How To Date A Planet MinuteEarth 2014-04-25 | Support MinuteEarth on Patreon: goo.gl/ZVgLQZAnd Subscribe! - http://www.youtube.com/user/minuteearth?sub_confirmation=1Thanks to our Subbable supporter iFixit - http://www.ifixit.com/minuteearth________________________Illustration by Omkar Bhagat - youtube.com/user/c0defapTopic Idea by Meg RosenburgCreated by Henry ReichProduction and Writing Team: Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Emily Elert, Ever Salazar, and Kate YoshidaMusic by Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder________________________Free iTunes podcasts of MinuteEarth! - goo.gl/sfwS6nFacebook - http://facebook.com/minuteearthTwitter - http://twitter.com/MinuteEarthMinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth's environment -- in just a few minutes!________________________ReferencesBowring, S. 2014. Early earth: Closing the gap. Nature Geoscience, 7(3), 169-170. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n3/full/ngeo2100.htmlO'Neil, J., Carlson, R. W., Francis, D., & Stevenson, R. K. (2008). Neodymium-142 evidence for Hadean mafic crust. Science, 321(5897), 1828-1831. http://courses.washington.edu/bangblue/ONeil-Oldest_Rock_4.28Ga-Sci08.pdfValley, J. W. et al. 2014. Hadean age for a post-magma-ocean zircon confirmed by atom-probe tomography. Nature Geoscience, 7(3), 219-223. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n3/abs/ngeo2075.html
We Only Discovered This 10 Years Ago MinuteEarth 2024-10-16 | Most living things on Earth need oxygen to survive, but scientists discovered a species of bacteria that uses oxygen totally differently from every other organism on Earth.To learn more about Aarhus University's research on cable bacteria, click here: https://bio.au.dk/forskning/forskningscentre/center-for-elektromikrobiologi-cemLEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Bacterium: a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease.- Electron: a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.- Metabolism: the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.- Respiration: a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Khan Academy. “Oxidative Phosphorylation.” Khan Academy, 2016, www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-respiration-ap/a/oxidative-phosphorylation-etcNature education. “Cell Metabolism | Learn Science at Scitable.” Www.nature.com, 2014, www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-metabolism-14026182Nielsen, Lars Peter, et al. “Electric Currents Couple Spatially Separated Biogeochemical Processes in Marine Sediment.” Nature, vol. 463, no. 7284, Feb. 2010, pp. 1071–1074, doi.org/10.1038/nature08790Pfeffer, Christian, et al. “Filamentous Bacteria Transport Electrons over Centimetre Distances.” Nature, vol. 491, no. 7423, 24 Oct. 2012, pp. 218–221, doi.org/10.1038/nature11586Stefano Scilipoti, et al. “Oxygen Consumption of Individual Cable Bacteria.” Science Advances, vol. 7, no. 7, 10 Feb. 2021, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe1870Turrens, J. F. “Mitochondrial Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species.” The Journal of Physiology, vol. 552, no. 2, 15 Oct. 2003, pp. 335–344.Zhao, Ru‑Zhou, et al. “Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain, ROS Generation and Uncoupling (Review).” International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 44, no. 1, 8 May 2019, pp. 3–15, doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4188
What Happens When Predators Disappear? MinuteEarth 2024-10-03 | To learn more about how Florida International University's research, visit https://FIU.edu A world without predators. It sounds like a safer, happier world, but come on, this is SCIENCE…LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Ecosystem: a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.- Herbivore: an animal that feeds on plants.- Top predator: a predator without natural predators of its own.- Trophic cascade: an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Estes, James A., et al. “Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth.” Science, vol. 333, no. 6040, 14 July 2011, pp. 301–306, doi.org/10.1126/science.1205106Moore, Peter D. “Green and Pleasant Trials.” Nature, vol. 440, no. 7084, Mar. 2006, pp. 613–614, www.nature.com/articles/440613a, doi.org/10.1038/440613aStolzenburg, William. “Ecosystems Unraveling.” Anthropocene, 31 July 2008, www.anthropocenemagazine.org/conservation/2008/07/ecosystems-unravelingTerborgh, J. “Ecological Meltdown in Predator-Free Forest Fragments.” Science, vol. 294, no. 5548, 30 Nov. 2001, pp. 1923–1926, doi.org/10.1126/science.1064397
Why Petri Dishes Are The Best AND The Worst MinuteEarth 2024-09-30 | Petri dishes are filled with nutrient agar and used as food for bacteria - but only a few species will actually grow on them. And if we can't grow them, then we can't study them either. Want to know more? Have a look at the linked video!
Why Dont Snakes Poison Themselves? MinuteEarth 2024-09-24 | Click this link https://sponsr.is/bootdev_MinuteEarth and use my code MINUTEEARTH to get 25% off your first payment for boot.dev. That’s 25% off your first month or your first year, depending on the subscription you choose.Many animal species stuff themselves with toxic chemicals for protection, which forces them to use a handful of distinct strategies to avoid becoming victims of their own weapons.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Antibody: a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.- Globulin: any of a group of simple proteins soluble in salt solutions and forming a large fraction of blood serum protein.- Poison: a substance that is capable of causing the illness or death of a living organism when introduced or absorbed.- Venom: a poisonous substance secreted by animals such as snakes, spiders, and scorpions and typically injected into prey or aggressors by biting or stinging.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Abderemane-Ali, Fayal, et al. “Evidence That Toxin Resistance in Poison Birds and Frogs Is Not Rooted in Sodium Channel Mutations and May Rely on “Toxin Sponge” Proteins.” Journal of General Physiology, vol. 153, no. 9, 5 Aug. 2021, doi.org/10.1085/jgp.202112872Kinkawa, Kohshi, et al. “Up-Regulation of the Expressions of Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors in the Liver of a Venomous Snake by Its Own Venom Phospholipase A2.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 395, no. 3, May 2010, pp. 377–381, doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.024Mackessy, Stephen P., and Louise M. Baxter. “Bioweapons Synthesis and Storage: The Venom Gland of Front-Fanged Snakes.” Zoologischer Anzeiger - a Journal of Comparative Zoology, vol. 245, no. 3, 24 Nov. 2006, pp. 147–159, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044523106000416, doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2006.01.003Nekaris, K Anne-Isola, et al. “Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know: The Biochemistry, Ecology and Evolution of Slow Loris Venom.” Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, vol. 19, no. 1, 2013, p. 21, doi.org/10.1186/1678-9199-19-21Resiere, Dabor, et al. “Bothrops Lanceolatus Bites: Guidelines for Severity Assessment and Emergent Management.” Toxins, vol. 2, no. 1, 22 Jan. 2010, pp. 163–173, doi.org/10.3390/toxins2010163. Accessed 14 Mar. 2023.Takacs, Zoltan, et al. “Snake α-Neurotoxin Binding Site on the Egyptian Cobra (Naja Haje) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is Conserved.” Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 18, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2001, pp. 1800–1809, doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003967Tarvin, Rebecca D., et al. “Interacting Amino Acid Replacements Allow Poison Frogs to Evolve Epibatidine Resistance.” Science, vol. 357, no. 6357, 22 Sept. 2017, pp. 1261–1266, doi.org/10.1126/science.aan5061
Why Do Butterflies Bother Being Caterpillars? MinuteEarth 2024-09-11 | Go to https://mondly.app/minuteearth to get 96% off of lifetime access to 41 languages and start learning today.It seems wild that some animals basically trade in their bodies for new ones during their lifetime, but it's actually really common – and it makes a lot of sense. LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Metamorphosis: a biological process by which an animal physically develops including birth transformation or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure.- Holometabolous: a type of metamorphosis (also known as "complete metamorphosis") that involves four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.- Hemimetamolous: a type of metamorphosis (also known as "incomplete metamorphosis") that includes three distinct stages: the egg, nymph, and the adult stage.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Ebenman, B (1992). Evolution in Organisms that Change Their Niches during the Life Cycle. The American Naturalist 139(5): 990–1021. doi.org/10.1086/285370Rolff J, Johnston PR, Reynolds S (2019). Complete metamorphosis of insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci Oct 14;374. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0063 Sherratt E, Vidal-García M, Anstis M, Keogh JS (2017). Adult frogs and tadpoles have different macroevolutionary patterns across the Australian continent. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(9): 1385–1391. doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0268-6Ten Brink H, de Roos AM , Dieckmann U (2019) The evolutionary ecology of metamorphosis. The American Naturalist 193(5), E116-E131. doi.org/10.1086/701779Truman JW (2019). The Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis, Current Biology 29(23): R1252-R1268. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.009Truman JW, Riddiford LM (2019). The evolution of insect metamorphosis: a developmental and endocrine view. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B37420190070. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0070Truman JW, Riddiford LM (1999). The origins of insect metamorphosis. Nature, 401(6752), 447–452. doi.org/10.1038/46737
How To Take A Dinosaurs Temperature MinuteEarth 2024-08-29 | Download the Tab For Democracy browser extension at tabfordemocracy.org/minuteearth2Despite the seemingly basic things we don't know about dinosaurs, we do know some surprising things – like their body temperatures.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Clumped Isotopes: heavy isotopes that are bonded to other heavy isotopes.- Ectotherm: any animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources.- Endotherm: an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat.- Isotope: each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular.- Mesotherm: a type of animal with a thermoregulatory strategy intermediate to cold-blooded ectotherms and warm-blooded endotherms.- Metabolism: the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Ruis | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Dawson, Robin R., et al. “Eggshell Geochemistry Reveals Ancestral Metabolic Thermoregulation in Dinosauria.” Science Advances, vol. 6, no. 7, Feb. 2020, p. eaax9361, doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9361Eagle, Robert A., et al. “Dinosaur Body Temperatures Determined from Isotopic (13C-18O) Ordering in Fossil Biominerals.” Science, vol. 333, no. 6041, 22 July 2011, pp. 443–445, doi.org/10.1126/science.1206196Gillooly, James F, et al. “Dinosaur Fossils Predict Body Temperatures.” PLoS Biology, vol. 4, no. 8, 11 July 2006, p. e248, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040248Lacerda, Julio. “Were Dinosaurs Cold-Blooded or Warm-Blooded? Actually, Neither.” Earth Archives, eartharchives.org/articles/eggshells-tell-scientists-about-dinosaur-body-temperatures/index.htmlM.C. Dalconi, et al. “Structure of Bioapatite in Human Foetal Bones: An X-Ray Diffraction Study.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol. 200, 1 Jan. 2003, pp. 406–410, doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(02)01730-5Nicholas Carter. “What’s Going on with Troodon?” Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum, 11 Feb. 2019, dinomuseum.ca/2019/02/whats-going-on-with-troodonTagliavento, Mattia, et al. “Evidence for Heterothermic Endothermy and Reptile-like Eggshell Mineralization in Troodon, a Non-Avian Maniraptoran Theropod.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 120, no. 15, 3 Apr. 2023, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2213987120Wiemann, Jasmina, et al. “Fossil Biomolecules Reveal an Avian Metabolism in the Ancestral Dinosaur.” Nature, vol. 606, no. 7914, 25 May 2022, pp. 522–526, doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04770-6Wikipedia Contributors. “Clumped Isotopes.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Aug. 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clumped_isotopes
Why dont we eat Carnivores? MinuteEarth 2024-08-20 | The animals we eat generally don't eat other animals - why is that?
The Species That Broke Evolution? MinuteEarth 2024-08-15 | The first 500 people to use this link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare: https://skl.sh/minuteearth08241The ancestors of gars, horseshoe crabs and coelacanths looked almost the same as their modern relatives. Darwin called species like these “living fossils'' because they seem like they are evolutionarily frozen in time. But Darwin was wrong.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Stabilomorph: A species that retains a stable form over millions of years.- Molecular Evolutionary Rate: The frequency with which DNA or protein sequences are fixed in a population.- Ship of Theseus Paradox: A philosophical thought experiment that asks if an object is still the same if all of its original components are replaced over time.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Kin, A., & Błażejowski, B. (2014). The horseshoe crab of the genus Limulus: living fossil or stabilomorph?. PloS one, 9(9), e108036. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108036Brownstein, C. D., et al. (2024). The genomic signatures of evolutionary stasis. Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 78(5), 821–834. doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpae028Amemiya, C. T., et al. (2013). The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution. Nature, 496(7445), 311–316. doi.org/10.1038/nature12027Casane, D., & Laurenti, P. (2013). Why coelacanths are not 'living fossils': a review of molecular and morphological data. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, 35(4), 332–338. doi.org/10.1002/bies.201200145Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. How Genomes Evolve. Retrieved from: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26836Dresow, M. (2023). Re-thinking Living Fossils, Again. ExtinctBlog. Retrieved from: extinctblog.org/extinct/2023/9/2/living-fossilsRomeo, J. (2020). The Horseshoe Crab: Same As It Ever Was? `JSTOR. daily.jstor.org/the-horseshoe-crab-same-as-it-ever-wasBlack, R. (2014). Evolution in the slow lane. National Geographic. nationalgeographic.com/science/article/evolution-in-the-slow-laneShear, W, Werth, A. (2014). The Evolutionary Truth About Living Fossils. American Scientist. americanscientist.org/article/the-evolutionary-truth-about-living-fossils
Why There Are No King Bees MinuteEarth 2024-08-07 | Download Opera for FREE here: https://opr.as/Opera-browser-minuteearthBeehives always have a queen, who is the mother of the entire hive. But have you ever wondered, what happened to the king, if there was ever any? Can a male bee become a king?LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Haplodiploidy: is a sex-determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.- Sex determination in honeybees: In honeybees, the drones (males) are entirely derived from the queen, their mother. The diploid queen has 32 chromosomes and the haploid drones have 16 chromosomes. Drones produce sperm cells that contain their entire genome, so the sperm are all genetically identical except for mutations.- Eusocial: showing an advanced level of social organization, in which a single female or caste produces offspring and nonreproductive individuals cooperate in caring for the young.- Fertilize: cause (an egg, female animal, or plant) to develop a new individual by introducing male reproductive material.- Genetics: the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.- Queen Bee: the single reproductive female in a hive or colony of honeybees.- Sterile: not able to produce children or young.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Ever Salazar | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Cowan, D. P., and J. K. Stahlhut. “Functionally Reproductive Diploid and Haploid Males in an Inbreeding Hymenopteran with Complementary Sex Determination.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 28, 1 July 2004, pp. 10374–10379, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402481101Engel, M. S. “Monophyly and Extensive Extinction of Advanced Eusocial Bees: Insights from an Unexpected Eocene Diversity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 98, no. 4, 13 Feb. 2001, pp. 1661–1664, doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.4.1661“Haplodiploidy - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/haplodiploidyJoshi, Chinmay Hemant, and John J. Wiens. “Does Haplodiploidy Help Drive the Evolution of Insect Eusociality?” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 11, 16 Mar. 2023, doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1118748Nowak, Martin A., et al. “The Evolution of Eusociality.” Nature, vol. 466, no. 7310, Aug. 2010, pp. 1057–1062, doi.org/10.1038/nature09205Parker, Joel D. “A Major Evolutionary Transition to More than Two Sexes?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 19, no. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 83–86, doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.10.001. Plowes, Nicola. “An Introduction to Eusociality | Learn Science at Scitable.” nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/an-introduction-to-eusociality-15788128Thorne, Barbara L. “Evolution of Eusociality in Termites.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 28, 1997, pp. 27–54, jstor.org/stable/2952485
Can Dogs Affect Our Health? 🐶 MinuteEarth 2024-08-06 | Dogs are great companions, AND having them around reduces the chance of developing allergies ❤️
The Deadliest Thing At The Beach MinuteEarth 2024-07-18 | Our newsletter: news.minuteearth.com/subscribeEarthling Pride Tee: store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth/products/earthling-pride-teeYou might think the most dangerous thing that can happen at a beach is a shark attack, or that the scariest thing might be a tsunami - but instead, rip currents kill more beachgoers than all other causes combined.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Jetty: a breakwater constructed to protect or defend a harbor, stretch of coast, or riverbank.- Rip current: a relatively strong, narrow current flowing outward from the beach through the surf zone and presenting a hazard to swimmers.- Rip tide: a strong current caused by tidal flow in confined areas such as inlets and presenting a hazard to swimmers and boaters. A similar but distinct phenomenon often confused for a rip current.- Sandbar: a deposit of sand forming a shallow area in the sea or a river.- Surf zone: the area of the ocean where waves break near the shoreline.- Undertow: a current of water below the surface and moving in a different direction from any surface current. Also distinct from a rip current.- Wave Set Up: elevation of the mean water level at the shoreline due to wave breaking in the surf zone.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Brander, Robert W. “Rip Currents.” Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series/Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, 1 Jan. 2019, pp. 1442–1447, doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93806-6_261Castelle, B., et al. “Rip Current Types, Circulation and Hazard.” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 163, Dec. 2016, pp. 1–21, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825216303117, doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.09.008Leatherman, Stephen P. “Undertow, Rip Current, and Riptide.” Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 28, no. 4, 1 July 2012, doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-12-00052.1Masselink, Gerd, et al. Introduction to Coastal Processes and Geomorphology. Routledge, 4 Apr. 2014.McCarroll, R. Jak, et al. “Evaluation of Swimmer-Based Rip Current Escape Strategies.” Natural Hazards, vol. 71, no. 3, 25 Dec. 2013, pp. 1821–1846, doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0979-1US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Rip Currents - Currents: NOAA’s National Ocean Service Education.” Noaa.gov, 2019, oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/03coastal3.htmlWithers, Archie, and Sergio Maldonado. “On the Swimming Strategies to Escape a Rip Current: A Mathematical Approach.” Natural Hazards, vol. 108, no. 2, 22 Apr. 2021, pp. 1449–1467, doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04740-7
For some animals, poop is a regular part of the menu! MinuteEarth 2024-07-08 | It looks SO gross (and IS kinda gross) but some animals need to digest their food twice to get all the nutrients out of their meal.
ALL Plants Have Color Vision?! MinuteEarth 2024-07-05 | Thanks to the ASCEND project for partnering with us on this video!Plants can tell when competitors are nearby because they can *see* them.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Shade avoidance: changes in plant body form and function that occur in response to the light signals provided by neighboring vegetation- Photoreceptors: light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms- Far-red light: light at the extreme red end of the visible spectrum, just before infrared light (wavelength of ~700 to 750 nm)SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Ballaré CL, and Pierik R. (2017) The shade-avoidance syndrome: multiple signals and ecological consequences. Plant, Cell & Environment, 40: 2530–2543. doi.org/10.1111/pce.12914Casal JJ. (2013) Photoreceptor signaling networks in plant responses to shade. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 64:403-27. doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120221Kothari S, Montgomery RA, Cavender-Bares J. (2021) Physiological responses to light explain competition and facilitation in a tree diversity experiment. Journal of Ecology 109: 2000–2018. doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13637Palayam M, Ganapathy J, Guercio AM et al. (2021) Structural insights into photoactivation of plant Cryptochrome-2. Commun Biol 4, 28. doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01531-xRoig-Villanova I, Paulišić S, Martinez-Garcia JF. (2019) Shade Avoidance and Neighbor Detection. In: Hiltbrunner, A. (eds) Phytochromes. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2026. Humana, New York, NY. doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9612-4_13Smith, H. (2000) Phytochromes and light signal perception by plants—an emerging synthesis. Nature 407, 585–591. doi.org/10.1038/35036500
Why Monkeys Can Only Count To Four MinuteEarth 2024-06-26 | To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit brilliant.org/minuteearth . You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription.There’s an island in the Caribbean where David used to perform magic tricks for monkeys. And it was super cool because it suggested that they have the ability to count! (but only up to four)LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Approximate number system: A cognitive system that supports the estimation of the magnitude of a group without relying on language or symbols.- Violation of expectancy looking time measure: A technique used to determine if subjects were surprised by an outcome of an experiment based on the idea that surprising outcomes resulted in longer looking times.- Cross-species comparison: Comparisons across species that differ in cognitive character.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart & Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artists Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Nieder, A. (2019). A Brain for Numbers: The Biology of the Number Instinct. The MIT Press.Hauser, M. D., & Carey, S. (2003). Spontaneous representations of small numbers of objects by rhesus macaques: examinations of content and format. Cognitive psychology, 47(4), 367–401. doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0285(03)00050-1Abramson, J. Z., Hernández-Lloreda, V., Call, J., & Colmenares, F. (2011). Relative quantity judgments in South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens). Animal cognition, 14(5), 695–706. doi.org/10.1007/s10071-011-0404-7Rodríguez, R.L., Briceño, R.D., Briceño-Aguilar, E. et al. Nephila clavipes spiders (Araneae: Nephilidae) keep track of captured prey counts: testing for a sense of numerosity in an orb-weaver. Anim Cogn 18, 307–314 (2015). doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0801-9Santos, L. R., Sulkowski, G. M., Spaepen, G. M., & Hauser, M. D. (2002). Object individuation using property/kind information in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Cognition, 83(3), 241–264. doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00006-9
The Truth About Petri Dishes 🧫 MinuteEarth 2024-06-13 | One of the best ways of studying bacteria is to grow them on a petri dish, but only a tiny percentage of bacterial species will grow on them. The other 98% of them simply refuse to.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Petri dish: a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of microorganisms.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Lizah van der Aart | Script Writer, Narrator and Storyboard Artist Cameron Duke | DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Amann, R I, et al. “Phylogenetic Identification and in Situ Detection of Individual Microbial Cells without Cultivation.” Microbiological Reviews, vol. 59, no. 1, Mar. 1995, pp. 143–169, doi.org/10.1128/mr.59.1.143-169.1995Ledford, Heidi. “Promising Antibiotic Discovered in Microbial “Dark Matter.”” Nature, 7 Jan. 2015, doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.16675Meysman, Filip J.R. “Cable Bacteria Take a New Breath Using Long-Distance Electricity.” Trends in Microbiology, vol. 26, no. 5, May 2018, pp. 411–422, doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.011. Accessed 11 Dec. 2022Šmajs, David, et al. “Genetics of Human and Animal Uncultivable Treponemal Pathogens.” Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol. 61, 22 Mar. 2018, pp. 92–107, doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.015Visick, Karen L., et al. “A Lasting Symbiosis: How Vibrio Fischeri Finds a Squid Partner and Persists within Its Natural Host.” Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 19, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2021, pp. 654–665, www.nature.com/articles/s41579-021-00557-0, doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00557-0
memes go viral cuz theyre so sick MinuteEarth 2024-06-06 | When we say a meme goes “viral,” we aren't actually saying it's making people sick. But the math behind a meme’s spread suggests it's actually a pretty spot-on analogy.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Basic reproduction number: a figure expressing the average number of cases of an infectious disease arising by transmission from a single infected individual, in a population that has not previously encountered the disease.- Epidemic: a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.- Meme: an image, video, piece of text, etc., typically humorous in nature, that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight variations.- Viral: of the nature of, caused by, or relating to a virus or viruses. Or relating to or involving an image, video, piece of information, etc., that is circulated rapidly and widely from one internet user to another.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Website | minuteearth.com REFERENCES**************“Incorporating Global Dynamics to Improve the Accuracy of Disease Models: Example of a COVID-19 SIR Model.” doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265815“Basic Reproduction Number - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/basic-reproduction-number“The Power of a Good Idea: Quantitative Modeling of the Spread of Ideas from Epidemiological Models.” doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2005.08.083“Estimates of the Reproduction Number for Seasonal, Pandemic, and Zoonotic Influenza: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-480“Measles Epidemic from Failure to Immunize.” www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1022280/?page=4“Complexity of the Basic Reproduction Number (R0).” doi.org/10.3201/eid2501.171901“Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak - 8 October 2019.” africacdc.org/disease-outbreak/ebola-virus-disease-outbreak-8-october-2019“Epidemic Calculator.” gabgoh.github.io/COVID/index.html“Epidemic Curve - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” www.sciencedirect.com/topics/mathematics/epidemic-curve“Pandemic Potential of a Strain of Influenza a (H1N1): Early Findings.” doi.org/10.1126/science.1176062.“The Spread and Control of HIV/AIDS Infection Using the SIR Model.” ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/72512/1/72512.pdf“Deterministic Models for Rumor Transmission.” doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2007.06.004. Accessed 31 Oct. 2019“A Contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Epidemics.” doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0118“An Empirical Analysis of the Ebola Outbreak in West Africa.” doi.org/10.1038/srep42594“The Possibility of an Epidemic Meme Analogy for Web Community Population Analysis.” doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77226-2_107“Do Memes Behave like Viruses?” doi.org/10.5070/bs326258270“The Reproduction Number of COVID-19 and Its Correlation with Public Health Interventions.” doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.20088047“The Basic Reproduction Number (R0) of Ebola Virus Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102685“Deterministic Epidemic Models for Ebola Infection with Time-Dependent Controls.” hindawi.com/journals/ddns/2020/2823816Sir, Weiss, and Ronald Ross. The SIR Model and the Foundations of Public Health. https://mat.uab.cat/matmat_antiga/PDFv2013/v2013n03.pdf“The SIR Model for Spread of Disease - the Differential Equation Model | Mathematical Association of America.” maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/the-sir-model-for-spread-of-disease-the-differential-equation-model“Susceptible‐Infectious‐Recovered (SIR) Model Based Forecasting of COVID‐19 Outbreak in Bangladesh.” doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13648“An Epidemiological Approach to Model the Viral Propagation of Memes.” doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2011.04.035On the Origins of Memes by Means of Fringe Web Communities.
How Does Birth Control Work? MinuteEarth 2024-05-29 | To download a free hi-res version of the birth control chart, go to patreon.com/MinuteEarthThere are huge varieties of birth control methods because there are lots of different ways to disrupt the process of sperm-egg fertilization.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Contraception: the use of devices, drugs, or surgery to prevent pregnancy - also known as birth control.- Progestin: the synthetic form of progesterone, a sex hormone that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.- Gametes: haploid reproductive cells including sperm and eggs. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | NarratorDavid Goldenberg | Script Writer and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Britton, L. E., Alspaugh, A., Greene, M. Z., & McLemore, M. R. (2020). CE: An Evidence-Based Update on Contraception. The American journal of nursing, 120(2), 22–33. doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000654304.29632.a7Petitti, D. B., & Sidney, S. (2005). Four decades of research on hormonal contraception. The Permanente journal, 9(1), 29–34. doi.org/10.7812/TPP/04-129Teal S, Edelman A. (2021) Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review. JAMA. 326(24):2507–2518. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.21392Daniels K, Abma JC. Current contraceptive status among women aged 15–49: United States, 2017–2019. NCHS Data Brief, no 388. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2020. cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db388.htmBirth Control: Forms, Options, Risks and Effectiveness. Cleveland Clinic. my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11427-birth-control-optionsSpecial thanks to Louise Langheier for her input.
Honeybees have a secret weapon! MinuteEarth 2024-05-10 | Honeybees are dying from parasites, pesticides, and poor nutrition, but we can help them in a number of ways. One of them is by encouraging them to make their own antibiotic: propolis!
Why is the number of languages increasing? MinuteEarth 2024-05-07 | To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit brilliant.org/minuteearth . You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Lots of languages and species are going extinct, but because others keep getting found or described, the official counts of languages and species are still increasing.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Language death: when a language loses its last known native speaker.- Species extinction: the termination of a species by the death of its last member.- Ethnologue.com: the world’s foremost authority on the languages of the world and their current status.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Anderson, S. (2012). Languages, Species, and Biological Parallels. Oxford University Press Blog. blog.oup.com/2012/07/why-do-humans-talk-biology-languageMcWhorter, J. (2016). What’s a Language, Anyway?. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/01/difference-between-language-dialect/424704IUCN RedList. (2024). Summary Statistics. iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics#Summary%20TablesRitchie, H. (2022). How Many Species Are There? Our World in Data. ourworldindata.org/how-many-species-are-thereEberhard, Dave. (2024). Personal Communication. Senior Linguistics Consultant for Ethnologue. sil.org/biography/david-m-eberhardBrown, E. (2018). Millennial Aboriginal Australians Have Developed Their Own Language. Atlas Obscura. atlasobscura.com/articles/light-warlpiri
Why Dont We Eat Carnivores? MinuteEarth 2024-04-26 | Come play Beast Lord on Android and iOS here: beastlord.onelink.me/4a2w/MinuteEarthAnd use redeem code: MINUTEEARTH #BeastLord #AnimalGame #LionGameHumans eat a lot of different animals, but almost none of them are carnivores - why?LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Biomagnification: the process by which substances (usually harmful ones) in the natural environment gradually increase in concentration along the food chain - Trophic level: A level or position in a food chain, a food web, or an ecological pyramid. - Herbivore: an organism that mostly feeds on plants- Omnivore: an organism that feeds on plants and animals- Carnivore: an organism that eats exclusively - or almost exclusively - animals.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius & Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Han BA, Kramer AM, Drake JM. Global Patterns of Zoonotic Disease in Mammals. Trends Parasitol. 2016 Jul;32(7):565-577. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.00Leroy F, Smith NW, Adesogan AT, Beal T, Iannotti L, Moughan PJ, Mann N. The role of meat in the human diet: evolutionary aspects and nutritional value. Anim Front. 2023 Apr 15;13(2):11-18. doi: 10.1093/af/vfac093 Kim SW, Han SJ, Kim Y, Jun JW, Giri SS, Chi C, et al. (2019) Heavy metal accumulation in and food safety of shark meat from Jeju island, Republic of Korea. PLoS ONE 14(3): e0212410. doi: /10.1371/journal.pone.0212410Koster JM, Hodgen JJ, Venegas MD et al. (2010) Is Meat Flavor a Factor in Hunters’ Prey Choice Decisions?. Hum Nat 21, 219–242. doi: 10.1007/s12110-010-9093-1
Would you eat this Poop-Brownie? MinuteEarth 2024-04-17 | They say you eat with your eyes first. And they (whoever 'they' are) seem to be right. Would you eat a poop-shaped treat or do you save things like that for Halloween?
Eclipse pun battle 💥🥊 MinuteEarth 2024-04-12 | Who will win? Jasper from @Minutelabsio or Asa Stahl from @planetarysociety ?
MinuteEarth Explains: Solar Eclipses MinuteEarth 2024-04-04 | Check out our new Eclipse Explorer app, where you can watch solar eclipses across the solar system! labs.minutelabs.io/eclipsesAnd get your own Solar Eclipses Across the Solar System Tee here: store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth/products/solar-eclipses-across-the-solar-system-teeOver the last year, we at MinuteEarth and MinutePhysics have had the privilege of working with NASA's Heliophysics Education Activation Team make a series of videos about the awesomeness of solar eclipses. Here they are, all seven of them!0:00 - Intro1:00 - Eclipses Used To Be Terrifying | youtube.com/watch?v=SUSo74fyZbY5:07 - Why Aren't There Eclipses Every Month? | youtu.be/vIZyuXl-91U?si=SNB5L30DqRQ1BrRR7:27 - Why does the north get more total eclipses? | youtu.be/1GrOLainIiA?si=8o-WBmHRe4cV8jks10:59 - Why Do Eclipses Travel WEST to EAST? | youtu.be/ujYYlXP12m4?si=sq_zi0pQDTUUQq3Q14:56 - Weird Things Animals Do During Eclipses | youtu.be/idlq8zCrUkY?si=VrPpG7v8hNf_KldM18:42 - How eclipses proved that the Earth is slowing down | youtu.be/inMPbM6Rsl8?si=IrT15lijduCsr7Dv22:11 - The LAST Eclipse in History | youtu.be/W7mVQ3kRPv8?si=EySy6uC4EdhEGNMC26:04 - MinuteLabs Eclipse ExplorerThis Product is supported by the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio. The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any questions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materials are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Annular Eclipse: an eclipse of the sun in which the edge of the sun remains visible as a bright ring around the moon.- Elliptical orbit: when an object moves around another object in an oval shaped path.- Latitude: the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.- Total Eclipse: an eclipse of the sun in which the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, completely blocking the face of the Sun.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info
Its A Great Time To Be A Black Bear! MinuteEarth 2024-03-29 | Black bears in North America are actually doing pretty well! However, the same thing is not the case for their Asian cousins. So why do some species thrive while others falter? The cause, as you might expect, is humans.
Why does the north get more total eclipses? MinuteEarth 2024-03-28 | This Product is supported by the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio.The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any questions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materials are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA.Solar eclipses can happen anywhere on earth, but if you want to see a total eclipse, you need to go to the far north, because the Earth’s shape and orbit determine the high latitudes and eclipse hotspot.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Annular Eclipse: an eclipse of the sun in which the edge of the sun remains visible as a bright ring around the moon.- Elliptical orbit: when an object moves around another object in an oval shaped path.- Latitude: the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.- Total Eclipse: an eclipse of the sun in which the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, completely blocking the face of the Sun.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart and Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Bakich, Michael E. “How Often Do Solar Eclipses Occur? | Astronomy.com.” Astronomy Magazine, 18 July 2023, astronomy.com/observing/how-often-do-solar-eclipses-occur Espenak, Fred, and Jean Meeus. Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses. 30 July 2021.J. Meeus. “The Frequency of Total and Annular Solar Eclipses for a given Place.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 92, 1 Apr. 1982, pp. 124–126. “The Comparative Size of Various Solar System Objects | Britannica.” britannica.com/video/185399/size-solar-system-objects Wright, Ernie (2024). “NASA Scientific Visualization Studio | 5000 Years of Total Solar Eclipses.” NASA Scientific Visualization Studio. svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5222
What’s Eating The Titanic? MinuteEarth 2024-03-22 | Download the Tab For A Cause browser extension at tab.gladly.io/global-health/minuteearth2When a ship sinks, lots of factors, like the ship’s materials, the water quality, and the depth of the seafloor all play a role in determining how long the ship will last down there - as a result, the Titanic will be gone in fifty years, while Byzantine wrecks in the Black sea remain.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Anoxia: the absence of oxygen- Chemosynthesis: the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derived from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of sunlight.- Corrode: destroy or damage (metal, stone, or other materials) slowly by chemical action.- Decomposer: an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Storyboarding and IllustrationSarah Berman | Illustration and Video EditingNathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************“Centuries of Preserved Shipwrecks Found in the Black Sea.” History, 26 Oct. 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/black-sea-shipwreck-discovery“Divers Visited the Titanic’s Wreck for the First Time in over a Decade. Here’s Why They Were Shocked by the Ship’s Condition.” Time, time.com/5658903/titanic-wreck-deteriorating“Dokos Shipwreck.” Wikipedia, 2 Jan. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck““Oldest Intact Wreck” Found in Black Sea.” BBC News, 23 Oct. 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45951132Price, Kyra A., et al. “A Shallow Water Ferrous-Hulled Shipwreck Reveals a Distinct Microbial Community.” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 11, 19 Aug. 2020, doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01897Saplakoglu, Yasemin. “Perfectly Preserved Ancient Shipwreck Found in the Baltic Sea with Guns Ready to Fire.” Livescience.com, 24 July 2019, www.livescience.com/66011-ancient-shipwreck-baltic-sea.htmlScience, Aristos Georgiou, and Health Reporter. “Titanic Is Being Eaten by the Ocean in Its Watery Grave.” Newsweek, 23 Sept. 2022, www.newsweek.com/titanic-could-become-entombed-coral-after-being-eaten-alive-ocean-1745782“The Science of Shipwrecks.” Coastwatch, ncseagrant.ncsu.edu/coastwatch/previous-issues/2013-2/winter-2013/the-science-of-shipwrecks/Watson, Sara Kiley. “How Scientists Keep Ancient Shipwrecks from Crumbling into Dust.” Popular Science, 2 Nov. 2020, www.popsci.com/story/science/saving-shipwreck-nanoparticles“Why Is This 2,500 Year Old Shipwreck so Well-Preserved? - Helen Farr and Jon Adams.” TED-Ed, ed.ted.com/lessons/why-is-this-2-500-year-old-shipwreck-so-well-preserved-helen-farr-and-jon-adams“Why Some Shipwreck Treasures Disintegrate, While Others Stand the Test of Time.” Popular Mechanics, 13 Feb. 2023, www.popularmechanics.com/science/archaeology/a42244647/recovering-treasure-from-shipwrecksWoodward, Aylin. “The Titanic Is Slowly but Surely Disappearing — Here’s What the Wreck Looks like Now.” Business Insider, www.businessinsider.com/titanic-shipwreck-disappearing-dive-reveals-2019-9“World’s Oldest Intact Shipwreck Found in Black Sea.” Phys.org, phys.org/news/2018-10-world-oldest-intact-shipwreck-black.html
Why Do All YouTube Videos Look Alike? MinuteEarth 2024-03-01 | Don't make us crabby! Join our Patreon at patreon.com/MinuteEarthMany crustaceans from all sorts of starting points evolve to end up looking similar, likely due to outside pressures. That’s sort of like what happens with YouTube videos.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Convergent Evolution: The process by which certain species independently evolve similar traits.- Carcinization: a form of convergent evolution in which non-crab crustaceans evolve a crab-like body plan.- Decapods: Crustaceans including lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp.- YouTube algorithm: A secret set of complex computer-based rules that recommends videos presumably to increase user engagement. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Wolfe, J. M., Breinholt, J. W., Crandall, K. A., Lemmon, A. R., Lemmon, E. M., Timm, L. E., Siddall, M. E., & Bracken-Grissom, H. D. (2019). A phylogenomic framework, evolutionary timeline and genomic resources for comparative studies of decapod crustaceans. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 286(1901), 20190079. doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0079Stayton C. T. (2015). What does convergent evolution mean? The interpretation of convergence and its implications in the search for limits to evolution. Interface focus, 5(6), 20150039. doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2015.0039McLaughlin, P. A., & Lemaitre, R. (1997). Carcinization in the Anomura - fact or fiction? I. Evidence from adult morphology. Contributions to Zoology, 67(2), 79-123. doi.org/10.1163/18759866-06702001Scholtz, G. (2014). Evolution of crabs – history and deconstruction of a prime example of convergence. Contributions to Zoology, 83(2), 87-105. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08302001Smith, A., Toor, S., Van Kessel, P. (2018). Many Turn to YouTube for Children’s Content, News, How-To Lessons. Pew Research. pewresearch.org/internet/2018/11/07/many-turn-to-youtube-for-childrens-content-news-how-to-lessonsSawada, R., Sato, W. Emotional attention capture by facial expressions. Sci Rep 5, 14042 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/srep14042Tellis, G. J., MacInnis, D. J., Tirunillai, S., & Zhang, Y. (2019). What Drives Virality (Sharing) of Online Digital Content? The Critical Role of Information, Emotion, and Brand Prominence. Journal of Marketing, 83(4), 1-20. doi.org/10.1177/0022242919841034Weismueller, J., Harrigan, P. (2021). Organic Reach on YouTube: What Makes People Click on Videos from Social Media Influencers?. In: Martínez-López, F.J., López López, D. (eds) Advances in Digital Marketing and eCommerce. DMEC 2021. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76520-0_17Joanna M Wolfe, et al, (2023). Convergent Adaptation of True Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) to a Gradient of Terrestrial Environments, Systematic Biology, 2023. doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syad066
Who’s Eating All The Spiders? MinuteEarth 2024-02-23 | Start learning with your free 30-day trial of Brilliant at brilliant.org/MinuteEarthThe average human, in theory, eats 3 spiders a year. If you're not eating them and I'm not eating them, who is?LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Probability distribution: A function giving the probability of a certain measure having a certain value.- Skewness: A measure of how asymmetrical a distribution looks like.- Multimodal distribution: A distribution with more than one peak.If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: - This applet where you can play around with means and medians statcrunch.com/applets/type1&meanmedian - I don't know if this counts as "fun" but here's the dataset I created for the cars two-peaked distribution docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vR4CH1Lcq4pxXeh8f6bswqqK64jdzLv0ajln_DLq5Sapm4WAER9tT9olCDUKJejGT3ugRXxwNUoT10p/pubhtml?gid=0&single=true SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Arcadi Garcia, David Goldenberg, Lizah van der Aart | Script WritersDavid Goldenberg | DirectorCameron Duke, Arcadi Garcia | NarratorsArcadi Garcia | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Roser, Max, Cameron Appel, and Hannah Ritchie. “Human Height.” Our World in Data, January 23, 2024. ourworldindata.org/human-height.US Census Bureau. “PINC-11. Income Distribution to $250,000 or More for Males: 2022” and “PINC-11. Income Distribution to $250,000 or More for Females:2022”. US Census Bureau, 2022. www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/tables/pinc-11/2023
Why Does Cement Spew So Much CO2? MinuteEarth 2024-02-21 | Cement is responsible for 8% of humanity’s carbon dioxide emissions, which is a problem if we want to build more cities. To reduce the carbon dioxide emitted by the production of cement, people are trying to replace limestone with other types of materials.
Weird Things Animals Do During Eclipses MinuteEarth 2024-02-08 | This Product is supported by the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio.The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any questions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materials are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA.For centuries, humans have reported animals freaking out during solar eclipses, like birds falling from the sky and bees hiding in their hives, but the animals most affected by eclipses might be us.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Behavior: the way in which an animal or person acts in response to a particular situation or stimulus.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer and NarratorDavid Goldenberg | DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Alvarez-Cárdenas, Sergio, et al. “Observations on Behavior of the Lizard Uta Stansburiana during a Total Solar Eclipse.” The Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 42, no. 1, 1997, pp. 108–112, www.jstor.org/stable/30054070Branch, Jane E., and Deborah A. Gust. “Effect of Solar Eclipse on the Behavior of a Captive Group of Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes).” American Journal of Primatology, vol. 11, no. 4, 1986, pp. 367–373, doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350110407Chan, Melissa. “How Do Animals React to an Eclipse? Depends on How Smart They Are.” Time, 17 Aug. 2017, time.com/4882733/total-solar-eclipse-animals-react“Christopher Clavius - Biography.” Maths History, mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/ClaviusGeorgia, University of. “How Does a Solar Eclipse Affect Animals?” Treehugger, www.treehugger.com/how-does-solar-eclipse-affect-animals-4868135Gil-Burmann, Carlos, and Marcial Beltrami. “Effect of Solar Eclipse on the Behavior of a Captive Group of Hamadryas Baboons (Papio Hamadryas).” Zoo Biology, vol. 22, no. 3, 2003, pp. 299–303, doi.org/10.1002/zoo.10077Hartstone-Rose, Adam, et al. “Total Eclipse of the Zoo: Animal Behavior during a Total Solar Eclipse.” Animals, vol. 10, no. 4, 31 Mar. 2020, p. 587, doi.org/10.3390/ani10040587Hester, Jessica Leigh. “What We Know about How Animals Reacted to the 2017 Eclipse.” Atlas Obscura, 15 Nov. 2018, www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-animals-react-to-an-eclipseLESCURE, J. “THE EFFECT of a TOTAL SUN ECLIPSE on the VOCAL BEHAVIOR of SOME AMPHIBIANS.” THE EFFECT of a TOTAL SUN ECLIPSE on the VOCAL BEHAVIOR of SOME AMPHIBIANS., 1975, pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=PASCAL7650164283Murdin, Paul. “Effects of the 2001 Total Solar Eclipse on African Wildlife.” Astronomy & Geophysics, vol. 42, no. 4, 1 Aug. 2001, pp. 4.04–4.08, doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-4004.2001.0420044.4.xNilsson, Cecilia, et al. “Aeroecology of a Solar Eclipse.” Biology Letters, vol. 14, no. 11, 28 Nov. 2018, p. 20180485, doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0485Pandey, Kamleshwar, and Jagdamba P. Shukla. “Behavioural Studies of Freshwater Fishes during a Solar Eclipse.” Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 1982, pp. 63–64, doi.org/10.1007/bf00011824Ritson, Robert, et al. “Comparing Social Media Observations of Animals during a Solar Eclipse to Published Research.” Animals, vol. 9, no. 2, 14 Feb. 2019, p. 59, doi.org/10.3390/ani9020059Sanborn, Allen F., and Polly K. Phillips. “Observations on the Effect of a Partial Solar Eclipse on Calling in Some Desert Cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae).” The Florida Entomologist, vol. 75, no. 2, June 1992, p. 285, doi.org/10.2307/3495634Uetz, George W., et al. “Behavior of Colonial Orb-Weaving Spiders during a Solar Eclipse.” Ethology, vol. 96, no. 1, 26 Apr. 2010, pp. 24–32, doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb00878.x
Perfumers LOVE whale poop! MinuteEarth 2024-02-05 | Perfumes contain many very strange ingredients, but one of the strangest is definitely ambergris. These days, it's mostly replaced by a synthetic compound - so don't worry about dowsing yourself in whale bile ;)Want to know more about ambergris? Have a look at the full video here: youtu.be/vN1brVnlBZU?si=4m_A75f7vaksRbKJ
How Much Gold is in Our Poop? MinuteEarth 2024-02-02 | Go to our partner trymintmobile.com/minuteearth to get premium wireless for as low as $15 a month. Special offer through February 29th: new customers can get any plan for $15/month. New activation and upfront payment for 3 mo. service required. Taxes & fees extra. Unlimited plans using +40GB/mo. will experience lower speeds with videostreams at ~480p. Restrictions apply. See trymintmobile.com for more details.Because of the way digestion works, human poop not only contains dangerous microbes, it also contains a wide variety of other things, many of which we could potentially put to use. LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Pathogens: Organisms that can cause disease.- Reuse of Human Excreta: The safe and beneficial use of treated human poop. - Biogas: A renewable energy source that’s a combination of methane and carbon dioxide. - Black soldier fly larvae: Among the most efficient animals at converting biomass into feed.- Biosolids: Solid organic matter retrieved from the sewage treatment process that can be used as fertilizer among other uses. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Rose C, Parker A, Jefferson B, Cartmell E. (2015) The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Sep 2;45(17):1827-1879. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4500995Trimmer, C. (2016). SANITATION, WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY FROM WASTE DISPOSAL TO RESOURCE RECOVERY. UNEP. susana.org/_resources/documents/default/3-2636-7-1487004303.pdfCornwall, W. (2015). Sewage sludge could contain millions of dollars worth of gold. Science. science.org/content/article/sewage-sludge-could-contain-millions-dollars-worth-goldPaul Westerhoff, Sungyun Lee, Yu Yang, Gwyneth W. Gordon, Kiril Hristovski, Rolf U. Halden, and Pierre Herckes. (2015). Characterization, Recovery Opportunities, and Valuation of Metals in Municipal Sludges from U.S. Wastewater Treatment Plants Nationwide. Environmental Science & Technology 2015 49 (16), 9479-9488. pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es505329qDebasree Purkayastha, Sudipta Sarkar. (2023) Performance evaluation of black soldier fly larvae fed on human faeces, food waste and their mixture. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 326, Part A. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301479722023003
Inside The Sunny Center of a Hurricane MinuteEarth 2024-01-11 | To learn more about how Florida International University is revolutionizing what we know about hurricanes, visit https://FIU.edu Why is the middle of a hurricane sometimes so clear and calm?LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Subsidence: the downward movement of an air parcel as it cools and becomes denser- Vortex: a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis lineSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorCameron Duke | DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOTHER CREDITS*****************Hurricane Harvey Roaring and Spinning In Gulf of Mexico 2017Footage by: Film Master | ShutterstockHurricane eye over sea in satellite photoPhoto by: Viacheslav Lopatin | ShutterstockExtreme CAT 5 major hurricane OTISFootage by: BroadcastNews | ShutterstockOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Houze, RA et al. (2007). Hurricane Intensity and Eyewall Replacement. Science, 315(5816), 1235–1239. doi.org/10.1126/science.1135650Schubert WH et al. (2007). On the distribution of subsidence in the hurricane eye. , 133(624), 595–605. doi.org/10.1002/qj.49Shen, W (2006). Does the size of hurricane eye matter with its intensity?. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(18). doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027313Smith, RK (1980) Tropical cyclone eye dynamics. Journal of Atmospheric Science 37: 1227-1232. doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037%3C1227:TCED%3E2.0.CO;2 Willoughby HE (1998). Tropical cyclone eye thermodynamics. Monthly Weather Review, 126(12), 3053-3067. journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/126/12/1520-0493_1998_126_3053_tcet_2.0.co_2.xml
The Crabs Are Coming MinuteEarth 2023-12-29 | We made this video in partnership with the Bik Lab at University of Georgia and the National Science Foundation.As the waters warm in the deep sea around Antarctica, ecosystem-crushing crabs are able to live closer and closer to the continent.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Continental shelf: the area of seabed around a large landmass where the sea is relatively shallow compared with the open ocean.- Invasive species: an organism that causes ecological or economic harm in a new environment where it is not native.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Virginia Schutte | Script WriterKate Yoshida | Script EditorCameron Duke | Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Ruis | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Aronson, Richard B., et al. “Prospects for the Return of Shell-Crushing Crabs to Antarctica.” Journal of Biogeography, vol. 42, no. 1, 6 Oct. 2014, pp. 1–7, doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12414 Griffiths, Huw J., et al. “Antarctic Crabs: Invasion or Endurance?” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 7, 3 July 2013, p. e66981, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066981 Thatje, Sven, et al. “CHALLENGING the COLD: CRABS RECONQUER the ANTARCTIC.” Ecology, vol. 86, no. 3, Mar. 2005, pp. 619–625, doi.org/10.1890/04-0620 “From Deep to Shallow Seas: Antarctic King Crab on the Move.” Ecology, vol. 101, no. 11, 23 July 2020, doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3125 Thatje, Sven, and Wolf E. Arntz. “Antarctic Reptant Decapods: More than a Myth?” Polar Biology, vol. 27, no. 4, 1 Mar. 2004, pp. 195–201, doi.org/10.1007/s00300-003-0583-z
The Never Ending Lightning Storm MinuteEarth 2023-12-22 | Venezuela’s Lake Maracaibo is home to a legendary lightning storm that has been going on for over 500 years. Watch @SeeYouOutsideShow video about Catatumbo Lightning: youtube.com/watch?v=0ABZOUvZ_WYEsther's TikTok: tiktok.com/@toseeyououtsideLEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Lightning hotspot: is a geographic location where there is a higher frequency of lightning activity compared to surrounding areas. - Lightning flash frequency: refers to the average number of lightning strikes occurring in a specific area over a given period of time. It can be measured in flashes per km2 per year.- Convergent windflow:- Coastal breeze: is the movement of air from the ocean to the land (onshore breeze) or from the land to the ocean (offshore breeze). The direction of the breeze is determined by the temperature difference between the land and the water.- Convective instability: is a meteorological term that describes the atmospheric condition favorable for the development of convection, which is the vertical movement of air. This instability is a key factor in the formation of thunderstorms and other convective weather phenomena.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Esther Ikoro | Writer and Narrator (@SeeYouOutsideShow)Ever Salazar | Writer, Illustrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOTHER CREDITS*****************Catatumbo Lightning Footage by Paolo Costa / Shutterstock.comOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Albrecht, R. I., et al (2016). Where Are the Lightning Hotspots on Earth?. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 97, 2051–2068, doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1Albrecht, R. I. (2023). Meteorology Professor at the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Personal Communication. NOAA (2010). Lightning Flash Rate. sos.noaa.gov/catalog/datasets/lightning-flash-rateDaniel J. Cecil, et al (2014). Gridded lightning climatology from TRMM-LIS and OTD: Dataset description. Atmospheric Research, Volumes 135–136, 2014, Pages 404-414. doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.028LIS 0.1 Degree Very High Resolution Gridded Lightning Full Climatology (VHRFC) V1 search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search?q=lisvhrfcTRMM LIS/OTD Gridded Lightning Climatology Data Setslightning.nsstc.nasa.gov/data/data_lis-otd-climatology.html
Why Dont Electric Eels Shock Themselves? MinuteEarth 2023-12-20 | Check out @MinutoDaTerra and join our Patreon community at patreon.com/minuteearth. (Links to other language channels down in the description)Electric eels can emit some of the largest shocks in the animal kingdom - but why don't they shock themselves?LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Electrocyte: a modified muscle or nerve cell that generates electricity in the electric organ of certain fishesSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Leonardo Souza | Script Writer and NarratorKate Yoshida | Script EditorDavid Goldenberg | DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and AnimationNathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176MinuteEarth (and MinutePhysics) in other Languages:Portugueseyoutube.com/@MinutoDaTerrayoutube.com/@MinutoDaFisicaSpanishyoutube.com/@MinutoDeLaTierrayoutube.com/@minutodefisicaCatalányoutube.com/@MinutdelaTerraFrenchyoutube.com/@MinuteDePhysiqueyoutube.com/@MinutePourLaTerreChineseyoutube.com/@MinutePhysicsCNyoutube.com/@MinuteEarthCNRussianyoutube.com/@MinutePhysicsRUGeorgianyoutube.com/@MinuteGeorgianPolishyoutube.com/@minuta.z.ziemiaGermanyoutube.com/@paarMinutenErdeArabicyoutube.com/channel/UC_6luMR5xA4lRBA2mq53JEQTamilyoutube.com/channel/UCIrFGdwp_FzEkF7uHEjSShwTurkishyoutube.com/@DakikaFizikREFERENCES**************Raimundo Nonato Gomes Mendes Júnior (2023). Analista Ambiental, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Personal CommunicationBabineau D, Longtin A, & Lewis JE (2006). Modeling the electric field of weakly electric fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 209: 3636–3651. doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02403Bauer, R (1979). Electric organ discharge (EOD) and prey capture behaviour in the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4: 311–319.Bennett, MVL(1971).Electric organs. In Fish Physiology, W.S. Hoar, and D.J. Randall,eds. (AcademicPress),pp.347–491. doi.org/10.1007/BF00303239Catania K (2014). The shocking predatory strike of the electric eel. Science 346, 1231–1234 (2014). doi.org/10.1126/science.1260807Catania, KC (2015). Electric Eels Concentrate Their Electric Field to Induce Involuntary Fatigue in Struggling Prey. Current Biology, 25(22), 2889–2898. doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.036Catania, K.C. (2015). An optimized biological TASER: electric eels remotely induce or arrest movement in nearby prey. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 86: 38–47. doi.org/10.1159/000435945de Santana, C et al. (2019). Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator. Nature Communications, 10(1), 4000–. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z Markham MR (2013). Electrocyte physiology: 50 years later. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(13), 2451–2458. doi.org/10.1242/jeb.082628
The time I was a human incubator MinuteEarth 2023-12-06 | Want to donate to the highest-impact charities AND get your donation matched up to $100? Visit https://Givewell.org/MinuteEarth Premature babies majorly benefit from skin-to-skin contact with a parent –also known as “kangaroo care”– because it reduces infections and hypothermia and increases weight gain and parental involvement.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Preterm birth: Babies born before 37 weeks of gestation. Complications from prematurity kill more than 900,000 children each year.- Incubator: An enclosed apparatus providing a controlled environment for premature babies.- Sepsis: A life-threatening complication from infection.- Hypothermia: A medical emergency that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Conde‐Agudelo A, Díaz‐Rossello JL. (2016). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 8. Art. No.: CD002771. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002771.pub4 Samra, N. M., Taweel, A. E., & Cadwell, K. (2013). Effect of intermittent kangaroo mother care on weight gain of low birth weight neonates with delayed weight gain. The Journal of perinatal education, 22(4), 194–200. doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.22.4.194Thidarat Eksirinimit, Busakorn Punthmatharith, Nongyao Bansopit, Kiatkamjorn Kusol. (2023). Effects of Kangaroo Care on body temperature of premature infants and maternal satisfaction at Maharaj Nakhon Si Thammarat hospital, Thailand. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, Volume 29, Issue 2, Pages 302-306. doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2022.07.005 Sugandha Arya, Suhail Chhabra, Richa Singhal, et al. (2023) Effect on neonatal sepsis following immediate kangaroo mother care in a newborn intensive care unit: a post-hoc analysis of a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial, eClinicalMedicine, Volume 60. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102006 Kangaroo Mother Care. (2023) Givewell. givewell.org/international/technical/programs/kangaroo-mother-care#What_is_the_problem
Why Flushing Isnt For Everyone MinuteEarth 2023-11-30 | This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. To learn more about how we can help improve the lives and health of people around the world, visit gatesnotes.comSewers are a great way to make pooping safe, but they’re not always the right solution because they require specific resources that many places just don’t have.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Sewage system: A network of pipes that conveys sewage from a point of origin to a treatment plant.- Fecal pathogens: Bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can infect people through feces contamination.- Utility decentralization: The process of bringing the production of utilities like energy closer to the place it is consumed instead of from a central location farther away.- Reuse of human excreta: The safe or beneficial reuse of treated human poop for things like fuel or fertilizer.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Kone, Doulaye (2023). Personal Communication. Deputy Director, Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene. Gates Foundation. Retrieved from: gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/doulaye-koneObradović, Dino, Marija Šperac, and Saša Marenjak. 2023. "Challenges in Sewer System Maintenance" Encyclopedia 3, no. 1: 122-142. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3010010Kruzman, D. (2022). “Cities are investing billions in new sewage systems. They’re already obsolete.” Grist. Retrieved from: grist.org/cities/cities-are-investing-billions-in-new-sewage-systems-theyre-already-obsoleteRoot, R. (2020). “When are sewers the best option for improved sanitation?” Devex. Retrieved from: devex.com/news/when-are-sewers-the-best-option-for-improved-sanitation-97983Kone, D. (2021). “The future of sanitation: 10 years of reinventing the toilet.” Gates Foundation. Retrieved from: gatesfoundation.org/ideas/articles/sanitation-reinvent-toiletCisneros B. J. (2011). Safe Sanitation in Low Economic Development Areas. Treatise on Water Science, 147–200. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53199-5.00082-8Fernholz, T. (2014). More people around the world have cell phones than ever had land-lines. Quartz. Retrieved from: qz.com/179897/more-people-around-the-world-have-cell-phones-than-ever-had-land-linesBovarnick, B. and Dach, E. (2014). Electricity without the Grid. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from: americanprogress.org/article/electricity-without-the-grid
Why Hurricane Paths Are WEIRD MinuteEarth 2023-11-22 | Check out our Black Friday sale at http://dftba.com/minuteearth Hurricane path prediction seems straightforward, until it is not – that’s because hurricanes can encounter atmospheric effects that turn their paths into erratic nonsense.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Fujiwhara effect: a phenomenon that occurs when two nearby cyclonic vortices move around each other and close the distance between the circulations of their corresponding low-pressure areas.- Tropical Cyclone: a localized, very intense low-pressure wind system, forming over tropical oceans and with winds of hurricane force.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Ruis | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Ashcroft, John, et al. “The Impact of Weak Environmental Steering Flow on Tropical Cyclone Track Predictability.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 147, no. 741, 1 Oct. 2021, pp. 4122–4142, doi.org/10.1002/qj.4171 “Current Wind Direction and Layer Mean Wind Steering «2023 Hurricane Season - Track the Tropics - Spaghetti Models”, trackthetropics.com/current-wind-direction-and-layer-mean-wind-steering Fujiwhara, S. “The Natural Tendency towards Symmetry of Motion and Its Application as a Principle in Meteorology.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 47, no. 200, Oct. 1921, pp. 287–292, doi.org/10.1002/qj.49704720010“Hurricanes: Science and Society: Hurricane Movement”, hurricanescience.org/science/science/hurricanemovement Pasch, Richard, et al. “HURRICANE MARIA.” 4 Jan. 2023.Shellito, Lucinda. “Hurricane Chat.” Received by Cameron Duke.Tropical Cyclone Motion.“Tropical Cyclone Steering | METEO 3: Introductory Meteorology.” https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo3/node/2275 “Typhoon Parma.” Earthobservatory.nasa.gov, 4 Oct. 2009, earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/40582/typhoon-parma “Typhoon Parma Trajectory.” Wikipedia, 30 Oct. 2023, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parma_2009_track.png US Department of Commerce, NOAA. “Fujiwhara Effect.” weather.gov/news/fujiwhara-effect
The Antarctic Ocean is WEIRD MinuteEarth 2023-11-06 | We made this video in partnership with the Bik Lab at University of Georgia and the National Science Foundation.Life in Antarctica's ocean has followed a completely different evolutionary path from other ocean life because of how cold and isolated the ocean is.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Antarctic Circumpolar Current: an ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica.- Polar Gigantism: The phenomenon that animals near the poles are larger than their temperate counterparts.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Virginia Schutte | Script WriterCameron Duke | Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicAntarctica Footage | Virginia Schutte and Holly Bik, funded by the National Science FoundationMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Gatti, Susanne. “The Role of Sponges in High-Antarctic Carbon and Silicon Cycling -a Modelling Approach” Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresforsch, vol. 434, 2002, https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/26613/1/BerPolarforsch2002434.pdf “Giant Volcano Sponge Articles - Encyclopedia of Life.” eol.org/pages/1162798/articlesHunt, Katie. “An Icefish Colony Discovered in Antarctica Is World’s Largest Fish Breeding Ground.” CNN, 13 Jan. 2022, cnn.com/2022/01/13/world/icefish-colony-discovery-scn/index.html Moran, Amy L., and H. Arthur Woods. “Why Might They Be Giants? Towards an Understanding of Polar Gigantism” The Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 215, no. 12, 23 May 2012, pp. 1995–2002. doi.org/10.1242/jeb.067066 Rankin, J. C, and H Tuurala. “Gills of Antarctic Fish.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol. 119, no. 1, 1 Jan. 1998, pp. 149–163. doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(97)00396-6 Rennie, John. “Icefish Study Adds Another Color to the Story of Blood.” Quanta Magazine, 22 Apr. 2019, quantamagazine.org/icefish-study-adds-another-color-to-the-story-of-blood-20190422 Rosa, Rui, et al. “Biology and Ecology of the World’s Largest Invertebrate, the Colossal Squid (Mesonychoteuthis Hamiltoni): A Short Review.” Polar Biology, vol. 40, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2017, pp. 1871–1883. doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2104-5 Shishido, Caitlin M., et al. “Polar Gigantism and the Oxygen–Temperature Hypothesis: A Test of Upper Thermal Limits to Body Size in Antarctic Pycnogonids.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 286, no. 1900, 10 Apr. 2019, p. 20190124, doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0124 Sidell, B. D. “When Bad Things Happen to Good Fish: The Loss of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Expression in Antarctic Icefishes.” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 209, no. 10, 15 May 2006, pp. 1791–1802, doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02091 Thomisch, K, et al. “Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Acoustic Presence and Distribution of Antarctic Blue Whales Balaenoptera Musculus Intermedia in the Weddell Sea.” Endangered Species Research, vol. 30, 18 July 2016, pp. 239–253, doi.org/10.3354/esr00739 Zummo, G., et al. “The Heart of the Icefish: Bioconstruction and Adaptation.” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas, vol. 28, no. 11-12, 1995, pp. 1265–1276, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8728857
Why Did It Take Us So Long? MinuteEarth 2023-10-30 | Shop our fall merch sale for the best nerdy science stuff: store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth We've long known that animal pollination is an important way plants reproduce on land, but we're only JUST finding out animals also pollinate plants underwater.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Zoophily: a form of pollination whereby pollen is transferred by animals- Hydrophily: a type of pollination in which pollen is dispersed by the flow of water- Seaweed: massive, multicellular algae- Spermatia: a nonmotile male gamete of red algaSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Lavaut, E., Guillemin, M. L., Colin, S., Faure, A., Coudret, J., Destombe, C., & Valero, M. (2022). Pollinators of the sea: A discovery of animal-mediated fertilization in seaweed. Science, 377(6605), 528-530. doi.org/10.1126/science.abo6661Ollerton, J., & Ren, Z. X. (2022). Did pollination exist before plants?. Science, 377(6605), 471-472. doi.org/10.1126/science.add3198van Tussenbroek, B. I., Monroy-Velazquez, L. V., & Solis-Weiss, V. (2012). Meso-fauna foraging on seagrass pollen may serve in marine zoophilous pollination. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 469, 1-6. doi.org/10.3354/meps10072Van Tussenbroek, B. I., Villamil, N., Márquez-Guzmán, J., Wong, R., Monroy-Velázquez, L. V., & Solis-Weiss, V. (2016). Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna. Nature communications, 7(1), 12980. doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12980
Eclipses Used To Be Terrifying MinuteEarth 2023-10-13 | This Product is supported by the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio. The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any questions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materials are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA.Because eclipses are powerful and frightening events, ancient cultures went to great lengths to understand eclipses, leading to remarkably accurate predictions and helping invent the science of astronomy.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Saros: a period of about 18 years between repetitions of solar and lunar eclipses.If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: The Five Millenium Canon of Solar Eclipses - eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/5MCSE.htmlCREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OTHER CREDITS*****************Stonehenge Midsummer Sunrise 2013Photo by: Flickr user Stonehenge Stone Circleflickr.com/photos/stonehenge-stone-circle/8980676956Bamboo Annals: double dawnLiu, Liu, and Ma, 2003, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage (ISSN 1440-2807), Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 53 - 63, Figure 2. Bamboo Annals: double dawn.https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/2003JAHH....6...53L/0000060.000.htmlCuneiform tablet: ephemeris of eclipsesmetmuseum.org/art/collection/search/321969Seleucid ca. 4th–2nd century BCE / Met MuseumEclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)Five Millennium Canon of Lunar EclipsesSaros series (via NASA)Adapted from a Map illustration by Michael ZeilerPaths of totality from eclipse calculator by Xavier JubierEclipse predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterMany Saros SeriesAdapted from: eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEatlas/SEatlas3/SEatlas2041.GIFCredit: Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus.OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Brown, Daniel. “Blood Moon: Lunar Eclipse Myths from around the World.” The Conversation, theconversation.com/blood-moon-lunar-eclipse-myths-from-around-the-world-100548Carman, Christián C., and James Evans. “On the Epoch of the Antikythera Mechanism and Its Eclipse Predictor.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 68, no. 6, Nov. 2014, pp. 693–774, doi.org/10.1007/s00407-014-0145-5COLTON, R., and R. L. MARTIN. “Eclipse Cycles and Eclipses at Stonehenge.” Nature, vol. 213, no. 5075, Feb. 1967, pp. 476–478, doi.org/10.1038/213476a0de Jong, T., and W. H. van Soldt. “The Earliest Known Solar Eclipse Record Redated.” Nature, vol. 338, no. 6212, Mar. 1989, pp. 238–240, doi.org/10.1038/338238a0Espenak, Fred. “NASA - Eclipses and the Saros.” Eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov, eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.htmlEspenak, Fred, and Jean Meeus. Five Millennium Canon of Lunar Eclipses. 7 Aug. 2021.Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses. 30 July 2021.HAWKINS, GERALD S. “Stonehenge: A Neolithic Computer.” Nature, vol. 202, no. 4939, June 1964, pp. 1258–1261, doi.org/10.1038/2021258a0Hermann Hunger, and David Pingree. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden ; Boston, Brill, 1999.HOYLE, FRED. “Stonehenge–an Eclipse Predictor.” Nature, vol. 211, no. 5048, July 1966, pp. 454–456, www.nature.com/articles/211454a0.pdf, doi.org/10.1038/211454a0Liu, C., et al. “Examination of Early Chinese Records of Solar Eclipses.” Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, vol. 6, no. 1, 2003, pp. 53–63, adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2003JAHH....6...53L“NASA - Sun-Earth Day - Technology through Time - Babylon”. sunearthday.nasa.gov/2006/locations/babylon.php.Rubio, Gonzalo. “How Eclipses Were Regarded as Omens in the Ancient World.” The Conversation, theconversation.com/how-eclipses-were-regarded-as-omens-in-the-ancient-world-81248Tsu, Wen Shion. “A Statistical Survey of Solar Eclipses in Chinese History.” Popular Astronomy, vol. 42, no. 136, 1934, adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1934PA.....42..136T
Apparently tree FINGERPRINTS are a thing MinuteEarth 2023-10-05 | Thanks to the ASCEND project for partnering with us on this video!Every species on Earth has a fingerprint - whether or not they have fingers at all. LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Spectral fingerprint: the distinctive pattern of radiation reflected by a surface (or a species) as a function of the wavelength- Spectroscopy: the field of study that measures and interprets the electromagnetic spectra that result from the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the radiationSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOTHER CREDITS*****************Photo of Forest in False Color from:Sapes, G., C. Lapadat, A. K. Schweiger, J. Juzwik, R. Montgomery, H. Gholizadeh, P. A. Townsend, J. A. Gamon, and J. Cavender-Bares. 2022. Canopy spectral reflectance detects oak wilt at the landscape scale using phylogenetic discrimination. Remote Sensing of Environment 273:112961. doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112961Photo of Oak Wilt from:J. Antonio Guzmán Q., Jesús N. Pinto-Ledezma, David Frantz, Philip A. Townsend, Jennifer Juzwik, Jeannine Cavender-Bares, Mapping oak wilt disease from space using land surface phenology, Remote Sensing of Environment, 298, 2023, 113794. doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113794Satellite Images from Google EarthAntarctica: Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO. U.S. Geological Survey. Landsat / CopernicusAmazon Rainforest: Landsat / CopernicusNortheastern cost of Australia: Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO. Landsat / Copernicus. TerraMetricsOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Hollings, T., Burgman, M., van Andel, M., Gilbert, M., Robinson, T., & Robinson, A. (2018). How do you find the green sheep? A critical review of the use of remotely sensed imagery to detect and count animals. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(4), 881-892. doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12973Leblanc, G., Francis, C. M., Soffer, R., Kalacska, M., & De Gea, J. (2016). Spectral reflectance of polar bear and other large arctic mammal pelts; potential applications to remote sensing surveys. Remote Sensing, 8(4), 273. doi.org/10.3390/rs8040273Lubin, D., Li, W., Dustan, P., Mazel, C. H., & Stamnes, K. (2001). Spectral signatures of coral reefs: features from space. Remote Sensing of Environment, 75(1), 127-137. doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00161-9Pinto-Ledezma, J. N., Frantz, D., Townsend, P. A., Juzwik, J., & Cavender-Bares, J. (2023). Mapping oak wilt disease from space using land surface phenology. Remote Sensing of Environment, 298, 113794. doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113794Richardson, A. D., Aubrecht, D. M., Basler, D., Hufkens, K., Muir, C. D., & Hanssen, L. (2021). Developmental changes in the reflectance spectra of temperate deciduous tree leaves and implications for thermal emissivity and leaf temperature. New Phytologist, 229(2), 791-804. doi.org/10.1111/nph.16909Sapes, G., Lapadat, C., Schweiger, A. K., Juzwik, J., Montgomery, R., Gholizadeh, H., ... & Cavender-Bares, J. (2022). Canopy spectral reflectance detects oak wilt at the landscape scale using phylogenetic discrimination. Remote Sensing of Environment, 273, 112961. doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112961Terletzky, P., Ramsey, R. D., & Neale, C. M. (2012). Spectral characteristics of domestic and wild mammals. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 49(4), 597-608. doi.org/10.2747/1548-1603.49.4.597
How eclipses proved that the Earth is slowing down MinuteEarth 2023-09-22 | This Product is supported by the NASA Heliophysics Education Activation Team (NASA HEAT), part of NASA’s Science Activation portfolio. The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any questions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materials are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA.Without eclipses, our world would be a lot different because eclipses give us the ability to do science we otherwise wouldn’t be able to.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Corona: the outermost part of the Sun's atmosphere.- General Relativity: a theory of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein that says that the observed gravitational effect between masses results from their warping of spacetime.- Lunar Eclipse: an eclipse in which the moon appears darkened as it passes into the earth's shadow.- Solar Eclipse : an eclipse in which the sun is obscured by the moon.- Tidal Friction: strain produced in a celestial body (such as the Earth or Moon) that undergoes cyclic variations in gravitational attraction as it orbits, or is orbited by, a second body.CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OTHER CREDITS*****************Photo of 1919 Total Solar EclipseCredit: ESO/Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl/F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington, & C. Davidsoneso.org/public/images/potw1926aOUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Espenak, Fred. “NASA - Eclipses and the Saros.” eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.htmlGuglielmi, Giorgia. “Three Times Scientists Learned Something from Solar Eclipses—and Three Times They Were Tricked.” www.science.org/content/article/three-times-scientists-learned-something-solar-eclipses-and-three-times-they-wereInterrante, Abbey. “NASA Selects 5 Experiments to Study 2024 Total Solar Eclipse.” NASA, 20 June 2023, www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/sun/science-in-the-shadows-nasa-selects-5-experiments-for-2024-total-solar-eclipseLittmann, Mark, and Fred Espenak. Totality : The Great American Eclipses of 2017 and 2024. Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2017Perkins, Sid. “Ancient Eclipses Show Earth’s Rotation Is Slowing.” www.science.org/content/article/ancient-eclipses-show-earth-s-rotation-slowingRedd, Nola Taylor. “Here’s What Scientists Have Learned from Total Solar Eclipses.” www.space.com/36785-solar-eclipse-science-throughout-history.htmlSteel, Duncan. Eclipse : The Celestial Phenomenon That Changed the Course of History. London, Headline Book Pub, 1999.Stephenson, F. R., et al. “Measurement of the Earth’s Rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015.” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 472, no. 2196, Dec. 2016, p. 20160404, doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0404
Why Do Weeping Willows Weep? MinuteEarth 2023-09-15 | Most trees reach for the sun – but not the weeping willow. Why?LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Hormones: chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functionsSUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorLizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Hollender C, Dardick C (2015). Molecular basis of angiosperm tree architecture. New Phytol. 206(2):541-56. doi.org/10.1111/nph.13204.Li L, Zhang Y, Zheng T, Zhuo X, Li P, Qiu L, Liu W, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q (2021). Comparative gene expression analysis reveals that multiple mechanisms regulate the weeping trait in Prunus mume. Sci Rep 29;11(1):2675. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81892-3.Liu J, Zeng Y, Yan P, He C, and Zhang J (2017). Transcriptional and Hormonal Regulation of Weeping Trait in Salix matsudana. Genes 8(12): 359. doi.org/10.3390/genes8120359Remphrey, William R.; Pearn, Linda P. (2006). Crown architecture development in Salix ‘Prairie Cascade’, a pendulous willow. Canadian Journal of Botany, 84(10): 1531–1541. doi.org/10.1139/b06-115 Santamour F & McArdle A (1988). Cultivars of Salix babylonica and other Weeping Willows. Journal of Arboriculture 14: 180-184. doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1988.044 Sugano M, Nakagawa Y, Nyunoya H, Nakamura T (2004). Expression of gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase gene in a gravi-response mutant, weeping Japanese flowering cherry. Biological Sciences in Space 18 (4): 261-266. doi.org/10.2187/bss.18.261Zhang, Y., T. Zheng, X. Zhuo and Q. Zhang, 2019. Morphological and genetic studies on weeping tree architecture in ornamental plants. Intl. J. Agric. Biol., 22: 1037–1042. doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1166
This Chemical Does Nothing, But Its Still Bad For You MinuteEarth 2023-09-01 | Check out the MinuteFood video on Teflon here: youtu.be/R1hbV3EzOD4PFAS - also known as the “forever chemicals” we use in all sorts of household products - are able to cause all sorts of health problems without ever really reacting with anythingLEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - PFAS: A class of man-made molecules consisting of a fully (per) or partly (poly) fluorinated carbon chain connected to different functional groups.- Teflon: A type of PFAS - PTFE - used in making nonstick coating for cookware.- Fatty Acid: A hydrocarbon chain terminating with a carboxylic acid group.- Albumin: The main protein of human blood plasma. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********John Kinney | Script WriterDavid Goldenberg | Script editor, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Bothun, Geoffrey D. (2023). Personal Communication. Professor and Chair of Chemical Engineering, URI. https://web.uri.edu/engineering/meet/gbothun/ Belcher, Scott. (2023). Personal Communication. Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University. https://bio.sciences.ncsu.edu/people/smbelch2/ Dombrowski, Paul M. et al. (2018). Technology review and evaluation of different chemical oxidation conditions on treatability of PFAS. Remediation. 28:2 (135-150). onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/rem.21555 Fedorenko, Michael et al. (2021). Dominant Entropic Binding of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) to Albumin Protein Revealed by 19F NMR. Chemosphere. 263. Retrieved from: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8479757 Fenton, Suzanne E. et al. (2020). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Toxicity and Human Health Review: Current State of Knowledge and Strategies for Informing Future Research. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 40:3 (606-630). setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/etc.4890 Goodrich, Jackie. (2023). Personal Communication. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan. https://sph.umich.edu/faculty-profiles/goodrich-jaclyn.html Jackson, Thomas W. et al. (2021). Rapid Characterization of Human Serum Albumin Binding for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using Differential Scanning Fluorimetry. Environ Sci Technol. 55:18 (12291-13001). ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8651256 O’Hagan, David. (2008). Understanding organofluorine chemistry. An introduction to the C–F bond. Chemical Society Reviews. 37, 308-319. pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2008/CS/B711844A United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2023). Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS. Retrieved from: epa.gov/pfas/our-current-understanding-human-health-and-environmental-risks-pfas Wani, Ab Latif, Anjum Ara, and Jawed Ahmad Usmani. (2015). Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol. 8:2 (55-64). ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961898 Wisconsin Department of Health Services. (2023). Chemicals: Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) Substances. Retrieved from: dhs.wisconsin.gov/chemical/pfas.htm
Is Bigger Better? MinuteEarth 2023-08-22 | This video was made in partnership with Popsci! They recently published their "Muscles" issue, and wrote an article to go along with this video that you can read here: popsci.com/environment/strongest-animal-by-weightElephants might be strong, but they are weak compared to ants because ants have certain advantages that allow them to outlift their larger competitors.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Exoskeleton: a rigid external covering for the body in some invertebrate animals, especially arthropods, providing both support and protection.- Endoskeleton: an internal skeleton, such as the bony or cartilaginous skeleton of vertebrates.- Leverage: the exertion of force by means of a lever or an object used in the manner of a lever.- Square-cube law: a mathematical principle, applied in a variety of scientific fields, which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman & Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Aaron, S. F. “The Muscular Power of Insects.” Scientific American, vol. 147, no. 3, 1932, pp. 148–150, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24966025Bretscher, Heidi, and Michael B. O’Connor. “The Role of Muscle in Insect Energy Homeostasis.” Frontiers in Physiology, vol. 11, 22 Oct. 2020, p. 580687, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649811, doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.580687Burd, M. “Body Size Effects on Locomotion and Load Carriage in the Highly Polymorphic Leaf-Cutting Ants Atta Colombica and Atta Cephalotes.” Behavioral Ecology, vol. 11, no. 2, 1 Mar. 2000, pp. 125–131, doi.org/10.1093/beheco/11.2.125.Harrison, Jon F., et al. “How Locusts Breathe.” Physiology, vol. 28, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 18–27, doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00043.2012“Insect Respiration - Amateur Entomologists’ Society (AES).” Amentsoc.org, 2019, http://www.amentsoc.org/insects/fact-files/respiration.htmlMolting and the Exoskeleton: A Double-Edged Sword - Understanding Evolution. 10 May 2021, http://evolution.berkeley.edu/the-arthropod-story/an-evolutionary-constraint-small-size/molting-and-the-exoskeleton-a-double-edged-sword/Nguyen, Vienny, et al. “The Exoskeletal Structure and Tensile Loading Behavior of an Ant Neck Joint.” Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 47, no. 2, Jan. 2014, pp. 497–504, doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.053. Reinhold Hustert, and M Baldus. “Ballistic Movements of Jumping Legs Implemented as Variable Components of Cricket Behaviour.” The Journal of Experimental Biology, 1 Dec. 2010, doi.org/10.1242/jeb.043943Rospars, Jean-Pierre, and Nicole Meyer-Vernet. “Force per Cross-Sectional Area from Molecules to Muscles: A General Property of Biological Motors.” Royal Society Open Science, vol. 3, no. 7, 20 July 2016, doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160313Segre, Paolo S., and Ebony D. Taylor. “Large Ants Do Not Carry Their Fair Share: Maximal Load-Carrying Performance of Leaf-Cutter Ants (Atta Cephalotes).” The Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 222, no. 12, 28 May 2019, p. jeb199240, doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199240staff, Science X. “Breathing Easy: When It Comes to Oxygen, a Bug’s Life Is Full of It.” Phys.org, Phys.org, 29 Apr. 2007, phys.org/news/2007-04-easy-oxygen-bug-life-full.htmlSutton, Gregory P. “Animal Biomechanics: A New Silent Partner in the Control of Motion.” Current Biology, vol. 23, no. 15, Aug. 2013, pp. R651–R652, doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.052Tajiri, Reiko, et al. “Joint Morphology in the Insect Leg: Evolutionary History Inferred from Notch Loss-of-Function Phenotypes in Drosophila.” Development, vol. 138, no. 21, 1 Nov. 2011, pp. 4621–4626, doi.org/10.1242/dev.067330
The WEIRD Way Monkeys Got to America MinuteEarth 2023-08-10 | Many of the greatest biological dispersal events in history likely happened because animals inadvertently traveled across the oceans on floating debris.LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Oceanic dispersal: A type of biological dispersal where terrestrial animals transfer from one land mass to another via a sea crossing.- Rafting event: Oceanic dispersal that happens via floating vegetation.- Platyrrhini: The so-called “New World Monkeys” that descended from African simians that arrived in South America roughly 30-40 million years ago.- South Equatorial Current: A current maintained by the trade winds that flows westward along the equator. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorArcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Carlos G. Schrago , Claudia A. M. Russo, Timing the Origin of New World Monkeys, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 20, Issue 10, October 2003, Pages 1620–1625. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msg172Defler, T.R. (2018). Platyrrhine Monkeys: The Fossil Evidence. Topics in Geobiology. Retrieved from: link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-98449-0_8Drury, S. (2020). How did monkeys get to South America? Earth Logs. Retrieved from: earthlogs.org/2020/04/14/how-did-monkeys-get-to-south-americaQueiroz, A. (2004). The REsurrection of Oceanic Dispersal in Historical Biogeography. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 20:2 (68-73). Retrieved from: sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169534704003362Ali, J., Huber, M. Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents. Nature 463, 653–656 (2010). Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1038/nature08706Black, R. (2020). More Than 30 Million Years Ago, Monkeys Rafted Across the Atlantic to South America. Smithsonian. Retrieved from: smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/monkeys-raft-across-atlantic-twice-180974637Lawton, G. (2021). On a Raft and a Prayer. NewScientist. 252:3365-3366 (50-52). Retrieved from: sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0262407921022727Ali, Jason. (2023). Direct Communication. DEpartment of Earth Science, University of Hong Kong. https://www.earthsciences.hku.hk/people/academic-staff/dr-ali-jason
In The Future, Death Will Be Different MinuteEarth 2023-07-27 | This video was made in partnership with Bill Gates. To learn more about how we can help improve the lives and health of people around the world, visit gatesnotes.comIn the future, humans will likely die of a very different suite of causes than we do now, thanks to advances in healthcare, an aging population, and changes in the environment. LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Global Burden of Disease Study: A comprehensive look at morbidity and mortality that measures lost human potential due to ill health caused by disease.- Aging-associated Diseases: Diseases that increase in frequency with senescence, including atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, cataracts, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer's disease.- Global Catastrophic Risk: A risk that could inflict serious damage to human well-being on a global scale. - Doomsday Clock: A metaphor that represents how close humanity is to self-destruction.- Antiretroviral Therapy: A combination of drugs that suppresses HIV replication in infected individuals.- PrEP: Pre-exposure prophylactic medications that work to prevent at-risk individuals from contracting HIV. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorSarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Ritchie, H., Spooner, F., and Roser, M. (2019). “Causes of Death.” Our World in Data. ourworldindata.org/causes-of-deathMecklin, J. (2023). “A time of unprecedented danger: It is 90 seconds to midnight.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. storage.pardot.com/878782/1674512728rAkm0Vt3/2023_doomsday_clock_statement.pdfFuller, R. et al. (2022). “Pollution and Health: A Progress Update.” The Lancet. 6:6 (535-537). thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(22)00090-0/fulltextAtella V, Piano Mortari A, Kopinska J, Belotti F, Lapi F, Cricelli C, Fontana L. “Trends in age-related disease burden and healthcare utilization.” Aging Cell. 2019 Feb;18(1):e12861. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30488641Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006 Nov;3(11):e442. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1664601
Why Do People Hate Koalas? (ft. @tibees ) MinuteEarth 2023-07-21 | On the Internet, koalas get an unnecessary amount of hate, so let's debunk some of the most pervasive koala myths! Featuring @tibees LEARN MORE**************To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Fecal pap: a mixture of contents from an herbivore mother's caecum that colonizes the joey's gut with bacteria.- Marsupial: a mammal of an order whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly.SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH**************************If you like what we do, you can help us!:- Become our patron: patreon.com/MinuteEarth- Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family- Leave us a comment (we read them!)CREDITS*********Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and DirectorToby Hendy @tibees | Koala voiceLizah Van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | MusicMinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF************Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron DukeArcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa HayesAlex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter ReichEver Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate YoshidaOUR LINKS************Youtube | youtube.com/MinuteEarthTikTok | tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176REFERENCES**************Blyton, M. D. J., et al. (2019). Faecal inoculations alter the gastrointestinal microbiome and allow dietary expansion in a wild specialist herbivore, the koala. Animal Microbiome, 1(1). doi.org/10.1186/s42523-019-0008-0Can you teach koalas new tricks? (n.d.). ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 19, 2023, from sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160804101628.htmClode, D. (2022, September 15). Friday essay: the koala – when it’s smart to be slow. The Conversation. theconversation.com/friday-essay-the-koala-when-its-smart-to-be-slow-187003Crowther, M. (n.d.). [Letter to Cameron Duke].Gaillard, J.-M., et al. (2015). Does tooth wear influence ageing? A comparative study across large herbivores. Experimental Gerontology, 71, 48–55. doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2015.09.008Logan, M. (2003). EFFECT OF TOOTH WEAR ON THE RUMINATION-LIKE BEHAVIOR, OR MERYCISM, OF FREE-RANGING KOALAS (PHASCOLARCTOS CINEREUS). Journal of Mammalogy, 84(3), 897–902. doi.org/10.1644/bba-002Logan, M., & Sanson, G. D. (2006). The effect of tooth wear on the feeding behaviour of free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus, Goldfuss). Journal of Zoology, 256(1), 63–69. doi.org/10.1017/s0952836902000080Mella, V. S. A., et al. (2019). Needing a drink: Rainfall and temperature drive the use of free water by a threatened arboreal folivore. PLOS ONE, 14(5), e0216964. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216964Ogura, T., et al. (2019). Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) utilise volatile compounds to choose preferred Eucalyptus leaves. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 7(2), 94–101. doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v7i2.360Smaers, J., et al. (2021). The evolution of mammalian brain size. Science Advances, 7(18), eabe2101. doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe2101Taylor, J., et al. (2006). MR imaging of brain morphology, vascularisation and encephalization in the koala. Australian Mammalogy, 28(2), 243. doi.org/10.1071/am06034Weisbecker, V., et al. (2015). The evolution of relative brain size in marsupials is energetically constrained but not driven by behavioral complexity. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 85(2), 125–135. doi.org/10.1159/000377666
