Uploaded May 2026 | Updated September 2026, 4 days ago
Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: go.nebula.tv/theoctopuslady
Watch Beyond the Backyard: nebula.tv/mywildbackyard/beyond-the-backyard?ref=theoctopuslady
You can support me on Patreon, too! patreon.com/theoctopuslady
Or Ko-Fi! ko-fi.com/theoctopuslady
BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/theoctopuslady.bsky.social
Second channel: @TheOcTWOpusLady
PHOTO CREDITS: docs.google.com/document/d/1CH3DlAkhOv83BCe6oJsGPuxadF4W4gdagCrhexYnfbk/edit?usp=sharing
Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images
Music provided by Adobe Stock
Sources:
Byrne, J. E. (1970). Mucous envelope formation in two species of Hawaiian parrotfishes (Genus Scarus).
Ghiselin, M. T. (1969). The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals. The Quarterly review of biology, 44(2), 189-208.
Grutter, A. S., Rumney, J. G., Sinclair-Taylor, T., Waldie, P., & Franklin, C. E. (2011). Fish mucous cocoons: the ‘mosquito nets’ of the sea. Biology Letters, 7(2), 292-294.
Hodge, J. R., Santini, F., & Wainwright, P. C. (2020). Correlated evolution of sex allocation and mating system in wrasses and parrotfishes. The American Naturalist, 196(1), 57-73. . DOI: doi.org/10.1086/708764
Hoey, A. S. (2018). Feeding in parrotfishes: The influence of species, body size, and temperature. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 119-133). CRC Press.
Mallela, J., & Fox, R. J. (2018). The role of parrotfishes in the destruction and construction of coral reefs. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 161-196). CRC Press.
Manzello, D. P., Kleypas, J. A., Budd, D. A., Eakin, C. M., Glynn, P. W., & Langdon, C. (2008). Poorly cemented coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific: Possible insights into reef development in a high-CO2 world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(30), 10450-10455.
Mumby, P. J. (2009). Herbivory versus corallivory: are parrotfish good or bad for Caribbean coral reefs?. Coral Reefs, 28(3), 683-690.
Munoz, R. C., & Warner, R. R. (2003). A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew. The American Naturalist, 161(5), 749-761.
Munoz, R. C., & Warner, R. R. (2004). Testing a new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: sperm competition and size-skew effects in the bucktooth parrotfish, Sparisoma radians. Behavioral Ecology, 15(1), 129-136.
Robertson, D. R., & Warner, R. R. (1978). Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western Caribbean, II, the parrotfishes (Scaridae).
Taylor, B. M., Trip, E. D., & Choat, J. H. (2018). Dynamic demography: Investigations of life-history variation in the parrotfishes. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 69-98). CRC Press.
Thresher, R. E. (1984). Reproduction in reef fishes. T.F.H. Publication.
Wainwright, P. C., & Price, S. A. (2018). Innovation and diversity of the feeding mechanism in parrotfishes. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 26-41). CRC Press.
Winn, H. E. (1955). Formation of a mucous envelope at night by parrot fishes. Zoologica : Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society., 40(14), 145–148.
Winn, H. E., & Bardach, J. E. (1959). Differential food selection by moray eels and a possible role of the mucous envelope of parrot fishes in reduction of predation. Ecology, 40(2), 296-298.
Get Nebula using my link for 40% off an annual subscription: go.nebula.tv/theoctopuslady
Watch Beyond the Backyard: nebula.tv/mywildbackyard/beyond-the-backyard?ref=theoctopuslady
You can support me on Patreon, too! patreon.com/theoctopuslady
Or Ko-Fi! ko-fi.com/theoctopuslady
BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/theoctopuslady.bsky.social
Second channel: @TheOcTWOpusLady
PHOTO CREDITS: docs.google.com/document/d/1CH3DlAkhOv83BCe6oJsGPuxadF4W4gdagCrhexYnfbk/edit?usp=sharing
Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images
Music provided by Adobe Stock
Sources:
Byrne, J. E. (1970). Mucous envelope formation in two species of Hawaiian parrotfishes (Genus Scarus).
Ghiselin, M. T. (1969). The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals. The Quarterly review of biology, 44(2), 189-208.
Grutter, A. S., Rumney, J. G., Sinclair-Taylor, T., Waldie, P., & Franklin, C. E. (2011). Fish mucous cocoons: the ‘mosquito nets’ of the sea. Biology Letters, 7(2), 292-294.
Hodge, J. R., Santini, F., & Wainwright, P. C. (2020). Correlated evolution of sex allocation and mating system in wrasses and parrotfishes. The American Naturalist, 196(1), 57-73. . DOI: doi.org/10.1086/708764
Hoey, A. S. (2018). Feeding in parrotfishes: The influence of species, body size, and temperature. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 119-133). CRC Press.
Mallela, J., & Fox, R. J. (2018). The role of parrotfishes in the destruction and construction of coral reefs. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 161-196). CRC Press.
Manzello, D. P., Kleypas, J. A., Budd, D. A., Eakin, C. M., Glynn, P. W., & Langdon, C. (2008). Poorly cemented coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific: Possible insights into reef development in a high-CO2 world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(30), 10450-10455.
Mumby, P. J. (2009). Herbivory versus corallivory: are parrotfish good or bad for Caribbean coral reefs?. Coral Reefs, 28(3), 683-690.
Munoz, R. C., & Warner, R. R. (2003). A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew. The American Naturalist, 161(5), 749-761.
Munoz, R. C., & Warner, R. R. (2004). Testing a new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: sperm competition and size-skew effects in the bucktooth parrotfish, Sparisoma radians. Behavioral Ecology, 15(1), 129-136.
Robertson, D. R., & Warner, R. R. (1978). Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western Caribbean, II, the parrotfishes (Scaridae).
Taylor, B. M., Trip, E. D., & Choat, J. H. (2018). Dynamic demography: Investigations of life-history variation in the parrotfishes. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 69-98). CRC Press.
Thresher, R. E. (1984). Reproduction in reef fishes. T.F.H. Publication.
Wainwright, P. C., & Price, S. A. (2018). Innovation and diversity of the feeding mechanism in parrotfishes. In Biology of parrotfishes (pp. 26-41). CRC Press.
Winn, H. E. (1955). Formation of a mucous envelope at night by parrot fishes. Zoologica : Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society., 40(14), 145–148.
Winn, H. E., & Bardach, J. E. (1959). Differential food selection by moray eels and a possible role of the mucous envelope of parrot fishes in reduction of predation. Ecology, 40(2), 296-298.
