What do your kidneys ACTUALLY look like? #shorts @TaimTalksMed

Uploaded July 2024 | Updated September 2026, 1 week ago

A fun 1 minute video about the detailed anatomy of the kidneys, which are a part of your urinary system.
Here I cover:
- Location of the kidneys
- Functions of the Kidneys (filtering blood removing waste products, regulating ph levels, and much more)
- Coverings of the kidneys (fibrous layer and an adipose/fat layer)
- Internal structures of the kidney (medulla and cortex)
- Nephron (glomerulus and tubule function)
- If there's a renal failure, we'll become full of toxins and in need of dialysis

#kidney #kidneyanatomy #anatomy #urinarysystem #usmlepreparation #easy

What do your kidneys ACTUALLY look like? #shorts

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$Cardiac Muscle (Action Potential, Automaticity, ARP, RRP) | Heart Physiology Cardiomyocyte QUIZ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoOhQ7_xZiY&ab_channel=TaimTalksMed 🌐 Website: https://taimtalksmed.com/ 🫀 Help keep this content free: youtube.com/channel/UCEr7pkSXVsHcBLLBcJAGV-Q/join 🔬 Get 10% off anatomy lab models (affiliate link): https://anatomywarehouse.com?aff=34 📲 Other Links: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/taimtalksmed/ Discord: https://discord.com/invite/DENMUpS8ey Content: 0:00 Introduction 0:47 You should already know 01:10 Automaticity 01:57 Types of Cardiomyocytes 02:28 What are Pacemaker Cells? 05:00 Transmission Speed and AV-node delay 10:35 What are Endocrine Cardiomyocytes? 11:23 What are Contractile Cardiomyocytes? 12:20 Action Potential in Pacemaker Cell 15:57 Action Potential in Contractile Myocardium 22:22 Phases 24:53 Refractory Periods of Cardiomyocytes 28:54 Properties of Cardiomyocytes 32:03 Next video 32:21 QUIZ Types of Cardiac Muscle Cells Cardiac muscle cells can be classified into three primary categories based on their function: 1. Pacemaker Cells (Nodal Cells): - Location: SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, RBB, LBB, Purkinje fibers. - Function: Generate and propagate electrical impulses. They exhibit automaticity, meaning they can spontaneously depolarize and initiate action potentials. - Action Potential: These cells lack a stable resting membrane potential due to funny sodium channels (If channels) that slowly allow Na+ influx, causing gradual depolarization. Upon reaching threshold, T-type and L-type Ca2+ channels open, leading to a rapid influx of Ca2+ and cell depolarization. Repolarization occurs as K+ channels open, allowing K+ efflux. 2. Contractile Cells: - Location: The myocardium, or the heart muscle layer. - Function: Generate the force of contraction to pump blood. - Action Potential: Contractile cells have a stable resting membrane potential at about -85 mV. Depolarization occurs due to Na+ influx through voltage-gated sodium channels. This is followed by a plateau phase (Ca2+ influx via L-type channels balanced by K+ efflux) and repolarization (closure of Ca2+ channels and continued K+ efflux). 3. Endocrine Cells: - Location: Both atria and ventricles. - Function: Secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in response to stretching due to increased blood volume. These hormones help regulate blood pressure and volume by promoting vasodilation and reducing sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. Conduction System of the Heart - SA Node: Primary pacemaker located at the superior-lateral border of the right atrium. Sets the pace at 60-80 beats per minute. - AV Node: Secondary pacemaker located at the atria-ventricular junction. It slows the conduction to ensure atria contract before ventricles, pacing at 40-60 beats per minute if SA node fails. - Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers: Conduct impulses rapidly through the ventricles, ensuring coordinated contraction. Action Potentials: A Comparative View Pacemaker Cells: Phase 4: Slow depolarization due to funny Na+ channels. Phase 0: Rapid depolarization from Ca2+ influx (L-type Ca2+ channels). Phase 3: Repolarization due to K+ efflux. Contractile Cells: Phase 0: Rapid depolarization from Na+ influx. Phase 1: Initial repolarization with K+ efflux. Phase 2: Plateau phase with balanced Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux. Phase 3: Rapid repolarization as Ca2+ channels close and K+ efflux continues. Phase 4: Resting membrane potential maintained by K+ permeability. Electrical Conduction Pathway - Impulse Generation at SA Node: Initiates depolarization. - Atrial Conduction: Impulses spread rapidly through atria (1 m/s), causing atrial contraction. AV Node Delay: Slow conduction (0.1 m/s) ensures atria empty into ventricles before ventricular contraction. - Ventricular Conduction: Fast conduction through Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers (1-4 m/s). Refractory Periods - Absolute Refractory Period (ARP): The cell cannot respond to another stimulus, ensuring the heart muscle relaxes before the next contraction. - Relative Refractory Period (RRP): The cell can respond to a strong stimulus, which may cause premature contractions. - Effective Refractory Period (ERF): ARP with the beginning part of RRP Properties of Cardiomyocytes: - Automaticity - All-or-none law - Long refractory periods Sources: - University lectures and notes - Barrett, K. E., Barman, S. M., Boitano, S., & Brooks, H. L. (2016). Ganongs review of medical physiology (25th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. - Hall, J. E. (2016). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (13th ed.). Elsevier. - Mohrman, D. E., & Heller, L. J. (2014). Cardiovascular physiology (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. - Biorender$

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