha International.Matsumoto, C., Das, A. K., Ohba, T., Morito, S., Hayashi, T., & Takami, G. (2013). Characteristics of Japanese sword produced from tatara steel. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 577, S673-S677.Inoue, T. (2010). Tatara and the Japanese sword: the science and technology. Acta Mechanica, 214(1), 17-30.Images & Video:Great video from NHK – ve42.co/NHK▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr. ,john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Petr LebedevWritten by Petr Lebedev and Derek MullerEdited by Trenton Oliver, Jack Saxon, Peter NelsonAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, David SzakalyFilmed by Petr Lebedev and Lui KimishimaProduced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Han Evans, Giovanna Utichi, Emily TaylorAdditional research by Gregor ČavlovićThumbnail by Peter SheppardAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty ImagesMusic from Epidemic Sound
I buried myself in concrete to explain how it works Veritasium 2024-03-13 | Concrete = cement + sand + gravel. Cement is the most important man-made material on Earth.
The Oldest Unsolved Problem in Math Veritasium 2024-03-08 | Do odd perfect numbers exist? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEBA massive thank you to Prof. Pace Nielsen for all his time and help with this video.A big thank you to Dr. Asaf Karagila, Pascal Ochem, Prof. Tianxin Cai, and Prof. William Dunham for their expertise and help.To try GIMPS out yourself: ve42.co/GIMPS These sources were particularly helpful:Perfect numbers via MacTutor - ve42.co/MTPerfect Cai, T. (2022). Perfect numbers and fibonacci sequences. World Scientific. - ve42.co/Cai2022 Dunham, W. (2022). Euler: The master of us all (Vol. 22). American Mathematical Society. - ve42.co/Dunham2022 ▀▀▀References:youtube.com/watch?v=T0xKHwQH-4I&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz youtube.com/watch?v=q8n15q1v4Xo&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz Dickson, L. E. (1919). History of the Theory of Numbers.. (Vol. 1). Carnegie Institution of Washington. Knill, O. (2007). The oldest open problem in mathematics. NEU Math Circle, December2. - ve42.co/Knill2007 Perfect number via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPerfect Introduction to Arithmetic via HalthiTrust - ve42.co/IntroArithmetic Nicomachus of Gerasa via MacTutor - ve42.co/MTNicomachus Sonja, B. (1988). The First Perfect Numbers and Three Types of Amicable Numbers in a Manuscript on Elementary Number Theory by Ibn Fellûs. Erdem, c. IV, 11. - ve42.co/Sonja1988 Ibn Fallus via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiFallus Mersenne prime via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiMP List of Known Mersenne Prime Numbers - ve42.co/ListOfMP Marin Mersenne via MacTutor - ve42.co/MTMersenne Leonhard Euler via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiEuler Frank Nelson Cole via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiFNCole GIMPS History via Mersenne.org - ve42.co/GIMPSHistory EFF Cooperative Computing Awards via EFF - ve42.co/EFFAwards Jonathan Pace via Primewiki - ve42.co/PWikiPace Book with just one number sells out in Japan via BastillePost - ve42.co/PrimeBook Predicted distribution of Mersenne primes via John D. Cook - ve42.co/JDCookMP Euler’s Odd Perfect Numbers Theorem via Cantor's Paradise - ve42.co/EulerOPN A Perfect (Math) Mystery via Medium - ve42.co/Machado2024 Brent, R. P., Cohen, G. L., & te Riele, H. J. (1991). Improved techniques for lower bounds for odd perfect numbers. Mathematics of Computation, 57(196), 857-868. - ve42.co/Brent1991 Ochem, P., & Rao, M. (2012). Odd perfect numbers are greater than 10¹⁵⁰⁰. Mathematics of Computation, 81(279), 1869-1877. - ve42.co/Ochem2012 Mathematicians Open a New Front on an Ancient Number Problem via Quantamagazine - ve42.co/QuantaSpoofs Descartes number via Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiDescartesNumber Andersen, N., Durham, S., Griffin, M. J., Hales, J., Jenkins, P., Keck, R., ... & Wu, D. (2022). Odd, spoof perfect factorizations. Journal of Number Theory, 234, 31-47. - ve42.co/Andersen2022 Pomerance’s Heuristic that Odd Perfect Numbers are Unlikely via OddPerfect.org - ve42.co/Heuristic Images & Video:Clip of Piergiorgio Odifreddi - youtube.com/watch?v=y0paHEA8-gA Euclid’s Elements 1 via Claymath - ve42.co/CM1 Euclid’s Elements 2 via Claymath - ve42.co/CM2 Euclid’s Elements 3 via Claymath - ve42.co/CM3 Diophanti - ve42.co/Diophanti Gauss book - ve42.co/GaussDis Euler’s Archive 1 - ve42.co/Euler1 Euler’s Archive 2 - ve42.co/Euler2 ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee▀▀▀Directed by Casper MebiusWritten by Casper Mebius and Derek MullerEdited by Peter NelsonIllustrated by Jakub MisiekAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, Alondra Vitae, Alex Drakoulis, and Leigh WilliamsonFilmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Peter NelsonAdditional research by Aaron Santos, Camilla Machado, and Gregor ČavlovićProduced by Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović, Han Evans, and Derek MullerThumbnail by Ren HurleyAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound
The Trillion Dollar Equation Veritasium 2024-02-27 | How the Black-Scholes/Merton equation made trillions of dollars. Go to eightsleep.com/veritasium and use the code Veritasium for $200 off your Pod Cover.Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEBIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - ve42.co/SnatomsV▀▀▀A huge thank you to Prof. Andrew Lo (MIT) for speaking with us and helping with the script.We would also like to thank the following:Prof. Amanda Turner (University of Leeds)Owen Maher (Electrify Video Partners)▀▀▀References:The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons launched the quant revolution, Gregory Zuckerman. Penguin Publishing Group. - ve42.co/GZuckermanThe Physics of Finance: Predicting the Unpredictable: Can Science Beat the Market? James Owen Weatherall. Short Books. - ve42.co/FinancePhysicsThe Statistical Mechanics of Financial Markets, J.Voigt. Springer. - ve42.co/SpringerBlack, F., & Scholes, M. (1973). The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of political economy, 81(3), 637-654. - ve42.co/BlackScholesCornell, B. (2020). Medallion fund: The ultimate counterexample?. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 46(4), 156-159. - ve42.co/MedallionImages & Video:Ed Thorp on The Tim Ferris Show - youtube.com/watch?v=CNvz91JyzbgJim Simons on TED - youtube.com/watch?v=U5kIdtMJGc8Jim Simons on Numberphile - youtube.com/watch?v=QNznD9hMEh0▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr. ,john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Will Wood and Derek MullerWritten by Will Wood, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev and Derek MullerCamera operation by Raquel NunoAdditional research by Gregor ČavlovićEdited by Jack Saxon and Trenton OliverAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly and Will WoodProduced by Will Wood, Han Evans and Derek MullerThumbnail by Ren HurleyAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound
Worlds strongest magnet! Veritasium 2024-02-21 | The world's strongest magnet is a million times stronger than Earth's magnetic field.
Why It Was Almost Impossible to Make the Blue LED Veritasium 2024-02-08 | The blue LED was supposed to be impossible—until a young engineer proposed a moonshot idea. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEBHuge thanks to the UC Santa Barbara Materials Dept (https://ssleec.ucsb.edu/) for taking us around.Thanks to Álvaro Bermejillo Seco for reviewing the science.Thanks to these especially helpful sources:Nobel Prize Biography - Shuji Nakamura - ve42.co/NakamuraNobel Johnstone, B. (2015). Brilliant!. Prometheus Books. - ve42.co/Johnstone2015 Nakamura, S., Pearton, S., & Fasol, G. (2010). The Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story. Springer. - ve42.co/Nakamura2010 ▀▀▀References:youtube.com/watch?v=O8M2z2hIbagyoutube.com/watch?v=TGUteH93xNoyoutube.com/watch?v=idwKHQEw78gyoutube.com/watch?v=yoTALRhAqWcTouchstone, L. A. (2022). Nick Holonyak Jr. University of Illinois. - ve42.co/Touchstone2022 Perry, T. S. (1995). The Unsung Inventor. IEEE Spectrum. - ve42.co/Perry1995 Chabay, R. & Sherwood, B. (2011). Matter & interactions (4th ed.), S2: Semiconductors. Wiley. - ve42.co/ChabaySherwoodHow MOCVD Works via Aixtron - ve42.co/MOCVD Vangala, S. R., et al. (2019). Epitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs. Journal of Crystal Growth. - ve42.co/Vangala2019 Nakamura, S. (1991). GaN Growth Using GaN Buffer Layer. JJAP. - ve42.co/Nakamura3rd1991 Amano, H., et al. (1989). P-Type Conduction in Mg-Doped GaN w/ LEEBI. JJAP. - ve42.co/Amano1989 Huang, M., et al. (2021). Defects in Mg–H‐Codoped GaN. Physica Status Solidi. - ve42.co/Huang2021 Schubert, E. F. (2006). Light Emitting Diodes, Ch 4: LED basics. Cambridge University Press. - ve42.co/RPI-LEDsKitada, C. (2001). Blue About Japan. Japan Inc. - ve42.co/Kitada2001 Whitaker, T. (2002). Nakamura loses Nichia patent battle. Optics.org. - ve42.co/NichiaSales3 Pirates Osaka. (2014). Nakamura awarded Nobel Prize in Physics. Hatena Blog. - ve42.co/NichiaSales1 Growth Bozu via Twitter. - ve42.co/NichiaSales2 Rose, J. (2014). Blue LEDs – Filling the world with new light. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. - ve42.co/Rose2014 Pattison, P. M., et al. (2017). LED lighting efficacy. Comptes Rendus Physique. - ve42.co/Pattison2017 Electricity pricing via EIA - ve42.co/ElectricityPricingLane, K., et al. (2023). Lighting. IEA. - ve42.co/LightingIEA LED Footprint via The Climate Group - ve42.co/ClimateGroupLED Nichia’s History via Nichia - ve42.co/NichiaHistory Shuji Nakamura via Wikipedia - ve42.co/NakamuraWiki Images & Video:Lighting the World via UCTVInsight on YouTube - ve42.co/UCTVep2 & ve42.co/UCTVep3 Palo Alto Times 1971 Article via Newspapers.com - ve42.co/Newspapers Nick Holonyak, Jr. and the LED via UIUC on YouTube - ve42.co/HolonyakIllinois The Original Blue LED via Science History Institute on YouTube - ve42.co/OGBlueLED Maxfield, M. (2022). Compound Semiconductors. EE Journal. - ve42.co/Maxfield2022M. Stutzmann, et al. (2001). Playing with Polarity. pss (b). - ve42.co/Stutzman2001 Isamu Akasaki in 1995 via Andrey Nikolaev on YouTube - ve42.co/AsakiNikolaev Pioneer TX-610 Stereo Tuner via Ian Marino on YouTube - ve42.co/StereoMarino Shuji Nakamura via EPO on YouTube - ve42.co/NakamuraEPONichia Campus via Nichia on LinkedIn - ve42.co/NichiaHQNichia via TDElektronik on YouTube - ve42.co/NichiaTDE Violeds Sterilization of COVID-19 via Seoul Viosys - ve42.co/SterilizationUV ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi▀▀▀Directed by Emily ZhangWritten by Emily Zhang, Ricky Nathvani, and Derek MullerEdited by Trenton OliverIllustrated by Jakub MisiekAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Ivy Tello, and Alondra VitaeFilmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Trenton OliverAdditional research by Gregor ČavlovićProduced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek MullerThumbnail by Ren HurleyAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound
I waterproofed myself with aerogel! Veritasium 2024-02-01 | Experiencing the extraordinary properties of aerogel first hand
The Rainiest Place On Earth Veritasium 2024-01-26 | The rainiest place on earth isn’t where you might expect. Get exclusive NordVPN deal here ➵ https://NordVPN.com/veritasium. It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEBIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV▀▀▀Huge thanks to Okouchi-San and Dr. Sakai and everyone at NIED and the Large Scale Rainfall Simulator for their time, expertise and access to this amazing facility.A big thank you to Prof. Olga Mavrouli and Prof. Bill Schulz for their invaluable expertise on the mechanisms of landslides.▀▀▀References:Ulbrich, C. W. (1983). Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution. Journal of climate and applied meteorology, 1764-1775. – ve42.co/Ulbrich83Van Boxel, J. H. (1997, November). Numerical model for the fall speed of rain drops in a rain fall simulator. In Workshop on wind and water erosion (Vol. 5, pp. 77-85). – ve42.co/Boxel87Canuti, P., Focardi, P., & Garzonio, C. (1985). Correlation between rainfall and landslides. Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment, 32(1).Tsaparas, I., Rahardjo, H., Toll, D. G., & Leong, E. C. (2002). Controlling parameters for rainfall-induced landslides. Computers and geotechnics, 29(1), 1-27. – ve42.co/Tsaparas2002Nakamura, H., & Oosawa, M. (2021, March). Effects of the underground discharge channel/reservoir for small urban rivers in the Tokyo area. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 703, No. 1, p. 012029). IOP Publishing. – ve42.co/Nakamura21Guthrie, R. H., & Evans, S. G. (2004). Magnitude and frequency of landslides triggered by a storm event, Loughborough Inlet, British Columbia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 4(3), 475-483. – ve42.co/Guthrie2004Images & Video:Miyako, Iwate Tsunami via ANNnewsCH - ve42.co/Miyako2011Mount Onake Volcano via BBC News - ve42.co/BBCOnake Typhoon Jebi via Al Jazeera - ve42.co/TyphoonJebiEast Asia Typhoons via CBC News - ve42.co/TyphoonCBCAtami Landslide via The Quint - ve42.co/Atami2021 Atami Landslide via news.com.au - ve42.co/2ndAtami2021Sendai Earthquake via ANNnewsCH - ve42.co/SendaiQuake Nagasaki Mudslide via The Telegrap - ve42.co/NagasakiMudslideWajima Landslide via Guardian News - ve42.co/WajimaLandslideDrone Rainfall Test via AIZAWAchan - ve42.co/DroneRainCar Rainfall Test via TIER IV - ve42.co/CarRainTestRainfall Simulator via NIED - ve42.co/RainfallSim1External Footage of Simulator via NIED - ve42.co/RainfallSim2Landslide Simulations via NIED - ve42.co/RainfallSim3Typhoon Prapiroon via Force Thirteen - ve42.co/TyphoonPrapiroonYanohigashi Floods via CNA - ve42.co/YanohigashiFloodsJapan Floods via The Telegraph - ve42.co/TelegraphFloodJapan Floods via euronew - ve42.co/EuroNewsFloodTyphoon Hagibis via Guardian News - ve42.co/TyphoonHagibisTyphoon Hagibis via SCMP - ve42.co/TyphoonHagibisSCMP Satellite Imagery of Hagibis via Force Thirteen - ve42.co/HagibisSatellite Tokyo Flood Control System via NikkeiAsia.com - ve42.co/FloodControl Landslides Footage via Underworld - ve42.co/MonsterLandslides Norway Landslide via ABC7 - ve42.co/NorwayLandslidePlanet Destruction via BBC - ve42.co/BBCDestructionB.C. Climate Change Danger via CBC News - ve42.co/BCClimateChangeCanada’s Logging Roads via CBC News - ve42.co/CBCLogging▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi▀▀▀Directed by Petr LebedevWritten by Petr LebedevEdited by Peter NelsonAdditional Research by Gregor ČavlovićAnimated by Fabio AlbertelliIllustrations by Jakub MisiekFilmed by Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek MullerProduced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Gregor ČavlovićThumbnail by Peter SheppardAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty ImagesMusic from Epidemic Sound
Do People Understand The Scale Of The Universe? Veritasium 2024-01-15 | Do you really know how big the universe is? There’s a data driven way to read the news: go to https://ground.news/veritasium to get 30% off the Vantage plan and see through sensationalized reporting. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀A huge thank you to Dr. Ashmeet Singh for his expert feedback on this video.▀▀▀References:Fun video by RealLifeLore about the scale of the Universe - youtube.com/watch?v=Iy7NzjCmUf0&pp=ygUkcmVhbCBsaWZlIGxvcmUgc2NhbGUgb2YgdGhlIHVuaXZlcnNlMoon Facts via NASA - ve42.co/NASAMoon Titan Facts via NASA - ve42.co/Titan Mercury Facts via NASA - ve42.co/Mercury Why Pluto is no Longer a Planet, BBC News via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=iIk29MnzZWA&pp=ygUYcGx1dG8gbm8gbG9uZ2VyIGEgcGxhbmV0 Pluto, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPluto Eris, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiEris Brown, M. E., & Schaller, E. L. (2007). The mass of dwarf planet Eris. Science, 316(5831), 1585-1585. - ve42.co/Brown2007 Trans-Neptunian object, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiTNO IAU 2006 General Assembly Press Release, via IAU - ve42.co/IAU2006 Solar System Moons via NASA - ve42.co/NASAMoons Solar System Asteroids via NASA - ve42.co/Asteroids Solar System, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSolarSystem How many stars are in the Universe via ESA - ve42.co/ESAStars Catalog of Exoplanets via exoplanet - ve42.co/ExoplanetCatalog Crowther, T. W., Glick, H. B., Covey, K. R., Bettigole, C., Maynard, D. S., Thomas, S. M., ... & Bradford, M. A. (2015). Mapping tree density at a global scale. Nature, 525(7568), 201-205. - ve42.co/Crowther2015 Galaxy, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiGalaxy Counting Galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope via NASA - ve42.co/CountingGalaxies Conselice, C. J., Wilkinson, A., Duncan, K., & Mortlock, A. (2016). The evolution of galaxy number density at z8 and its implications. The Astrophysical Journal, 830(2), 83. - ve42.co/Conselice2016 Sagan, C., & Druyan, A. (2011). Pale blue dot: A vision of the human future in space. Ballantine books.Images & Video:Clip of Titan’s Surface, NASA via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=xn3-0a19sC8 Clips of Pluto Had it Coming, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=5nqT7XrYRPc Image of Solar System Objects - ve42.co/SolarSystemObjects ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Casper MebiusWritten by Casper Mebius and Derek MullerAdditional research & fact checking by Gregor ČavlovićEdited by Peter NelsonAnimated by Ivy Tello and Alondra VitaeFilmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno and Zyan TreadwellProduced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius and Han EvansAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, StoryBlocks and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO, NASA JPL, NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA GSFC, NASA HQ, NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio, NCSA, A. Kritsuk, M. NormanMusic from Epidemic SoundThumbnail by Peter Sheppard
What Game Theory Reveals About Life, The Universe, and Everything Veritasium 2023-12-23 | This is a video about the most famous problem in Game Theory, the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEBIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀A massive thank you to Prof. Robert Axelrod and Prof. Steven Strogatz for their expertise and time. To read more about Prof. Axelrod’s Passion for Cooperation visit: ve42.co/Axelrod2023 A massive thanks to the wonderful Nicky Case. Nicky’s “The Evolution of Trust” game was a huge inspiration for this video. We highly recommend you play this excellent game yourself, over at: ncase.me/trust A huge thank you to those who helped us understand and fact check different parts of this topic - Dr. Christian Hilbe, Dr. Vincent Knight, Dr. Jelena Grujic, Prof. Andreas Diekmann, and Dr. Alexander Stewart.▀▀▀References:Excellent game on the evolution of trust by Nicky Case - ve42.co/Case2023 Summary of Axelrod’s work by This Place - youtube.com/watch?v=BOvAbjfJ0x0 How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemma by TED-Ed - youtube.com/watch?v=emyi4z-O0ls&pp=ygUScHJpc29uZXIncyBkaWxlbW1h Tit for Tat by radiolab - ve42.co/T4T The Golden Rule by radiolab - ve42.co/GoldenRule Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation.Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford university press.Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. William Poundstone.Nowak, M. A., & Highfield, R. (2011). Supercooperators. Edinburgh: Canongate.Binmore, K. (2007). Game theory: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford.Northrup, L. & Rock, D. (1966). The Detection of Joe I. - ve42.co/JOE1 Prisoner’s dilemma, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiPDPrisoner’s Dilemma, Stanford - ve42.co/StanfordPD Flood, M. M. (1952). Some experimental games. - ve42.co/Flood1952 Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiNWS Goodwin, I. (1998). The Price of Victory in Cold War - ve42.co/Goodwin1998 Cold war: How it happened. - ve42.co/CW2014 Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(1), 3-25. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980a Axelrod, R. (1980). More effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(3), 379-403. - ve42.co/Axelrod1980b Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. ve42.co/Axelrod1981 Stanislav Petrov, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSP Wu, J., & Axelrod, R. (1995). How to cope with noise in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Conflict resolution, 39(1), 183-189. - ve42.co/Wu1995 INF Treaty - ve42.co/INF START Treaties - ve42.co/START START I, Wikipedia - ve42.co/WikiSTART Images & Video:RAND Historical images via rand.org - ve42.co/RAND Golden Balls - youtube.com/watch?v=S0qjK3TWZE8Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research - ve42.co/Stellarium Newspapers from 1980s via Newspapers.com – ve42.co/Newspapers Decommisioned nuke image via The Moscow Times - ve42.co/MT2012 Soviet inspection image via Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists - ve42.co/Krzyzaniak2019 Decommissioning nuclear weapon via ShareAmerica - ve42.co/Kaufman2014 ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Casper MebiusWritten by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Ashley HamerAdditional research and fact checking by Gregor Čavlović and Will WoodEdited by Peter NelsonAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello and Alondra VitaeIllustrations by Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek MullerProduced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović and Han EvansAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty ImagesMusic from Epidemic SoundThumbnail by Peter Sheppard
Inside Japan’s Earthquake Simulator Veritasium 2023-12-19 | How does Japan prepare for its devastating earthquakes? With this giant simulator. For a free trial to Shopify go to shopify.com/veritasium.If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.▀▀▀A massive thank you to everyone at NIED for allowing access to their facility. Massive thanks to Okouchi-san for arranging this shoot.A huge thank you to Dr. Yohsuke Kawamata for the tour of E-defense and for sharing his deep expertise.▀▀▀References:Nakashima, M., et al. (2018). Experiences, accomplishments, lessons, and challenges of E‐defense. Tests using world's largest shaking table. Japan Architectural Review, 1(1), 4-17. - ve42.co/NakashimaSuganuma, K. (2005). 3-D Full-Scale Earthquake Testing Facility (E-Defense). NISTEP Science & Technology Foresight Center. - ve42.co/SuganumaOhtani, K., et al. (2004). Construction of E-Defense (3-D full-scale earthquake testing facility). In Thirteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Vol. 189). - ve42.co/OhtaniHoriuchi, T., et al. (2022). Contributions of E-Defense Shaking Table to Earthquake Engineering and its Future. Journal of Disaster Research, 17(6), 985-999. - ve42.co/HoriuchiNakamura, I., et al. (2008). E-Defense experiments on full-scale wooden houses. In Proceedings of the 14th World conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China (pp. 12-17). - ve42.co/NakamuraJapan: The Next Big Quake. Financial Times. - ve42.co/BigQuakeImages & Video:Kobe earthquake compilation - ve42.co/Kobe▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:carrotcypher, Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.▀▀▀Directed by Will Wood and Petr LebedevWritten by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev and Derek MullerEdited by Jack Saxon and Trenton OliverAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Leigh Williamson, David SzakalyFilmed by Petr Lebedev, Lui Kimishima and Derek MullerProduced by Will Wood, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek MullerThumbnail by Ren HurleyAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and NIED (E-defense)Music from Epidemic Sound
The SAT Question Everyone Got Wrong Veritasium 2023-11-30 | How an SAT question became a mathematical paradox. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEBI invented Snatoms, a molecule modeling kit where the atoms snap together magnetically. Try it at ve42.co/SnatomsVHuge thanks to Dr. Doug Jungreis for taking the time to speak with us about this SAT question.Thanks to Stellarium, a wonderful free astronomy simulator – ve42.co/Stellarium Thanks to Newspapers.com, a database of historical newspapers – ve42.co/Newspapers ▀▀▀References:Summary of this problem by MindYourDecisions – youtube.com/watch?v=kN3AOMrnEUsMore cool math about this problem by Kyle Hill – youtube.com/watch?v=_zCDbB9wvrcDiscussion of a solar day by MinutePhysics – youtube.com/watch?v=nZMMuv0LtyoMurtagh, J. (2023). The SAT Problem That Everybody Got Wrong. Scientific American – ve42.co/SATSciAm United Press International (1982). Error Found in S.A.T. Question. New York Times – ve42.co/SAT-NYT Yang (2020). What's the hardest SAT math problem that you've seen? Quora – ve42.co/SATQuora Coin rotation paradox via Wikipedia – ve42.co/CoinParadox Simmons, B. (2015). Circle revolutions rolling around another circle. MathStackExchange. – ve42.co/CircleRoll Sidereal time via Wikipedia – ve42.co/SiderealWiki Solar Time vs. Sidereal Time via Las Cumbres Observatory – ve42.co/SiderealLCO Images & Video:Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research - ve42.co/Stellarium Newspapers from 1980s - 1990s via Newspapers.com – ve42.co/Newspapers SAT Practice Test via the College Board – ve42.co/PracticeSAT Revolution Definition via NASA – ve42.co/RevolutionNASA Revolution Definition via Merriam-Webster – ve42.co/RevolutionWebster Earth motion animation via NASA – ve42.co/OrbitNASASatellite animation via NASA – ve42.co/SatNASA ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Emily ZhangWritten by Emily Zhang and Gregor Čavlović Edited by Peter NelsonAnimated by Ivy Tello and Fabio AlbertelliFilmed by Derek MullerProduced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek MullerThumbnail by Ren HurleyAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound
The Surprising Genius of Sewing Machines Veritasium 2023-11-22 | How do sewing machines actually work? Get your first month of KiwiCo FREE at kiwico.com/veritasiumIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.▀▀▀A huge thanks to Prof. Andy Ruina for suggesting this video topic, guiding us in the research, and giving deeply insightful notes.Massive thanks to Noah Johnson and Tina Vines for teaching Derek how to chain-stitch, and letting us shoot with your embroidery machine! Please check out instagram.com/stitchrite and instagram.com/tina_vines if you're interested in seeing more of their gorgeous chain stitch embroidery. Thanks to Denny Stanley and the whole crew at Las Vegas Props for building the large replica model of the sewing machine. vegasprops.net▀▀▀References:Parton, J. (1870). History of the Sewing-machine. Howe Machine Company, No. 38, N. Charles St.. -- ve42.co/Patron1870Gregory, J. M. (2006). A History of the Sewing Machine to 1880. Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 76(1), 127-144. -- ve42.co/Gregory2006How America Spends Money: 100 Years In the Life of the Family Budget, The Atlantic -- ve42.co/Budget1Buckman, J. (2016). Unraveling the Threads: The Life, Death and Resurrection of the Singer Sewing Machine Company, America’s First Multi-National Corporation. Dog Ear Publishing.Lewton, F. L. (1930). The servant in the house: a brief history of the sewing machine (Vol. 3056). US Government Printing Office. -- ve42.co/Lewton1930▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Petr LebedevWritten by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity NelsonEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, Gene Nagata and Taylor CodyAdditional Research by Gregor ČavlovićProduced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek MullerAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and StoryblocksMusic from Epidemic Sound
What The Ultimate Study On Happiness Reveals Veritasium 2023-11-15 | How to lead a happier, healthier and longer life. Check out our sponsor: betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.▀▀▀A huge thanks to Prof. Robert Waldinger for all his help with this video. To learn more about what makes for a good life, visit: the-good-life-book.com and youtube.com/watch?v=8KkKuTCFvzI&pp=ygUJd2FsZGluZ2Vy A special thanks to Prof. Julianne Holt-Lunstad for her expert advice on the importance of social connections and the detrimental effects of loneliness and social isolation.▀▀▀Additional Videos:Family Reacts to Winning CA$1 Million Lotto, NowThisNews via YouTube - ve42.co/CA1Lottery Woman claims to be $1 billion Powerball winner, KTLA 5 via YouTube - ve42.co/1BilLottery Old Lottery Winner Meets Young Lottery Winner | The Gap, LADbible TV via YouTube - ve42.co/LADBibleLottery Why eyewitnesses get it wrong - Scott Fraser, TED-Ed via Youtube - ve42.co/TEDFraser Surgeon General discusses health risks of loneliness and steps to help connect with others, PBS NewsHour via YouTube - ve42.co/PBS-SG ▀▀▀References:Waldinger, R., & Schulz, M. (2023). The Good Life: Lessons from the World's Longest Scientific Study of Happiness. Simon and Schuster.Lindqvist et al. (2020). Long-run effects of lottery wealth on psychological well-being. The Review of Economic Studies. - ve42.co/Lindqvist2020 Wen et al. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. The lancet. - ve42.co/Wen2011 Nocon et al. (2008). Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. - ve42.co/Nocon2008 Blondell et al. (2014). Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC public health. - ve42.co/Blondell2014 Office of the Surgeon General. (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The US Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. - ve42.co/LonelinessEpidemic Holt-Lunstad et al. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS medicine. - ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2010 Valtorta et al. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. - ve42.co/Valtorta2016 Shovestul et al. (2020). Risk factors for loneliness: The high relative importance of age versus other factors. PloS one. - ve42.co/Shovestul2020 Donovan et al. (2017). Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older US adults. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. - ve42.co/Donovan2017 Lara et al. (2019). Does loneliness contribute to mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Ageing research reviews. - ve42.co/Lara2019 Holt-Lunstad et al. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on psychological science. - ve42.co/Holt-Lunstad2015 McIntyre et al. (2015). Compulsive Internet use and relations between social connectedness, and introversion. Computers in Human Behavior. - ve42.co/McIntyre2015 Kahneman & Deaton. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. - ve42.co/Kahneman2010 Killingsworth. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - ve42.co/Killingsworth2021 Killingsworth et al. (2023). Income and emotional well-being: A conflict resolved. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - ve42.co/Killingsworth2023 ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Casper MebiusWritten by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, and Derek MullerEdited by Peter NelsonAnimated by Fabio Albertelli and Ivy TelloFilmed by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, and Zyan TreadwellProduced by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek MullerAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and StoryblocksMusic from Epidemic SoundThumbnail by Ren Hurley
How Do Night Vision Goggles Work? (Theres 3 types) Veritasium 2023-11-04 | We visited the US Navy to test the best night vision goggles in the world. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, head to ve42.co/SnatomsV to try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically.Huge thanks to Dr. Ben Conley and the entire team at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division. You can check out more of their work here: https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warfare-Centers/NSWC-Crane/ Or their YouTube channel here: youtube.com/NSWCCraneDivision▀▀▀Video References:Tyson, J. (2001). How Night Vision Works. How Stuff Works. – ve42.co/HSWNightVisionMontoro, H. P. Image Intensification: The Technology of Night Vision. Photonics. – ve42.co/PhotonicsTechBrain Stuff - HowStuffWorks via YouTube – ve42.co/HSWVideoPhotonis via YouTube – ve42.co/PhotonisOperator Drewski via YouTube – ve42.co/NVGamingNight-vision device via Wikipedia – ve42.co/NVWikiImage intensifier via Wikipedia – ve42.co/IntensifierLodriguss, J. How Digital Cameras Work. AstroPix. –ve42.co/AstroPixKinka-Byo. (2019). What is the physical cause of increasing noise at high ISO? StackExchange. – ve42.co/PhotoISOMacias, A. (2015). The secret NVGs SEAL Team Six wore on the Bin Laden raid. Business Insider. – ve42.co/BINightVisionVan Dommelen, L. Thermionic Emission. Quantum Mechanics for Engineers. – ve42.co/ThermoionicNave, R. (2016). Blackbody Radiation. HyperPhysics. – ve42.co/BlackBodyNight Vision Terminology - Generations. ModArmory. – ve42.co/ModArmoryNASA (2018). X-ray Detectors - Electrical Current Detections. – ve42.co/NASAXRayImages & Video:Osama Bin Laden report, via CNN on YouTube - ve42.co/CNNOBLSicario Night Raid Scene, via Movieclips on YouTube - ve42.co/SicarioSplinter Cell footage, via Ubisoft on YouTube - ve42.co/SplinterCellStep Brothers Night Vision Scene, via masusockvevo on YouTube - ve42.co/StepBrothersUkraine report, via CNN on YouTube - ve42.co/CNNUkraineFLIR K2 Thermal Imaging Camera footage, via Teledyne FLIR on YouTube - ve42.co/FLIRK2Chandra X-ray Observatory imagery, via NASA - ve42.co/NASAChandra▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Emily ZhangWritten by Emily Zhang and Derek MullerEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Ivy TelloFilmed by Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Raquel NunoProduced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek MullerThumbnail by Ren HurleyAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound
The Problem With Science Communication Veritasium 2023-10-31 | To kickstart your business or online store with a free trial of Shopify, go to http://shopify.com/veritasiumIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀Huge thanks to Carlo Rovelli: https://t.co/FF5ohRQB8RAnd Geraint Lewis: geraintflewis.com▀▀▀Images and references:Holographic wormhole, via Nature - ve42.co/Holographic‘Did physicists create a wormhole in a quantum computer?’ by Davide Castelvecchi, via Nature - ve42.co/NatureWormholeTraversable Holographic Wormhole by Sarag Wells, via Vice - ve42.co/ViceWormhole‘Quantum teleportation opens a ‘wormhole in space–time’’ by Martijn Boerkamp, via Physics World - ve42.co/PWTeleportation‘Physicists Create a Holographic Wormhole’ by Natalie Wolchover, via Quanta - ve42.co/QuantaWormhole‘the Smallest, Crummiest Wormhole You Can Imagine’, via The New York Times - ve42.co/NYTWormhole‘How Physicists Created a Holographic, via Quanta - ve42.co/QuantaYTWormholeQuantum computer imagery, via Quantumai - ve42.co/Quantumai‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via Sky News - ve42.co/SkyWormhole‘NASA scientist explains why images from new telescope astounded him’, via CNN on YouTube - ve42.co/CNNWormhole‘Neutrino Faster Than Speed of Light’, via Associated Press - ve42.co/APWormhole‘Michio Kaku on Quantum Computing’, via PowerfulJRE - ve42.co/JREAskScience AMA Series, via r/askscience on Reddit - ve42.co/ClimateAMA‘Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthrough’, via Stanford - ve42.co/AndreiLinde‘Gravitational waves turn to dust’ by Ian Sample, via The Guardian - ve42.co/Waves2Dust‘The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor’, Sukbae Lee, Ji-Hoon Kim, Young-Wan Kwon, 2023, via arXiv - ve42.co/Superconductor‘What's the buzz about LK-99?’, via Global News - ve42.co/GlobalLK99Meissner effect, via @andrewmccalip on Twitter - ve42.co/Meissner‘Will LK99 Superconductor CHANGE THE WORLD?’, via Breaking Points on YouTube - ve42.co/BreakingPoints‘Superconductor Breakthroughs’, via WSJ - ve42.co/WSJSuperconductorLK99 claims forum post, via Spacebattles - ve42.co/KL99ForumCopper graph, via Handbook of Electromagnetic Materials - ve42.co/CopperGraphLK-99 Superconductor showing levitation - ve42.co/Levitation‘Unreliable social science research’ by Cathleen O’Grady, via Science - ve42.co/SocialScienceTiny Neutrinos article by Dennis Overbye, via The NYT - ve42.co/NYTNeutrinos‘The Crisis in Cosmology’ by Astrophysics in Process, via Medium - ve42.co/CosmoCrisis‘Some scientists speak of a “crisis in cosmology.”’ by Adam Frank, via Big Think - ve42.co/BigThinkCosmo‘Why is there a 'crisis' in cosmology?’ by Paul Sutter, via Space - ve42.co/SpaceCosmo‘Breakthrough in nuclear fusion, via PBS NewsHour on YouTube - ve42.co/PBSBreakthroughDOE National Lab press conference, via U.S. Department of Energy on YouTube - ve42.co/DOEPress‘Nuclear fusion breakthrough’ by Catherine Clifford, via CNBC - ve42.co/CNBCFusion‘US officials announce nuclear fusion breakthrough’, via CNN - ve42.co/CNNFusionNuclear fusion article, via CNN - ve42.co/CNNNuclearClimate catastrophe article by Robin McKie, via The Guardian - ve42.co/GuardianClimateNuclear fusion article by Nicola Davis, via The Guardian - ve42.co/GuardianFusionFusion breakthrough article, via Imperial College London - ve42.co/ImperialFusionWednesday briefing by Archive Bland, via The Guardian - ve42.co/GuardianBriefingSky Sport News Bulletin, via Sky Sport NZ on YouTube - ve42.co/SkyBulletinAlien Probe Ignored Us article by Ed Maz - ve42.co/AlienProbeAttempts to scan the mysterious Oumuamua 'comet' article by Shivali Best, via MailOnline - ve42.co/Oumuamua‘Have Aliens Found Us?’ by Isaac Chotiner - ve42.co/NYTAliens▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Written by Derek MullerEdited by Peter NelsonFilmed by Derek MullerProduced by Derek Muller and Han EvansAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and StoryblocksMusic from Epidemic SoundThumbnail by Geoff Barrett
How One Line in the Oldest Math Text Hinted at Hidden Universes Veritasium 2023-10-21 | Discover strange new universes that turn up at the core of Einstein’s General Relativity. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEBIf you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀A massive thank you to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for all his help with this video.A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Ashmeet Singh for helping us understand the applications of Non-Euclidean geometry in astronomy/cosmology.Lastly, a big thank you to Dr. Henry Segerman and Dr. Rémi Coulon for helping us visualize what it’s like to be inside hyperbolic space and helping us understand hyperbolic geometry.▀▀▀Images:Euclid via Science Museum Group - ve42.co/EuclidGeodesy survey via ams - ve42.co/GeodesyJohn Wheeler via NAS Online - ve42.co/Wheeler▀▀▀References:Dunham, W. (1991). Journey through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons.Bonola, R. (1955). Non-Euclidean geometry: A critical and historical study of its development. Courier Corporation.Library of Congress. (n.d.). The Library of Congress. - ve42.co/LibofCongress Euclid’s Elements, Wikipedia - ve42.co/ElementsThe History of Non-Euclidean Geometry, Extra History via YouTube - ve42.co/ExtraHistoryWe (could) live on a 4D Pringle - Physics for the Birds via YouTube - ve42.co/4DPringleParallel Postulate, Wikipedia - ve42.co/ParallelPrékopa, A., & Molnár, E. (Eds.). (2006). Non-euclidean geometries: János Bolyai memorial volume (Vol. 581). Springer Science & Business Media. St Andrews, University of. (n.d.). Bolyai. MacTutor History of Mathematics. - ve42.co/BolyaiBolyai, J. (1896). The Science Absolute of Space.. (Vol. 3). The Neomon.Gauss, Wikipedia - ve42.co/GaussSingh, U. (2022). Gauss-Bolyai-Lobachevsky: The dawn of non-euclidean geometry. Medium. - ve42.co/CPNonEuclidean Landvermessung, D. Z. (1929). Abhandlungen ueber Gauss' wissenschaftliche Taetigkeit auf den Gebieten der Geodaesie, Physik und Astronomie Bd. 11, Abt. - ve42.co/LandvermessungNikolai Lobachevsky, Wikipedia - ve42.co/LobachevskyLobachevskiĭ, N. I. (1891). Geometrical researches on the theory of parallels. University of Texas. A Problem with the Parallel Postulate, Numberphile via YouTube - ve42.co/NumberphileParallelRiemann, B. (2016). On the hypotheses which lie at the bases of geometry. Birkhäuser. - ve42.co/RiemannEinstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Annalen der physik, 17(10), 891-921. - ve42.co/Einstein1905ESA/Hubble. (n.d.). Hubblecast 90: The final frontier of the Frontier Fields. ESA/Hubble. - ve42.co/Einstein1905Agazie, G., et al. (2023). The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Constraints on supermassive black hole binaries from the gravitational-wave background. - ve42.co/NANOGravSecrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background, PBS Spacetime via YouTube - ve42.co/PBSCMBWood, C. (2020). How Ancient Light Reveals the Universe's Contents. Quanta Magazine. - ve42.co/AncientLightCollaboration (2014). Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters. A&A, 571, A16. - ve42.co/Planck2013WMAP Science Team, NASA. (2014). Matter in the Universe. WMAP, NASA. - ve42.co/WMAP2014What Is The Shape of Space, minutephysics via YouTube - ve42.co/SpaceShapeShape of the universe, Wikipedia - ve42.co/UniverseShapeCrocheting Hyperbolic Planes: Daina Taimina by Ted, via YouTube - ve42.co/HyperbolicHyperbolic Crochet model - ve42.co/Crochet▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Casper MebiusWritten by Casper Mebius, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller, and Alex KontorovichEdited by Jack SaxonAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Mike Radjabov Illustrations by Jakub Misiek and Celia BodeFilmed by Derek MullerProduced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, and Han EvansAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, and by courtesy of: NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA’s WMAP science teams, ESO, and ESA/Hubble.Music from Epidemic SoundThumbnail by Ren Hurley
The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions (Clean Version) Veritasium 2023-10-07 | YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: ve42.co/snatoms1 ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: ve42.co/pFritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world. ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us ve42.co/CharlesThanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfgSpecial thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀References:The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth – Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – ve42.co/SmilMastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – ve42.co/CharlesStoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – ve42.co/StoltzenbergPostgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – ve42.co/postgateMiles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – ve42.co/MilesFriedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – ve42.co/Friedrich2017Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – ve42.co/SilvaRodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – ve42.co/rodriguesAllison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – ve42.co/AllisonCrookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – ve42.co/Crookes▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi RoseEdited by Trenton OliverAnimation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie DaviesSFX by Shaun CliffordFilmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel NunoPhoto of nitrogen deficiency in rice from ve42.co/riceAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty ImagesMusic from Epidemic Sound: ve42.co/music
Pushing The Limits Of Extreme Breath-Holding Veritasium 2023-09-30 | He held his breath for 17 minutes. How can you do the same? Check out our sponsor: betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.▀▀▀A huge thanks to Brandon Birchak for all his help with this video. To learn how to hold your breath for 5 minutes, or see one of Brandon’s performances, visit eliteperformancedesign.com and https://Sixfootcreations.comA special thanks to Juan Valdivia for his expert advice on the science of extreme breath holding.▀▀▀References:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). How your body controls breathing. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. - ve42.co/BodyBreathingAnatomy, autonomic nervous system - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-a). - ve42.co/ANSBiochemistry, oxidative phosphorylation - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). - ve42.co/ncbiATPAcidosis. Acidosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). - ve42.co/AcidosisEvaluation of respiratory alkalosis. Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis - Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US. (n.d.). - ve42.co/AlkalosisWilmshurst, P. (1998, October 10). Diving and Oxygen. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). - ve42.co/DivingOLópez-Barneo, J., Ortega-Sáenz, P., Pardal, R., Pascual, A., & Piruat, J. I. (2008). Carotid body oxygen sensing. European Respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1386-1398. - ve42.co/Barneo2008Jeff, & Huffy. (2022, November 17). The Bolt score test: Measure your breathing volume capacity. Marathon Handbook. - ve42.co/BOLTLindholm, P., & Lundgren, C. E. (2009). The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(1), 284-292. - ve42.co/Lindholm2009Physiology, lung capacity - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-c). - ve42.co/LungCapacityPanneton, W. M., & Gan, Q. (2020). The mammalian diving response: inroads to its neural control. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 524. - ve42.co/Panneton2020 Baković, D., Eterović, D., Saratlija‐Novaković, X., Palada, I., Valic, Z., Bilopavlović, N., & Dujić, X. (2005). Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 32(11), 944-951. ve42.co/Bakovic2005 Gooden, B. (1971). The diving response in man, rat and echidna (Doctoral dissertation). - ve42.co/Gooden1971 Longest duration breath hold - freediving static apnea (male). Guinness World Records. (n.d.). - ve42.co/DivingRecord What’s the longest a human can hold their breath underwater? BBC Science Focus Magazine. (n.d.). - ve42.co/Southwell2023 ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Derek MullerWritten by Felicity Nelson and Derek MullerEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Ivy TelloFilmed by Derek Muller Produced by Derek Muller and Han EvansAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound
How Close Weve Come to Nuclear War Veritasium 2023-09-11 | Earth has been closer to Nuclear War more times than you’d think. Head over tohensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect. ▀▀▀References:List of Broken Arrows -- ve42.co/AtomicArchive ve42.co/BrokenArrowsReportDeclassified Goldsboro Report -- ve42.co/GoldsboroOperation ChromeDome -- ve42.co/OperationChromeDomeCIA website -- ve42.co/CIACataclysmic cargo: The hunt for four missing nuclear bombs after a B-52 crash -- ve42.co/WoPoTHE LAST FLIGHT OF HOBO 28 -- ve42.co/lastflightThe Voice of Larry Messinger is from this documentary -- ve42.co/MessingerEven Without Detonation, 4 Hydrogen Bombs From ’66 Scar Spanish Village -- ve42.co/NYTPalomaresDecades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident -- ve42.co/NYTPalomares2Picture of ReVelle -- ve42.co/JackReVelle1Great NPR where the audio of ReVelle is from -- ve42.co/JackReVelle2CIA Website -- ve42.co/CIA▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Petr LebedevWritten by Petr Lebedev and Derek MullerEdited by Peter NelsonAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike RadjabovFilmed by Derek Muller Produced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans, and Derek MullerAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound
The Insane Math Of Knot Theory Veritasium 2023-09-03 | There is an entire branch of math simply devoted to knots – and it has changed the world. We’ll rope you in. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB▀▀▀Huge thanks to Prof. Colin Adams for his excellent help guiding us through the world of knots.Many thanks to Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, Prof. David Leigh, and Prof. Dorothy Buck for helping us understand applications of knot theory.Many thanks to Prof. Dan Silver & Prof. Jim Hoste for speaking with us about the history and tabulation of knots. If you want to learn more about knots and play with them yourself, check out:The amazing KnotPlot tool — knotplot.com/. Thanks to Rob Scharein for providing technical help as well!A table of knots and all their invariants — https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/The Knot Atlas for general info on knots — http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page▀▀▀Knot Theory Video References – ve42.co/KnotTheoryRefsImages & Video:Alexander Cutting the Gordian Knot by Donato Creti via Fine Art America - ve42.co/GordianCutIndus Valley tablet via Quora - ve42.co/IndusValleyPages from the Book of Kells via National Trust of Scotland - ve42.co/BookOfKells Medieval Celtic designs from @thebookofkellsofficial via Instagram - ve42.co/KellsInstaChinese knotwork by YWang9174 via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/PanchangQuipu cords by Pi3.124 via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/QuipuBorromeo heraldry via Terre Borromeo - ve42.co/BorromeoBirman/Jones letter via Celebratio Mathematica - ve42.co/JonesBirmanMolecular trefoil knot by M stone via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/TrefoilMoleculeX-ray structure of trefoil knot by Ll0103 via Wikimedia Commons - ve42.co/XrayTrefoilBacteria animation from Your Body's Molecular Machines by Drew Berry via the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research - http://wehi.tvTopoisomerase and knots from Orlandini et al. Synergy of topoisomerase. PNAS, vol. 116, no. 17, 2019, pp. 8149–8154. – ve42.co/Orlandini2019KnotProt 2.0: A database of proteins with knots and slipknots - ve42.co/Knotprot▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Emily ZhangWritten by Emily Zhang and Derek MullerEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, and Mike Radjabov Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Emily ZhangProduced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, and Derek MullerThumbnail by Ignat Berbeci and Mike RadjabovAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound
Should Airships Make A Comeback? Veritasium 2023-08-31 | Blimps and airships might be relics of the past, but could they help save the future? Head to odoo.com/r/veritasium to start building your own website for free.If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀Thank you to Eli Dourado for letting us explore the argument he describes in his article: ve42.co/Dourado A huge thank you to Dan Grossman and Nick Allman for their time, help, and expertise.Also a massive thank you to those who helped us understand the world of modern airships, and provided valuable feedback - Prof. Barry Prentice, Gennadiy Verba, Prof. Christoph Pflaum, Heather Roszczyk, Dr. Casey Handmer, Richard Van Trueren, & Thibault Proux.We are also grateful for the collaboration of the companies who are working hard to make this comeback happen - Atlas LTA, Buoyant Aircraft Systems International, Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTA Research, & Flying Whales.▀▀▀References:How Airships Could Overcome a Century of Failure, Bloomberg Originals via YouTube - ve42.co/AirshipsCoF Why the Airship May Be the Future of Air Travel, Undecided with Matt Ferrell via YouTube - ve42.co/FutureAirships Airship, Wikipedia - ve42.co/AirshipWiki Handmer, C. (2020). A quick note on airships. Casey Handmer’s Blog - ve42.co/Handmer2020 UNCTAD (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020 - ve42.co/RMT2020 National Transportation Research Center (2023). Freight Analysis Framework Version 5 (FAF5) - ve42.co/FAF5 Hybrid Air Vehicles (2023). HAV - ve42.co/HAV LTA Research (2023). Lighter Than Air (LTA) Research - ve42.co/LTAResearch OceanSkyCruises (2023). North Pole Expedition - OceanSkyCruises - ve42.co/NPExpedition Flying Whales (2023). Flying Whales - ve42.co/FlyingWhales Buoyant Aircraft Systems International (2023). BASI - ve42.co/BASI Atlas LTA (2023). Atlas Electric Airships | Atlas LTA Airships - ve42.co/AtlasLTA Prentice, B. (2021). Hydrogen gas-fuelled airships could spur development in remote communities. The Conversation - ve42.co/HydrogenAirships Grossman, D. (2009). The Hindenburg Disaster. Airships - ve42.co/Hindenburg1 Hindenburg Disaster, Wikipedia - ve42.co/HindenburgWiki What happened to the Hindenburg?, Jared Owen via Youtube - ve42.co/Owen2019 National Museum of the U.S. Navy. USS Akron (ZRS-4) - ve42.co/USSAkron USS Akron, Wikipedia - ve42.co/USSAkronWiki ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Written by Casper Mebius & Derek MullerDirected by Casper MebiusEdited by Jack SaxonFilmed by Derek Muller, Jamie MacLeod, Han Evans, & Raquel NunoAnimation by Mike Radjabov & Fabio AlbertelliAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, & Envato ElementsMusic from Epidemic Sound & Pond5Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, & Han EvansMore footage & photos from:Thermite Rail Welding video by dulevoz via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=rNjosF789X4 O’Rourke, T. (2016). Chronicle Covers: When the Hindenburg burst into flames. San Francisco Chronicle - ve42.co/Hindenburg2 Wind turbine blade transport video by DOLL Fahrzeugbau via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=5aPXuap0LZw Wind turbine blade transport through mountains video by CGTN via Youtube - youtube.com/watch?v=9dtUrY8_1CM Former Airship Hangar by Stefan Kühn - ve42.co/Aerium
I Took an IQ Test to Find Out What it Actually Measures Veritasium 2023-08-03 | IQ is supposed to measure intelligence, but does it? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀A huge thank you to Emeritus Professor Cecil R. Reynolds and Dr. Stuart J. Ritchie for their expertise and time.Also a massive thank you to Prof. Steven Piantadosi and Prof. Alan S. Kaufman for helping us understand this complicated topic. As well as to Jay Zagrosky from Boston University's Questrom School of Business for providing data from his study.▀▀▀References:Kaufman, A. S. (2009). IQ testing 101. Springer Publishing Company.Reynolds, C. R., & Livingston, R. A. (2021). Mastering modern psychological testing. Springer International Publishing.Ritchie, S. (2015). Intelligence: All that matters. John Murray.Spearman, C. (1961). " General Intelligence" Objectively Determined and Measured. - ve42.co/Spearman1904 Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1907). Le développement de l'intelligence chez les enfants. L'Année psychologique, 14(1), 1-94.. - ve42.co/Binet1907 Intelligence Quotient, Wikipedia - ve42.co/IQWiki Radiolab Presents: G. - ve42.co/RadioLabG McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence, 33(4), 337-346. - ve42.co/McDaniel2005 Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. - ve42.co/Deary2007 Lozano-Blasco, R., Quílez-Robres, A., Usán, P., Salavera, C., & Casanovas-López, R. (2022). Types of Intelligence and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), 123. - ve42.co/Blasco2022 Kuncel, N. R., & Hezlett, S. A. (2010). Fact and fiction in cognitive ability testing for admissions and hiring decisions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 339-345. - ve42.co/Kuncel2010 Laurence, J. H., & Ramsberger, P. F. (1991). Low-aptitude men in the military: Who profits, who pays?. Praeger Publishers. - ve42.co/Laurence1991 Gregory, H. (2015). McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War; Plus the Induction of Unfit Men, Criminals, and Misfits. Infinity Publishing.Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-4. - ve42.co/Gottfredson2004 Sanchez-Izquierdo, M., Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Valeriano-Lorenzo, E. L., & Botella, J. (2023). Intelligence and life expectancy in late adulthood: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 98, 101738. - ve42.co/Izquierdo2023 Zagorsky, J. L. (2007). Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence, 35(5), 489-501. - ve42.co/Zagorsky2007 Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401-426. - ve42.co/Strenze2007 Deary, I. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2013). The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: the Lothian birth cohort of 1921. Psychological science, 24(12), 2361-2368. - ve42.co/Deary2013 Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological bulletin, 101(2), 171. - ve42.co/Flynn1987 Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents' | James Flynn, TED via YouTube - youtube.com/watch?v=9vpqilhW9uI Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2011). Role of test motivation in intelligence testing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(19), 7716-7720. - ve42.co/Duckworth2011 Kulik, J. A., Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1984). Effectiveness of coaching for aptitude tests. Psychological Bulletin, 95(2), 179. - ve42.co/Kulik1984 ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Written by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Petr LebedevEdited by Trenton Oliver Filmed by Derek Muller, Han Evans, & Raquel NunoAnimation by Fabio Albertelli & Ivy TelloAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5Music from Epidemic SoundProduced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Han Evans
The Real Story of Oppenheimer Veritasium 2023-07-18 | J. Robert Oppenheimer forever changed the course of history. He may be the most important physicist to have ever lived. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: wren.co/start/veritasium1 For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!If you want to learn more about Oppenheimer, I strongly recommend the book “American Prometheus” By Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin. It was the inspiration for Christopher Nolan's 2023 film "Oppenheimer", which won multiple awards, including Oscars in 2024 for Best Picture and Best Actor (Cillian Murphy).If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – ve42.co/SnatomsV▀▀▀A huge thank you to Dr. Martin Rohde and Dr. Antonia Denkova from the TU Delft for proofreading the script and providing valuable feedback.▀▀▀References:Bird, K., & Sherwin, M. J. (2021). American Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Atlantic Books.Smith, A. K., & Weiner, C. (1980). Robert Oppenheimer: letters and recollections. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(5), 19-27. - ve42.co/Smith1980 Combes, J. M., Duclos, P., & Seiler, R. (1981). The born-oppenheimer approximation. Rigorous atomic and molecular physics, 185-213. - ve42.co/Combes1981 Rhodes, R. (2012). The making of the atomic bomb. Simon and Schuster.Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. Physical Review, 55(4), 374. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939b Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Bemerkung zur Zerstreuung der α-Teilchen. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(5-6), 413-415. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927 Oppenheimer, J. R. (1927). Zur quantenmechanik der richtungsentartung. Zeitschrift für Physik, 43(1-2), 27-46. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1927b Born, M., & Oppenheimer, R. (1927). Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln Annalen der Physik, v. 84. - ve42.co/Born1927 Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). Three notes on the quantum theory of aperiodic effects. Physical review, 31(1), 66.Oppenheimer, J. R. (1928). On the quantum theory of the capture of electrons. Physical review, 31(3), 349.Oppenheimer, J. R. (1931). Note on light quanta and the electromagnetic field. Physical Review, 38(4), 725.Furry, W. H., & Oppenheimer, J. R. (1934). On the theory of the electron and positive. Physical Review, 45(4), 245. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1934 Oppenheimer, J. R. (1935). Note on charge and field fluctuations. Physical Review, 47(2), 144. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935 Oppenheimer, J. R., & Snyder, H. (1939). On continued gravitational contraction. Physical Review, 56(5), 455. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939 Oppenheimer, J. R., & Phillips, M. (1935). Note on the transmutation function for deuterons. Physical Review, 48(6), 500. - ve42.co/Oppenheimer1935b Malik, J. (1985). Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions (No. LA-8819). Los Alamos National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). - ve42.co/Malik1985 Ignition of the atmosphere with nuclear bombs -- ve42.co/Konopinski46▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures▀▀▀Directed by Petr LebedevWritten by Petr Lebedev & Derek MullerProduced by Petr Lebedev, Han Evans and Derek MullerEdited by Trenton Oliver & Katrina JacksonFilmed by Derek MullerAnimation by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, & Mike RadjabovIllustration by Jakub Misiek and Celia BodeAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound
The Hidden Science of Fireworks Veritasium 2023-07-07 | This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free!If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: snatoms.comCheck out Gene’s channel here -- @PotatoJet Massive thanks to Mike Tockstein from Pyrotechnic Innovations @PyroInnovations and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe.▀▀▀Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones.Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials. Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks.Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks.▀▀▀Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.▀▀▀Written by Derek MullerEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Ivy Tello and Fabio AlbertelliFilmed by Derek Muller, Hunter Peterson, Gene Nagata, Raquel NunoProduction by Hunter Peterson and Stephanie CastilloAdditional video/photos supplied by Mike Tockstein/Pyrotechnic InnovationsMusic from Epidemic Sound & Jonny HymanProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius
The Most Misunderstood Concept in Physics Veritasium 2023-07-01 | One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: snatoms.com▀▀▀A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic - Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov. ▀▀▀References: Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. - ve42.co/Carnot1890 Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube - ve42.co/OrderDisorder A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube - ve42.co/Mould2016 Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. - ve42.co/Dugdale1996 Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. - ve42.co/Schroeder2021 Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. - ve42.co/Fowler2023 Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News - ve42.co/Chandler2010 Entropy, Wikipedia - ve42.co/EntropyWiki Clausius, R. (1867). The mechanical theory of heat. Van Voorst. - ve42.co/Clausius1867 What is entropy? TED-Ed via YouTube - ve42.co/Phillips2017 Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft.Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. - ve42.co/Schneider1994 Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. - ve42.co/Lineweaver2008 Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions" Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. - ve42.co/Michaelian2012 England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - ve42.co/England2013 England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. - ve42.co/England2015 Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine - ve42.co/Wolchover2014 Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - ve42.co/Bekenstein1972 Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. - ve42.co/Carroll2022 Black hole thermodynamics, Wikipedia - ve42.co/BlackHoleTD Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube - ve42.co/CarrollTEDx Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - ve42.co/Carroll2008 The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk + Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube - ve42.co/CarrollLNF ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.▀▀▀Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Petr LebedevEdited by Trenton Oliver & Jamie MacLeodAnimated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel NunoMolecular collisions video by CSIRO's Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. HernquistMusic from Epidemic Sound & Jonny HymanProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius
I Vacuum Venom from the Worlds Deadliest Spider Veritasium 2023-06-21 | Go to our sponsor betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.▀▀▀Huge thanks to the Australian Reptile Park for having us over to film – special thanks to Jake Meney for showing us the spiders and Caitlin Vine for organizing the shoot. https://www.reptilepark.com.auHuge thanks to Dr Timothy Jackson with his help and answering our questions. Thanks to Seqirus Australia for providing B-roll footage of the antivenom production process. ▀▀▀References:Pineda, S. S., Sollod, B. L., Wilson, D., Darling, A., Sunagar, K., Undheim, E. A., ... & King, G. F. (2014). Diversification of a single ancestral gene into a successful toxin superfamily in highly venomous Australian funnel-web spiders. BMC genomics, 15(1), 1-16 - ve42.co/Pineda2014Isbister, G. K., Gray, M. R., Balit, C. R., Raven, R. J., Stokes, B. J., Porges, K., ... & Fisher, M. M. (2005). Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases. Medical journal of Australia, 182(8), 407-411 - ve42.co/Isbister2005Herzig, V., Sunagar, K., Wilson, D. T., Pineda, S. S., Israel, M. R., Dutertre, S., ... & Fry, B. G. (2020). Australian funnel-web spiders evolved human-lethal δ-hexatoxins for defense against vertebrate predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(40), 24920-24928 - ve42.co/Herzig2020Nicholson, G. M., & Graudins, A. (2002). Spiders of medical importance in the Asia–Pacific: Atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 29(9), 785-794 - ve42.co/Nicholson2002Fletcher, J. I., Chapman, B. E., Mackay, J. P., Howden, M. E., & King, G. F. (1997). The structure of versutoxin (δ-atracotoxin-Hv1) provides insights into the binding of site 3 neurotoxins to the voltage-gated sodium channel. Structure, 5(11), 1525-1535 - ve42.co/Fletcher1997Australian Reptile Park. (2022). Snake and Spider First Aid - ve42.co/ARPFirstAidThe Australian Museum. (20 ). Spider facts - ve42.co/SpiderFacts▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, and Sam Lutfi▀▀▀Written by Katie Barnshaw & Derek MullerEdited by Trenton OliverFilmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Jason TranAnimation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek and Fabio AlbertelliNeuron animation by Reciprocal Space – https://www.reciprocal.spaceAdditional video/photos supplied from Getty Images, Pond5B-roll supplied by Seqirus Australia Music from Epidemic SoundProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang & Katie Barnshaw
The Strange Branch of Math Where a Trillion is Tiny Veritasium 2023-06-06 | There's a strange number system, featured in the work of a dozen Fields Medalists, that helps solve problems that are intractable with real numbers. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: snatoms.com▀▀▀References: Koblitz, N. (2012). p-adic Numbers, p-adic Analysis, and Zeta-Functions (Vol. 58). Springer Science & Business Media.Amazing intro to p-adic numbers here: youtu.be/3gyHKCDq1YAExcellent series on p-adic numbers: youtu.be/VTtBDSWR1AcGreat videos by James Tanton: @JamesTantonMath ▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.▀▀▀Written by Derek Muller and Alex Kontorovich Edited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub MisiekFilmed by Derek MullerAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny HymanProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang
The Fastest Maze-Solving Competition On Earth Veritasium 2023-05-24 | Welcome to Micromouse, the fastest maze-solving competition on Earth. Join Onshape’s community of over 3 million CAD users by creating a free account here: https://Onshape.pro/Veritasium.Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this community to help us keep our videos free, forever: ve42.co/PatreonDEB▀▀▀A huge thank you to Peter Harrison for all of his help introducing us to the world of Micromouse – check out ukmars.org & https://micromouseonline.com.Thank you to David Otten, APEC, and the All-Japan Micromouse Competition for having us.Thank you to Juing-Hei (youtube.com/@suhu9379) & Derek Hall (youtube.com/@MicroMouse) for usage of their micromouse videos.Thank you to John McBride, Yusaku Kanagawa, and Katie Barnshaw for their help with Japanese translations. ▀▀▀References: Claude Shannon Demonstrates Machine Learning, AT&T Tech Channel Archive - ve42.co/ClaudeShannonMighty mouse, MIT News Magazine - ve42.co/MightyMouseHistory, Micromouse Online Blog - ve42.co/MMHistoryChristiansen, D. (1977). Spectral lines: Announcing the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 27-27 - ve42.co/Christiansen1977Allan, R. (1979). Microprocessors: The amazing micromice: See how they won: Probing the innards of the smartest and fastest entries in the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 62-65, - ve42.co/Allan19791977-79 – “MOONLIGHT SPECIAL” Battelle Inst. (American), CyberNetic Zoo - ve42.co/MoonlightSpecialChristiansen, D. (2014). The Amazing MicroMouse Roars On. Spectral Lines - ve42.co/Christiansen20141986 - MicroMouse history, competition & how it got started in the USA, via YouTube - ve42.co/MMArchiveYTThe first World Micromouse Contest in Tsubuka, Japan, August 1985 [1/2] by TKsTclip via YouTube - ve42.co/MMTsukubaYTIEEE. (2018). Micromouse Competition Rules - ve42.co/IEEERulesTondra, D. (2004). The Inception of Chedda: A detailed design and analysis of micromouse. University of Nevada - ve42.co/Tondra2004Braunl, T. (1999). Research relevance of mobile robot competitions. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 32-37 - ve42.co/Braunl1999All Japan Micromouse 2017 by Peter Harrison, Micromouse Online - ve42.co/RedCometWinning record of the national competition micromouse (half size) competition. mm3sakusya @ wiki (Google translated from Japanese) - ve42.co/JapanFinishTimesThe Fosbury Flop—A Game-Changing Technique, Smithsonian Magazine - ve42.co/FosburyFlopGold medal winning heights in the Men's and Women's high jump at the Summer Olympics from 1896 to 2020, Statistica - ve42.co/HighJumpZhang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Soon, P. L. (2016). Design and realization of two-wheel micro-mouse diagonal dashing. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 31(4), 2299-2306. - ve42.co/Zhang2016Micromouse Turn List, Keri’s Lab - ve42.co/MMTurnsGreen Ye via YouTube - ve42.co/GreenyeClassic Micromouse, Excel 9a. Demonstrate fan suction, by TzongYong Khiew via YouTube - ve42.co/MMFanYTVacuum Micromouse by Eliot, HACKADAY - ve42.co/MMVacuum▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.▀▀▀Written by Tom Lum and Emily ZhangEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Ivy TelloCoordinated by Emily ZhangFilmed by Yusaku Kanagawa, Emily Zhang, and Derek MullerAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5Music from Epidemic SoundThumbnail by Ren Hurley and Ignat BerbeciReferences by Katie BarnshawProduced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang
Why The First Computers Were Made Out Of Light Bulbs Veritasium 2023-05-13 | How were the first computers made? Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.A huge thanks to David Lovett for showing me his awesome relay and vacuum tube based computers. Check out his YouTube channel @UsagiElectric ▀▀▀References: Herring, C., & Nichols, M. H. (1949). Thermionic emission. Reviews of modern physics, 21(2), 185. – ve42.co/Herring1949Goldstine, H. H., & Goldstine, A. (1946). The electronic numerical integrator and computer (eniac). Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 2(15), 97-110. – ve42.co/ENIACShannon, C. E. (1938). A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits. Electrical Engineering, 57(12), 713-723. – ve42.co/Shannon38Boole, G. (1847). The mathematical analysis of logic. Philosophical Library. – ve42.co/Boole1847The world’s first general purpose computer turns 75 – ve42.co/ENIAC2Dylla, H. F., & Corneliussen, S. T. (2005). John Ambrose Fleming and the beginning of electronics. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 23(4), 1244-1251. – ve42.co/Dylla2005Stibitz, G. R. (1980). Early computers. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (pp. 479-483). Academic Press.ENIAC’s Hydrogen Bomb Calculations – ve42.co/ENIAC3▀▀▀Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi.▀▀▀Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Kovi RoseEdited by Trenton OliverAnimated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello and Fabio AlbertelliFilmed by Derek Muller & Raquel NunoAdditional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5Music from Epidemic Sound Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily ZhangThumbnail by Ignat Berbeci
