Why Your Vector Network Analyzer, VNA Measurements Are Wrong (And How to Fix It with Calibration) @technologiesdiscussion1676

Uploaded August 2025 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago

S-Parameters playlist.
youtube.com/watch?v=_p0efFhCt6I&list=PLFxhgwM1F4yyAu86pAYE5KTppq0xZ8NFr

Practical Aspect of S-Parameters: Vector Network Analyzer. Why Calibration Is a MUST B4 Measurement.
Vector Network Analyzer, VNA Calibration Explained: The Practical Guide to S-Parameter Measurement

Why Your Vector Network Analyzer, VNA Measurements Are Wrong (And How to Fix It with Calibration)

What is Free Space Path Loss Equation. FSPL (Function of Freq & Distance Between Tx & Rx Antenna)

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$Radio Wave Propagation #2. Maximize Space Wave Range! Direct & Ground Reflected Waves Explained. Modes of Radio Propagation Playlist https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3d_QpAxTd8&list=PLFxhgwM1F4yz5p8mJY5zyVLxMfs_avQEI For access to this presentation materials, membership is required: I need the Material PPT Sent me an email to Technologies.Discussion@gmail.com If you need the whole playlist material, send me email and we discuss. Give me some time to response. Thanks. Radio Wave Propagation #2. Space Wave Propagation Formula Explained. Direct & Ground Reflected Waves Space Wave Propagation is a mode of radio wave propagation where electromagnetic waves travel directly from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna, either along the line-of-sight (LOS) or after reflecting off the Earths surface or troposphere. A direct wave (or space wave) travels in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. This type of radio signaling is often called line-of-sight (LOS) communication. Direct waves are neither refracted nor do they follow the Earths curvature. They can be blocked or reflected by obstacles and cannot travel beyond the horizon or behind obstructions. Characteristics of Space Wave Propagation: 1. Frequency Range: Typically used for VHF (30 MHz – 300 MHz) and UHF (300 MHz – 3 GHz) signals. Commonly employed in TV broadcasting, FM radio, mobile communications, and radar systems. 2. Line-of-Sight (LOS) Dependency: Since space waves travel in a straight line, the transmitting and receiving antennas must be within each other’s visible horizon. Obstacles like buildings or mountains can block the signal. 3. Limited by Earth’s Curvature: The maximum distance for LOS communication is determined by the height of the antennas. Formula for LOS distance: d = maximum distance (in meters) hT = height of transmitting antenna (in meters) hR = height of receiving antenna (in meters) 4. Tropospheric Effects: Space waves can be slightly refracted due to changes in the tropospheres refractive index. Sometimes, tropospheric ducting can extend the range beyond LOS under certain atmospheric conditions. 5. Multipath Propagation: The signal may reach the receiver via multiple paths (direct + reflected waves), causing fading or interference. Advantages of Space Wave Propagation: Suitable for high-frequency communication (VHF/UHF). Provides stable and high-quality signals within LOS range. Less affected by atmospheric layers compared to sky wave propagation. Disadvantages: Limited range due to Earth’s curvature. Requires tall antennas for long-distance communication. Susceptible to obstacles and terrain blocking.$

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